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1. Are all people with diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors or microvascular complications at very high risk? Findings from the Risk and Prevention Study

Author

Marzona, Irene, Avanzini, Fausto, Lucisano, Giuseppe, Tettamanti, Mauro, Baviera, Marta, Nicolucci, Antonio, Roncaglioni, Maria Carla, Tombesi, M., Tognoni, G., Massa, E., Marrocco, W., Micalella, M., Caimi, V., Longoni, P., Avanzini, F., Franzosi, M. G., Roncaglioni, M. C., Marzona, I., Baviera, M., Monesi, L., Pangrazzi, I., Barlera, S., Milani, V., Nicolis, E., Casola, C., Clerici, F., Palumbo, A., Sgaroni, G., Marchioli, R., Silletta, M. G., Pioggiarella, R., Scarano, M., Marfisi, R. M., Flamminio, A., Macino, L., Ferri, B., Pera, C., Polidoro, A., Abbatino, D., Acquati, M., Addorisio, G., Adinolfi, D., Adreani, L., Agistri, M. R., Agneta, A., Agnolio, M. L., Agostini, N., Agostino, G., Airò, A., Alaimo, N., Albano, M., Albano, N., Alecci, G., Alemanno, S., Alexanian, A., Alfarano, M., Alfè, L., Alonzo, N., Alvino, S., Ancora, A., Andiloro, S., Andreatta, E., Angeli, S., Angiari, F., Angilletti, V., Annicchiarico, C., Anzivino, M., Aprea, R., Aprile, A., Aprile, E., Aprile, I., Aprile, L., Armellani, V., Arnetoli, M., Aronica, A., Autiero, V., Bacca, G., Baccalaro, A. M., Bacci, M., Baglio, G., Bagnani, M., Baiano, A., Baldari, A., Ballarini, L., Banchi, G., Bandera, R., Bandini, F., Baratella, M., Barbieri, A., Barbieri Vita, A., Bardi, M., Barlocchi, M., Baron, P., Bartoli, M., Basile, A., Basile, F., Basile, S., Battaggia, A., Battaglia, A., Baù, A., Beconcini, G., Beggio, R., Belfiore, P. A., Belicchi, M., Bellamoli, S., Bellini, C., Bellomo, M., Benetollo, C., Benetti, R., Beretta, E., Bertalero, P., Bertaso, F. G., Bertolani, U., Bettelli, G., Biagiotti, G., Bianchi, S., Bianco, G., Biccari, F., Bigioli, F., Bindi, M., Bisanti, G., Bitetti, E. M., Blasetti, M. P., Blesi, F., Boato, V., Boga, S., Boidi, E., Boldrin, G., Bollati, A., Bolzan, L., Bolzonella, S., Bonardi, P., Bonato, G. B., Bonci, M., Bonfitto, G., Bonincontro, E., Boninsegna, F., Bonissone, D., Bono, L., Bonollo, E., Borghi, M., Borioli, N., Borsatto, M., Bosco, T., Bosisio Pioltelli, M., Botarelli, C., Botassis, S., Bottini, F., Bottos, C., Bova, G., Bova, V., Bozzani, A., Bozzetto, R. M., Braga, V. T., Braglia, M., Bramati, E., Brazzoli, C., Breglia, G., Brescia, A., Briganti, D., Brigato, G., Brocchi, A., Brosio, F. A., Bruni, E., Buscaglia, E., Bussini, M. D., Bussotti, A., Buzzaccarini, F., Buzzatti, A., Caccamo, G., Cacciavillani, C., Caggiano, G., Caimi, V., Calciano, F. P., Calderisi, M., Calienno, S., Caltagirone, P., Calzolari, I., Cammisa, M., Campanaro, M., Campanella, G. B., Campese, F., Canali, G., Candiani, D. E. L., Canepa, R., Canini, D., Canino, A., Cantoro, E. A., Capilupi, V., Capotosto, P., Cappelli, B., Capraro, G., Carafa, F. A., Carano, Q., Carcaterra, V., Carriero, D., Carrozzo, G., Cartanese, M., Casalena, M., Casarola, M., Caso, C., Casotto, M., Castaldi, F., Castegnaro, R., Castellani, G., Castri, S., Catalano, E., Catinello, N., Caturano, G., Cavallaro, R., Cavallo, A. M., Cavallo, G., Cavion, M. T., Cavirani, G., Cazzaniga, F., Cazzetta, D., Cecconi, V., Cefalo, A., Celebrano, M., Celora, A., Centonze, P., Cerati, D., Cesaretti, D., Checchia, G., Checchin, A., Cherubini, M., Chianese, L., Chiappa, A., Chiappa, M. V., Chiariello, G., Chiavini, G., Chicco, M., Chiumeo, F., Ciacciarelli, A., Ciaci, D., Ciancaglini, R., Cicale, C., Cicale, S., Cipolla, A., Ciruolo, A., Citeri, A. L., Citterio, G., Clerici, M., Coazzoli, E., Collecchia, G., Colletta, F., Colombo, I., Colorio, P., Coluccia, S., Comerio, M., Comoretto, P., Compagni, M., Conte, O., Contri, S., Contrisciani, A., Coppetti, T., Corasaniti, F., Corradi, M. T., Corsano, A., Corsini, A., Corti, N., Costantini, G., Costantino, A., Cotroneo, S., Cozzi, D., Cravello, M. G., Cristiano, E., Cucchi, R., Cusmai, L., D’Errico, G. B., D’Agostino, P., Dal Bianco, L., Dal Mutto, U., Dal Pozzo, G., Dallapiccola, P., Dallatorre, G., Dalle Molle, G., Dalloni, E., D’Aloiso, A., D’Amicis, G., Danese, R., Danieli, D., Danisi, G., D’Anna, M. A., Danti, G., D’Ascanio, S., Davidde, G., De Angeli, D., De Bastiani, R., De Battisti, A., De Bellis, A., De Berardinis, G., De Carlo, F., De Giorgi, D., De Gobbi, R., De Lorenzis, E., De Luca, P., De Martini, G., De Marzi, M., De Matteis, D., De Padova, S., De Polo, P., De Sabato, N., De Stefano, T., De Vita, M. T., De Vito, U., De Zolt, V., Debernardi, F., Del Carlo, A., Del Re, G., Del Zotti, F., D’Elia, R., Della Giovanna, P., Dell’Acqua, L., Dell’Orco, R. L., Demaria, G., Di Benedetto, M. G., Di Chiara, G., Di Corcia, V., Di Domizio, O., Di Donato, P., Di Donato, S., Di Fermo, G., Di Franco, M., Di Giovannantonio, G., Di Lascio, G., Di Lecce, G., Di Lorenzo, N., Di Maro, T., Di Mattia, Q., Di Michele, E., Di Modica, R. S., Di Murro, D., Di Noi, M. C., Di Paoli, V., Di Santi, M., Di Sanzo, A., Di Turi, C., Diazzi, A., Dileo, I., D’Ingianna, A. P., Dolci, A., Donà, G., Donato, C., Donato, P., Donini, A., Donna, M. E., Donvito, T. V., Esposito, L., Esposito, N., Evangelista, M., Faita, G., Falco, M., Falcone, D. A., Falorni, F., Fanciullacci, A., Fanton, L., Fasolo, L., Fassina, R., Fassone, A., Fatarella, P., Fedele, F., Fera, I., Fera, L., Ferioli, S., Ferlini, M. G., Ferlino, R., Ferrante, G., Ferrara, F. N., Ferrarese, M. F., Ferrari, G., Ferrari, O., Ferreri, A., Ferroni, M., Fezzi, G., Figaroli, C., Fina, M. G., Fioretta, A., Fiorucci, C., Firrincieli, R., Fischetti, M., Fischietti, G., Fiume, D. C., Flecchia, G., Forastiere, G., Fossati, B., Franceschi, P. L., Franchi, L., Franzoso, F., Frapporti, G., Frasca, G., Frisotti, A., Fumagalli, G., Fusco, D., Gabriele, P., Gabrieli, A., Gagliano, D., Galimberti, G., Galli, A., Gallicchio, N., Gallio, F., Gallipoli, T., Gallo, P., Galopin, T., Gambarelli, L., Garbin, A., Garozzo, G. M., Gasparri, R., Gastaldo, M., Gatti, E., Gazzaniga, P., Gennachi, N., Gentile, R. V., Germani, P., Gesualdi, F., Gherardi, E., Ghezzi, C., Ghidini, M. G., Ghionda, F., Giacci, L., Gialdini, D., Giampaolo, C., Giancane, R., Giannanti, A., Giannese, S., Giannini, L., Giaretta, M., Giaretta, R., Giavardi, L., Giordano, P., Giordano, E., Giordano, B., Gioria, G. M., Giugliano, R., Grassi, E. A., Greco, A., Greco, L., Grilletti, N., Grimaldi, N., Grisetti, G., Groppelli, G., Gualtieri, L., Guarducci, M., Guastella, G., Guerra, M., Guerrini, F., Guglielmini, A., Guido, A., Gulotta, P., Iacono, E., Iadarola, G., Ianiro, G., Iarussi, V., Ieluzzi, M. L., Ierardi, C., Ingaldi, F., Interlandi, S., Iocca, M., Iorno, A., Ioverno, E., Iurato, R., La Pace, L., La Piscopia, C., La Selva, R., Lafratta, M., Lamparelli, M., Lanaro, G., Lancerotto, R., Larcher, M., Lassandro, M., Lattuada, G., Laurino, P., Lefons, C., Legrottaglie, F., Lemma, A., Leone, D., Leone, F., Leso, A., Leuzzi, G., Levato, G., Libardi, L., Libralesso, N., Licini, P. I., Licursi, G., Lidonnici, F., Lillo, C., Liveri, L., Livio, A., Loiero, R. A., Loison, M., Lombardo, G., Lombardo, T., Lomunno, V., Lomuscio, S., Lonedo, A., Longo, E., Longoni, P., Lora, L., Lotterio, A., Lucatello, L., Luongo, A., Lupoli, M., Macchia, C., Macri, G., Mafessanti, M., Maggialetti, V., Maggioni, A., Magnani, M., Maiellaro, G., Mancuso, A., Maniglio, A. R., Mannari, G. L., Manni, A., Manocchio, B., Mao, M., Maranò, A., Maraone, E., Marascio, D., Marcheselli, P., Marchetto, B., Marchetto, S., Marchi, A., Marchi, G. L., Mariano, C., Marinacci, S., Marinelli, S., Marini, G., Marra, V. C., Marrali, F., Marseglia, C., Martello, G., Martino, C., Martino, G., Martino, M., Marulli, C. F., Maruzzi, G., Marzotti, A., Mascheroni, G., Mascolo, P., Masoch, G., Masone, R., Massa, E., Massa, L., Massafra, M., Massi, M., Massignani, D. M., Matarese, A. M., Matini, G., Mauro, R., Mazzi, M., Mazzillo, A., Mazzocato, E., Mazzoleni, N. S., Mazzone, A., Melacci, A., Mele, E., Meliota, P., Menaspà, S., Meneghello, F., Merola, G., Merone, L., Metrucci, A., Mezzina, V., Micchi, A., Michielon, A., Migliore, N., Minero, G., Minotta, F., Mirandola, C., Mistrorigo, S., Modafferi, L., Moitre, R., Mola, E., Monachese, C., Mongiardini, C., Montagna, F., Montani, M., Montemurno, I., Montolli, R., Montorsi, S., Montresor, M., Monzani, M. G., Morabito, F., Mori, G., Moro, A., Mosca, M. F., Motti, F., Muddolon, L., Mugnai, M., Muscas, F., Naimoli, F., Nanci, G., Nargi, E., Nasorri, R., Nastrini, G., Negossi, M., Negrini, A., Negroni, A., Neola, V., Niccolini, F., Niro, C. M., Nosengo, C., Novella, G., Nuti, C., Obici, F., Olita, C., Oliverio, S. S., Olivieri, I., Oriente, S., Orlando, G., Paci, C., Pagano, G., Pagliara, C., Paita, G., Paladini, G., Paladino, G., Palano, T., Palatella, A., Palermo, P., Palmisano, M., Pando, P., Panessa, P., Panigo, F., Panozzo, G., Panvini, F., Panzieri, F., Panzino, A., Panzitta, F., Paoli, N., Papagna, R., Papaleo, M. G., Papalia, G., Parisi, R., Parotti, N., Parravicini, D., Passarella, P., Pastore, G. A., Patafio, M., Pavone, P., Pedroli, W., Pedroni, M., Pelligra, G., Pellizzari, M., Penati, A., Perlot, M., Perrone, A., Perrone, G., Peruzzi, P., Peselli, C., Petracchini, L., Petrera, L., Petrone, S., Peverelli, C., Pianorsi, F., Piazza, G. P., Piazzolla, G., Picci, A., Pienabarca, G., Pietronigro, T. P., Pignocchino, P., Pilone, R., Pinto, D., Pirovano, E., Pirrotta, D., Pisante, V., Pitotto, P., Pittari, L., Piva, A., Pizzoglio, A., Plantera, O. R., Plebani, W., Plessi, S., Podrecca, D., Poerio, V., Poggiani, F., Pogliani, W., Poli, L., Poloni, F. G., Porcelli, R., Porto, S., Pranzo, L., Prevedello, C., Profeta, C., Profico, D., Punzi, A., Quaglia, G. M., Racano, M., Raccone, A., Radice, F., Raho, C. A., Raimondi, R., Rainò, M., Ramponi, R., Ramunni, A., Ramunni, A. L., Ravasio, F., Ravera, M., Re Sartò, G., Rebustello, G., Regazzoli, S., Restelli, C., Rezzonico, M., Ricchiuto, F., Rigo, S., Rigon, G., Rigon, R., Rinaldi, O. V., Rinaldi, M., Risplendente, P. G., Rispoli, M., Riundi, R., Riva, M. G., Rizzi, A. L., Rizzi, D., Rizzo, L. D., Rocchi, L., Rondinone, B., Rosa, B., Rosati, F., Roselli, F., Rossetti, A., Rossetti, C., Rossi, R., Rossi, P. R., Rossi, A., Rossi, C. L., Rossitto, A., Ruffini, R., Ruffo, A., Ruggio, S., Ruo, M., Russo, B., Russo, L., Russo, R., Russo, S., Russo, U., Russo, V., Ruta, G., Sacchi, F., Sacco Botto, F., Saia, A., Salladini, G., Salmoiraghi, S., Saluzzo, F., Salvatore, C., Salvatori, E., Salvio, G., Sandri, P., Sandrini, T., Sangermano, V., Santoni, N., Saracino, A. D., Saracino, A., Sarasin, P., Sardo Infirri, C., Sarrì, B., Sartori, G., Sartori, N., Sauro, C., Scaglioni, M., Scalfi, C., Scamardella, A. M., Scandale, G., Scandone, L., Scannavini, G., Scarati, R., Scardi, A., Scarpa, F. M., Scazzi, P., Schifone, A., Schiroso, G., Scigliano, G., Scilla, A., Sciortino, M., Scolaro, G., Scollo, E., Scorretti, G., Sellitti, R., Selmo, A., Selvaggio, G., Sempio, A., Seren, F., Serio, L., Serra, C., Serra, L., Siciliano, D., Sideri, A., Sighele, M., Signore, R., Siliberto, F., Silvestro, M., Simioni, G., Simmini, G., Simonato, L., Sinchetto, F., Sizzano, E., Smajato, G., Smaldone, M., Sola, G., Sordillo, L., Sovran, C. S., Spagnul, P., Spanò, F., Sproviero, S., Squintani, A., Stella, L., Stilo, V., Stocchiero, B., Stornello, M. C., Stracka, G., Strada, S., Stranieri, G., Stucci, N., Stufano, N., Suppa, A., Susca, V. G., Sutti, M., Taddei, M., Tagliabue, E., Tagliente, G., Talato, F., Talerico, P., Talia, R., Taranto, R., Tartaglia, M., Tauro, N., Tedesco, A., Tieri, P., Tirelli, M., Tocci, L., Todesco, P., Tognolo, M., Tomba, A., Tonello, P., Tonon, R., Toscano, L., Tosi, A., Tosi, G., Toso, S., Travaglio, P., Tremul, L., Tresso, C., Triacchini, P., Triggiano, L., Trigilio, A., Trimeloni, J., Tripicchio, G., Tritto, G. S., Trono, F., Trotta, E., Trotta, G., Tubertini, A., Turri, C., Turri, L., Tuttolani, M. P., Urago, M., Ursini, G., Valcanover, F., Valente, L., Valenti, M., Valentini, F., Vallone, G., Valz, P., Valzano, L., Vanin, V., Vatteroni, M., Vegetti, L., Vendrame, D., Veramonti, I., Veronelli, G., Vesco, A., Vicariotto, G., Vignale, G., Villa, P. L., Vinciguerra, R., Visco, A., Visentin, G., Visonà, E., Vitali, E., Vitali, S., Vitti, F., Volpone, D. A., Zambon, N., Zammarrelli, A., Zanaboni, A., Zane, D., Zanetti, B., Zanibellato, R., Zappetti, M., Zappone, P., Zerilli, G., Zirino, V., Zoccali, R., Zuin, F., Altomonte, M., Anelli, N., Angiò, F., Annale, P., Antonacci, S., Anzilotta, R., Bano, F., Basadonna, O., Beduschi, L., Becagli, P., Bellotti, G., Blotta, C., Bruno, G., Cappuccini, A., Caramatti, S., Cariolato, M. P., Castellana, M., Castellani, L., Catania, R., Chielli, A., Chinellato, A., Ciaccia, A., Clerici, E., Cocci, A., Costanzo, G., D’Ercole, F., De Stefano, G., Decè, F., Di Cicco, N., Di Marco, A., Donati Sarti, C., Draghi, E., Dusi, G., Esposito, V., Ferraro, L., Ferretti, A., Ferri, E., Foggetti, L., Foglia, A., Fonzi, E., Frau, G., Fuoco, M. R., Furci, G., Gallo, L., Garra, V., Giannini, A., Gris, A., Iacovino, R., Interrigi, R., Joppi, R., Laner, B., La Fortezza, G., La Padula, A., Lista, M. R., Lupi, G., Maffei, D., Maggioni, G., Magnani, L., Marrazzo, E., Marcon, L., Marinò, V., Maroni, A., Martinelli, C., Mastandrea, E., Mastropierro, F., Meo, A. T., Mero, P., Minesso, E., Moschetta, V., Mosele, E., Nanni, C., Negretti, A., Nisticò, C., Orsini, A., Osti, M., Pacilli, M. C., Pennestre, C., Picerno, G., Piol, K., Pivano, L., Pizzuti, E., Poggi, L., Poidomani, I., Pozzetto, M., Presti, M. L., Ravani, R., Recalenda, V., Romagnuolo, F., Rossignoli, S., Rossin, E., Sabatella, C., Sacco, F., Sanità, F., Sansone, E., Servadei, F., Sisto, M. T., Sorio, A., Sorrentino, A., Spinelli, E., Spolaor, A., Squillacioti, A., Stella, P., Talerico, A., Todisco, C., Vadino, M., Zuliani, C., and Risk & Prevention Collaborative Group

Published
2017
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2. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author

Zamora, J. C. (Juan Carlos), Svensson, M. (Mans), Kirschner, R. (Roland), Olariaga, I. (Ibai), Ryman, S. (Svengunnar), Alberto Parra, L. (Luis), Geml, J. (Jozsef), Rosling, A. (Anna), Adamcik, S. (Slavomir), Ahti, T. (Teuvo), Aime, M. C. (M. Catherine), Ainsworth, A. M. (A. Martyn), Albert, L. (Laszlo), Alberto, E. (Edgardo), Garcia, A. A. (Alberto Altes), Ageev, D. (Dmitry), Agerer, R. (Reinhard), Aguirre-Hudson, B. (Begona), Ammirati, J. (Joe), Andersson, H. (Harry), Angelini, C. (Claudio), Antonin, V. (Vladimir), Aoki, T. (Takayuki), Aptroot, A. (Andre), Argaud, D. (Didier), Sosa, B. I. (Blanca Imelda Arguello), Aronsen, A. (Arne), Arup, U. (Ulf), Asgari, B. (Bita), Assyov, B. (Boris), Atienza, V. (Violeta), Bandini, D. (Ditte), Baptista-Ferreira, J. L. (Joao Luis), Baral, H.-O. (Hans-Otto), Baroni, T. (Tim), Barreto, R. W. (Robert Weingart), Baker, H. (Henry), Bell, A. (Ann), Bellanger, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Bellu, F. (Francesco), Bemmann, M. (Martin), Bendiksby, M. (Mika), Bendiksen, E. (Egil), Bendiksen, K. (Katriina), Benedek, L. (Lajos), Beresova-Guttova, A. (Anna), Berger, F. (Franz), Berndt, R. (Reinhard), Bernicchia, A. (Annarosa), Biketova, A. Y. (Alona Yu), Bizio, E. (Enrico), Bjork, C. (Curtis), Boekhout, T. (Teun), Boertmann, D. (David), Bohning, T. (Tanja), Boittin, F. (Florent), Boluda, C. G. (Carlos G.), Boomsluiter, M. W. (Menno W.), Borovicka, J. (Jan), Brandrud, T. E. (Tor Erik), Braun, U. (Uwe), Brodo, I. (Irwin), Bulyonkova, T. (Tatiana), Burdsall, H. H. (Harold H., Jr.), Buyck, B. (Bart), Burgaz, A. R. (Ana Rosa), Calatayud, V. (Vicent), Callac, P. (Philippe), Campo, E. (Emanuele), Candusso, M. (Massimo), Capoen, B. (Brigitte), Carbo, J. (Joaquim), Carbone, M. (Matteo), Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F. (Rafael F.), Castellano, M. A. (Michael A.), Chen, J. (Jie), Clerc, P. (Philippe), Consiglio, G. (Giovanni), Corriol, G. (Gilles), Courtecuisse, R. (Regis), Crespo, A. (Ana), Cripps, C. (Cathy), Crous, P. W. (Pedro W.), da Silva, G. A. (Gladstone Alves), da Silva, M. (Meiriele), Dam, M. (Marjo), Dam, N. (Nico), Dammrich, F. (Frank), Das, K. (Kanad), Davies, L. (Linda), De Crop, E. (Eske), De Kesel, A. (Andre), De Lange, R. (Ruben), Bonzi, B. D. (Barbara De Madrignac), dela Cruz, T. E. (Thomas Edison E.), Delgat, L. (Lynn), Demoulin, V. (Vincent), Desjardin, D. E. (Dennis E.), Diederich, P. (Paul), Dima, B. (Balint), Dios, M. M. (Maria Martha), Divakar, P. K. (Pradeep Kumar), Douanla-Meli, C. (Clovis), Douglas, B. (Brian), Drechsler-Santos, E. R. (Elisandro Ricardo), Dyer, P. S. (Paul S.), Eberhardt, U. (Ursula), Ertz, D. (Damien), Esteve-Raventos, F. (Fernando), Salazar, J. A. (Javier Angel Etayo), Evenson, V. (Vera), Eyssartier, G. (Guillaume), Farkas, E. (Edit), Favre, A. (Alain), Fedosova, A. G. (Anna G.), Filippa, M. (Mario), Finy, P. (Peter), Flakus, A. (Adam), Fos, S. (Simon), Fournier, J. (Jacques), Fraiture, A. (Andre), Franchi, P. (Paolo), Molano, A. E. (Ana Esperanza Franco), Friebes, G. (Gernot), Frisch, A. (Andreas), Fryday, A. (Alan), Furci, G. (Giuliana), Marquez, R. G. (Ricardo Galan), Garbelotto, M. (Matteo), Garcia-Martin, J. M. (Joaquina Maria), Otalora, M. A. (Monica A. Garcia), Sanchez, D. G. (Dania Garcia), Gardiennet, A. (Alain), Garnica, S. (Sigisfredo), Benavent, I. G. (Isaac Garrido), Gates, G. (Genevieve), Gerlach, A. d. (Alice da Cruz Lima), Ghobad-Nejhad, M. (Masoomeh), Gibertoni, T. B. (Tatiana B.), Grebenc, T. (Tine), Greilhuber, I. (Irmgard), Grishkan, B. (Bella), Groenewald, J. Z. (Johannes Z.), Grube, M. (Martin), Gruhn, G. (Gerald), Gueidan, C. (Cecile), Gulden, G. (Gro), Gusmao, L. F. (Luis F. P.), Hafellner, J. (Josef), Hairaud, M. (Michel), Halama, M. (Marek), Hallenberg, N. (Nils), Halling, R. E. (Roy E.), Hansen, K. (Karen), Harder, C. B. (Christoffer Bugge), Heilmann-Clausen, J. (Jacob), Helleman, S. (Stip), Henriot, A. (Alain), Hernandez-Restrepo, M. (Margarita), Herve, R. (Raphael), Hobart, C. (Caroline), Hoffmeister, M. (Mascha), Hoiland, K. (Klaus), Holec, J. (Jan), Holien, H. (Hakon), Hughes, K. (Karen), Hubka, V. (Vit), Huhtinen, S. (Seppo), Ivancevic, B. (Boris), Jagers, M. (Marian), Jaklitsch, W. (Walter), Jansen, A. (AnnaElise), Jayawardena, R. S. (Ruvishika S.), Jeppesen, T. S. (Thomas Stjernegaard), Jeppson, M. (Mikael), Johnston, P. (Peter), Jorgensen, P. M. (Per Magnus), Karnefelt, I. (Ingvar), Kalinina, L. B. (Liudmila B.), Kantvilas, G. (Gintaras), Karadelev, M. (Mitko), Kasuya, T. (Taiga), Kautmanova, I. (Ivona), Kerrigan, R. W. (Richard W.), Kirchmair, M. (Martin), Kiyashko, A. (Anna), Knapp, D. G. (Daniel G.), Knudsen, H. (Henning), Knudsen, K. (Kerry), Knutsson, T. (Tommy), Kolarik, M. (Miroslav), Koljalg, U. (Urmas), Kosuthova, A. (Alica), Koszka, A. (Attila), Kotiranta, H. (Heikki), Kotkova, V. (Vera), Koukol, O. (Ondrej), Kout, J. (Jiri), Kovacs, G. M. (Gabor M.), Kriz, M. (Martin), Kruys, A. (Asa), Kudera, V. (Viktor), Kudzma, L. (Linas), Kuhar, F. (Francisco), Kukwa, M. (Martin), Kumar, T. K. (T. K. Arun), Kunca, V. (Vladimir), Kusan, I. (Ivana), Kuyper, T. W. (Thomas W.), Lado, C. (Carlos), Laessoe, T. (Thomas), Laine, P. (Patrice), Langer, E. (Ewald), Larsson, E. (Ellen), Larsson, K.-H. (Karl-Henrik), Laursen, G. (Gary), Lechat, C. (Christian), Lee, S. (Serena), Lendemer, J. C. (James C.), Levin, L. (Laura), Lindemann, U. (Uwe), Lindstrom, H. (Hakan), Liu, X. (Xingzhong), Hernandez, R. C. (Regulo Carlos Llarena), Llop, E. (Esteve), Locsmandi, C. (Csaba), Lodge, D. J. (Deborah Jean), Loizides, M. (Michael), Lokos, L. (Laszlo), Luangsa-ard, J. (Jennifer), Luderitz, M. (Matthias), Lumbsch, T. (Thorsten), Lutz, M. (Matthias), Mahoney, D. (Dan), Malysheva, E. (Ekaterina), Malysheva, V. (Vera), Manimohan, P. (Patinjareveettil), Mann-Felix, Y. (Yasmina), Marques, G. (Guilhermina), Martinez-Gil, R. (Ruben), Marson, G. (Guy), Mata, G. (Gerardo), Matheny, P. B. (P. Brandon), Mathiassen, G. H. (Geir Harald), Matocec, N. (Neven), Mayrhofer, H. (Helmut), Mehrabi, M. (Mehdi), Melo, I. (Ireneia), Mesic, A. (Armin), Methven, A. S. (Andrew S.), Miettinen, O. (Otto), Romero, A. M. (Ana M. Millanes), Miller, A. N. (Andrew N.), Mitchell, J. K. (James K.), Moberg, R. (Roland), Moreau, P.-A. (Pierre-Arthur), Moreno, G. (Gabriel), Morozova, O. (Olga), Morte, A. (Asuncion), Muggia, L. (Lucia), Gonzalez, G. M. (Guillermo Munoz), Myllys, L. (Leena), Nagy, I. (Istvan), Nagy, L. G. (Laszlo G.), Neves, M. A. (Maria Alice), Niemela, T. (Tuomo), Nimis, P. L. (Pier Luigi), Niveiro, N. (Nicolas), Noordeloos, M. E. (Machiel E.), Nordin, A. (Anders), Noumeur, S. R. (Sara Raouia), Novozhilov, Y. (Yuri), Nuytinck, J. (Jorinde), Ohenoja, E. (Esteri), Fiuza, P. O. (Patricia Oliveira), Orange, A. (Alan), Ordynets, A. (Alexander), Ortiz-Santana, B. (Beatriz), Pacheco, L. (Leticia), Pal-Fam, F. (Ferenc), Palacio, M. (Melissa), Palice, Z. (Zdenek), Papp, V. (Viktor), Partel, K. (Kadri), Pawlowska, J. (Julia), Paz, A. (Aurelia), Peintner, U. (Ursula), Pennycook, S. (Shaun), Pereira, O. L. (Olinto Liparini), Daniels, P. P. (Pablo Perez), Capella, M. A. (Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio), del Amo, C. M. (Carlos Manuel Perez), Gorjon, S. P. (Sergio Perez), Perez-Ortega, S. (Sergio), Perez-Vargas, I. (Israel), Perry, B. A. (Brian A.), Petersen, J. H. (Jens H.), Petersen, R. H. (Ronald H.), Pfister, D. H. (Donald H.), Phukhamsakda, C. (Chayanard), Piatek, M. (Marcin), Piepenbring, M. (Meike), Pino-Bodas, R. (Raquel), Esquivel, J. P. (Juan Pablo Pinzon), Pirot, P. (Paul), Popov, E. S. (Eugene S.), Popoff, O. (Orlando), Alvaro, M. P. (Maria Prieto), Printzen, C. (Christian), Psurtseva, N. (Nadezhda), Purahong, W. (Witoon), Quijada, L. (Luis), Rambold, G. (Gerhard), Ramirez, N. A. (Natalia A.), Raja, H. (Huzefa), Raspe, O. (Olivier), Raymundo, T. (Tania), Reblova, M. (Martina), Rebriev, Y. A. (Yury A.), Garcia, J. d. (Juan de Dios Reyes), Ripoll, M. A. (Miguel Angel Ribes), Richard, F. (Franck), Richardson, M. J. (Mike J.), Rico, V. J. (Victor J.), Robledo, G. L. (Gerardo Lucio), Barbosa, F. R. (Flavia Rodrigues), Rodriguez-Caycedo, C. (Cristina), Rodriguez-Flakus, P. (Pamela), Ronikier, A. (Anna), Casas, L. R. (Luis Rubio), Rusevska, K. (Katerina), Saar, G. (Gunter), Saar, I. (Irja), Salcedo, I. (Isabel), Martinez, S. M. (Sergio M. Salcedo), Montoya, C. A. (Carlos A. Salvador), Sanchez-Ramirez, S. (Santiago), Sandoval-Sierra, J. V. (J. Vladimir), Santamaria, S. (Sergi), Monteiro, J. S. (Josiane Santana), Schroers, H. J. (Hans Josef), Schulz, B. (Barbara), Schmidt-Stohn, G. (Geert), Schumacher, T. (Trond), Senn-Irlet, B. (Beatrice), Sevcikova, H. (Hana), Shchepin, O. (Oleg), Shirouzu, T. (Takashi), Shiryaev, A. (Anton), Siepe, K. (Klaus), Sir, E. B. (Esteban B.), Sohrabi, M. (Mohammad), Soop, K. (Karl), Spirin, V. (Viacheslav), Spribille, T. (Toby), Stadler, M. (Marc), Stalpers, J. (Joost), Stenroos, S. (Soili), Suija, A. (Ave), Sunhede, S. (Stellan), Svantesson, S. (Sten), Svensson, S. (Sigvard), Svetasheva, T. Y. (Tatyana Yu), Swierkosz, K. (Krzysztof), Tamm, H. (Heidi), Taskin, H. (Hatira), Taudiere, A. (Adrien), Tedebrand, J.-O. (Jan-Olof), Lahoz, R. T. (Raul Tena), Temina, M. (Marina), Thell, A. (Arne), Thines, M. (Marco), Thor, G. (Goren), Thus, H. (Holger), Tibell, L. (Leif), Tibell, S. (Sanja), Timdal, E. (Einar), Tkalcec, Z. (Zdenko), Tonsberg, T. (Tor), Trichies, G. (Gerard), Triebel, D. (Dagmar), Tsurykau, A. (Andrei), Tulloss, R. E. (Rodham E.), Tuovinen, V. (Veera), Sosa, M. U. (Miguel Ulloa), Urcelay, C. (Carlos), Valade, F. (Francois), Garza, R. V. (Ricardo Valenzuela), van den Boom, P. (Pieter), Van Vooren, N. (Nicolas), Vasco-Palacios, A. M. (Aida M.), Vauras, J. (Jukka), Santos, J. M. (Juan Manuel Velasco), Vellinga, E. (Else), Verbeken, A. (Annemieke), Vetlesen, P. (Per), Vizzini, A. (Alfredo), Voglmayr, H. (Hermann), Volobuev, S. (Sergey), von Brackel, W. (Wolfgang), Voronina, E. (Elena), Walther, G. (Grit), Watling, R. (Roy), Weber, E. (Evi), Wedin, M. (Mats), Weholt, O. (Oyvind), Westberg, M. (Martin), Yurchenko, E. (Eugene), Zehnalek, P. (Petr), Zhang, H. (Huang), Zhurbenko, M. P. (Mikhail P.), Ekmani, S. (Stefan), Zamora, J. C. (Juan Carlos), Svensson, M. (Mans), Kirschner, R. (Roland), Olariaga, I. (Ibai), Ryman, S. (Svengunnar), Alberto Parra, L. (Luis), Geml, J. (Jozsef), Rosling, A. (Anna), Adamcik, S. (Slavomir), Ahti, T. (Teuvo), Aime, M. C. (M. Catherine), Ainsworth, A. M. (A. Martyn), Albert, L. (Laszlo), Alberto, E. (Edgardo), Garcia, A. A. (Alberto Altes), Ageev, D. (Dmitry), Agerer, R. (Reinhard), Aguirre-Hudson, B. (Begona), Ammirati, J. (Joe), Andersson, H. (Harry), Angelini, C. (Claudio), Antonin, V. (Vladimir), Aoki, T. (Takayuki), Aptroot, A. (Andre), Argaud, D. (Didier), Sosa, B. I. (Blanca Imelda Arguello), Aronsen, A. (Arne), Arup, U. (Ulf), Asgari, B. (Bita), Assyov, B. (Boris), Atienza, V. (Violeta), Bandini, D. (Ditte), Baptista-Ferreira, J. L. (Joao Luis), Baral, H.-O. (Hans-Otto), Baroni, T. (Tim), Barreto, R. W. (Robert Weingart), Baker, H. (Henry), Bell, A. (Ann), Bellanger, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Bellu, F. (Francesco), Bemmann, M. (Martin), Bendiksby, M. (Mika), Bendiksen, E. (Egil), Bendiksen, K. (Katriina), Benedek, L. (Lajos), Beresova-Guttova, A. (Anna), Berger, F. (Franz), Berndt, R. (Reinhard), Bernicchia, A. (Annarosa), Biketova, A. Y. (Alona Yu), Bizio, E. (Enrico), Bjork, C. (Curtis), Boekhout, T. (Teun), Boertmann, D. (David), Bohning, T. (Tanja), Boittin, F. (Florent), Boluda, C. G. (Carlos G.), Boomsluiter, M. W. (Menno W.), Borovicka, J. (Jan), Brandrud, T. E. (Tor Erik), Braun, U. (Uwe), Brodo, I. (Irwin), Bulyonkova, T. (Tatiana), Burdsall, H. H. (Harold H., Jr.), Buyck, B. (Bart), Burgaz, A. R. (Ana Rosa), Calatayud, V. (Vicent), Callac, P. (Philippe), Campo, E. (Emanuele), Candusso, M. (Massimo), Capoen, B. (Brigitte), Carbo, J. (Joaquim), Carbone, M. (Matteo), Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F. (Rafael F.), Castellano, M. A. (Michael A.), Chen, J. (Jie), Clerc, P. (Philippe), Consiglio, G. (Giovanni), Corriol, G. (Gilles), Courtecuisse, R. (Regis), Crespo, A. (Ana), Cripps, C. (Cathy), Crous, P. W. (Pedro W.), da Silva, G. A. (Gladstone Alves), da Silva, M. (Meiriele), Dam, M. (Marjo), Dam, N. (Nico), Dammrich, F. (Frank), Das, K. (Kanad), Davies, L. (Linda), De Crop, E. (Eske), De Kesel, A. (Andre), De Lange, R. (Ruben), Bonzi, B. D. (Barbara De Madrignac), dela Cruz, T. E. (Thomas Edison E.), Delgat, L. (Lynn), Demoulin, V. (Vincent), Desjardin, D. E. (Dennis E.), Diederich, P. (Paul), Dima, B. (Balint), Dios, M. M. (Maria Martha), Divakar, P. K. (Pradeep Kumar), Douanla-Meli, C. (Clovis), Douglas, B. (Brian), Drechsler-Santos, E. R. (Elisandro Ricardo), Dyer, P. S. (Paul S.), Eberhardt, U. (Ursula), Ertz, D. (Damien), Esteve-Raventos, F. (Fernando), Salazar, J. A. (Javier Angel Etayo), Evenson, V. (Vera), Eyssartier, G. (Guillaume), Farkas, E. (Edit), Favre, A. (Alain), Fedosova, A. G. (Anna G.), Filippa, M. (Mario), Finy, P. (Peter), Flakus, A. (Adam), Fos, S. (Simon), Fournier, J. (Jacques), Fraiture, A. (Andre), Franchi, P. (Paolo), Molano, A. E. (Ana Esperanza Franco), Friebes, G. (Gernot), Frisch, A. (Andreas), Fryday, A. (Alan), Furci, G. (Giuliana), Marquez, R. G. (Ricardo Galan), Garbelotto, M. (Matteo), Garcia-Martin, J. M. (Joaquina Maria), Otalora, M. A. (Monica A. Garcia), Sanchez, D. G. (Dania Garcia), Gardiennet, A. (Alain), Garnica, S. (Sigisfredo), Benavent, I. G. (Isaac Garrido), Gates, G. (Genevieve), Gerlach, A. d. (Alice da Cruz Lima), Ghobad-Nejhad, M. (Masoomeh), Gibertoni, T. B. (Tatiana B.), Grebenc, T. (Tine), Greilhuber, I. (Irmgard), Grishkan, B. (Bella), Groenewald, J. Z. (Johannes Z.), Grube, M. (Martin), Gruhn, G. (Gerald), Gueidan, C. (Cecile), Gulden, G. (Gro), Gusmao, L. F. (Luis F. P.), Hafellner, J. (Josef), Hairaud, M. (Michel), Halama, M. (Marek), Hallenberg, N. (Nils), Halling, R. E. (Roy E.), Hansen, K. (Karen), Harder, C. B. (Christoffer Bugge), Heilmann-Clausen, J. (Jacob), Helleman, S. (Stip), Henriot, A. (Alain), Hernandez-Restrepo, M. (Margarita), Herve, R. (Raphael), Hobart, C. (Caroline), Hoffmeister, M. (Mascha), Hoiland, K. (Klaus), Holec, J. (Jan), Holien, H. (Hakon), Hughes, K. (Karen), Hubka, V. (Vit), Huhtinen, S. (Seppo), Ivancevic, B. (Boris), Jagers, M. (Marian), Jaklitsch, W. (Walter), Jansen, A. (AnnaElise), Jayawardena, R. S. (Ruvishika S.), Jeppesen, T. S. (Thomas Stjernegaard), Jeppson, M. (Mikael), Johnston, P. (Peter), Jorgensen, P. M. (Per Magnus), Karnefelt, I. (Ingvar), Kalinina, L. B. (Liudmila B.), Kantvilas, G. (Gintaras), Karadelev, M. (Mitko), Kasuya, T. (Taiga), Kautmanova, I. (Ivona), Kerrigan, R. W. (Richard W.), Kirchmair, M. (Martin), Kiyashko, A. (Anna), Knapp, D. G. (Daniel G.), Knudsen, H. (Henning), Knudsen, K. (Kerry), Knutsson, T. (Tommy), Kolarik, M. (Miroslav), Koljalg, U. (Urmas), Kosuthova, A. (Alica), Koszka, A. (Attila), Kotiranta, H. (Heikki), Kotkova, V. (Vera), Koukol, O. (Ondrej), Kout, J. (Jiri), Kovacs, G. M. (Gabor M.), Kriz, M. (Martin), Kruys, A. (Asa), Kudera, V. (Viktor), Kudzma, L. (Linas), Kuhar, F. (Francisco), Kukwa, M. (Martin), Kumar, T. K. (T. K. Arun), Kunca, V. (Vladimir), Kusan, I. (Ivana), Kuyper, T. W. (Thomas W.), Lado, C. (Carlos), Laessoe, T. (Thomas), Laine, P. (Patrice), Langer, E. (Ewald), Larsson, E. (Ellen), Larsson, K.-H. (Karl-Henrik), Laursen, G. (Gary), Lechat, C. (Christian), Lee, S. (Serena), Lendemer, J. C. (James C.), Levin, L. (Laura), Lindemann, U. (Uwe), Lindstrom, H. (Hakan), Liu, X. (Xingzhong), Hernandez, R. C. (Regulo Carlos Llarena), Llop, E. (Esteve), Locsmandi, C. (Csaba), Lodge, D. J. (Deborah Jean), Loizides, M. (Michael), Lokos, L. (Laszlo), Luangsa-ard, J. (Jennifer), Luderitz, M. (Matthias), Lumbsch, T. (Thorsten), Lutz, M. (Matthias), Mahoney, D. (Dan), Malysheva, E. (Ekaterina), Malysheva, V. (Vera), Manimohan, P. (Patinjareveettil), Mann-Felix, Y. (Yasmina), Marques, G. (Guilhermina), Martinez-Gil, R. (Ruben), Marson, G. (Guy), Mata, G. (Gerardo), Matheny, P. B. (P. Brandon), Mathiassen, G. H. (Geir Harald), Matocec, N. (Neven), Mayrhofer, H. (Helmut), Mehrabi, M. (Mehdi), Melo, I. (Ireneia), Mesic, A. (Armin), Methven, A. S. (Andrew S.), Miettinen, O. (Otto), Romero, A. M. (Ana M. Millanes), Miller, A. N. (Andrew N.), Mitchell, J. K. (James K.), Moberg, R. (Roland), Moreau, P.-A. (Pierre-Arthur), Moreno, G. (Gabriel), Morozova, O. (Olga), Morte, A. (Asuncion), Muggia, L. (Lucia), Gonzalez, G. M. (Guillermo Munoz), Myllys, L. (Leena), Nagy, I. (Istvan), Nagy, L. G. (Laszlo G.), Neves, M. A. (Maria Alice), Niemela, T. (Tuomo), Nimis, P. L. (Pier Luigi), Niveiro, N. (Nicolas), Noordeloos, M. E. (Machiel E.), Nordin, A. (Anders), Noumeur, S. R. (Sara Raouia), Novozhilov, Y. (Yuri), Nuytinck, J. (Jorinde), Ohenoja, E. (Esteri), Fiuza, P. O. (Patricia Oliveira), Orange, A. (Alan), Ordynets, A. (Alexander), Ortiz-Santana, B. (Beatriz), Pacheco, L. (Leticia), Pal-Fam, F. (Ferenc), Palacio, M. (Melissa), Palice, Z. (Zdenek), Papp, V. (Viktor), Partel, K. (Kadri), Pawlowska, J. (Julia), Paz, A. (Aurelia), Peintner, U. (Ursula), Pennycook, S. (Shaun), Pereira, O. L. (Olinto Liparini), Daniels, P. P. (Pablo Perez), Capella, M. A. (Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio), del Amo, C. M. (Carlos Manuel Perez), Gorjon, S. P. (Sergio Perez), Perez-Ortega, S. (Sergio), Perez-Vargas, I. (Israel), Perry, B. A. (Brian A.), Petersen, J. H. (Jens H.), Petersen, R. H. (Ronald H.), Pfister, D. H. (Donald H.), Phukhamsakda, C. (Chayanard), Piatek, M. (Marcin), Piepenbring, M. (Meike), Pino-Bodas, R. (Raquel), Esquivel, J. P. (Juan Pablo Pinzon), Pirot, P. (Paul), Popov, E. S. (Eugene S.), Popoff, O. (Orlando), Alvaro, M. P. (Maria Prieto), Printzen, C. (Christian), Psurtseva, N. (Nadezhda), Purahong, W. (Witoon), Quijada, L. (Luis), Rambold, G. (Gerhard), Ramirez, N. A. (Natalia A.), Raja, H. (Huzefa), Raspe, O. (Olivier), Raymundo, T. (Tania), Reblova, M. (Martina), Rebriev, Y. A. (Yury A.), Garcia, J. d. (Juan de Dios Reyes), Ripoll, M. A. (Miguel Angel Ribes), Richard, F. (Franck), Richardson, M. J. (Mike J.), Rico, V. J. (Victor J.), Robledo, G. L. (Gerardo Lucio), Barbosa, F. R. (Flavia Rodrigues), Rodriguez-Caycedo, C. (Cristina), Rodriguez-Flakus, P. (Pamela), Ronikier, A. (Anna), Casas, L. R. (Luis Rubio), Rusevska, K. (Katerina), Saar, G. (Gunter), Saar, I. (Irja), Salcedo, I. (Isabel), Martinez, S. M. (Sergio M. Salcedo), Montoya, C. A. (Carlos A. Salvador), Sanchez-Ramirez, S. (Santiago), Sandoval-Sierra, J. V. (J. Vladimir), Santamaria, S. (Sergi), Monteiro, J. S. (Josiane Santana), Schroers, H. J. (Hans Josef), Schulz, B. (Barbara), Schmidt-Stohn, G. (Geert), Schumacher, T. (Trond), Senn-Irlet, B. (Beatrice), Sevcikova, H. (Hana), Shchepin, O. (Oleg), Shirouzu, T. (Takashi), Shiryaev, A. (Anton), Siepe, K. (Klaus), Sir, E. B. (Esteban B.), Sohrabi, M. (Mohammad), Soop, K. (Karl), Spirin, V. (Viacheslav), Spribille, T. (Toby), Stadler, M. (Marc), Stalpers, J. (Joost), Stenroos, S. (Soili), Suija, A. (Ave), Sunhede, S. (Stellan), Svantesson, S. (Sten), Svensson, S. (Sigvard), Svetasheva, T. Y. (Tatyana Yu), Swierkosz, K. (Krzysztof), Tamm, H. (Heidi), Taskin, H. (Hatira), Taudiere, A. (Adrien), Tedebrand, J.-O. (Jan-Olof), Lahoz, R. T. (Raul Tena), Temina, M. (Marina), Thell, A. (Arne), Thines, M. (Marco), Thor, G. (Goren), Thus, H. (Holger), Tibell, L. (Leif), Tibell, S. (Sanja), Timdal, E. (Einar), Tkalcec, Z. (Zdenko), Tonsberg, T. (Tor), Trichies, G. (Gerard), Triebel, D. (Dagmar), Tsurykau, A. (Andrei), Tulloss, R. E. (Rodham E.), Tuovinen, V. (Veera), Sosa, M. U. (Miguel Ulloa), Urcelay, C. (Carlos), Valade, F. (Francois), Garza, R. V. (Ricardo Valenzuela), van den Boom, P. (Pieter), Van Vooren, N. (Nicolas), Vasco-Palacios, A. M. (Aida M.), Vauras, J. (Jukka), Santos, J. M. (Juan Manuel Velasco), Vellinga, E. (Else), Verbeken, A. (Annemieke), Vetlesen, P. (Per), Vizzini, A. (Alfredo), Voglmayr, H. (Hermann), Volobuev, S. (Sergey), von Brackel, W. (Wolfgang), Voronina, E. (Elena), Walther, G. (Grit), Watling, R. (Roy), Weber, E. (Evi), Wedin, M. (Mats), Weholt, O. (Oyvind), Westberg, M. (Martin), Yurchenko, E. (Eugene), Zehnalek, P. (Petr), Zhang, H. (Huang), Zhurbenko, M. P. (Mikhail P.), and Ekmani, S. (Stefan)

Abstract

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN., Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. Harry Andersson Eichhahnweg 29a, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany Claudio Angelini Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Takayuki Aoki Genetic Reso

Published
2018

3. Are all people with diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors or microvascular complications at very high risk? Findings from the Risk and Prevention Study

Author

Marzona, I., Avanzini, F., Lucisano, G., Tettamanti, M., Baviera, M., Nicolucci, A., Roncaglioni, M. C., Tombesi, M., Tognoni, G., Massa, E., Marrocco, W., Micalella, M., Caimi, V., Longoni, P., Franzosi, M. G., Monesi, L., Pangrazzi, I., Barlera, S., Milani, V., Nicolis, E., Casola, C., Clerici, F., Palumbo, A., Sgaroni, G., Marchioli, R., Silletta, M. G., Pioggiarella, R., Scarano, M., Marfisi, R. M., Flamminio, A., Macino, L., Ferri, B., Pera, C., Polidoro, A., Abbatino, D., Acquati, M., Addorisio, G., Adinolfi, D., Adreani, L., Agistri, M. R., Agneta, A., Agnolio, M. L., Agostini, N., Agostino, G., Airo, A., Alaimo, N., Albano, M., Albano, N., Alecci, G., Alemanno, S., Alexanian, A., Alfarano, M., Alfe, L., Alonzo, N., Alvino, S., Ancora, A., Andiloro, S., Andreatta, E., Angeli, S., Angiari, F., Angilletti, V., Annicchiarico, C., Anzivino, M., Aprea, R., Aprile, A., Aprile, E., Aprile, I., Aprile, L., Armellani, V., Arnetoli, M., Aronica, A., Autiero, V., Bacca, G., Baccalaro, A. M., Bacci, M., Baglio, G., Bagnani, M., Baiano, A., Baldari, A., Ballarini, L., Banchi, G., Bandera, R., Bandini, F., Baratella, M., Barbieri, A., Barbieri Vita, A., Bardi, M., Barlocchi, M., Baron, P., Bartoli, M., Basile, A., Basile, F., Basile, S., Battaggia, A., Battaglia, A., Bau, A., Beconcini, G., Beggio, R., Belfiore, P. A., Belicchi, M., Bellamoli, S., Bellini, C., Bellomo, M., Benetollo, C., Benetti, R., Beretta, E., Bertalero, P., Bertaso, F. G., Bertolani, U., Bettelli, G., Biagiotti, G., Bianchi, S., Bianco, G., Biccari, F., Bigioli, F., Bindi, M., Bisanti, G., Bitetti, E. M., Blasetti, M. P., Blesi, F., Boato, V., Boga, S., Boidi, E., Boldrin, G., Bollati, A., Bolzan, L., Bolzonella, S., Bonardi, P., Bonato, G. B., Bonci, M., Bonfitto, G., Bonincontro, E., Boninsegna, F., Bonissone, D., Bono, L., Bonollo, E., Borghi, M., Borioli, N., Borsatto, M., Bosco, T., Bosisio Pioltelli, M., Botarelli, C., Botassis, S., Bottini, F., Bottos, C., Bova, G., Bova, V., Bozzani, A., Bozzetto, R. M., Braga, V. T., Braglia, M., Bramati, E., Brazzoli, C., Breglia, G., Brescia, A., Briganti, D., Brigato, G., Brocchi, A., Brosio, F. A., Bruni, E., Buscaglia, E., Bussini, M. D., Bussotti, A., Buzzaccarini, F., Buzzatti, A., Caccamo, G., Cacciavillani, C., Caggiano, G., Calciano, F. P., Calderisi, M., Calienno, S., Caltagirone, P., Calzolari, I., Cammisa, M., Campanaro, M., Campanella, G. B., Campese, F., Canali, G., Candiani, D. E. L., Canepa, R., Canini, D., Canino, A., Cantoro, E. A., Capilupi, V., Capotosto, P., Cappelli, B., Capraro, G., Carafa, F. A., Carano, Q., Carcaterra, V., Carriero, D., Carrozzo, G., Cartanese, M., Casalena, M., Casarola, M., Caso, C., Casotto, M., Castaldi, F., Castegnaro, R., Castellani, G., Castri, S., Catalano, E., Catinello, N., Caturano, G., Cavallaro, R., Cavallo, A. M., Cavallo, G., Cavion, M. T., Cavirani, G., Cazzaniga, F., Cazzetta, D., Cecconi, V., Cefalo, A., Celebrano, M., Celora, A., Centonze, P., Cerati, D., Cesaretti, D., Checchia, G., Checchin, A., Cherubini, M., Chianese, L., Chiappa, A., Chiappa, M. V., Chiariello, G., Chiavini, G., Chicco, M., Chiumeo, F., Ciacciarelli, A., Ciaci, D., Ciancaglini, R., Cicale, C., Cicale, S., Cipolla, A., Ciruolo, A., Citeri, A. L., Citterio, G., Clerici, M., Coazzoli, E., Collecchia, G., Colletta, F., Colombo, I., Colorio, P., Coluccia, S., Comerio, M., Comoretto, P., Compagni, M., Conte, O., Contri, S., Contrisciani, A., Coppetti, T., Corasaniti, F., Corradi, M. T., Corsano, A., Corsini, A., Corti, N., Costantini, G., Costantino, A., Cotroneo, S., Cozzi, D., Cravello, M. G., Cristiano, E., Cucchi, R., Cusmai, L., D'Errico, G. B., D'Agostino, P., Dal Bianco, L., Dal Mutto, U., Dal Pozzo, G., Dallapiccola, P., Dallatorre, G., Dalle Molle, G., Dalloni, E., D'Aloiso, A., D'Amicis, G., Danese, R., Danieli, D., Danisi, G., D'Anna, M. A., Danti, G., D'Ascanio, S., Davidde, G., De Angeli, D., De Bastiani, R., De Battisti, A., De Bellis, A., De Berardinis, G., De Carlo, F., De Giorgi, D., De Gobbi, R., De Lorenzis, E., De Luca, P., De Martini, G., De Marzi, M., De Matteis, D., De Padova, S., De Polo, P., De Sabato, N., De Stefano, T., De Vita, M. T., De Vito, U., De Zolt, V., Debernardi, F., Del Carlo, A., Del Re, G., Del Zotti, F., D'Elia, R., Della Giovanna, P., Dell'Acqua, L., Dell'Orco, R. L., Demaria, G., Di Benedetto, M. G., Di Chiara, G., Di Corcia, V., Di Domizio, O., Di Donato, P., Di Donato, S., Di Fermo, G., Di Franco, M., Di Giovannantonio, G., Di Lascio, G., Di Lecce, G., Di Lorenzo, N., Di Maro, T., Di Mattia, Q., Di Michele, E., Di Modica, R. S., Di Murro, D., Di Noi, M. C., Di Paoli, V., Di Santi, M., Di Sanzo, A., Di Turi, C., Diazzi, A., Dileo, I., D'Ingianna, A. P., Dolci, A., Dona, G., Donato, C., Donato, P., Donini, A., Donna, M. E., Donvito, T. V., Esposito, L., Esposito, N., Evangelista, M., Faita, G., Falco, M., Falcone, D. A., Falorni, F., Fanciullacci, A., Fanton, L., Fasolo, L., Fassina, R., Fassone, A., Fatarella, P., Fedele, F., Fera, I., Fera, L., Ferioli, S., Ferlini, M. G., Ferlino, R., Ferrante, G., Ferrara, F. N., Ferrarese, M. F., Ferrari, G., Ferrari, O., Ferreri, A., Ferroni, M., Fezzi, G., Figaroli, C., Fina, M. G., Fioretta, A., Fiorucci, C., Firrincieli, R., Fischetti, M., Fischietti, G., Fiume, D. C., Flecchia, G., Forastiere, G., Fossati, B., Franceschi, P. L., Franchi, L., Franzoso, F., Frapporti, G., Frasca, G., Frisotti, A., Fumagalli, G., Fusco, D., Gabriele, P., Gabrieli, A., Gagliano, D., Galimberti, G., Galli, A., Gallicchio, N., Gallio, F., Gallipoli, T., Gallo, P., Galopin, T., Gambarelli, L., Garbin, A., Garozzo, G. M., Gasparri, R., Gastaldo, M., Gatti, E., Gazzaniga, P., Gennachi, N., Gentile, R. V., Germani, P., Gesualdi, F., Gherardi, E., Ghezzi, C., Ghidini, M. G., Ghionda, F., Giacci, L., Gialdini, D., Giampaolo, C., Giancane, R., Giannanti, A., Giannese, S., Giannini, L., Giaretta, M., Giaretta, R., Giavardi, L., Giordano, P., Giordano, E., Giordano, B., Gioria, G. M., Giugliano, R., Grassi, E. A., Greco, A., Greco, L., Grilletti, N., Grimaldi, N., Grisetti, G., Groppelli, G., Gualtieri, L., Guarducci, M., Guastella, G., Guerra, M., Guerrini, F., Guglielmini, A., Guido, A., Gulotta, P., Iacono, E., Iadarola, G., Ianiro, G., Iarussi, V., Ieluzzi, M. L., Ierardi, C., Ingaldi, F., Interlandi, S., Iocca, M., Iorno, A., Ioverno, E., Iurato, R., La Pace, L., La Piscopia, C., La Selva, R., Lafratta, M., Lamparelli, M., Lanaro, G., Lancerotto, R., Larcher, M., Lassandro, M., Lattuada, G., Laurino, P., Lefons, C., Legrottaglie, F., Lemma, A., Leone, D., Leone, F., Leso, A., Leuzzi, G., Levato, G., Libardi, L., Libralesso, N., Licini, P. I., Licursi, G., Lidonnici, F., Lillo, C., Liveri, L., Livio, A., Loiero, R. A., Loison, M., Lombardo, G., Lombardo, T., Lomunno, V., Lomuscio, S., Lonedo, A., Longo, E., Lora, L., Lotterio, A., Lucatello, L., Luongo, A., Lupoli, M., Macchia, C., Macri, G., Mafessanti, M., Maggialetti, V., Maggioni, A., Magnani, M., Maiellaro, G., Mancuso, A., Maniglio, A. R., Mannari, G. L., Manni, A., Manocchio, B., Mao, M., Marano, A., Maraone, E., Marascio, D., Marcheselli, P., Marchetto, B., Marchetto, S., Marchi, A., Marchi, G. L., Mariano, C., Marinacci, S., Marinelli, S., Marini, G., Marra, V. C., Marrali, F., Marseglia, C., Martello, G., Martino, C., Martino, G., Martino, M., Marulli, C. F., Maruzzi, G., Marzotti, A., Mascheroni, G., Mascolo, P., Masoch, G., Masone, R., Massa, L., Massafra, M., Massi, M., Massignani, D. M., Matarese, A. M., Matini, G., Mauro, R., Mazzi, M., Mazzillo, A., Mazzocato, E., Mazzoleni, N. S., Mazzone, A., Melacci, A., Mele, E., Meliota, P., Menaspa, S., Meneghello, F., Merola, G., Merone, L., Metrucci, A., Mezzina, V., Micchi, A., Michielon, A., Migliore, N., Minero, G., Minotta, F., Mirandola, C., Mistrorigo, S., Modafferi, L., Moitre, R., Mola, E., Monachese, C., Mongiardini, C., Montagna, F., Montani, M., Montemurno, I., Montolli, R., Montorsi, S., Montresor, M., Monzani, M. G., Morabito, F., Mori, G., Moro, A., Mosca, M. F., Motti, F., Muddolon, L., Mugnai, M., Muscas, F., Naimoli, F., Nanci, G., Nargi, E., Nasorri, R., Nastrini, G., Negossi, M., Negrini, A., Negroni, A., Neola, V., Niccolini, F., Niro, C. M., Nosengo, C., Novella, G., Nuti, C., Obici, F., Olita, C., Oliverio, S. S., Olivieri, I., Oriente, S., Orlando, G., Paci, C., Pagano, G., Pagliara, C., Paita, G., Paladini, G., Paladino, G., Palano, T., Palatella, A., Palermo, P., Palmisano, M., Pando, P., Panessa, P., Panigo, F., Panozzo, G., Panvini, F., Panzieri, F., Panzino, A., Panzitta, F., Paoli, N., Papagna, R., Papaleo, M. G., Papalia, G., Parisi, R., Parotti, N., Parravicini, D., Passarella, P., Pastore, G. A., Patafio, M., Pavone, P., Pedroli, W., Pedroni, M., Pelligra, G., Pellizzari, M., Penati, A., Perlot, M., Perrone, A., Perrone, G., Peruzzi, P., Peselli, C., Petracchini, L., Petrera, L., Petrone, S., Peverelli, C., Pianorsi, F., Piazza, G. P., Piazzolla, G., Picci, A., Pienabarca, G., Pietronigro, T. P., Pignocchino, P., Pilone, R., Pinto, D., Pirovano, E., Pirrotta, D., Pisante, V., Pitotto, P., Pittari, L., Piva, A., Pizzoglio, A., Plantera, O. R., Plebani, W., Plessi, S., Podrecca, D., Poerio, V., Poggiani, F., Pogliani, W., Poli, L., Poloni, F. G., Porcelli, R., Porto, S., Pranzo, L., Prevedello, C., Profeta, C., Profico, D., Punzi, A., Quaglia, G. M., Racano, M., Raccone, A., Radice, F., Raho, C. A., Raimondi, R., Raino, M., Ramponi, R., Ramunni, A., Ramunni, A. L., Ravasio, F., Ravera, M., Re Sarto, G., Rebustello, G., Regazzoli, S., Restelli, C., Rezzonico, M., Ricchiuto, F., Rigo, S., Rigon, G., Rigon, R., Rinaldi, O. V., Rinaldi, M., Risplendente, P. G., Rispoli, M., Riundi, R., Riva, M. G., Rizzi, A. L., Rizzi, D., Rizzo, L. D., Rocchi, L., Rondinone, B., Rosa, B., Rosati, F., Roselli, F., Rossetti, A., Rossetti, C., Rossi, R., Rossi, P. R., Rossi, A., Rossi, C. L., Rossitto, A., Ruffini, R., Ruffo, A., Ruggio, S., Ruo, M., Russo, B., Russo, L., Russo, R., Russo, S., Russo, U., Russo, V., Ruta, G., Sacchi, F., Sacco Botto, F., Saia, A., Salladini, G., Salmoiraghi, S., Saluzzo, F., Salvatore, C., Salvatori, E., Salvio, G., Sandri, P., Sandrini, T., Sangermano, V., Santoni, N., Saracino, A. D., Saracino, A., Sarasin, P., Sardo Infirri, C., Sarri, B., Sartori, G., Sartori, N., Sauro, C., Scaglioni, M., Scalfi, C., Scamardella, A. M., Scandale, G., Scandone, L., Scannavini, G., Scarati, R., Scardi, A., Scarpa, F. M., Scazzi, P., Schifone, A., Schiroso, G., Scigliano, G., Scilla, A., Sciortino, M., Scolaro, G., Scollo, E., Scorretti, G., Sellitti, R., Selmo, A., Selvaggio, G., Sempio, A., Seren, F., Serio, L., Serra, C., Serra, L., Siciliano, D., Sideri, A., Sighele, M., Signore, R., Siliberto, F., Silvestro, M., Simioni, G., Simmini, G., Simonato, L., Sinchetto, F., Sizzano, E., Smajato, G., Smaldone, M., Sola, G., Sordillo, L., Sovran, C. S., Spagnul, P., Spano, F., Sproviero, S., Squintani, A., Stella, L., Stilo, V., Stocchiero, B., Stornello, M. C., Stracka, G., Strada, S., Stranieri, G., Stucci, N., Stufano, N., Suppa, A., Susca, V. G., Sutti, M., Taddei, M., Tagliabue, E., Tagliente, G., Talato, F., Talerico, P., Talia, R., Taranto, R., Tartaglia, M., Tauro, N., Tedesco, A., Tieri, P., Tirelli, M., Tocci, L., Todesco, P., Tognolo, M., Tomba, A., Tonello, P., Tonon, R., Toscano, L., Tosi, A., Tosi, G., Toso, S., Travaglio, P., Tremul, L., Tresso, C., Triacchini, P., Triggiano, L., Trigilio, A., Trimeloni, J., Tripicchio, G., Tritto, G. S., Trono, F., Trotta, E., Trotta, G., Tubertini, A., Turri, C., Turri, L., Tuttolani, M. P., Urago, M., Ursini, G., Valcanover, F., Valente, L., Valenti, M., Valentini, F., Vallone, G., Valz, P., Valzano, L., Vanin, V., Vatteroni, M., Vegetti, L., Vendrame, D., Veramonti, I., Veronelli, G., Vesco, A., Vicariotto, G., Vignale, G., Villa, P. L., Vinciguerra, R., Visco, A., Visentin, G., Visona, E., Vitali, E., Vitali, S., Vitti, F., Volpone, D. A., Zambon, N., Zammarrelli, A., Zanaboni, A., Zane, D., Zanetti, B., Zanibellato, R., Zappetti, M., Zappone, P., Zerilli, G., Zirino, V., Zoccali, R., Zuin, F., Altomonte, M., Anelli, N., Angio, F., Annale, P., Antonacci, S., Anzilotta, R., Bano, F., Basadonna, O., Beduschi, L., Becagli, P., Bellotti, G., Blotta, C., Bruno, G., Cappuccini, A., Caramatti, S., Cariolato, M. P., Castellana, M., Castellani, L., Catania, R., Chielli, A., Chinellato, A., Ciaccia, A., Clerici, E., Cocci, A., Costanzo, G., D'Ercole, F., De Stefano, G., Dece, F., Di Cicco, N., Di Marco, A., Donati Sarti, C., Draghi, E., Dusi, G., Esposito, V., Ferraro, L., Ferretti, A., Ferri, E., Foggetti, L., Foglia, A., Fonzi, E., Frau, G., Fuoco, M. R., Furci, G., Gallo, L., Garra, V., Giannini, A., Gris, A., Iacovino, R., Interrigi, R., Joppi, R., Laner, B., La Fortezza, G., La Padula, A., Lista, M. R., Lupi, G., Maffei, D., Maggioni, G., Magnani, L., Marrazzo, E., Marcon, L., Marino, V., Maroni, A., Martinelli, C., Mastandrea, E., Mastropierro, F., Meo, A. T., Mero, P., Minesso, E., Moschetta, V., Mosele, E., Nanni, C., Negretti, A., Nistico, C., Orsini, A., Osti, M., Pacilli, M. C., Pennestre, C., Picerno, G., Piol, K., Pivano, L., Pizzuti, E., Poggi, L., Poidomani, I., Pozzetto, M., Presti, M. L., Ravani, R., Recalenda, V., Romagnuolo, F., Rossignoli, S., Rossin, E., Sabatella, C., Sacco, F., Sanita, F., Sansone, E., Servadei, F., Sisto, M. T., Sorio, A., Sorrentino, A., Spinelli, E., Spolaor, A., Squillacioti, A., Stella, P., Talerico, A., Todisco, C., Vadino, M., and Zuliani, C.

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Population, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Overweight, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Prediction model, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Internal Medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Medicine, Humans, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Myocardial infarction, Risk factor, education, Stroke, Aged, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, education.field_of_study, Lifestyle habits, business.industry, Major cardiovascular events, Atrial fibrillation, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart failure, Physical therapy, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Diabetic Angiopathies
Abstract

To verify whether it is possible, in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) considered at very high cardiovascular (CV) risk, stratify this risk better and identify significant modifiable risk factor (including lifestyle habits) to help patients and clinicians improve CV prevention. People with DM and microvascular diseases or one or more CV risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, poor dietary habits, overweight, physical inactivity) included in the Risk and Prevention study were selected. We considered the combined endpoint of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction and stroke and CV death. A multivariate Cox proportional analysis was carried out to identify relevant predictors. We also used the RECPAM method to identify subgroups of patients at higher risk. In our study, the rate of major CV events was lower than expected (5 % in 5 years). Predictors of CV events were age, male, sex, heart failure, previous atherosclerotic disease, atrial fibrillation, insulin treatment, high HbA1c, heart rate and other CV diseases while being physically active was protective. RECPAM analysis indicated that history of atherosclerotic diseases and a low BMI defined worse prognosis (HR 4.51 95 % CI 3.04–6.69). Among subjects with no previous atherosclerotic disease, men with HbA1c more than 8 % were at higher CV risk (HR 2.77; 95 % CI 1.86–4.14) with respect to women. In this population, the rate of major CV events was lower than expected. This prediction model could help clinicians identify people with DM at higher CV risk and support them in achieving goals of physical activity and HbA1c.

Published
2016

5. A revised phylogeny of Boletaceae using whole genome sequences.

Author

Tremble K, Henkel T, Bradshaw A, Domnauer C, Brown LM, Thám LX, Furci G, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, and Dentinger B

Subjects
Whole Genome Sequencing, Mycorrhizae genetics, Mycorrhizae classification, Phylogeography, Phylogeny, Genome, Fungal, Agaricales genetics, Agaricales classification, Agaricales isolation & purification
Abstract

The porcini mushroom family Boletaceae is a diverse, widespread group of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom-forming fungi that so far has eluded intrafamilial phylogenetic resolution based on morphology and multilocus data sets. In this study, we present a genome-wide molecular data set of 1764 single-copy gene families from a global sampling of 418 Boletaceae specimens. The resulting phylogenetic analysis has strong statistical support for most branches of the tree, including the first statistically robust backbone. The enigmatic Phylloboletellus chloephorus from non-ECM Argentinian subtropical forests was recovered as a new subfamily sister to the core Boletaceae. Time-calibrated branch lengths estimate that the family first arose in the early to mid-Cretaceous and underwent a rapid radiation in the Eocene, possibly when the ECM nutritional mode arose with the emergence and diversification of ECM angiosperms. Biogeographic reconstructions reveal a complex history of vicariance and episodic long-distance dispersal correlated with historical geologic events, including Gondwanan origins and inferred vicariance associated with its disarticulation. Together, this study represents the most comprehensively sampled, data-rich molecular phylogeny of the Boletaceae to date, establishing a foundation for future robust inferences of biogeography in the group.

Published
2024
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6. Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus Psilocybe and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster.

Author

Bradshaw AJ, Ramírez-Cruz V, Awan AR, Furci G, Guzmán-Dávalos L, and Dentinger BTM

Subjects
Phylogeny, Psilocybin genetics, Multigene Family genetics, Psilocybe genetics, Agaricales genetics
Abstract

Psychoactive mushrooms in the genus Psilocybe have immense cultural value and have been used for centuries in Mesoamerica. Despite the recent surge of interest in these mushrooms due to the psychotherapeutic potential of their natural alkaloid psilocybin, their phylogeny and taxonomy remain substantially incomplete. Moreover, the recent elucidation of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster is known for only five of ~165 species of Psilocybe , four of which belong to only one of two major clades. We set out to improve the phylogeny of Psilocybe using shotgun sequencing of fungarium specimens, from which we obtained 71 metagenomes including from 23 types, and conducting phylogenomic analysis of 2,983 single-copy gene families to generate a fully supported phylogeny. Molecular clock analysis suggests the stem lineage of Psilocybe arose ~67 mya and diversified ~56 mya. We also show that psilocybin biosynthesis first arose in Psilocybe , with 4 to 5 possible horizontal transfers to other mushrooms between 40 and 9 mya. Moreover, predicted orthologs of the psilocybin biosynthetic genes revealed two distinct gene orders within the biosynthetic gene cluster that corresponds to a deep split within the genus, possibly a signature of two independent acquisitions of the cluster within Psilocybe ., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Published
2024
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7. DNA Authentication and Chemical Analysis of Psilocybe Mushrooms Reveal Widespread Misdeterminations in Fungaria and Inconsistencies in Metabolites.

Author

Bradshaw AJ, Backman TA, Ramírez-Cruz V, Forrister DL, Winter JM, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Furci G, Stamets P, and Dentinger BTM

Subjects
Psilocybin analysis, Psilocybin metabolism, Tryptamines metabolism, DNA metabolism, Agaricales genetics, Agaricales metabolism, Psilocybe genetics
Abstract

The mushroom genus Psilocybe is best known as the core group of psychoactive mushrooms, yet basic information on their diversity, taxonomy, chemistry, and general biology is still largely lacking. In this study, we reexamined 94 Psilocybe fungarium specimens, representing 18 species, by DNA barcoding, evaluated the stability of psilocybin, psilocin, and their related tryptamine alkaloids in 25 specimens across the most commonly vouchered species (Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe cyanescens, and Psilocybe semilanceata), and explored the metabolome of cultivated P. cubensis . Our data show that, apart from a few well-known species, the taxonomic accuracy of specimen determinations is largely unreliable, even at the genus level. A substantial quantity of poor-quality and mislabeled sequence data in public repositories, as well as a paucity of sequences derived from types, further exacerbates the problem. Our data also support taxon- and time-dependent decay of psilocybin and psilocin, with some specimens having no detectable quantities of them. We also show that the P. cubensis metabolome possibly contains thousands of uncharacterized compounds, at least some of which may be bioactive. Taken together, our study undermines commonly held assumptions about the accuracy of names and presence of controlled substances in fungarium specimens identified as Psilocybe spp. and reveals that our understanding of the chemical diversity of these mushrooms is largely incomplete. These results have broader implications for regulatory policies pertaining to the storage and sharing of fungarium specimens as well as the use of psychoactive mushrooms for recreation and therapy. IMPORTANCE The therapeutic use of psilocybin, the active ingredient in "magic mushrooms," is revolutionizing mental health care for a number of conditions, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and end-of-life care. This has spotlighted the current state of knowledge of psilocybin, including the organisms that endogenously produce it. However, because of international regulation of psilocybin as a controlled substance (often included on the same list as cocaine and heroin), basic research has lagged far behind. Our study highlights how the poor state of knowledge of even the most fundamental scientific information can impact the use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms for recreational or therapeutic applications and undermines critical assumptions that underpin their regulation by legal authorities. Our study shows that currently available chemical studies are mainly inaccurate, irreproducible, and inconsistent, that there exists a high rate of misidentification in museum collections and public databases rendering even names unreliable, and that the concentration of psilocybin and its tryptamine derivatives in three of the most commonly collected Psilocybe species ( P. cubensis , P. cyanescens , and P. semilanceata ) is highly variable and unstable in museum specimens spanning multiple decades, and our study generates the first-ever insight into the highly complex and largely uncharacterized metabolomic profile for the most commonly cultivated magic mushroom, P. cubensis .

Published
2022
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9. Cortinarius section Thaumasti in South American Nothofagaceae forests.

Author

Liimatainen K, Niskanen T, San-Fabian B, Mujic AB, Peintner U, Dresch P, Furci G, Nouhra E, Matheny PB, and Smith ME

Subjects
Agaricales cytology, Agaricales genetics, Agaricales isolation & purification, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer, Forests, Genes, Fungal, New Zealand, Phylogeny, South America, Agaricales classification, Fagales microbiology, Mycorrhizae
Abstract

We studied the South American species of Cortinarius section Thaumasti based on morphological and molecular data. Members of this group can easily be identified in the field because the basidiomata are small and Phlegmacium -like with a bulbous stipe and the universal veil in most species forms a distinct volva at the base of the stipe. The phylogenetic delimitation of the clade was mostly in concordance with the earlier, morphology-based grouping of the South American taxa except that C. chrysophaeus was resolved outside of the clade. Altogether nine species were recognized in the section. Four species, C. chlorophanus, C. coleopus, C. cosmoxanthus , and C. vaginatus , were previously described by other authors, whereas three species, C. chlorosplendidus, C. olivaceovaginatus , and C. subcosmoxanthus , are described here as new. We were able to identify two remaining taxa, but we do not have sufficient morphological data to allow for a formal description. All of the species in C . section Thaumasti form ectomycorrhizal associations with Nothofagaceae. They have been documented from South America and New Zealand. The Patagonian species are considered endemic to the region. A key to the described species is provided.

Published
2020
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11. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa.

Author

Zamora JC, Svensson M, Kirschner R, Olariaga I, Ryman S, Parra LA, Geml J, Rosling A, Adamčík S, Ahti T, Aime MC, Ainsworth AM, Albert L, Albertó E, García AA, Ageev D, Agerer R, Aguirre-Hudson B, Ammirati J, Andersson H, Angelini C, Antonín V, Aoki T, Aptroot A, Argaud D, Sosa BIA, Aronsen A, Arup U, Asgari B, Assyov B, Atienza V, Bandini D, Baptista-Ferreira JL, Baral HO, Baroni T, Barreto RW, Beker H, Bell A, Bellanger JM, Bellù F, Bemmann M, Bendiksby M, Bendiksen E, Bendiksen K, Benedek L, Bérešová-Guttová A, Berger F, Berndt R, Bernicchia A, Biketova AY, Bizio E, Bjork C, Boekhout T, Boertmann D, Böhning T, Boittin F, Boluda CG, Boomsluiter MW, Borovička J, Brandrud TE, Braun U, Brodo I, Bulyonkova T, Burdsall HH Jr, Buyck B, Burgaz AR, Calatayud V, Callac P, Campo E, Candusso M, Capoen B, Carbó J, Carbone M, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Castellano MA, Chen J, Clerc P, Consiglio G, Corriol G, Courtecuisse R, Crespo A, Cripps C, Crous PW, da Silva GA, da Silva M, Dam M, Dam N, Dämmrich F, Das K, Davies L, De Crop E, De Kesel A, De Lange R, De Madrignac Bonzi B, Dela Cruz TEE, Delgat L, Demoulin V, Desjardin DE, Diederich P, Dima B, Dios MM, Divakar PK, Douanla-Meli C, Douglas B, Drechsler-Santos ER, Dyer PS, Eberhardt U, Ertz D, Esteve-Raventós F, Salazar JAE, Evenson V, Eyssartier G, Farkas E, Favre A, Fedosova AG, Filippa M, Finy P, Flakus A, Fos S, Fournier J, Fraiture A, Franchi P, Molano AEF, Friebes G, Frisch A, Fryday A, Furci G, Márquez RG, Garbelotto M, García-Martín JM, Otálora MAG, Sánchez DG, Gardiennet A, Garnica S, Benavent IG, Gates G, da Cruz Lima Gerlach A, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Gibertoni TB, Grebenc T, Greilhuber I, Grishkan B, Groenewald JZ, Grube M, Gruhn G, Gueidan C, Gulden G, Gusmão LF, Hafellner J, Hairaud M, Halama M, Hallenberg N, Halling RE, Hansen K, Harder CB, Heilmann-Clausen J, Helleman S, Henriot A, Hernandez-Restrepo M, Herve R, Hobart C, Hoffmeister M, Høiland K, Holec J, Holien H, Hughes K, Hubka V, Huhtinen S, Ivančević B, Jagers M, Jaklitsch W, Jansen A, Jayawardena RS, Jeppesen TS, Jeppson M, Johnston P, Jørgensen PM, Kärnefelt I, Kalinina LB, Kantvilas G, Karadelev M, Kasuya T, Kautmanová I, Kerrigan RW, Kirchmair M, Kiyashko A, Knapp DG, Knudsen H, Knudsen K, Knutsson T, Kolařík M, Kõljalg U, Košuthová A, Koszka A, Kotiranta H, Kotkova V, Koukol O, Kout J, Kovács GM, Kříž M, Kruys Å, Kučera V, Kudzma L, Kuhar F, Kukwa M, Arun Kumar TK, Kunca V, Kušan I, Kuyper TW, Lado C, Læssøe T, Lainé P, Langer E, Larsson E, Larsson KH, Laursen G, Lechat C, Lee S, Lendemer JC, Levin L, Lindemann U, Lindström H, Liu X, Hernandez RCL, Llop E, Locsmándi C, Lodge DJ, Loizides M, Lőkös L, Luangsa-Ard J, Lüderitz M, Lumbsch T, Lutz M, Mahoney D, Malysheva E, Malysheva V, Manimohan P, Marin-Felix Y, Marques G, Martínez-Gil R, Marson G, Mata G, Matheny PB, Mathiassen GH, Matočec N, Mayrhofer H, Mehrabi M, Melo I, Mešić A, Methven AS, Miettinen O, Romero AMM, Miller AN, Mitchell JK, Moberg R, Moreau PA, Moreno G, Morozova O, Morte A, Muggia L, González GM, Myllys L, Nagy I, Nagy LG, Neves MA, Niemelä T, Nimis PL, Niveiro N, Noordeloos ME, Nordin A, Noumeur SR, Novozhilov Y, Nuytinck J, Ohenoja E, Fiuza PO, Orange A, Ordynets A, Ortiz-Santana B, Pacheco L, Pál-Fám F, Palacio M, Palice Z, Papp V, Pärtel K, Pawlowska J, Paz A, Peintner U, Pennycook S, Pereira OL, Daniëls PP, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella MÀ, Del Amo CMP, Gorjón SP, Pérez-Ortega S, Pérez-Vargas I, Perry BA, Petersen JH, Petersen RH, Pfister DH, Phukhamsakda C, Piątek M, Piepenbring M, Pino-Bodas R, Esquivel JPP, Pirot P, Popov ES, Popoff O, Álvaro MP, Printzen C, Psurtseva N, Purahong W, Quijada L, Rambold G, Ramírez NA, Raja H, Raspé O, Raymundo T, Réblová M, Rebriev YA, de Dios Reyes García J, Ripoll MÁR, Richard F, Richardson MJ, Rico VJ, Robledo GL, Barbosa FR, Rodriguez-Caycedo C, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Ronikier A, Casas LR, Rusevska K, Saar G, Saar I, Salcedo I, Martínez SMS, Montoya CAS, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Sandoval-Sierra JV, Santamaria S, Monteiro JS, Schroers HJ, Schulz B, Schmidt-Stohn G, Schumacher T, Senn-Irlet B, Ševčíková H, Shchepin O, Shirouzu T, Shiryaev A, Siepe K, Sir EB, Sohrabi M, Soop K, Spirin V, Spribille T, Stadler M, Stalpers J, Stenroos S, Suija A, Sunhede S, Svantesson S, Svensson S, Svetasheva TY, Świerkosz K, Tamm H, Taskin H, Taudière A, Tedebrand JO, Lahoz RT, Temina M, Thell A, Thines M, Thor G, Thüs H, Tibell L, Tibell S, Timdal E, Tkalčec Z, Tønsberg T, Trichies G, Triebel D, Tsurykau A, Tulloss RE, Tuovinen V, Sosa MU, Urcelay C, Valade F, Garza RV, van den Boom P, Van Vooren N, Vasco-Palacios AM, Vauras J, Velasco Santos JM, Vellinga E, Verbeken A, Vetlesen P, Vizzini A, Voglmayr H, Volobuev S, von Brackel W, Voronina E, Walther G, Watling R, Weber E, Wedin M, Weholt Ø, Westberg M, Yurchenko E, Zehnálek P, Zhang H, Zhurbenko MP, and Ekman S

Abstract

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11 th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.

Published
2018
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12. How to know the fungi: combining field inventories and DNA-barcoding to document fungal diversity.

Author

Truong C, Mujic AB, Healy R, Kuhar F, Furci G, Torres D, Niskanen T, Sandoval-Leiva PA, Fernández N, Escobar JM, Moretto A, Palfner G, Pfister D, Nouhra E, Swenie R, Sánchez-García M, Matheny PB, and Smith ME

Subjects
DNA, Fungal genetics, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics, Plants microbiology, South America, Symbiosis, Biodiversity, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Fungi classification
Published
2017
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