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One of the cardinal findings of the renal disease is proteinuria, which appears in the early phase of kidney disease and is very important in diagnosis, prognosis and decision-making in treatment process and results of treatment. Besides this abnormal protein fractions are commonly observed in renal disorder. Serum will be collected for protein electrophoresis and Quantization of each fraction was done. So the present study is designed to find the role of serum protein electrophoresis in renal disorder patients.The aim of the present study was to study protein electrophoresis pattern in various renal disorders.The present study was a hospital-based observational study. The study was conducted over a period of 1 year on 50 patients with renal disorder of either sex visiting the OPD/IPD of Medicine department of Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital Faridkot. SDS Page electrophoresis was done to evaluate serum proteins in the patients with renal disorders.The results of the study showed the comparison of protein content in patients of NS and ESRD at p0.05). The Comparison of protein content in patients of NS and CKD at p0.05).The present study concluded that serum protein fractions are altered in various renal disorders. Protein electrophoresis should be used in addition to other renal markers for better monitoring of the disease progression.

AIMS: To evaluate the enhancement patterns of hepatic lesions on triple phase contrast enhanced computed tomography and to correlate the CT ndings of hepatic lesions with cytological ndings on ne needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Settings and Design: This prospective observational study was carried out at Department of Radiodiagnosis, Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Source of Data: A total of 75 patients who had hepatic lesions on ultrasonography and clinical suspicion of focal hepatic lesions were referred for CECT abdomen. Findings of Triple phase CT for hepatic lesions were correlated with cytopathological ndings. Methods and Material: A Triphasic CECT abdomen was performed on Siemens Somatom Perspective 128 slice scanner in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot. The entire liver was scanned successively, in arterial, portovenous and delayed phases. A 5mm collimation and 5mm/sec table speed were used. After obtaining a digital scout view, unenhanced scan of the liver was obtained.1.5ml/kg body weight of 300mgI/ml iodinated contrast material was administered by using a pressure injector at a rate of 3.0 mL/s using a pressure injector.USG/CT guided FNAC was done. CT imaging ndings were classied as benign or malignant by correlating them with cytopathological ndings. Results: The present study inferred that Triple phase CECT is a highly sensitive and specic imaging modality for detection and characterization of hepatic lesions with an overall sensitivity and specicity of 100.00 % (95% C.I. 92.45% to 100%) and 92.86% (95% C.I. 76.50% to 99.12%)respectively when correlated with cytopathological ndings. Conclusions: It is inferred from our study that triple phase CECT is highly sensitive and specic imaging modality for detection and characterization of hepatic lesions with wide availability in the present scenario.

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is common in neonates, preschool children, pregnant women, elderly, diabetics, catheterized patients, and patients with abnormal urinary tracts or renal diseases. Though there is currently no consensus on treatment of ASB in various population groups, it is advisable to treat the same in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Aims: To determine the prevalence of ASB in patients with type 2 DM and to study the spectrum of uro-pathogens causing ASB along with their antibiotic susceptibility profile. Settings and Design: This prospective, observational study was conducted in the department of Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: The study was conducted on 100 patients with type 2 DM. Urine wet mount and gram stain examination was done for all to detect the presence of pus cells and bacteria in urine. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed in patients with significant bacteriuria to determine the sensitivity profile of isolated uro-pathogens. The data were analyzed to determine the association between diabetes and ASB. Results: ASB was common among diabetics, as evident by a prevalence of 21%. Presence of ASB showed positive correlation with poor glycemic control. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common organism causing ASB followed by Candida, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. E. coli isolated from study patients was most sensitive to imipenem and nitrofurantoin (NFT). Conclusions: ASB is common among diabetics, with poor glycemic control being a significant risk factor. E. coli is the most common organism causing ASB in diabetics, and it is most sensitive to imipenem and NFT.

Introduction: Fever with thrombocytopenia is a common condition that is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Aims & Objectives: The study was designed to assess the etiology, clinical features and laboratory profile of fever with thrombocytopenic patients which is of great value in determining the outcome and prognosis in thesepatients. Material & Methods: A total number of 50 patients who were admitted with the history of fever with thrombocytopenia were studied. Detailed examination of various systems was done. Routine investigations were done, Specific and Special investigations (Blood &Urine culture, Widal, Antigen test for malaria, IgM ELISA Dengue, Bone marrow examination etc.,) were done as and when indicated. Results:From this study it was observed that infections (98%) were the most common cause and among infections malaria (36%)was the commonest cause followed by viral illness (34%).Definitive increase in platelet counts was noted after treating the underlying cause. Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia was the commonest laboratory finding in many fever cases.It is better to do platelet count in all fever cases whether they have bleeding manifestations or not.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the main regulator of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between PTH and aforementioned minerals in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate serum intact parathormone (iPTH) and other biochemical parameters in ESRD patients and to find correlation between serum iPTH and biochemical parameters in the study group. Results: This cross-sectional study included 60 clinically diagnosed patients of ESRD of age (>18 years), either sex. Disordered mineral metabolism is common complications of ESRD patients. The mean value of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was 7.90 ± 1.16 mg/dL, 6.44 ± 1.72 mg/dL, and 2.57 ± 0.62 mg/dL, respectively, indicating hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypermagnesemia in ESRD patients. To compensate the deranged mineral status, increased levels of PTH were seen in ESRD patients with mean value of 173.93 ± 62.62 pg/mL. There was a statistically significant positive correlation found between PTH and S. creatinine (P ≤ 0.001; r = 0.596), whereas the statistically significant negative correlation found between PTH and eGFR (P ≤ 0.001; r = −0.525). A significant positive correlation found between PTH and phosphorous (P = 0.003; r = 0.378) and potassium (P ≤ 0.001; r = 0.421). On the other hand, significant negative correlation found with calcium (P ≤ 0.001; r = −0.805) and corrected calcium (P = 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that PTH is playing crucial role in mineral metabolism; it should be frequently assessed in order to prevent any untoward mineral decompensation and to prevent complications like bone disease and extra skeletal calcification, and decrease cardiac disease risk in ESRD patients.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent significant public health issues globally. They are important causes of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Patients with HBV/HCV co-infection have a higher risk of progression to cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease and have an increased risk of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Because the two hepatotropic viruses share same modes of transmission, co-infection with the two viruses is not uncommon, especially in areas with a high prevalence of HCV infection and among people at high-risk for parenteral infection. Aims: To estimate the prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection among hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, single centered hospital record-based study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Faridkot (Punjab), India. All the patients who underwent hemodialysis from January 2013 to December 2014 were included in the study. Patients of all age groups were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by fourth Generation HCV Tridot ELISA (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India) and for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by Hepalisa (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd). Results: Of the total 262 patients on hemodialysis, 88 (33.5%) were found to be having HCV infection, 4 (1.5%) were found to be positive for HBsAg. Co-infection with HBV/HCV was observed in 2 (0.8%) patients. Out of the total 92 patients having HBV and HCV infection, 62 (67.4%) were males and 30 (32.6%) were females. The majority of the patients were found to be of 41-60 years of age (41.3%) followed by 21-40 years (31.5%) and thereafter in 61-80 years (23.9%) and lowest prevalence was observed in the age group of 80 years (1.1%). Conclusion: The risk of co-infection is greater among the chronic renal failure (CRF) patients due to the high frequency of transfusions of blood/blood products and extracorporeal circulation during hemodialysis. Patients with HBV/HCV co-infection have a higher risk of progression to cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease and further have an increased risk of HCC. In our study, out of the total 262 patients, 88 (33.5%) were found to be having HCV infection, 4 (1.5%) were found to be positive for HBsAg and dual infection was observed in 2 (0.8%) patients which is higher than the rates reported from different studies all over the world and India.