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Collective food toxiinfections (CFTI) are frequent accidents, formidable by their health and economic consequences. They usually result from the consumption of food contaminated with microorganisms or chemical toxins. The objective of our study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of food product handlers in Kloto 1 municipality in order to guarantee food safety. To do this, we carried out a survey using google form whose questions were based on knowledge of foodborne diseases, good hygiene practices, good manufacturing practices, cross-contamination, wearing jewelry during handling, waste management. As a result of the study, It shows that during the years 2018, 2019 and 2020, the frequencies of toxiinfections recorded at the PHC of Kpalimé are respectively 33.09%, 41.84%, and 25.06%. To acces risk factor about this hight case of food poissoning in this area, 197 food handlers (FH) were interviewed and of these, 54.4% were women, 51.3% are between 15 and 25 years old, 67.2% have secondary education, and 68.7% have not received training on food safety. In terms of the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices, 10.7% of FH have insufficient knowledge about food safety, 98.0% have negative attitudes and 100.0% have insufficient food safety practices. Also, it shown that there is a strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes (rs = 0,267; p= 0.000), between knowledge and practices (rs = 0.182; p = 0.011), between attitudes and practices (rs = 0.253; p = 0.000), and between knowledge about foodborne illness and practice (rs = 0.189; p = 0,008). In short, the majority of FH have insufficient knowledge, practice and negative attitudes to avoid cases of CFTI because of the lack of training in food safety.

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies prevalence is reported globally worldwide. However, there is still some countries where data are not well reported or even studied as in Togo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HEV among human populations and analyze demographic variables related to the infection in the city of Sokodé, in central area of Togo. Results: A total of 289 individuals including 195 blood donors (24 women and 171 men), and 94 pregnant women were recruited from May to October 2020 and socio-economic status were assessed. All obtained sera were tested for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies with the immunochromatography test (MP Diagnostics ASSURE IgM Rapid test) and the MP Diagnostics HEV-IgM and HEV-IgG ELISA. The association between anti-HEV status and potential risk factors was assessed. Total HEV antibodies were in 5.6% (95% CI: 3.8 - 7.3%) of all samples. HEV IgM antibodies were detected in 11.7% (95% CI: 9.8-13.5%) of the samples, of which 29 (14.8%) were from the blood donors group and 5 (5.3%) from pregnant women group. Gender, water storage container, type of latrine used and washing hands after toilet were associated to anti-HEV IgM seropositivity in population. (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion: These findings from asymptomatic population suggest a probable HEV circulation at significant levels. These data are the first step to understand the epidemiology of the HEV infection in Togo that deserved to be extended both in timing and Togo’s region.

Introduction:the limited number of equipped laboratories and the lack of expertise left Africa lagging behind in terms of contribution in genomic data generation. The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn the attention of all public health stakeholders so that it can be used as a marker of the efforts that public health systems can produced. The main purpose of the present analytical study was to evaluate the contribution of the African continent in the genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. Methods:data from the two most popular genomic databases on SARS-CoV-2 (GISAID EpiCov and NCBI Virus) were extracted and analyzed. Comparisons were made using the sequencing ratio which represents the number of genomic sequence published over one thousands confirmed cases. Results:considering continental blocks, the Africa occupied the fourth place after Oceania, Europe and North America based on sequencing ratios. However, when the considered comparison parameter is the number of sequences, the African continent was the fifth contributor after Europe, North America, Asia and South America. Conclusion:the study showed that African countries have effectively integrated the genomic data generation in the public health response strategies but the effective use of these data for a perfect surveillance is not clearly established. There is a need for capacity building in genomic data analyses for a better response to public health threats in Africa.

West Africa countries have a rich culture and tradition in food technology by preparing those foods because the skill is transmitted from generation to generation and some are specific to ethnic group. Even the household level of these traditional foods and their informal marketing, they play key roles in the culture, economy, and food security of West Africa countries. The predominant microbial species in African indigenous fermented food such those coming from West Africa Countries are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and are used for different applications in the food and biotechnology industries nowadays. Akamu is popular uncontrolled cereal fermented gruel or porridge and infant weaning food among the Igbo-speaking people of Nigeria. Several West Africa researchers have proved that LAB isolated from fermented food are able to produce bacteriocins, but up to date, few bacteriocins were characterized and properly named.

In Burkina Faso, deficiency of amino acids in protein is becoming a major healthy public problem. This study was purposed to optimize essentials amino acids in single cell protein (SCP) by supplementing different nitrogen sources during fermentation of mango waste with Candida utilis FJM12. Analytical methods were used to determine biomass yield, chemical composition and amino acids profile of SCP. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was performed to identify the nitrogen source which exhibited best rate of SCP. The maximum biomass yield (6.48±0.03 g/L) exhibited 9.65±0.36% (w/w) of ash, while using yeast extract. The proximate composition of SCP revealed 56.40±1.30, 13.25±0.11, 3.80±0.10, and 6.60±0.25% (w/w), respectively for crude protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid content. PCA showed a strong correlation between yeast extract and Ammonium sulphate and demonstrated their positive influence to increase the rate of SCP and essentials amino acids as compared to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendation. These results demonstrated that C. utilis FJM12 could be suitable for essentials amino acids. Key words: Mango waste, nitrogen source, Candida utilis, single cell protein (SCP), amino acids.

Water is essential for life, but its quality is confronted with several problems, including insufficient hygiene and sanitation, which necessitate a contribution to improving the hygienic quality of drinking water. Adescriptive study of 129 randomly selected households was carried out in order to get an idea of the health risks associated with drinking water. Water samples (75) were analyzed using the standardized routine methods described by the European Union. These analyzes related to the following germs: total aerobic flora, total coliforms, thermo tolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria and fecal streptococci. The results showed that 43.41% of households surveyed do not have a source of water at home. Water sources include wells, boreholes, and rainwater. Drinking water storage containers are not covered in 38.89% of the cases. Of the 60 households that have a water source and a latrine at the same time, 27 households or 45% have latrines within 15 meters of the water source. The microbiological analyzes showed that the drinking water samples analyzed are contaminated to varying degrees by the germs retained by the European Union criteria. Total germs and coliforms resulted in high levels of non-compliance. The waters of the storage containers were the most contaminated. Appropriate measures shall be taken for the monitoring and disinfection of these waters before their use.

The urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection, especially in women. The increased incidence of UTIs, at the last decades have paralleled with the growing emergence of antibiotic resistance. The aim is to evaluate aqueous garlic extract (AGE) susceptibility against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated in urine of women. The investigation of antibacterial propriety and time kill effect of AGE was performed by the well method, microdilution method and spectrophotometer assay. Antibiotics susceptibility assay revealed that the nine MDR bacteria had high resistance against Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (100%) and Erythromycin (100%), Cefotaxime (83.33%) and Ceftazidime (83.33%). AGE exhibited potent antibacterial activity against the nine MDR bacteria tested. In Gram-negative bacteria, the inhibition diameters ranged from 20 ± 3 to 32 ± 4 mm, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) ranging from 10% to 12.5% (w/v) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBCs) was 12.5 % (w/v). Gram-positive bacteria exhibited diameters ranging from 38 ± 2 to 45 ± 1 mm; MIC and MBC values ranged from 05 to 10 % (w/v) and were found more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. To conclude, this investigation shown that AGE have high potential antibacterial to use as an alternative to treat women UTIs.

Urinary tract infections are the first infections in pregnant women and can cause serious complications during pregnancy. In order to improve its management in low income country like Burkina Faso, we conducted a prospect cross-sectional study, to describe its epidemiological and biological aspects in pregnant women at Souro Sanou hospital at Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Epidemiologically, the frequency of urinary tract infection was 27.5% and affected mostly 21 to 30 years pregnant women. Bacteriologically, the main isolates found were: E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter and Candida. The 81 isolates showed a good sensitivity to cephalosporin (C3G), aminoglycosides, oxacillin and erythromycin. These antibiotics are recommended for pregnant women before urinary cytobacteriological exam. Keywords: Antibiotic, Bobo-Dioulasso, E. coli, pregnant woman, urinary tract infection, urinary cytobacteriological exam. Infection urinaire chez la femme enceinte : Aspects epidemiologiques et bacteriologiques A Bobo-Dioulasso RESUME Les infections urinaires sont les premieres infections chez les femmes enceintes et peuvent entrainer des complications graves au cours de la grossesse. Afin de contribuer a lamelioration de sa prise en charge, nous avons mene une etude transversale prospective, en vue de decrire ses aspects epidemiologiques et bacteriologiques chez la femme enceinte au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou (CHUSS). Sur le plan epidemiologique, la frequence de linfection urinaire etait de 27,5% et touchait en majorite les femmes enceintes de 21 a 30 ans. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter et Candida sont les germes isoles. Tous les germes sont tres sensibles aux cephalosporines (C3G), aux aminosides, a loxacilline et a lErythromycine. Ces antibiotiques peuvent etre prescrits aux femmes enceintes en attendant les resultats de lexamen cytobacteriologique. Mots cles : Antibiotique, CHUSS de Bobo-Dioulasso, E. coli, Examen cytobacteriologique, Femme enceinte, Infection urinaire.

Objectif: La présente étude a porté sur les souches de Bacillus productrices de substances inhibitrices (BLIS) isolées à partir d’échantillons de Soumbala, Bikalga, Attiéké et Maari au Burkina Faso.Méthodologie et résultats: La diffusion sur gélose a été utilisée pour détecter la production de BLIS. L’influence des substrats (carbonés, minéraux) sur la production de BLIS et leur thermostabilité ont été étudiées. Les tests morphologiques et biochimiques montrent que les souches appartiennent au genre Bacillus. Parmi les souches isolées, 11 produisent des BLIS avec des inhibitions variant de 07,90 ± 0,14 mm (AB6) à 16,50 ± 0,71 mm (AB7) à l’encontre de Micrococcus luteus. La souche et la concentration en substrat influencent significativement cette production (p

Les bacteries a Gram positif et a Gram negatif et les archees produisent respectivement des bacteriocines et des archeocines. Les bacteriocines et les archeocines sont des peptides antimicrobiens. Au fil des ans leur role dans la surete des produits alimentaires n’a cesse d’etre demontre, faisant de ces peptides naturels un centre d’interet pour la recherche scientifique. Cette revue tente de faire l’etat des connaissances sur les bacteriocines produites par les bacteries Gram positif, bacteries Gram negatif et les archees en faisant ressortir leurs organisations genetiques particulieres, leurs modes d’action qui different de celui des antibiotiques et surtout leurs larges spectres d’action. La collecte des donnees a consiste a consulter les articles scientifiques publies et les memoires de theses sur les differents travaux menes sur les bacteriocines et disponible en ligne via les journaux de publication et les sites dedies aux collectes de theses en ligne. Ces peptides antimicrobiens pourraient constituer une alternative pour la conservation des denrees alimentaires surtout en milieu rural dans les pays en voie de developpement. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: bacteriocines, bacteries, archeocines, archees, antimicrobiens, agro alimentaire English Title: Antimicrobial peptides from microbes: case of bacteriocins English Abstract Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Archaea respectively produce bacteriocins and archeocins. Over the years, their role in the food safety has continued rising because of the report of many works. This review focuses on bacteriocins know up to date by highlighting on their particular genetic organization, their mode of action that differs from antibiotics and especially their broad spectrum of action. Data were collected by consulting online available published scientific articles and thesis on bacteriocins and archeocins. These antimicrobial peptides could provide an alternative for preserving foodstuffs especially in rural areas in developing countries. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Bacteriocins; bacteria; archeocins, archea, antimicrobial activity, agribusiness