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espanolLas tecnicas de anestesia general se emplean en funcion de signos clinicos y tienden a presentar eventos en donde si no se aplica la anestesia necesaria, el paciente puede estar consciente y recordar eventos de una cirugia o puede que se aplique un exceso de anestesia y el paciente tarde en lograr la recuperacion. En tal sentido, el indice biespectral es una escala de medicion que mide la actividad electrica en el cerebro por medio de un monitor que brinda informacion al anestesista sobre la cantidad de anestesia que debe administrar al paciente. El indice biespectral (BIS) es un parametro de electroencefalograma recien procesado que se desarrollo especificamente para medir los efectos hipnoticos de la anestesia. Los resultados de los estudios realizados con voluntarios demuestran que el BIS se correlaciona bien con las evaluaciones clinicas de la sedacion inducida por farmacos hipnoticos sedantes. De acuerdo con las investigaciones y estudios, la monitorizacion BIS permite una mejor titulacion de la anestesia, lo que resulta en un menor uso de farmacos hipnoticos y una mejor recuperacion. Los datos sugieren que la titulacion de anestesicos mejorada con BIS proporciona suficientes beneficios clinicos y economicos para justificar su uso rutinario. Mediante el desarrollo de la investigacion, se resume el desarrollo clinico y la validacion de BIS y describe como se puede utilizar la monitorizacion de BIS para mejorar los resultados anestesicos. EnglishGeneral anesthesia techniques will be implemented in the function of clinical signals and present events in this area and will not require the need for anesthesia, the patient can be informed and record events of the brain or he can apply an-esthesia and the patient will to recover the recovery. In this regard, the indicative index is a scale of measurement that measures electrical activity in the middle of a monitor that provides information to the anesthetic about the amount of anes-thesia that must be administered to patients. The bispectral index (BIS) is an electroencephalogram parameter processed that is specifically designed to measure the hypnotic effects of anesthesia. The results of the studies carried out with the voluntary demonstrations that the BIS correlates well with the clinical evaluations of the sedation induced by sedative hypnotics. In order to investigate and study investigations, BIS monitoring allows a better title of anesthesia, which results in a use of hypnotic pharmacies and a better recovery. The data suggest that the anesthetic titration will be improved with a BIS proportion of sufficient clinical and economic benefits to justify its routine use. As a result of the development of the investigation, a summary of the clinical development and validation of the BIS and how it is possible to use the monitoring of the BIS to improve the anesthetic results.

Daphne giraldii Nitsche., a member of the genus Daphne (Thymelaeaceae), is a deciduous shrub with mild toxicity. Its rhizome bark, generally called 'Zushima' in Chinese, has many medicinal folkloric uses and good therapeutic effects. Previous studies investigating the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of D. giraldii have focused on several major classes of compounds, such as coumarins, lignans and flavonoids, especially the interesting enantiomeric flavans. Extracts and pure compounds of D. giraldii were found to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, cytotoxicity, antimalarial, immunomodulating, sedative and hypnotic effects. They have also been reported to influence the cardiovascular functions and blood activities. This comprehensive review will describe the advances in the phytochemistry, pharmacology, medicinal uses and clinical applications of D. giraldii and its formulations covering the literature published from 1970 to 2018. Almost half of the reviewed studies were originally published in non-English languages (mainly in Chinese). Collectively, the aim of this article is to open new avenues for further in-depth pharmacological studies on D. giraldii.

As a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen has been used for treating anxiety and insomnia for a long time. Spinosin, the main active C-glycoside flavonoid in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, has attracted much attention because of its many pharmacological activities including strong hypnotic effects, anxiolytic-like effects, and so on. In the present work, high-purity spinosin was separated from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen using the HPD-300 resin followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The adsorption kinetics curve of spinosin on the HPD-300 resin was studied and fitted well by the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption isotherms were also constructed and low temperature favored the adsorption reaction. The separation parameters were optimized using dynamic adsorption and desorption tests. After a one-run treatment with HPD-300 resin, the concentration of spinosin increased 11.8-fold from 0.99 to 11.7% with a recovery yield of 80.4%. Furthermore, the purity of spinosin could surpass above 98% after separation by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and recrystallization with a recovery yield of 72.6%. The developed method was effective and suitable for the large-scale preparation of spinosin. Moreover, it was confirmed that HPD-300 resin could enable good selection for the enrichment of flavonoids from different plants.

Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Alumine(PRPCA) is useful for eliminating dampness and phlegm in clinical settings, targeting the main mechanisms of insomnia as defined in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known regarding the sedative and hypnotic effects of PRPCA. In the present study, we examined the sedative effects of PRPCA via a locomotor activity test and aimed to determine the most appropriate concentration of PRPCA for achieving these effects. The strongest sedative effects were observed at a PRPCA concentration of 0.45 g/ml. In addition, we investigated the hypnotic effects of PRPCA and its role in promoting sleep via sleep monitoring and vigilance state analysis. PRPCA increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep while decreasing wakefulness. In addition, PRPCA decreased the number of bouts of wakefulness (16–32 s and 32–64 s) and increased the number of bouts of NREM sleep (128–256 s). Furthermore, we identified a total of 32 component compounds via chromatography and mass spectrometry. Hence, the current work provides valuable information regarding the sedative and hypnotic effects of PRPCA and its regulatory mechanisms in promoting sleep.

The present study aims to assess the anxiolytic and hypnotic activity of ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaf in mice. Anxiolytic activity was observed using behavioral paradigms while hypnotic activity was assessed by sodium pentobarbital induced hypnosis in mice. Animals were treated with the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 30 days. Anxiolytic and hypnotic effect were observed on day 1, 7, 15 and 30 of treatment. Significant increase in the number of entries and time spent in open arm were observed in elevated plus maze. Similar results were observed in light/dark, open field and hole board test. The anxiolytic effect was substantially greater at dose 200 mg/kg in comparison to dose 400 mg/kg. Minimal hypnotic activity was observed with decrease in onset and prolongation in duration of sleep at dose 400 mg/kg, while dose 200 mg/kg did not produce any hypnotic effect. These results showed that the ethanolic extract of C. laurifolius leaf might have potential anxiolytic and hypnotic activity in mice.

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), one of the characteristic active components of Gastrodia elata, exhibits obvious effects on the human central nervous system. In order to acquire compounds with superior bioactivity, 10 derivatives of HBA were synthesized from HBA and carboxylic acids. The sedative effects of the 10 HBA derivatives were evaluated using a spontaneous locomotor activity test (SLT) in mice, and their hypnotic effects were determined to be synergistic with pentobarbital-induced sleep. The results showed that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 3-furancarboxylic acid diester (2FHBA, 10 mg kg−1) exhibited the strongest sedative–hypnotic activity among HBA and its derivatives, and 2FHBA could reverse the insomnia caused by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), flumazenil (FLU) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC). Meanwhile, 2FHBA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) showed a synergistic effect. The results suggested that 2FHBA might be a potential agent against insomnia, which might be mediated by the serotonergic and GABAergic systems.

Amygdalus communis L. (almond) has been traditionally used as a natural medicine in the treatment of various diseases. The present research studied the sedative and hypnotic effects of the aqueous fraction of seeds of almond in rats. In order to investigate these effects, a combination of behavioral methods (open field test and loss of righting reflex test) as well as quantitative and analytic methods (EEG and EMG) were applied. The results of the open field test showed that a dose of 400 mg/kg of the almond extract significantly inhibited the locomotion activity of rats compared to normal. The results also illustrated that the almond extract affected pentobarbital-induced sleep through increasing the number of fallings asleep and prolongation of sleeping time. Analysis of EEG recordings of the animals which had received the same dose of the almond extract as the open field test demonstrated marked changes in the animals' sleep architecture. Significant prolongation of total sleeping time as well as significant increase in NREM sleep were the main observed changes compared to the normal condition. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of almond has significant sedative and hypnotic effects, which may support its therapeutic use for insomnia.

The chick has a practical advantage in the screening process in that chicks require only small quantities of drugs. The chick separation stress paradigm has traditionally been recognized as a valid form of anxiolytic screening. Further, chick behavior involving standing motionless with eyes closed or sitting motionless with head drooped is nearly always associated with electrophysiological sleep. When centrally administered, some DNA-encoded L-α-amino acids, as well as some DNA-non-encoded amino acids, such as metabolites of L-α-amino acids, D-amino acid and β-amino acid, have shown sedative and/or hypnotic effects in chicks. The effects of some of these amino acids have subsequently been confirmed in humans. In conclusion, the chick model is convenient and useful for screening central functions of amino acids and their metabolites for hypnosis and sedation.

The objective of our work is to make a pharmacological study of molecules derived from 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one carrying long chains so that they have a structure similar to surfactants, with the benzodiazepine as a hydrophilic head and a carbon chain as a hydrophobic tail. First, we studied the acute toxicity of the above mentioned 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives. This study was conducted according to OECD 423 guidelines in female mice and revealed that these compounds are nontoxic. We then assessed the psychotropic effects of our products on the central nervous system (CNS). The results obtained show that 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one has no sedative effect at therapeutic doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. On the other hand, its long-chain derivatives possess them. Moreover, all these products have no cataleptic and hypnotic effects at the doses studied. But at 100 mg/kg, these compounds all have the ability to significantly prolong the hypnotic effect of thiopental sodium.

Schisandra has been used to treat insomnia for hundreds of years in China. This study was aimed at proving the contribution of Schisantherin A (STA), the most abundant component in Schisandra, on s...

Lactuca sativa Linn. (or lettuce) is a well known plant worldwide due to its use in the preparation of salad, soup, and vegetable curries. This plant also has excellent medicinal properties. Lettuce is cultivated worldwide, and is one of the most consumed green leafy vegetables in the raw form for its taste and high nutritive value. It is regarded as an important source of phytonutrients. It is characterized by considerable morphological and genetic variations. This leaf vegetable was first cultivated by the Egyptians. Today, it is produced all over the world and is used in forensic medicine for many ailments including pain, stomach problems and inflammation, and urinary tract infections. Different studies provided the scientific evidence of its pharmacological potential including antimicrobial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hypnotic effects. The chemical composition of the plant revealed the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols which should be responsible for its biological activities. The plant also contains essential elements, such as vitamins as well as minerals and organic substances.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of astragalin on the central nervous system. Astragalin is a monomeric compound found in the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides using a system solvent method. In the experiments, astragalin showed significant effects on mice, including reduced spontaneous activity, increased sleep ratio, shortened sleep latency and lengthened sleep time with a subthreshold or superthreshold dose of pentobarbital sodium. In addition, astragalin effectively reduced the convulsion rate and prolonged convulsion latency. These findings confirmed that astragalin had excellent sedative and hypnotic effects and has potential to be commercialised as a novel nutraceutical agent to promote calming and improve central nervous system-associated pathologies.

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conscious sedation with 40% nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) on cognitive functions. Materials and methods: Forty dental patients referred to the sedation unit at Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery received a combination of 40% N2O/O2 inhalation for conscious sedation. Psychometric tests were applied three times: before sedation, during sedation, and at the end of the recovery, for assessing cognitive functions. Results: The results of this study showed that the 40% N2O/O2 combination impaired cognitive functions during the conscious sedation. Recovery of most of the cognitive functions occurred 15 min after sedation. However, in addition to the persistence of 'hypnotic effects' and 'sensations of isolation' during the recovery period, 'motor loss value' showed more cognitive impairment 15 min after sedation than before the sedation period, and, thus, the ability to execute fine motor skills was not totally recovered by then. Conclusion: The results of this study could be crucial for informing patients about avoiding attentive activities soon after conscious sedation via 40% N2O/O2.