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Background and Aim: Despite the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans and animals in the Province of Bali, Indonesia, there is little data on whether seroconversion to the virus occurs in pigs, JEV genotypes circulating, and it’s potential mosquito vectors in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) Determine whether JEV infection in Balinese pigs occurs before reaching their sexual maturity, (ii) identify the genotypes of circulating JEV, and (iii) identify potential JEV mosquito vectors at the study sites in urban and peri-urban areas of Bali. Materials and Methods: Sixteen 1-week-old Landrace piglets from two different sows were housed in Denpasar. Similarly, 18 one-week-old mixed-breed piglets of two different sows were housed in Badung Regency. The piglets were bled every 1 to 4 weeks for up to 24 weeks. Serum samples from the 11 piglets were tested for antibodies against JEV, and seroconversion-suspected sera were titrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood of seroconverted sera from pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genetic sequence of JEV. The mosquitoes in the sentinels were trapped throughout the study period to identify the potential mosquito vectors of JEV. Results: Antibodies were detected in most of the selected piglets’ sera from weeks 1 to 24 of their age. However, sera of pig B9 collected from the sentinel setting in Badung Regency showed a four-fold increase in antibody titer from week 4 to week 8, indicating seroconversion. PCR testing of blood from B9 (pooled blood sample collected from week 5 to week 8) identified JEV nucleic acids, which were phylogenetically classified as belonging to the JEV genotype III. Meanwhile, 1271 of two genera of mosquitoes, Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. were trapped in the pig sentinels. Conclusion: JEV seroconversion likely occurs before the pig reaches sexual maturity in Badung Regency. Sequence data indicate that JEV genotype III is circulating in the pig sentinel setting in the regency; however, circulating genotypes need to be clarified through increased surveillance. Meanwhile, Culex spp. and most likely Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp. were the dominant mosquitoes present in the study sites set in the urban area of Denpasar and peri-urban areas of Badung, Bali, indicating that these are likely vectors in spread of JEV in the region.

Background and Aim: Several free-roaming dogs can be easily found in the public areas of Bali. They go out in search of foods and friends and defecate everywhere. In general, these groups of dogs do not receive good healthcare from their owners and are generally threatened by some disease-causing organisms, especially helminths. This study was conducted to identify and measure the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) that cause infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 1611 fresh dog fecal samples were collected from all areas of Bali Province and subjected to qualitative fecal examination using flotation techniques to obtain STH eggs. Results: The incidence of STHs in free-roaming dogs was 38.36%. However, three types of STHs were identified, including Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp. Ancylostoma spp. had the highest prevalence of 37.8%, followed by Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 6.02% and 0.87%, respectively. Multiple infections of these worms were also recorded. The polyparasitism prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and Ascaris spp. was 3.85%, followed by that of Ancylostoma spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.5% and that of Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.06%. There were no altitude-wise differences in the prevalence of STH infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs was high in free-roaming dogs. This finding necessitates more serious attention as it affects both animal and public health.

This study was performed to determine detection antibodies and isolation T. gondii infection in domestic duck in Bali. A total, 188 domestic ducks sera were examined using indirect haemaglutination test kit (IHA). Heart, brain and muscle of seropositive IHA test were used for isolation with pepsin-HCL digestion and bioassay in mice and cat. The result of these research showed that 47 (25%) ducks were found to be positive for T. gondii antibodies at the cut-off e” 1:64. The seroprevalence in male and female duck were 27,8% and 22,4% respectively, however, statistical analysis showed that the difference was not significant (P>0,05). The seroprevalence in cage and free-range duck were 18,7% and 29,2% respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0,05). The antibodies titer ranging from 1:64 to 1:2048. Also, viable T. gondii was isolated from seropositive duck by bioassay mice and cat. Most of the isolated strains were avirulent to mice. This study showed that domestic duck could have a potensial role in transmitting toxoplasmosis to human in Bali.

Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG2a are the surrogate markers respectively for humoral and cellular immune responses of hosts against antigens including cystic fluid proteins of Cysticercus bovis. A study was conducted to investigate the IgG1 and IgG2a responses of Balb/c mice against some individual cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis in an effort to determine the roles of each protein in inducing the humoral and cellular immune responses in host. Materials and Methods: Individual p71, p31, and p14 proteins of C. bovis were purified by separation of the proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and elution of individual proteins from the gel. Six female Balb/c mice were immunized 4 times at 10-day intervals with the crude cystic fluid proteins, and sera were collected for the measurement of IgG1 and IgG2a levels against the individual proteins. Sera samples collected before the first immunization were used as negative antibody control, sera samples collected after the fourth immunization were used as positive antibody control, and crude cystic fluid protein was used as positive antigen control. Results: All immunized mice were immune to p71, p31, p14, and crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis. The crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the first and the second immunizations but switched into a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Protein 71 kDa (p71) induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the fourth immunization. In contrast, p14 induced a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Low and balance IgG1 and IgG2a levels against p31 were observed following the first to the fourth immunizations. Conclusion: Using IgG1 and IgG2a levels as the surrogate markers, it appears that cystic fluid antigens of C. bovis induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in Balb/c mice. The p71 appears to be a better inducer of cellular immune response, whereas p14 is a better inducer of humoral immune response of mice.

Pemeliharaan sapi bali secara Sistem PertanianTerintegrasi dapat mengontrol kesehatan ternak serta diharapkan mampu mencegah/menekan serangan penyakit pada ternak sapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan mengidentifikasi jenis protozoa gastrointestinal di Simantri Kecamatan Mengwi. Sampel yang digunakan adalah feses sapi bali yang masih segar berjumlah 105 sampel, yang berasal dari 21 Simantri di Kecamatan Mengwi Kabupaten Badung. Pemeriksaan feses dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengapungan gula sheater serta identifikasi protozoa berdasarkan morfologi dan morfometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi infeksi protozoa gastrointestinal pada sapi bali Simantri Kecamatan Mengwi Kabupaten Badung yaitu sebesar 39,04%. Hasil identifikasi jenis protozoa yang menginfeksi sapi bali antara lain Coccidia sebesar 35,23%, Balantidium sp 7,61%, dan Entamoeba sp sebesar 2,85%. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang nyata (P>0,05) antara frekuensi kebersihan kandang dengan infeksi protozoa gastrointestinal.

Trichuris suis merupakan cacing nematoda yang predileksinya pada sekum babi. Cacing ini umumnya menginfeksi babi muda terutama yang berumur enam bulan. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari penyakit ini bagi ternak babi diantaranya diare, gastritis, peritonitis, anoreksia, penurunan berat badan, kekurusan bahkan pada kasus berat dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi T. suis dan faktor risikonya pada babi yang dipelihara di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Suwung, Denpasar. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah 100 sampel feses babi dan diperiksa menggunakan metode apung. Identifikasi jenis telur cacing T. suis berdasarkan morfologi. Data yang diperoleh disajikan secara deskriptif dan faktor resikonya dianalisis dengan Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi infeksi T. suis pada babi di TPA Suwung, Denpasar adalah 55%. Jenis kelamin dan umur tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap prevalensi infeksi T. suis sedangkan jumlah babi per kandang berjumlah 1-4, 5-8 dan ? 9 ekor babi mempengaruhi prevalensi infeksi T. suis (P

Aim: The aim of this research was to identify the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in local Bali dogs. Materials and Methods: A total of 147 local Bali dog serum samples have been examined for antibodies of N. caninum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results: The results confirmed that 5 (3.4%) local Bali dogs have antibody for N. caninum. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence of Neospora infection in local Bali dogs between different genders, ages, and take care methods (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results provided evidence for the presence of N. caninum infection in local Bali dogs and thus the risk to Bali cattle and dog health.

Di dalam biji pepaya muda terkandung beberapa zat aktif seperti glikosida, alkaloid karpain, benzyl-isothiocianate (BITC) dan enzim papain yang telah terbukti dapat membunuh cacing dan menghambat daya berembrio telur cacing Ascaridia galli. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui vermisidal dan ovisidal ekstrak methanol biji pepaya muda terhadap cacing Ascaridia galli. Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni untuk uji vermisidal terdiri dari 6 perlakuan (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5) dan 5 ulangan, sedangkan untuk uji ovisidal dibagi menjadi dua uji, yaitu kontak langsung dan kontak tidak langsung. Perlakuan yang diberikan; Kontrol Negatif (P0) dengan larutan NaCl Fisiologis, Kontrol Positif (P1) dengan larutan Albendazole (Benzamidazole 0,15 ml/kg berat badan), perlakuan II (P2), ekstrak biji pepaya muda konsentrasi 0,07 %, perlakuan III (P3), ekstrak biji pepaya muda konsentrasi 0,14 %, perlakuan IV (P4), ekstrak biji pepaya muda konsentrasi 0,21 %, perlakuan V (P5), ekstrak biji pepaya muda 0,28 %. Untuk uji vermisidal data dianalisis dengan Analisis Probit untuk mengetahui LC100 (Lethal Concentration) dan LT100 (Lethal Time) dari ekstrak biji pepaya muda sedangkan untuk uji ovisidal data dianalisis dengan Sidik Ragam Hasil penelitian vermisidal didapatkan LC100 ekstrak biji pepaya muda adalah 0,371 % dan LT100 34,614 jam. Untuk uji ovisidal kontak langsung dan kontak tidak langsung didapatkan bahwa ekstrak biji pepaya muda berpengaruh sangat nyata (P

Aim: This study was designed to validate the effectiveness of the pig confinement system (PCS) in reducing the prevalence of zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs. Materials and Methods: Ten PCS households were selected together with 10 households practising traditional scavenging systems. Five pigs were monitored per household every 3 months for 15 months and blood and feces collected. Pigs received a single dose of oxfendazole at 30 mg/kg at baseline. Qualitative fecal examinations for intestinal parasite stages were performed, and serum was tested for antibodies to cysticercus of Taenia solium, Trichinella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. Results: Based on fecal examination, the prevalence of pigs positive for parasite eggs was reduced in PCS pigs over consecutive samplings (Ascaris suum [14.3% to 0%], Trichuris suis [46.9% to 8.3%], Strongyle-type eggs [81.6% to 8.3%], Physocephalus spp. [6.1% to 0%], and Metastrongylus apri [20.8% to 0%]) compared with increases in the number of pigs positive for parasite eggs in non-PCS pigs (T. suis [20-61.5%], Strongyle-type [60.4-80.8%], Physocephalus spp. [8.3-15.4%], and M. apri [20.8-34.6%]) and little change in pigs positive for A. suum (18.8-19.2%). While the prevalence of pigs with antibodies against to cysticerci of T. solium reduced in PCS pigs from 18% to 14%, the prevalence in non-PCS pigs increased from 42% to 52%. Antibodies to Trichinella were not detected, but the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies increased from 6% to 10% in PCS pigs and from 7% to 24% in non-PCS pigs. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the potential of a PCS to reduce the prevalence of pigs infected with zoonotic and internal parasites and thus the risk to human and pig health.

The aims of this study were to identify and to measure the prevalence of intestinal worm infections in free-ranging domestic cats in Bali. As many as 133 cat fecal samples were collected from Bali and preserved in sodium acetic formaldehyde solution. Coproscopy method (sedimentation concentration and flotation techniques) was used to identify the eggs of helminthes. Based on fecal examination, eggs of four helminthes species : Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Cestoda and Capillaria were identified. This result indicates the prevalence of intestinal worms in free ranging domestic cats were high, consisting of Toxocara sp (71.43%), Ancylostoma sp (37.59%), Cestoda (19.55%) and Capillaria sp (0.75%). Therefore, it is needed to conduct programs to reduce and eradicate that helminthes. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis cacing dan mengukur prevalensi infeksi kecacingan pada kucing yang diliarkan di Bali. Sebanyak 133 sampel feses kucing yang berasal dari seluruh Bali dikumpulkan dan disimpan dalam larutan sodium acetic formaldehide. Seluruh sampel diperiksa secara koproskopi dengan dua metode berbeda yaitu metode konsentrasi sedimentasi dan metode pengapungan untuk mengidentifikasi telur cacing yang terdapat pada feses kucing. Pada penelitian ini teridentifikasi empat jenis cacing yang menginfeksi kucing yang diliarkan di Bali yaitu Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Cestoda dan Capillaria. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa prevealensi infeksi kecacingan pada kucing yang diliarkan di Bali masih tinggi, yaitu Toxocara sp (71,43%), Ancylostoma sp (37,59%), Cestoda (19,55%) dan Capillaria sp (0,75%). Untuk itu diperlukan program pemberantasan dan pencegahan terhadap infeksi kecacingan pada kucing di Bali.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seroprevalensi infeksi Neospora caninum pada anjing lokal di kabupaten Karangasem, provinsi Bali. Sampel penelitian adalah serum anjing lokal berjumlah 60 sampel, didapat dari anjing lokal yang berasal dari beberapa kecamatan yang ada di kabupaten Karangasem, diantaranya Kecamatan Karangasem, Kecamatan Abang, Kecamatan Bebandem, dan Kecamatan Rendang. Sampel diuji menggunakan kit ELISA Neospora caninum (ID.Vet). Hasil penelitian diperoleh (1/60) prevalensi infeksi Neospora caninum sebesar 1,67%.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan identifikasi jenis-jenis parasit gastrointestinal yang menginfeksi musang luak yang dipelihara di Rumah Produksi Kopi Luwak Cikole Bandung. Sejumlah 58 sampel feses diperiksa dengan metode konsentrasi apung menggunakan larutan NaCl jenuh. Parameter yang diamati adalah morfologi untuk mengetahui jenis parasit gastrointestinal yang menginfeksi musang luak. Kejadian infeksi parasit gastrointestinal dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi parasit gastrointestinal pada musang luak di Rumah Produksi Kopi Luwak Cikole Bandung sebesar 6,89%. Jenis parasit gastrointestinal yang ditemukan pada musang luakterdiri dari:Ancylostoma sp. dan ookista coccidia.

This research aims were to measure the prevalence of Entamoeba in pigs in Bali and to identify thezoonotic potential species of Entamoeba. A total of 183 pig stool samples from Bali have been examined.The method being used in this study were combination between coproscopy and molecular techniques.Concentration sedimentation with Sodium Acetic Formaldehide (SAF) as a solution was used in thecoproscopy method, while the Polimerase Chain Reaction method was used to amplify DNA of Entamoeba.Extracted sample’s DNA examined by using primers that specifically for Entamoeba: Entam 1 (F) (5’-GTTGAT CCT GCC AGT ATT ATA TG-3’) and Entam 2 (R) (5’-CAC TAT TGG AGC TGG AAT TAC-3), and toidentify the zoonotic potential species of Entamoeba, samples that produce 550 bp in first amplificationcontinued by primers Epolecki1 (F) (5’-TCG ATA TTT ATA TTG ATT CAA ATG-3’) and Epolecki2 (R) (5’-CCT TTC TCC TTT TTT TAT ATT AG-3’). The results showed that 76.6% of samples were positive incoproscopical examination, but 84.7 % produced 550 bp bands on PCR amplification by using generalprimers. All positive samples on the first PCR continued to second PCR used specific primers for E.poleckii as a potential zoonotic disease and all of the samples showed negative results. This datademonstrated that the prevalence of Entamoeba in a traditional pig scavenging systems in Bali was 84.7%but no specific infection infection caused by E. polecki was found.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerugian ekonomi peternak sapi yang sering diabaikan adalah akibat penyakit parasit terutama Paramphistomum spp. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Mei hingga Juni 2015. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer yang diperoleh melalui obeservasi langsung pada 200 rumen sapi yang telah dipotong. Setiap rumen didata ada atau tidaknya cacing Paramphistomum spp. dengan jumlah pengamatan setiap harinya rata-rata 15 ekor rumen sapi bali. Prevalensi dihitung dengan membagi sampel positif dengan jumlah sampel yang diperiksa dikalikan 100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi infestasi cacing Paramphistomum spp. pada rumen sapi bali yang dipotong di Rumah Potong Hewan Kota Denpasar adalah 15%. Gambaran patologi rumen sapi yang terinfeksi parmphistomiasis yang dipotong di RPH Denpasar terlihat berwarna merah bergerombol menempel di permukaan mukosa rumen

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi cacing nematoda saluran pencernaan yang menginfeksi sapi bali yang dipelihara di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA), Suwung Denpasar. Sampel penelitian adalah feses sapi bali berjumlah 100 sampel diperiksa dengan metode kosentrasi apung menggunakan larutan NaCl jenuh sebagai zat pengapung. Parameter yang diamati adalah melihat jenis telur cacing nematoda saluran pencernaan yang menginfeksi sapi bali. Data yang diperoleh dilaporkan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa prevalensi infeksi cacing nematoda saluran pencernaan pada sapi bali di TPA sebesar 30%. Jenis cacing yang menginfeksi saluran pencernaan sapi bali ditemukan jenis cacing tipe strongyl sebesar 28% dan cacing strongyloides sp sebesar 8%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disarankan bahwa lingkungan TPA Suwung Denpasar kurang layak digunakan untuk memelihara sapi bali.

Lymphocytes play important role in host defence system against pathogenic agents both in mammalianand avian species. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been widely used to identify lymphocytessubpopulation in a host based on their surface cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Currently, mAbsagainst lymphocytes surface markers of village chickens have been produced by fusion of myeloma withlymphocytes derived from spleen of mice immune to chicken lymphocytes. In two fusion experiments, 623clones of hybridomas were produced and four (BG4, CB1, DB2 and BB2) of which secreted mAbs againstchickens lymphocyte surface molecules. Two mAbs (BG4 and DB2) recognized protein of 32 kDa, one mAb(CB1) recognized protein of 64 kDa, and one mAb was unable to recognize any protein of chicken lymphocytesurface molecule. Three mAbs recognized lymphocyte subpopulation in spleen and peripheral blood ofvillage chickens. In peripheral blood, mAbs BG4, CB1 and DB2 recognized lymphocytes subpopulationwith the percentages of 11.2%, 21.4% and 7.4% respectively. In spleen those three mAbs recognizedlymphocytes subpopulations at the percentages of 38.2%, 51.54% and 31.5% respectively. Based on thoseresult, it is very likely that mAbs BG4 and DB2 recognized CD4 molecule and mAb CB1 recognized CD8molecule of village chickens lymphocytes.

The purpose of this study is to make a monoclonal antibody against- Cysticercus cellulosae and itscharacterization. Samples antigen prepared from T. solium larvae (C. cellulosae) was then used to immunizeBalb/c. The immune response of mice assessed by ELISA test, then the lymphocytes of mice used for theproduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Origin lymphocytes of mice that produce antibodies againstC. cellulosae antigen, fused with myeloma cells (NS1). Results fusion of two cells produces hybrid cellscalled hybridomas; cells are then screened by ELISA test. Hybridoma cells that produce only MoAb, usedto produce large quantities in vitro. Characterization of MoAb against-C.cellulosae was tested by usingELISA and Western blotting. Mice were immunized with C.cellulosae antigen showed an immune responseproducing antibodies to C.cellulosae. Based on the results of fusion, produced a total of 51 hybridoma cellclones and after being screened, only three clones of hybridoma cells that produced MoAb against–C.cellulosae. MoAb produced, named after the hole where the growth of the ELISA micro plate, the BE6,BE7, and EE9. Characteristics of this MoAb capable of tracking cellulosae of fluid larvae and recognizeantigen protein bands with molecular weight 78kDa.

The aim of this research was to determine immune response of mice against vaccines derived fromcyst fluid of Taenia saginata. The study was conducted using four BALB/c mice aged 6 weeks as experimentalanimals. All experimental animals were vaccinated intra peritoneal with Taenia saginata cyst fluidemulsified in Freund’s adjuvant. Immune response in the mice was determined by detecting antibodiesusing ELISA and by the presence of lymphocytes through evaluation of blood smear. The results showedthat the cyst fluid of Taenia saginata was antigenic and capable of inducing antibody responses that weredetected by ELISA. Mean antibody titers obtained in the results of the first, second, third, and fourth ofvaccination was 3.3 units; 17.9 units; 21.2 units; and 72.1 units; respectively. Evaluation of blood smear ofvaccinated mice showed an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes after vaccination with an average66.75%, compared with the average of lymphocytes before vaccination which was 40.75%. Further researchis still required in experimental animals by vaccination followed by challenge test with Taenia saginataeggs.

Telah dilakukan penelitian pada Anjing Kintamani Bali di Desa Sukawana yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi protozoa saluran pencernaan pada Anjing Kintamani Bali di Desa Sukawana, Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, Bali. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Apung dan dilakukannya pemeriksaan di Labratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana. Dari 90 sampel feses Anjing Kintamani Bali yang diperiksa, 9 sampel positif terinfeksi protozoa saluran pencernaan dengan prevalensi sebesar 10%. Digolongkan berdasarkan umur, Anjing Kintamani Bali yang berumur dibawah satu tahun, prevalensinya sebesar 17,14% (6/35), sedangkan yang berumur diatas satu tahun prevalensinya 5,54% (3/55). Berdasarkan jenis kelamin prevalensinya sebesar 11,53% (6/55), sedangkan yang berjenis kelamin betina prevalensinya sebesar 8,82% (3/38). Berdasarkan sistem pemeliharaan Anjing Kintamani Bali yang dikandangkan prevalensinya sebesar 9,6%(4/42), sedangkan yang dilepaskan prevalensinya sebesar 10,41% (5/48). Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara umur, jenis kelamin dan sistem pemeliharaan terhadap prevalensi infeksi protozoa saluran pencernaan Anjing Kintamani Bali.

Perkembangan game saat ini sangat pesat sehingga banyak orang yang tertarik untuk memainkannya bahkan sampai lupa waktu,suatu game akan membuat orang tertarik dan penasaran karena didalam nya terdapat AI (artificial intelegent). Tujuan pengembangan kecerdasan buatan adalah untuk membuat aksi dan reaksi otonom agen atau NPC (Non-Player Character) dari game. Dua NPC bisa saling membantu dalam menjalankan strategi menyerang terhadap musuh. penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang bagaimana orang dapat bermain game secara bersama-sama dengan menggunakan jaringan computer atau jaringan internet . Dua NPC yang dimaksud adalahNPC Scout yang bertugas memancing serangan musuh, dan NPC Sniper yang bertugas memberikan back up serangan dari jarak jauh.. Perilaku yangdimaksud adalah menyerang brutal, menyerang, bertahan dan melarikan diri. Masing-masing perilaku diujicobakan dalam game First Person Shooter menggunakan unity engine. Dalam simulasi game terjadi respon perubahan perilaku masing-masing NPC terhadap kondisi yang dihadapi dengan mengetahui respon dari NPC maka akan dapat menentukan strategi dalam game tersebut.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi cacing nematoda saluran pencernaanpada kambing Peranakan Ettawa di Kecamatan Siliragung Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur.Sampel feses diambil dari 160 ekor kambing Peranakan Ettawa yang dipilih secara purposivesampling pada setiap desa di Kecamatan Siliragung Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur. Fesesdiperiksa dengan uji apung untuk mendeteksi keberadaan telur cacing nematoda saluran pencernaanberdasarkan morfologinya. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dari 160 sampel feses kambingPeranakan Ettawa ditemukan sebanyak 83 sampel (51,9%) positif telur cacing nematoda saluranpencernaan tipe Strongyl. Berdasarkan umur, prevalensi pada kambing muda (umur di bawah 12bulan) dan kambing dewasa (umur 12 bulan ke atas) masing-masing adalah 37,5% dan 66,3%.

This research aims were to determine the type and prevalence of infections of gastrointestinal protozoan in piglets were sold in the pig traditional markets in Bali. As many as 250 piglets fecal samples were examined. All fecal samples were taken in a fresh state and then divided in two different sollution, one stored in plastic pots containing acetic sodium formaldehyde (SAF) for examination by sedimentation concentration method and another samples were stored in plastic pots containing potassium dichromate for examination by the method of floating. Samples were examined microscopically for the presence of cysts or oocystsof gastrointestinal protozoa. The results showed that 229 (91.6%) piglets were sold in the pigtraditional markets in Bali infected by protozoa, and identified three Genus of protozoa with following prevalence of infection were Amoeba sp. 82.4%, Balantidium sp. 61.2% and Eimeria sp. 54.8%.

The biological studies of Taenia saginata metacestoda development have been conducted in Bali cattle. Two Bali cattle were used as the samples; each was infected by 500.000 T. saginata eggs. Cattle I and II were slaughtered and examined for the presence of T. saginata metacestodas,103 and 131 days post infection, respectively. All visceral organs and skeletal muscles were thoroughly inspected; incisions and inspection were done following the routine meat inspection. In cattle I, was observed 534 metacestodas in the skeletal muscles, heart, and diaphragm. The metacestodas had the form an oval bladder measuring around 3 x 2 mm. While, in cattle II was observed 2,249 metacestodas in the skeletal muscles, heart, diaphragm, and tongue measuring around 4 x 3 mm. The finding of the present study may indicate that in Bali cattle the oncospheres of T. saginata might reach its optimal development (in to T. saginata metacestoda) in four months post infection.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek vermisidal dan ovisidal getah biduri (Calotropis spp.) serta perbedaan pengaruh konsentrasi terhadap cacing dan telur cacing Fasciola gigantica. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah telur dan cacing Fasciola gigantica yang diambil di Rumah Potong Hewan Pesanggaran. Getah biduri diambil dari tanaman biduri yang berada di pantai sanur, Denpasar Bali. Konsentrasi getah biduri dibuat menggunakan getah segar yang ditambahkan dengan cairan empedu untuk vermisidal dan aquades untuk ovisidal. Konsentrasi yang digunakan yaitu 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, dan 10 %. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vitro dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 kali ulangan. Pengamatan vermisidal dilakukan setiap jam, sedangkan ovisidal pada hari ke-21 dan ke-28. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan getah biduri memiliki aktivitas vermisidal dan ovisidal terhadap cacing dan telur cacing Fasciola gigantica. Konsentrasi getah biduri (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, dan 10%) tidak memiliki pengaruh vermisidal yang berbeda terhadap Fasciola gigantica. Efek ovisidal pada hari ke-21 dan 28 menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang nyata (P

pencernaan pada anak babi yang dijual di pasar tradisional di wilayah Bali. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 250 sampel feses anak babi yang berasal dari pasar ternak di Kabupaten Karangasem, Kabupaten Klungkung, Kabupaten Bangli, dan Kabupaten Gianyar. Sampel diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode sedimentasi formol ether dan diidentifikasi berdasarkan morfologi telur cacing. Berdasarkan penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa prevalensi infeksi cacing nematoda saluran pencernaan pada anak babi yang dijual dipasar tradisional adalah sebanyak 71,6% (179/250). Setelah dilakukan identifikasi diketahui ada empat jenis cacing nematoda saluran pencernaan yaitu, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, cacing tipe Strongyl dan Macrachantorynchus dengan prevalensi masing – masing sebesar 33,2%, 14,0%, 57,6% dan 2%.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas vermisidal dan ovisidal daun Biduri (Calotropis spp.) terhadap cacing F. gigantica. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu telur dan cacing F. gigantica yang diperoleh dari Rumah Potong Hewan Pesanggaran dan daun biduri diambil dari pantai Sanur, Denpasar Bali. Konsentrasi daun biduri dibuat menggunakan daun segar yang dihancurkan dan kemudian dicampurkan dengan cairan empedu untuk vermisidal dan aquades untuk ovisidal. Konsentrasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, dan 10%. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vitro dengan menggunakan lima perlakuan dan empat kali ulangan. Pengamatan vermisidal dilakukan setiap 30 menit sedangkan untuk ovisidal dilakukan pada hari ke-21 dan ke-28. Hasil dari penelitian didapatkan konsentrasi daun biduri (2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, dan 10%) pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan memiliki pengaruh vermisidal, tidak berbeda nyata (P>0.05) terhadap satu dengan yang lainnya. Efek ovisidal pada hari ke-21 dan ke-28 didapatkan adanya pengaruh yang nyata (P

The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of Trichuris spp. on bali cattle(Bos sondaicus) and the relationship between the prevalence with the geographical location in Bali. The samples that used in this study were 200 fecal samples from four different geographicallocation in Bali. The study was a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of Trichurisspp. on bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) with geographic location as a risk factor. The examination was done using floating in saturated salt solution method. Identification of Trichuris spp. based onmorphology eggs was done with 40x magnificence under a binocular microscope. While therelationship between geographic location and the prevalence of Trichuris spp. was analyzed byusing Chi square test. The results showed that the prevalence of Trichuris spp. on bali cattle was1,5%, and there was no relation between geographic location and the prevalence of Trichuris spp.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui vermisidal dan ovisidal dari ekstrak metanol daun pepaya dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 0,25% - 1% terhadap cacing Ascaris suum. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak daun pepaya 0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75%, dan 1%. Kontrol negatif menggunakan NaCl fisiologis dan kontrol positif menggunakan Albendazole 0,12%. Dilakukan uji vermisidal dan uji ovisidal, uji ovisidal dibagi menjadi dua uji, yaitu kontak langsung dan kontak tidak langsung. Untuk uji vermisidal data dianalisis dengan Analisis Probit untuk mengetahui LC100 (Lethal concentration) dan LT100 (Lethal time), sedangkan untuk uji ovisidal data dianalisis dengan Sidik Ragam dan jika terdapat perbedaan, dilanjutkan dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian vermisidal didapatkan LC100 ekstrak daun pepaya adalah 13,378% dan LT100 54,706 jam. Untuk uji ovisidal kontak langsung didapatkan ekstrak daun pepaya berpengaruh sangat nyata (P0,05) terhadap daya berembrio telur Ascaris suum. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun pepaya efektif sebagai vermisidal dan ovisidal kontak langsung terhadap cacing Ascaris suum secara in-vitro.

Infeksi cacing nematoda pada kerbau dapat menimbulkan dampak berupa penurunan bobot badan, anemia, diare, serta penurunan produktivitas pada ternak yang pada akhirnya dapat menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi bagi peternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan identifikasi jenis cacing nematoda pada saluran pencernaan kerbau lumpur di Kecamatan Sambelia, Lombok Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel feses kerbau yang diambil dari salah satu peternakan yang ada di Kecamatan Sambelia, Lombok Timur. Jumlah sampel seluruhnya adalah 50 sampel yang berasal dari 34 kerbau jantan dan 16 betina. Sampel diperiksa dengan metode konsentrasi pengapungan dan identifikasi telur berdasarkan morfologi. Hasil pemeriksaan 50 sampel feses kerbau, ditemukan 39 sampel positif terinfeksi cacing nematoda dengan prevalensi sebesar 78%. Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, ditemukan 27 sampel positif pada kerbau jantan dengan prevalensi sebesar 79,4%, dan dari 16 sampel feses betina ditemukan 12 sampel positif dengan prevalensi sebesar 75%. Setelah diidentifikasi berdasarkan morfologi telur, ditemukan cacing tipe strongyl dengan prevalensi sebesar 68%, cacing yang teridentfikasi adalah : Oesephagstomum spp 34%, Haemonchus spp 42%, Trichostrongylus spp 34%, dan Nematodirus spp 26%, sedangkan jenis nematoda lain ditemukan masing masing Strongyloides sp 50% dan Trihuris spp 8%.