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This article gives an overview of the basic concepts of the textiles composition and introduces the main clothing materials. Optimal properties can be achieved by final adjustments of the product. The authors provide a list of important requirements for the clothing of dermatologic patients and give some suggestion for addressing these requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in its pathogenesis. Recent studies refer to association between psoriasis with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. In our study we examined changes in serum levels of selected indicators of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2), adiponectin, leptin, lipocalin 2, resistin and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4). Serum indicators were measured and compared in 32 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (median PASI 17,1) and in 24 healthy controls (donors of blood). Significantly higher levels of CRP, LpPLA2, lipocalin 2 and leptin were found in patients with psoriasis compared to the control group. Negative correlation were observed between body mass index BMI and adiponectin, positive correlations were found between BMI and leptin and between BMI and lipocalin 2 in patients with psoriasis. Indicators like CRP, LpPLA2, lipocalin 2 and leptin could be used to asses the systemic involvement in psoriasis and to recognition and treatment of psoriatic comorbidities early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is associated with food allergies. The aim of this study is to evaluate soy allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Altogether 228 persons were included; specific IgE, skin prick tests, atopy patch tests, challenge tests with soy and history of soy allergy were evaluated. Soy allergy was confirmed in eight patients (3.5%, in four patients with worsening of atopic dermatitis, in four patients with oral allergy syndrome), sensitisation to soy was found in another 47 patients (20%) with no clinical manifestation after soy ingestion. Dependence was confirmed statistically between soy allergy and pollen allergy and soy sensitivity and pollen allergy. About 20% of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis are sensitised to soy. Clinical symptoms of soy allergy occur only in 3.5% of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few large studies concerning the importance of food allergy in adolescents and adult patients with atopic dermatitis exist. The evaluation of food allergy to egg white and yolk, peanuts, soy, cow milk and wheat in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Two hundred forty patients (70 men, 170 women) were examined. Complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed in all patients, including specific IgE, skin prick test and atopy patch test. The challenge test was performed according to the results of examinations with suspected foods. The food allergy to peanuts was confirmed in 20% of patients, to egg in 6%, to soy in 3.3%, to wheat in 2.5% and to milk in 0.8% – altogether in 65 patients (27.5%). The positive results in examinations without clinical symptoms of food allergy were recorded in another 78 patients (32.5%). The diagnostic work-up should comprise not only the laboratory methods, but also the diagnostic hypoallergenic diet and the challenge test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD), a predominantly type 2 inflammatory skin disease, affects approximately 2-5% of adults, with a high burden of disease. In moderate-to-severe AD, lesions can be extensive and pruritus intense with patients experiencing skin pain, sleep and mental health disturbances, and diminished quality of life (QoL)., Methods: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dupilumab for the treatment of AD from the patients' perspective using patient-reported outcome data from four clinical trials (CHRONOS, SOLO 1&2, and CAFÉ) in patients (N = 1553) receiving either the approved 300 mg q2w dupilumab with/without topical corticosteroids (TCS) dose or control (placebo or placebo + TCS). Patient Global Assessment of Disease Status (PGADS) was used to measure patients' well-being and Patient Global Assessment of Treatment Effect (PGATE) was used to measure treatment efficacy. Patients were asked "Considering all the ways in which your eczema affects you, indicate how well you are doing" to assess their perception of well-being and "How would you rate the way your eczema responded to the study medication?" to assess their perception of treatment effect. Possible responses for both metrics included poor, fair, good, very good, and excellent., Results: In all four studies, a significantly higher proportion of dupilumab-treated patients reported "Good"/"Very Good"/"Excellent" disease status from week 2 through study end versus control (CHRONOS, 52 weeks: 69.8% vs. 25.1%; SOLO 1&2, 16 weeks: 59.5% vs. 24.6%; CAFÉ, 16 weeks: 84.1% vs. 45.4%; all P < 0.0001), and significantly more dupilumab-treated patients reported "Good"/"Very Good"/"Excellent" treatment efficacy versus control (CHRONOS: 72.6% vs. 24.8%; SOLO 1&2: 65.0% vs. 21.1%; CAFÉ, 16 weeks: 85.0% vs. 36.1%; all P < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Adult patients with AD perceived that dupilumab with/without concomitant TCS was highly efficacious and improved overall disease status and well-being as early as week 2 and throughout treatment periods up to 1 year. Video Abstract (MP4 90521 kb)., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Although epidemiologic data are scarce, there is no doubt that the increase in pollen allergies is going to be followed by an increase in the so-called pollen-related food allergies. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the food hypersensitivity reactions in atopic dermatitis patients and the relation to the sensitization to grass and trees., Methods: The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all included patients; the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions was recorded and the sensitization to inhalant allergens (grass and trees) was examined (skin prick test, and specific IgE). The statistical evaluation of the relation between the sensitization to these inhalant allergens and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions was performed., Results: A total of 321 patients were included, with an average age of 26.7 years (±9.2 years) and with an average SCORAD of 33.2 (±13.3) points. The significant relation was recorded between the patients suffering from sensitization to grass and the reactions to peanuts, celery and walnuts; another significant relation was demonstrated between the patients suffering from sensitization to trees and reactions to apple, peanuts, and walnuts. In patients suffering from sensitization to grass and trees, the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions to tomatoes, kiwi, spices, oranges, capsicum, tangerines, and carrot was higher also, but the relation was not significant., Conclusion: The significant relation was found between the reactions to peanuts and walnuts and sensitization to grass and trees, another significant relation was found between the sensitization to grass and celery and between the sensitization to trees and apple., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Eosinophils play an important pathogenic role in atopic dermatitis (AD), but its exact function remains to be determined., Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to correlate the eosinophil count with the manifestations such as asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, level of total IgE, sensitization to mites, animal dander, bird feather, dust, mixture of grass, mixture of trees, mixture of fungi, duration of lesions (persistent or occasional during last year), family history about atopy, and onset of AD (under or above 5 year of age)., Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-two patients suffering from AD at the age of 14 year or older were examined - 100 men and 172 women with the average age of 26.7±9.5 years and with the average SCORAD index of 32.9±14.1. Complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all patients with the evaluation of monitored manifestations. Mann-Whitney test for difference in medians was used for statistical evaluation., Results: The count of eosinophils in peripheral blood was significantly higher in patients with total IgE ≥200 IU/ml, with sensitization to dust, with persistent eczematous lesions and in patients with the onset of AD under 5 year of age. The count of eosinophils above 5% was recorded as well in patients suffering from asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, sensitization to mites, and in patients with positive family history about atopy, but the difference was not significant. On the other hand, the count of eosinophils was under 5% in patients with sensitization to animal dander, bird feather, mixture of grass and trees., Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the difference in the count of eosinophils in peripheral blood according to different manifestations in patients suffering from AD., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

The aim of this study is the evaluation of the relation between the sensitisation to outdoor and indoor fungi and allergy to peanuts and walnuts in atopic dermatitis patients aged 14 years and older. The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all included patients; the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts and walnuts was recorded (specific IgE, skin prick test, history of allergic reaction) and the sensitisation to mixture of outdoor fungi and indoor fungi was also examined (skin prick test, specific IgE). The statistical evaluation of the relation between the sensitisation to outdoor and indoor fungi and the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts and walnuts was performed; 329 patients were included in the study, 110 men and 219 women, the average age 26.8 years. The sensitisation to outdoor fungi was recorded in 91 patients (28%), the sensitisation to indoor fungi was recorded in 61 patients (18.5%), the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts was confirmed in 90 (27%) patients and to walnuts in 121 (36.7%) patients. We confirmed, that patients suffering from sensitisation to outdoor fungi suffer significantly more from food allergy to peanuts and walnuts. The significant relation between the sensitisation to indoor fungi and food allergy to peanuts and walnuts was not confirmed., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

Background: Fungi as a source of allergen are still largely neglected in basic research as well as in clinical practice. This study aimed to highlight the impact of fungal allergens in a group of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD)., Aims and Objectives: The evaluation of the sensitization to fungi in AD patients aged 14 year and older and the evaluation of the relation of fungal sensitization to the occurrence of other atopic diseases and parameters., Materials and Methods: All patients satisfying inclusion criteria attending our hospital between 2008 and 2017 were included in the study. The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all included patients including examination of specific immunoglobulin E, skin prick test to mixture of fungi and inhalant allergens, evaluation of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, onset of AD, family history about atopy, duration of eczematous lesions, severity of AD. Pairs of these categories were entered in the contingency tables and the Chi-square test for relationship of these variables was performed with the level of significance set below 5%., Results: Three hundred and thirty-one patients were included in the study; the average age was 26.8 years. The sensitization to fungi was recorded in 100 patients (30%). In these patients, the occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, family history about atopy, sensitization to grass and trees was significantly higher than in patients without sensitization to fungi. We did not find any significant relation between the sensitization to fungi and the severity of AD, no relation was also found between the sensitization to fungi and sensitization to mites, animal dander, bird feather, and dust., Conclusion: The occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, family history about atopy, sensitization to grass and trees was significantly higher in AD patients with sensitization to fungi. No relation was found between the severity of AD and the sensitization to fungi., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: In adult patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD), studies investigating the co-prevalence of AD and food allergy are still scarce, and exact data are not available., Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts in significant relation to food hypersensitivity, inhalant allergy and to asthma bronchial and rhinitis., Materials and Methods: Altogether 332 patients of AD 14 year or older were included in the study. The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all included patients (including examination of specific immunoglobulin E, skin prick test to different food and inhalant allergens, anamnestic data about food reactions, evaluation of allergic rhinitis, and allergic asthma bronchiale). We evaluated whether there was some relation between the food allergy to peanuts and followed parameters. Pairs of these categories were entered in the contingency tables, and the Chi-square test for the relationship of these variables was performed with the level of significance set to 5%., Results: Altogether 332 persons suffering from AD were included in the study of which 120 were male and 212 were female; the average age was 27.2 year. The significant relation between the allergy to peanuts and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity (FH) reactions to tomatoes, kiwi, apples, oranges, carrot and to the sensitization to grass, trees, mites, and the occurrence of rhinitis was found., Conclusion: The significant relation between the allergy to peanuts and the occurrence of FH reactions and the sensitization to inhalant allergens and rhinitis was found. The future studies may show if the decrease in food allergy to peanuts can lead to the decrease of the occurrence of other FH reactions and sensitization to inhalant allergens and rhinitis in AD patients., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest. What is new? The occurrence of peanut allergy was significantly correlated with other food allergies in adult atopic dermatitis patients.

Background: Dupilumab (an anti-interleukin-4-receptor-α monoclonal antibody) blocks signalling of interleukin 4 and interleukin 13, type 2/Th2 cytokines implicated in numerous allergic diseases ranging from asthma to atopic dermatitis. Previous 16-week monotherapy studies showed that dupilumab substantially improved signs and symptoms of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis with acceptable safety, validating the crucial role of interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of dupilumab with medium-potency topical corticosteroids versus placebo with topical corticosteroids in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis., Methods: In this 1-year, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study (LIBERTY AD CHRONOS), adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and inadequate response to topical corticosteroids were enrolled at 161 hospitals, clinics, and academic institutions in 14 countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific, and North America. Patients were randomly assigned (3:1:3) to subcutaneous dupilumab 300 mg once weekly (qw), dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w), or placebo via a central interactive voice/web response system, stratified by severity and global region. All three groups were given concomitant topical corticosteroids with or without topical calcineurin inhibitors where inadvisable for topical corticosteroids. Topical corticosteroids could be tapered, stopped, or restarted on the basis of disease activity. Coprimary endpoints were patients (%) achieving Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) 0/1 and 2-point or higher improvement from baseline, and Eczema Area and Severity Index 75% improvement from baseline (EASI-75) at week 16. Week 16 efficacy and week 52 safety analyses included all randomised patients; week 52 efficacy included patients who completed treatment by US regulatory submission cutoff. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02260986., Findings: Between Oct 3, 2014, and July 31, 2015, 740 patients were enrolled: 319 were randomly assigned to dupilumab qw plus topical corticosteroids, 106 to dupilumab q2w plus topical corticosteroids, and 315 to placebo plus topical corticosteroids. 623 (270, 89, and 264, respectively) were evaluable for week 52 efficacy. At week 16, more patients who received dupilumab plus topical corticosteroids achieved the coprimary endpoints of IGA 0/1 (39% [125 patients] who received dupilumab plus topical corticosteroids qw and 39% [41 patients] who received dupilumab q2w plus topical corticosteroids vs 12% [39 patients] who received placebo plus topical corticosteroids; p<0·0001) and EASI-75 (64% [204] and 69% [73] vs 23% [73]; p<0·0001). Week 52 results were similar. Adverse events were reported in 261 (83%) patients who received dupilumab qw plus topical corticosteroids, 97 (88%) patients who received dupilumab q2w, and 266 (84%) patients who received placebo, and serious adverse events in nine (3%), four (4%), and 16 (5%) patients, respectively. No significant dupilumab-induced laboratory abnormalities were noted. Injection-site reactions and conjunctivitis were more common in patients treated with dupilumab plus topical corticosteroids-treated patients than in patients treated with placebo plus topical corticosteroids., Interpretation: Dupilumab added to standard topical corticosteroid treatment for 1 year improved atopic dermatitis signs and symptoms, with acceptable safety., Funding: Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The presented article studies the role of selected inflammatory and anti-inflammatory serum markers of psoriatic patients in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MS) and psoriasis. The study is based on the comparison between the group of psoriatic patients (74) and the control group (65). We found significantly higher BMI ( p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure ( p < 0.05) in the psoriatic patients. The values of waist circumference and BMI were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in the male patients compared to the men in the control group. The analysis revealed significantly higher CRP ( p < 0.001), Lp-PLA2 ( p < 0.001), leptin ( p < 0.01), and resistin ( p < 0.01) levels in the psoriatic patients. Significantly higher levels of CRP ( p < 0.01), Lp-PLA2 ( p < 0.001), leptin ( p < 0.01), and resistin ( p < 0.05) were found in the patients with MS compared to the controls with MS. The level of adiponectin was significantly lower ( p < 0.01) in the patients with MS. Finally, we found significantly higher level of Lp-PLA2 ( p < 0.001) in the group of patients without MS compared to the controls without MS. In conclusion, observed inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers (CRP, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and Lp-PLA2) are involved in both pathogenesis of MS and pathogenesis of psoriasis. The level of Lp-PLA2 indicates the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis (cardiovascular risk) in psoriatic patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Background: A few reports demonstrate the occurrence of egg allergy in adolescent and adult patients suffering from atopic dermatitis and the association of this allergy to other food and aeroallergens., Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of egg allergy in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis at the age 14 years and older and to evaluate the relationship between egg allergy or egg sensitisation and the sensitisation to dust, mites, feather, and animal dander., Materials and Methods: Complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed. These parameters were examined: food allergy and food sensitisation to egg white and yolk, to mites, animal dander (mixture), feather and dust. The statistical evaluation of the relations among egg allergy, egg sensitisation and sensitisation to mites, animal dander (mixture), feather and dust was performed. Two hundred and eighty eight patients were included in the study (90 men, 198 women, with the average age 25.2)., Results and Conclusion: Egg allergy was recorded in 5% and egg sensitisation in 20% of patients; sensitisation to dust is recorded more often in patients with positive results in sIgE for egg white and/or yolk.

Background: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 belongs to the large TLR receptor family comprised of at least 10 members with different roles in innate immunity. Psoriasis is recognized as a T-cell driven immune-mediated systemic inflammatory disease with a skin manifestation. An effective therapeutic approach to treat psoriasis is Goeckerman therapy (GT). The aim of this study was to assess both the kinetics of the expression of TLR2 on blood cells and the concentration of soluble (s)TLR2 in serum of patients with psoriasis and to examine the effect of GT on both TLR2 expression and sTLR2 level., Methods: Both membrane and sTLR2 were determined in 20 patients and 20 healthy controls. sTLR2 was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Flow cytometry method was used to determine the expression of membrane TLR2 of monocytes and granulocytes., Results: The serum level of sTLR2 was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in patients both before and after GT compared to the control group. Compared to the membrane expression of TLR2 on monocytes of healthy blood donors, TLR2 expression was significantly higher in patients both before and after GT (P = 0.0001). Similarly, TLR2 expression on granulocytes was significantly higher in patients both before (P = 0.0061) and after (P < 0.0001) therapy than in control., Conclusions: Membrane and soluble TLR2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Both remained unchanged by GT., (© 2014 The International Society of Dermatology.)