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In today’s environment, the issue of ensuring the identification and safety of imported products is of particular relevance, which is aimed at the successful functioning of the state in the global economy and the reduction of technical barriers to trade. The article discusses the peculiarities of conducting an examination of citrus fruits, in particular, tangerines, with a view to their further classification in the Ukrainian Classifier of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity. Approaches to the classification of citrus fruits in the process of commodity examination are summarized. The diagnostic tasks to be solved by the forensic expert during the study of citrus fruits are defined, which will allow to have more analytical information from this category of goods. The main identification tasks of the commodity examination of citrus fruits, in particular mandarins, are: determination of the variety or species of mandarins, detection of certain quality markers, determination of origin, assessment of the degree of freshness and maturity, detection of deviations from standards. Modern methods of analysis are indicated, which allow to carry out research on tangerines at the molecular, chemical and morphological levels in order to obtain objective information about their quality, safety and other characteristics that may be important in court proceedings. The main aspects of microbiological methods during the examination include: detection of pathogenic microorganisms (analysis for the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes), determination of the level of the total microbial flora, assessment of the degree of rot and mold, determination of the effectiveness of preservatives and other preservation methods, assessment of compliance with food safety standards. Systematization of information data on characteristic defects of citrus fruits (tangerines), namely: rot, mold, mechanical damage, weak skin color, increased acidity, defects in shape or size (identified defects are of natural origin) is presented. Defects that are characteristic of low-quality products with signs of deterioration: rot, mold, mechanical damage, signs of drying or desiccation, heterogeneity in color and texture. The mechanism of forensic commodity examination of citrus fruits (tangerines) is described.

The writers construct a coherent discourse by presenting their stance based on previous research in academic contexts. Citation forms, being an essential part of discursive practices, have always been of interest to academics and researchers to explore their structural and functional significance. Since the issue regarding these discursive aspects of citation practices has not been explored in Pakistan. The objective of the study is to differentiate the referring patterns of the theses writers at the doctoral level in Pakistan. To explore differences in discursive practices regarding citations by theses’ writers in L2 academic context. To this end, a corpus of the literature review chapters of Ph.D. theses of Biological Sciences, thirtyin number, was constructed and later on analyzed through AntConc. Swales (1990) and Thompson and Tribble’s (2001) studies were taken as the theoretical framework for the analysis and further interpretation of data. The study was delimited to integrated and non-integrated citations, including the subcategories. It was found that majority of the writers preferred to use Source as sub pattern of non-integrated citations. Similarly, the structural and semantic analysis of these forms makes up a significant part of the study, which obviously reflects the indigenous practices of the writers in putting their voices into different forms of citation.

From an agrocoenosis of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; phylloplane and rhizosphere of the root system; typical chernozem, soil column measuring up to 40 cm), using the classical microbiological methods, we had isolated soil bacteria and characterized them according to the morphological features as representatives of Gram-positive and spore-forming bacteria of Bacillus sp. genus. In the earing-swelling phase of grain, the screening studies found non-pigmented forms of colonies of bacterial isolates, 19 of which were classified to colonial-morphological diversity of R-type with the diameter of 7 to 13 mm. The analysis of physiological condition of cells of populations of soil isolates revealed technologic specificity according to parameters of spore formation in different conditions and incubation time (up to 48–72 h). We observed 90.0% of free spores in axenic cultures as early as after 72 h of cultivation and no more than 10.0% of prospores in the studied monoisolates with stable morphologic traits. Isolates Н10 and Н45 demonstrated the ability to grow in higher cultivation temperatures (+37…+40 °С). According to environmental рН, isolates were able to grow in рН ranging 4.5–8.0. Differential diagnostic testing revealed that as the source of carbon, with formation of acid, soil isolates used arabinose, xylose, mannitol, glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose, sorbitol, glycerin, dextrin, starch, rhamnose and dulcite (with development of alkaline). There was observed active use of mineral forms of nitrogen: ammonium salt and nitrates, aminoacids and proteins. The isolates hydrolyzed casein, gelatin, starch, and litmus was being reduced in the young during growth in milk with litmus. They also exerted catalase activity and were oxidase-positive. Biochemical testing using API test system determined that the studied isolated bacteria differed by a range of fermentation carbohydrates, reduction of nitrates. In the conditions of submerged fermentation, isolates Н38 and Н40 grew in heightened temperature ranges of cultivation (40 °С) for 48 h (according to fact of spore development). Therefore, according to the key morphologic and biochemical traits, strains Н3, Н10, Н13, Н36, Н38, Н40, Н43, Н45 were similar to such of reference strain B. subtilis 8A, and were identified to Bacillus sp., species B. subtilis.

Characteristics of seeds such as seed shape, color, size, texture of the seed coats and hilum shape can be used to solve classification problems. With biology microskop observations obtained under specification of character seeds for 12 species of Indigofera from Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. The results showed that the pattern of seed coat ornamentation, hilum, seed shape may help in the identification of the species. .

Summary: Three white trumpet‐flowered species of Lilium native to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, L. longiflorum and the critically endangered endemics L. nobilissimum and L. ukeyuri have been extensively confused in the literature. These are fully described, their history and nomenclature are discussed and a key and full descriptions are provided for identification. Lectotypes are designated for the names Lilium harrissii Carrière, L. japonicum f. nobilissimum Makino, L. longiflorum var. suaveolens Edwards, L. longiflorum var. wilsonii T. Moore and L. ukeyuri R. Hogg. A neotype is designated for the name L. eximium Siebold ex Courtois. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem solution of the definition of the beams inhomogeneous rheological properties on the basis of the acoustic method and the analysis of amplitude-frequency dependences is presented. The operator equations linking required and prescribed functions are presented. The iterative process is constructed, computational experiments results of the definition of the beams inhomogeneous rheological properties for various laws of distribution of required features are presented.

The article deals with the problem of delineating the middle strata of Russian society in the context of the social and economic crisis and assesses the correlation of the differences in social positions of middle class representatives as a criterion for social stratifi cation in general. Since the position of the middle strata within a system of social inequality is vulnerable enough, the economic crisis has quite a sizeable impact on the middle class and changes its structure. Over the past twentyfive years, Russia's middle class has undergone a number of transformations caused by the new waves of social and economic crises. So, in 1998 the Russian sovereign default resulted in the fact that following the massive declining trends the middle classes have thinned out to a minimum. The subsequent economic recovery accompanied by a social and political stabilization has led to an increase in the number of middle class members up until 2008 when another wave of the economic crisis had its dramatically significant impact on the middle strata. A comparison of survey data collected by the Public Opinion foundation in 2004 and 2014 leads to the conclusion that on the level of identity middle-class population trends have been stable in the past decade, except for the period of severe fl uctuations under the infl uence of the waves of the 2014 economic crisis. It was also considered how the economic crisis that emerged in the fall of the national currency proved quite a painful impact on the social well-being of broad layers of Russian society. This fact indicates that in the context of a lasting disorientation and supplemented by state of anomie in which a large part of the population exists, the middle strata — the way western scientists understand it, i.e. as the actor and regulator of social processes — cannot perform the functions assigned to them. To the present day, the dominating macro-trends erode the middle class which is accompanied by a decrease in the welfare of this group. Finally, the paper concludes that there are signifi cant differences in the tools applied by Russian sociological services, first of all concerning the criteria and indicators used for identifying the middle class.

The aphids Takecallis taiwana (Takahashi, 1926) and T. arundinariae (Essig, 1917) were collected from two locations in the Department of Cundinamarca (Colombia) and one location within 90 km of the city of Bogota on plants of the Phyllostachys sp. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). This represents the first record of these species from the northern half of South America. Key diagnostic morphological characterisitcs are given to help distinguish these species. A list of the species and a summary of their distributions are provided.

This article intends to showcase violence through its multiple perspectives or dimensions, and analyse its influence in the identification process experienced during Mapuche childhood. To do so, we will tackle the notion of acculturation and of generational transmission. We will also propose a reflexive outlook on the concept of reality by part of the struggling cultures as a means of understanding the conflict, besides the evident aspects related to territory and resources. We intend to formulate a psychoanalytic interpretation of the conflict from the perspective of the Mapuche subject and community.

The present study aimed to investigate how different Voice Onset Time (VOT) patterns are categorized by native speakers of American English and Brazilian Learners of English. American English and Brazilian Portuguese diverge as to the voicing pattern of plosive consonants, for the VOT cue plays different roles in the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonant categories in each system. This study contrasted four VOT patterns (Negative VOT, Zero VOT, Positive VOT and a manipulated pattern, named Artificial Zero VOT) in two perceptual tasks (AxB discrimination and identification tests), and verified how the two groups of participants categorized these patterns. Results reinforce the idea that speech perception is multimodal and, therefore, the action of multiple cues must be taken into account when we consider phonetic-phonological processes.

Mass disasters generally result in an elevated number of casualties that need identification. The primary identification methods listed by INTERPOL (DNA, fingerprint and forensic dentistry) have a very important role in helping and speeding up the victim identification process. The present study sought to report mass destruction cases found in the literature published from 2005 to 2015 that have used the primary human identification methods. This study has been done as a literature review using the keywords: disasters, natural disasters, disaster victims, and human identification in a total of 16 selected papers and 13 listed disasters. It has been concluded that the primary identification methods are capable and efficient to perform a safe and satisfactory identification of mass disasters victims, used both separately or in combination.

In recent years the spiral gingers (genus Costus) have become more and more popular as ornamental garden plants. Dave Skinner describes these plants, including his approach to identification of New World Costus, corrections to some common identification errors, information about cold hardy species, and information about Costus hybrids and cultivars.

In Wolof, conjugation is realized using an invariable lexical basis to which are attached affixes carrying marks of IPAM (e.g. in French : Indice ; Personne ; Aspect-Temps ; Mode) (Perrin 2005 : 22) and highlighting semantic and grammatical roles. Reduplication is productive at several lexical categories (nouns, verbs, adverbs). As verbal derivation is mostly built by both reduplication and suffixation, I propose here to analyze and describe the relationship in the construction of meaning between these two processes.

Forensic science has been helping law enforcement agencies in better understanding and presenting the evidence in the court of law. In certain situations, when conventional forensic methods of investigations cannot make better conclusions with more specific accuracy, then molecular techniques do help in reaching the acquired accuracy in the results regarding the identification of evidence. Advanced molecular techniques, which are using Deoxyribose Nucleic acid (DNA), Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA), and protein molecules to produce forensically important information from the samples recovered at the crime scene. DNA can only distinguish among individuals but is unable to discriminate the type of samples originated from the same sample. For this RNA has become a molecule of interest for its different levels of expression in different cells/tissues of an individual. RNA molecules of different types are being used to build up models for several purposes (injury-age, new-born age, molecular cause of death, etc.). Modern techniques like Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Microarray are being used for the detection of RNA molecules of interest both in the form of its abundance and as a unique molecular detection. This script will help in understanding the importance of RNA application in forensic sciences by providing an overview of the research done to date and the techniques being used for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental tissues play a very Important role for forensic purposes, because it is the hardest of all human tissues and can be preserved for a prolonged duration even subsequent to death, The aim of the this study was to determine the ABO blood grouping from the pulpal tissue of extracted teeth and to correlate the same with blood group details obtained from the study subjects. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 50 subjects. Blood group was determined on blood which was obtained from blood already taken for Hepatitis screening. To determine association Goodman Kruskal Gamma test was applied between blood sample from dental pulp and control in SPSS 20.0. Out of total participants, 29(58%) were females and 21(42%) were males. The mean age was 25.56±5.17 years, ranging from 18 to 38 years. All the correlation (association) was very high and statistically significant. Overall correlation was very (r=0.99, P=0.00). The correlation was ranging from 0.87(blood group B) to 1.00 (blood AB and O). Similarly, the correlation among Rh+ and Rhwas also very high i.e. 0.98 and 0.88 respectively and was statistically significantly. The finidngs of this investigation showed that there is high correlation of the pulpal blood group with venous blood. So the blood group of this population can determined from dental pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]