Search

International audience; The planning of any motor action requires a complex multisensory processing by the brain. Gravity - immutable on Earth - has been shown to be a key input to these mechanisms. Seminal fMRI studies performed during visual perception of falling objects and self-motion demonstrated that humans represent the action of gravity in parts of the cortical vestibular system; in particular, the insular cortex and the cerebellum. However, little is known as to whether a specific neural network is engaged when processing non-visual signals relevant to gravity. We asked participants to perform vertical and horizontal hand movements without visual control, while lying in a 3T-MRI scanner. We highlighted brain regions activated in the processing of vertical movements, for which the effects of gravity changed during execution. Precisely, the left insula was activated in vertical movements and not in horizontal movements. Moreover, the network identified by contrasting vertical and horizontal movements overlapped with neural correlates previously associated to the processing of simulated self-motion and visual perception of the vertical direction. Interestingly, we found that the insular cortex activity is direction-dependent which suggests that this brain region processes the effects of gravity on the moving limbs through non-visual signals.

International audience; Due to its high frequency of occurrence, as well as possible residual symptoms, proper treatment of lateral ankle sprains (LAS) is important. From a physiological point of view, increasing the quantity of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the peroneal muscles will mechanically improve the functional stability of the ankle joint. The present study investigated the immediate effects of an ankle destabilization device (ADD) specifically designed to induce imbalances along the Henke’s axis during 3 challenging walking tasks. As the effects of such a device have to be tested on healthy participants before being implemented in rehabilitation programs, 12 healthy participants performed 3 different types of walking (normal, aligned, and jumping walking) while the EMG activities in four peroneal muscles and the main gait kinematics parameters were recorded. Our results clearly demonstrated that wearing the ADD during these different walking tasks significantly increased EMG activities in the four peroneal muscles (increases from 9 to 33% on average depending on the muscle and the walking condition) while maintaining previous gait kinematic patterns. Our study shows that an ADD coupled with walking or jumping tasks is able to improve neuromuscular activity. It should therefore be useful for ankle rehabilitation therapy and the prevention of LAS.

OBJECTIVES: Motor deficiency is associated with cognitive frailty in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments (MCI). In this study we aimed to test the integrity of the muscle synergy involved in an arm-pointing movement in MCI patients, non-impaired functionally. Thus, we were able to test the hypothesis that early motor indicators exist in this population at a preclinical level. METHODS: The electromyographic signals were collected for 11 muscles in 3 groups: Young Adults (YA), Aged Adults (AA), and MCI patients. The AA and MCI groups presented the same functional status. Each subject performed twenty arm-pointing movements from a standing position. RESULTS: The main differences were (1) delayed activation of the right Biceps Femoris and the right Erector Spinae at L3 in MCI patients and AA compared with YA groups ; (2) earlier activation of the left Obliquus internus in MCI compared with AA group and (3) concerning the left Erector spinae at L3, a delay for the AA compared with YA but an earlier activation for the MCI compared with both AA and YA. These temporal differences in muscle synergies were linked with executive functions of MCI patients. INTERPRETATION: The motor program changes highlighted in our patient (MCI) group suggest that discrete modifications of the motor command seem to exist even in the absence of functional impairment. Instead of showing an indication of delayed muscle activation in the MCI patients, our results highlight some early activation of several trunk muscles, probably used in a more cautious motor behavior.

International audience; In four experiments, we tested whether embodied triggers may reduce stereotype threat. We predicted that left-side sensorimotor inductions would increase cognitive performance under stereotype threat, because such inductions are linked to avoidance motivation among right-handers. This sensorimotor-mental congruence hypothesis rests on regulatory fit research showing that stereotype threat may be reduced by avoidance-oriented interventions, and motor congruence research showing positive effects when two parameters of a motor action activate the same motivational system (avoidance or approach). Results indicated that under stereotype threat, cognitive performance was higher when participants contracted their left hand (Study 1) or when the stimuli were presented on the left side of the visual field (Studies 2-4), as compared with right-hand contraction or right-side visual stimulation. These results were observed on math (Studies 1, 2, and 4) and Stroop (Study 3) performance. An indirect effect of congruence on math performance through subjective fluency was also observed.

Epub 2015 Jan 31; The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanics of maximal running sprint acceleration in high-level athletes. Four elite (100-m best time 9.95-10.29 s) and five sub-elite (10.40-10.60 s) sprinters performed seven sprints in overground conditions. A single virtual 40-m sprint was reconstructed and kinetics parameters were calculated for each step using a force platform system and video analyses. Anteroposterior force (FY), power (PY), and the ratio of the horizontal force component to the resultant (total) force (RF, which reflects the orientation of the resultant ground reaction force for each support phase) were computed as a function of velocity (V). FY-V, RF-V, and PY-V relationships were well described by significant linear (mean R(2) of 0.892 ± 0.049 and 0.950 ± 0.023) and quadratic (mean R(2) = 0.732 ± 0.114) models, respectively. The current study allows a better understanding of the mechanics of the sprint acceleration notably by modeling the relationships between the forward velocity and the main mechanical key variables of the sprint. As these findings partly concern world-class sprinters tested in overground conditions, they give new insights into some aspects of the biomechanical limits of human locomotion.

International audience; Background: The present study compared adult usage patterns of online activities, the frequency rate of problematic internet use (PIU), and risk factors (including the psychopathology associated with PIU, i.e., distress and impulsivity) among adults in 15 countries from Europe, America, and Asia. Methods: A total of 5130 adults from Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, UK, Norway, Peru, Canada, US, and Indonesia completed an online survey assessing PIU and a number of psychological variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity). The sample included more females, with a mean age of 24.71 years (SD = 8.70). Results: PIU was slightly lower in European countries (rates ranged from 1.1% in Finland to 10.1% in the UK, compared to 2.9% in Canada and 10.4% in the US). There were differences in specific PIU rates (e.g., problematic gaming ranged from 0.4% in Poland to 4.7% in Indonesia). Regression analyses showed that PIU was predicted by problematic social networking and gaming, lack of perseverance, positive urgency, and depression. Conclusions: The differences in PIU between countries were significant for those between continental regions (Europe versus non-European countries). One of the most interesting findings is that the specific PIU risks were generally low compared to contemporary literature. However, higher levels of PIU were present in countries outside of Europe, although intra-European differences existed.

Epub 2015 Jul 17; Overground sprint studies have shown the importance of net horizontal ground reaction force impulse (IMPH) for acceleration performance, but only investigated one or two steps over the acceleration phase, and not in elite sprinters. The main aim of this study was to distinguish between propulsive (IMPH+) and braking (IMPH−) components of the IMPH and seek whether, for an expected higher IMPH, faster elite sprinters produce greater IMPH+, smaller IMPH−, or both.Nine high-level sprinters (100-m best times range: 9.95–10.60 s) performed 7 sprints (2×10 m, 2×15 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m) during which ground reaction force was measured by a 6.60 m force platform system. By placing the starting-blocks further from the force plates at each trial, and pooling the data, we could assess the mechanics of an entire “virtual” 40-m acceleration.IMPH and IMPH+ were significantly correlated with 40-m mean speed (r=0.868 and 0.802, respectively; P

International audience; In the context of the publication of DSM-5, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) has been proposed as a new dimensional assessment tool for personality disorders. This instrument includes a pool of 220 items organized around 25 facets included in a five-factor second-order domain structure. The examination of the replicability of the trait structure across methods and populations is of primary importance. In view of this need, the main objective of the current study was to validate the French version of the PID-5 among French-speaking adults from a European community sample (N=2,532). In particular, the assumption of unidimensionality of the 25 facet and the five domain scales was tested, as well as the extent to which the five-factor structure of the PID-5 and the DSM-5 personality trait hierarchical structure are replicated in the current sample. The results support the assumption of unidimensionality of both the facets and the domains. Exploratory factor and hierarchical analyses replicated the five-factor structure as initially proposed in the PID-5.

International audience; This study aimed to validate a simple field method for determining force– and power–velocity relationships and mechanical effectiveness of force application during sprint running. The proposed method, based on an inverse dynamic approach applied to the body center of mass, estimates the step-averaged ground reaction forces in runner's sagittal plane of motion during overground sprint acceleration from only anthropometric and spatio-temporal data. Force– and power–velocity relationships, the associated variables, and mechanical effectiveness were determined (a) on nine sprinters using both the proposed method and force plate measurements and (b) on six other sprinters using the proposed method during several consecutive trials to assess the inter-trial reliability. The low bias (

Epub 2015 Oct.; Previous studies have reported that reaction time in gait initiation was affected by emotion eliciting pictures. This study examined the effect of a change in the delay between image onset and the imperative “go” on reaction time. From a standing posture, 19 young adults had to walk (several steps) toward pleasant or unpleasant images in two conditions. In the short condition, the word “go” appeared 500 ms after image onset and participants were instructed to initiate gait as soon as possible after the word go appeared. In the long condition, the same procedure was used but the word “go” appeared 3000 ms after image onset. Results demonstrated that motor responses were faster for pleasant pictures than unpleasant ones in the short condition. In contrast, no significant difference was found between both categories of pictures in the long condition. Moreover, we found that self ratings of valence of unpleasant pictures were less unpleasant in the long condition than in the short one whereas there was no difference for pleasant pictures between both conditions. This result reflected a change in the affective significance of unpleasant pictures in the long condition. We also found in the long condition, that the body was inclined forward and to the stance limb during the standing posture and importantly with a similar extent for pleasant and unpleasant pictures. This change clearly reflected a facilitation of the gait initiation process. Overall, results suggested that this gait facilitation when confronted to unpleasant pictures resulted from emotional regulation processes enabling to reappraise these pictures and to override the initial avoidance tendency that they caused.

Le binge drinking (consommation ponctuelle importante d’alcool) est un mode de consommation d’alcool frequemment utilise par les etudiants. Les consequences d’une consommation excessive sont nombreuses et il est important d’aider les jeunes qui en souffrent. Les interventions sur Internet (IBI) semblent etre une methode efficace pour les aider a prendre conscience de la dangerosite du binge drinking. Les bases de donnees Medline et PsycINFO ont ete consultees pour effectuer cette revue de la litterature. Le composant principal des IBI est le compte rendu personnalise, accompagne d’informations, de comparaisons normatives, de conseils, etc. Les IBI analysees ont, dans l’ensemble, ete efficaces sur la population etudiante. Malgre une efficacite averee et de nombreux avantages, ce type d’intervention est peu repandu et doit encore se developper, afin de mieux s’adapter aux jeunes.

International audience; Happiness is the current hot topic whether in television, press or research. For some, it is immeasurable; for others it is quantifiable and thus has numerous measurement tools. After having defined happiness, the aim of the four studies presented below is to propose a valid French adaptation of the three-dimensional Orientation To Happiness questionnaire (OTH; Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2005). In Study 1, successive PCA and CFA revealed that there exists a three factor structure conforming to its theoretical framework. Study 2 was used to test different models to confirm this factor structure. We found two models that proved to be adequate. The results of Study 3 demonstrate satisfactory test-retest stability for each of the three subscales. Study 4 was undertaken to test the convergent validity of the scale. Moreover, this study showed the relationship between variables linked to quality of life and their impact on happiness. To summarize, the four studies together demonstrate satisfactory psychometric qualities of the scale that is now called "Échelle Francophone d'Inclinaison au Bonheur" (EFIB), and show how happiness is impacted by different variables linked to quality of life.

International audience; Research suggests that interpersonal approach-avoidance behaviours influence group evaluations. However, previous work partly neglected the multi-sensory and contextual cues at stake during interpersonal interactions and may offer a limited picture of the phenomenon. Here, we argue that immersive virtual reality (IVR) represents a useful tool to address this issue. In IVR, we implemented interpersonal approach-avoidance behaviours and tested their construct validity. Based on a careful examination of the literature, we defined two construct validity criteria: the evaluative influence of repeated approach-avoidance behaviours as well as the activation of the corresponding neuropsychological systems. In two experiments (NExp1 = 199, NExp2 = 205), we tested whether, compared to avoidance, approach leads to more positive group evaluations on self-report, reaction time based and behavioural intention measures. Additionally, we investigated whether the IVR operationalisations influence the neuropsychological systems assumed to underlie approach-avoidance behaviours. Overall, the findings are not consistent with the hypotheses and do not conclusively validate our IVR approach-avoidance operationalisation. Although additional research should examine more thoroughly the issues raised by the current work by investigating new ways of implementing approach-avoidance in IVR, the present contribution paves the way for such future developments. Despite these challenges, we encourage a consideration of the full-fledged subtleties of social interactions via adequate tools (IVR) for the study of approach-avoidance.

International audience; Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is considered the ‘gold standard’ in the treatment of addictive disorders related to excessive technology use. However, the cognitive components of problematic internet use are not yet well-known. The aim of the present study was to explore the cognitive components, that according to problematic users, can lead to potential internet addiction. A total of 854 European adults completed an online survey using a mixed-methods design. Internet problems and attachment styles were assessed, prevalence rates estimated, correlations, chi-squared automatic interaction detection, and content analysis were performed. Self-reported addictions to social networking, internet, and gaming had a prevalence between 1.2% (gaming) to 2.7% (social networking). Self-perception of the addiction problem and preoccupied attachment style were discriminative factors for internet addiction. In an analysis of qualitative responses from self-identified compulsive internet users, a sense of not belonging and feeling of disconnection during life events were perceived as causes for internet addiction. The development depended on a cycle of mixed feelings associated with negative thoughts, compensated by a positive online identity. The severity of this behaviour pattern produced significant impairment in various areas of the participants’ functioning, suggesting a possible addiction problem. It is suggested that health professionals administering CBT should target unhealthy preoccupations and monitor mixed feelings and thoughts related to internet use to support coping with cognitive distortions.

Purpose. Inducing a negative stereotype toward women usually leads to a decrease in women performance and an increase in men performance. These effects were observed during technical tasks. The pur...

International audience

International audience; Anorexia nervosa (AN) is frequently associated with anxiety, depression, and problematic exercise (PE). These uncontrolled physical activities inducing resistance to the therapeutic protocols. Some recent studies demonstrated that adding controlled and adapted physical activities (APA) in the therapeutic protocol was more positive for AN patients than the usual physical activity suppression. The aim of the present study was to highlight different profiles of AN patients in order to better individually adapt the physical activity programs, and thus the therapeutic impact of the future APA programs. Problematic exercises, cardio-respiratory fitness, perceived fitness and mood were measured in fifty-two AN patients [all females, 17.15 (± 2.22) years old, BMI = 16.49 (± 1.54)] from three different French therapeutic centers. Then, a latent profile analysis allowed to exhibit 3 classes corresponding to 3 different profiles of AN patients. A first patient profile was characterized by proven PE with lower anxiety and depression. A second profile exhibited a moderate PE coupled with a high level of anxiety and depression. The last profile revealed patients without any PE, and medium scores in the other variables. These results lead to propose different angles and objectives to design and improve future APA programs according to these patient profiles.; Une analyse en classes latentes révèle différentes catégories de patients dans l’anorexie mentale: proposition de lignes directrices en matière d’activité physique adaptée. Les patients souffrant d’anorexie mentale (AM) présentent souvent des symptômes d’anxiété, de dépression, et une pratique problématique d’activité physique (PPAP). Cette PPAP induit une résistance aux protocoles thérapeutiques. En revanche, des études récentes ont démontré que l’utilisation d’activités physiques adaptées (APA) était meilleure pour ces patientes qu’une privation totale d’exercice physique. L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en lumière différents profils de patientes AM afin de permettre une meilleure individualisation des contenus des programmes d’APA. La PPAP, la condition physique perçue, l’adaptation cardiaque à l’effort, les niveaux d’anxiété et de dépression ont été mesurés chez cinquante-deux patientes anorexiques [17,15 (± 2,22) ans, IMC = 16,49(± 1,54)]. Ensuite, une analyse en classes latentes des scores a permis de mettre en lumière 3 profils cliniques significativement différents. Le premier profil est caractérisé par une PPAP totale associée à de faibles niveaux d’anxiété et de dépression. Le second est caractérisé par une PPAP symptomatique, mais un très haut niveau d’anxiété et de dépression. Enfin, le troisième profil présente des patientes sans PPAP et des scores moyens dans les autres variables. Ces résultats nous conduisent à proposer différents angles et objectifs pour réaliser des programmes d’APA en fonction du type de profil des patientes prises en charge.

Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alterations and amplification are frequently reported in cases of glioblastoma (GBM). However, EGFR-activating mutations that confer proven sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in lung cancer have not yet been reported in GBM. Case presentation Using next-generation sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization and droplet digital PCR, we identified the p.L861Q EGFR mutation in a case of GBM for the first time. The mutation was associated with gene amplification. L861Q may be a clinically valuable mutation because it is known to sensitize non-small-cell lung cancers to treatment with the second-generation EGFR TKI afatinib in particular. Furthermore, we used slice culture of the patient’s GBM explant to evaluate the tumour’s sensitivity to various EGFR-targeting drugs. Our results suggested that the tumour was not intrinsically sensitive to these drugs. Conclusions Our results highlight (i) the value of comprehensive genomic analyses for identifying patient-specific, targetable alterations, and (ii) the need to combine genomic analyses with functional assays, such as tumour-derived slice cultures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4873-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This article analyses the struggle for the inclusion of women in competitive big-wave surfing through interviews with professional big-wave surfers Bianca Valenti, Keala Kennelly, Andrea Moller and...

International audience; Introduction du numéro spécial "Sous le talent : le genre, la classe, la 'race'.

Introduction Teachers tend to develop negative expectations and behaviours towards students coming from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective The objective of this study was to test the influence of teacher political orientation, as well as their attachment to power and universalism values, on their predictions of academic success towards students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Method Eighty-eight high school teachers (Mage = 38.04 years; 44.3% men) responded to a questionnaire of political ideology and values, as well as to a questionnaire evaluating their prediction of success towards male high school students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Results Teachers predicted a better academic success for students coming from a high socioeconomic background. Despite relatively small effect size, political ideology, as well as attachment to power and universalism values, predicted the bias of judgment. Conclusion Taking into consideration teachers’ ideology and values would deepen understanding of processes underlying expectations development.

Les sportifs qui se dopent font-ils « n'importe quoi » ? Le rapport des sportifs à la rationalité et le degré de liberté que leur accorde la littérature sont abordés de façon contradictoire. Notre enquête auprès des acteurs de la prévention (Trabal et al., 2008) montre que nombre d'entre eux considèrent leur mission davantage comme une nécessité d'informer le public des dangers du dopage et de sa législation que d'impulser une réflexion éthique. Plus ou moins explicitement, les messages contenus dans les quiz, les affiches et autres outils de prévention visent à pallier un déficit supposé d'informations (Le Noé et Trabal, 2009). Et si des gens se dopent, c'est sans doute parce qu'ils ne savent pas.Traduction française de l'article "E se os esportistas que se dopam quisessem"fazer direito"?", Movimento, Porto Alegre, v. 19, n. 04, p. 11-43

Objective Activating negative age stereotypes has been consistently shown to impair cognitive performance in older adults, but not motor performance, especially on mobility tasks. We tested the hypothesis that older adults may still experience stereotype threat, even if mobility performance is not affected. To do so, we examined whether inducing negative stereotypes may increase cognitive load during a walking task. Method This question was investigated in a dual-task paradigm: older adults performed simultaneously a walking task and a Stroop task, in stereotype and control conditions. Results Results showed that the stereotype induction did not affect walking parameters but decreased performance on the Stroop task, indicating that this induction increased cognitive load during walking. Discussion These results suggest that negative age stereotypes may be damaging even if walking parameters are not affected, by altering older adults' attention to their walking environment. We conclude by highlighting theoretical and practical implications.

International audience

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 16-day training camp at moderate altitude on running energetics and biomechanics in an elite female 3,000-m steeplechase athlete (personal best: 9 min 36.15 s). The 16-day intervention included living and training at 1,600 m altitude. A maximal incremental test was performed at sea level to determine the maximal oxygen uptake ( V ∙ O 2 max ). Before (pre-) and after (post-) intervention, the participant performed a specific training session consisting of 10 × 400 m with 5 hurdles with oxygen uptake ( V ∙ O 2 ), blood lactate, stride length and stride rate being measured. A video analysis determined take-off distance and landing around the hurdle (DTH and DLH), take-off velocity and landing around the hurdle (VTH and VLH), and the maximal height over the hurdle (MH). The results demonstrated that the mean V ∙ O 2 maintained during the ten 400 m trials represented 84-86% of V ∙ O 2 max and did not change from pre- to post-intervention (p = 0.22). Mean blood lactate measured on the 6 last 400-m efforts increased significantly (12.0 ± 2.2 vs. 17.0 ± 1.6 mmol.l-1; p < 0.05). On the other hand, post-intervention maximal lactate decreased from 20.1 to 16.0 mmol.l-1. Biomechanical analysis revealed that running velocity increased from 5.12 ± 0.16 to 5.49 ± 0.19 m.s-1 (p < 0.001), concomitantly with stride length (1.63 ± 0.05 vs. 1.73 ± 0.06 m; p < 0.001). However, stride rate did not change (3.15 ± 0.03 vs. 3.16 ± 0.02 Hz; p = 0.14). While DTH was not significantly different from pre- to post- (1.34 ± 0.08 vs. 1.40 ± 0.07 m; p = 0.09), DLH was significantly longer (1.17 ± 0.07 vs. 1.36 ± 0.05 m; p < 0.01). VTH and VLH significantly improved after intervention (5.00 ± 0.14 vs. 5.33 ± 0.16 m.s-1 and 5.18 ± 0.13 vs. 5.51 ± 0.22 m.s-1, respectively; both p < 0.01). Finally, MH increased from pre- to post- (52.5 ± 3.8 vs. 54.9 ± 2.1 cm; p < 0.05). A 16-day moderate altitude training camp allowed an elite female 3,000-m steeplechase athlete to improve running velocity through a greater glycolytic-but not aerobic-metabolism.

International audience; The issue of doping in sport questions ways of designing comparative research. On the one hand, because the social practices the institutions try to fight are often the fruits of both international networks and local conditions. On the other hand, because the harmonization policy pursued by the World Anti-Doping Agency is being built on the basis of alignments with international standards. Finally, these policies evaluation processes are sometimes self-referenced and are based on the production of opaque indicators. This article proposes an alternative by building-up corpus of texts in several languages upon which international comparisons can be made. One of their development goals would be to understand the interconnection conditions between an internationalization process and local realities as well as the functioning of heterogeneous institutions.; El asunto del dopaje en el deporte cuestiona las maneras de diseñar la investigación comparada. Por una parte, porque las prácticas sociales que las instituciones se esfuerzan por combatir se alimentan tanto de redes internacionales como de especifidades locales. Por otra parte, porque la política de armonización emprendida por la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje se basa en unas alineaciones con unas normas internacionales. Por fin, los procesos de evaluación son a veces autoreferrenciados y se apoyan en la elaboración de indicatores opacos. Este artículo propone una alternativa mediante la creación de corpus textuales en varios idiomas que permitan hacer comparaciones internacionales cuya una vocación sería comprender las formas de articulación entre un proceso de internacionalización y las realidades locales así como los funcionamientos de instituciones heterogéneas.; Le dossier du dopage dans le sport interroge les façons de concevoir la recherche comparée. D'une part, parce que les pratiques sociales que les institutions s'efforcent de combattre se nourrissent à la fois de réseaux internationaux et de spécificités locales. D'autre part, car la politique d'harmonisation menée par l'Agence mondiale se construit sur des alignements à des standards internationaux. Enfin, les processus d'évaluation de ces politiques sont parfois auto-référencés et s'appuient sur la production d'indicateurs opaques. Cet article propose une alternative par la constitution de corpus textuels en plusieurs langues permettant des comparaisons internationales dont une vocation serait de comprendre les modes d'articulation entre un processus d'internationalisation et les réalités locales ainsi que les fonctionnements d'institutions hétérogènes.

International audience; Founded as the Bureau Des Fédérations Européennes De Gymnastique in 1881, the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) was officially created in 1922. However, despite having over 100 national associations affiliated by the end of the twentieth century, it was dominated by Europeans until relatively recently. In particular, the former communist bloc of Eastern Europe had a particular hold on gymnastics from the 1950s onwards. This article uses the FIG as a case study to highlight the institutional, political and ideological rivalries within international sport. It reveals such influences on the sportification of gymnastics and, in doing so, offers new insights into the history of the Cold War, including the USSR’s ascension to the international sporting scene, and its power surrounding the ‘South Africa ban’ due to its Apartheid policy. Thus, this work allows us to understand how the FIG’s policies were, from an early stage, embedded in a twofold dynamic of East–West and North–South. Our study is based on official and administrative documents from national associations and the FIG, and on press review from several European countries.

International audience; Background and purpose: Considerable functional reorganization takes place in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in face of relentless structural degeneration. This study evaluates functional adaptation in ALS patients with lower motor neuron predominant (LMNp) and upper motor neuron predominant (UMNp) dysfunction. Methods: Seventeen LMNp ALS patients, 14 UMNp ALS patients and 14 controls participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Studygroup-specific activation patterns were evaluated during preparation for a motor task. Connectivity analyses were carried out using the supplementary motor area (SMA), cerebellum and striatum as seed regions and correlations were explored with clinical measures. Results: Increased cerebellar, decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased SMA activation were detected in UMNp patients compared to controls. Increased cerebellar activation was also detected in UMNp patients compared to LMNp patients. UMNp patients exhibit increased effective connectivity between the cerebellum and caudate, and decreased connectivity between the SMA and caudate and between the SMA and cerebellum when performing self-initiated movement. In UMNp patients, a positive correlation was detected between clinical variables and striato-cerebellar connectivity. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that, despite the dysfunction of SMAstriatal and SMA-cerebellar networks, cerebello-striatal connectivity increases in ALS indicative of compensatory processes. The coexistence of circuits with decreased and increased connectivity suggests concomitant neurodegenerative and adaptive changes in ALS.

International audience; We investigated the neurocognitive processes behind the asymmetry of affect observed in irony understanding, where ironic criticism is more easily understood than ironic praise. We recorded the ERPs of participants while they listened to positive (e.g., “These children are always smiling”) or negative (e.g., “His son is very unfortunate”) remarks pronounced with a sincere or ironic prosody. Participants had to decide whether or not the speaker was sincere. Behavioural results confirmed the asymmetry of affect phenomenon and ERP results revealed that the N400 and P600 were differentially sensitive to the negative or positive emotional connotations of the speaker's messages. These findings shed new light on the cognitive processes behind biphasic N400/P600 cycles, and how they are differentially affected by negativity.

International audience; The 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally adapted psychometric instruments developed to assess generalized problematic Internet use. Multiple adaptations of this instrument have led to versions in different languages (e.g., Arabic and French), and different numbers of items (e.g., from 5 to 16 items instead of the original 14). However, to date, the CIUS has never been simultaneously compared and validated in several languages and different versions. Consequently, the present study tested the psychometric properties of four CIUS versions (i.e., CIUS-14, CIUS-9, CIUS-7, and CIUS-5) across eight languages (i.e., German, French, English, Finnish, Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Hungarian) to (a) examine their psychometric properties, and (b) test their measurement invariance. These analyses also identified the optimal versions of the CIUS. The data were collected via online surveys administered to 4,226 voluntary participants from 15 countries, aged at least 18 years, and recruited from academic environments. All brief versions of the CIUS in all eight languages were validated. Dimensional, configural, and metric invariance were established across all languages for the CIUS-5, CIUS-7, and CIUS-9, but the CIUS-5 and CIUS-7 were slightly more suitable because their model fitted the ordinal estimate better, while for cross-comparisons, the CIUS-9 was slightly better. The brief versions of the CIUS are therefore reliable and structurally stable instruments that can be used for cross-cultural research across adult populations.

International audience

Summary Purpose The relationships between distance (D lim ), speed (S) and exhaustion time ( t lim ) can be described by different empirical models: power laws (D lim = kt lim g , and S = kt lim ( g −1) in Kennelly's model); critical speed (S Crit ) (D lim = a + S Crit t lim ) and logarithmic model (S = 1–E*ln t lim in Peronnet–Thibault model). Methods These models have been applied to the performance of nine physical education students. In the first session, they performed the Montreal Track Test whose speed at the last stage (sMTT) is assumed to correspond to maximal aerobic speed. Thereafter, they performed 3 exhausting running exercises at 90, 100 and 110% sMTT, in different sessions with randomized order. The values of g and k were computed as ( g 1 , k 1 ) from t lim at 90 ( t lim90 ), 100 ( t lim100 ) and 110% sMTT ( g 1 , k 1 ) and also from t lim90 and t lim100 ( k 2 , g 2 ). The values of S Crit were normalized to sMTT. Results Significant correlations ( r > 0.999) of the relationships between the logarithms of D lim and t lim were observed. S Crit was not significantly correlated with g 1 , g 2 and E. In contrast, the correlations between the individual values of g 1 , g 2 and E were highly significant. Conclusion The high relationship between the logarithms of D lim and t lim suggested that power laws can be applied to subjects not-specialized in endurance. However, further studies with different protocols are necessary to determine if the power-law model is more accurate and useful than the logarithmic model in subjects who are not specialized in endurance.

International audience; The text sets out to examine so-called “interdisciplinary” research practices when researchers work on health issues. The article specifies the author's approach, which departs from both a normative posture and a purely epistemological approach, instead opting to study an interdisciplinary act in progress. Based on an ANR report led by Trabal, Collinet and Terral (2014), the research presented mobilizes the latest developments in socio-informatics to examine forms of interdisciplinarity in two areas – doping and obesity. It appears that the research on doping is marked by strong asymmetries between disciplines, and that “true” interdisciplinarity is often postponed when it does not seem to lend itself to a simple mode of coordination. In the case of obesity, we observe that practices are marked by staging and display work; the demand for interdisciplinarity is combined with a desire to structure a professional identity. In all cases, we were able to identify some trails that have been blazed to enable researchers to respond jointly to disciplinary and interdisciplinary injunctions. The promise is an interesting figure that relies on a postponement of proof, made possible by weak codification of interdisciplinarity.; Le texte se propose d’examiner les pratiques de recherche dites « interdisciplinaires » lorsque des chercheurs travaillent sur des questions sanitaires. L’article précise la démarche de l’auteur qui se départit à la fois d’une posture normative et d’une approche purement épistémologique pour préférer étudier une interdisciplinarité en acte. S’appuyant sur un rapport ANR dirigé par Trabal, Collinet et Terral (2014), la recherche présentée mobilise les derniers développements de la socio-informatique pour examiner dans deux dossiers — le dopage et l’obésité — les formes de l’interdisciplinarité. Il apparaît que les recherches sur le dopage sont marquées par des fortes asymétries entre les disciplines et que la « vraie » interdisciplinarité est souvent renvoyée à plus tard quand elle ne s’apparente pas à un simple mode de coordination. Dans le dossier de l’obésité, on note que les pratiques sont marquées par un travail de mise en scène et d’affichage ; la revendication d’interdisciplinarité se conjugue avec une volonté de structuration d’une identité professionnelle. Dans tous les cas, on a pu identifier quelques chemins frayés permettant aux chercheurs de répondre conjointement aux injonctions disciplinaires et interdisciplinaires. La promesse constitue une figure intéressante qui repose sur un report des épreuves, rendu possible par une faible codification de l’interdisciplinarité.

This project questions the perception of femininity and its relationship to make-up. It is prompted by the impact makeup has on the alteration of a sexual dimorphism characteristic : the facial contrast (FC) (Russell, 2003, 2009). We have shown that in spite the FC’s prominence, it remains insufficient to account for the link between make-up and femininity. The results challenge the presumption that makeup is present in assessing femininity, without taking into account biological characteristics. By its social representation, make-up is strongly linked to the idea of femininity. Because makeup is representative of self body-care in women, it becomes a central element for the representation of femininity. Huguet et al. (2006) demonstrates the existence of a stereotype such as « what has been cared for is good », which can be activated by the presence of makeup. We have demonstrated the existence of a social norm that compels women to wear make-up in order to be feminine exists, where makeup becomes a necessary condition for obtaining not only feminine judgements, but also a set of positive characteristics. The process of acknowledging the perception of femininity incorporates perceptive characteristics, as well as using available knowledge in memory, stereotypes, social representations and social norms brought to the fore by makeup. We can then conclude that make-up is not feminine and positive by nature, but that is used as a reference element in multi-dimensional perceptions of femininity.; Ce travail de thèse questionne la perception de la féminité et sa relation au maquillage. Cette recherche est initiée par l’étude de l’impact du maquillage sur la modification d’une caractéristique du dimorphisme sexuel : le contraste facial (CF) (Russell, 2003, 2009). Nous avons démontré que malgré la pertinence du CF, celui-ci est insuffisant pour rendre compte du lien maquillage/féminité. Ces résultats nous interpellent quant à la seule présence du maquillage pour évaluer la féminité sans se référer aux caractéristiques biologiques. Le maquillage, par sa représentation sociale, est fortement lié à celle de la féminité. Le soin du corps qu’il représente en fait un élément central pour la féminité des femmes. Huguet et al. (2006) démontre l’existence d’un stéréotype « ce dont on a pris soin est bien » pouvant être activé par la présence de maquillage. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’une norme sociale astreignant les femmes à se maquiller pour être féminine, où le maquillage est une condition nécessaire pour obtenir non seulement des jugements de féminité élevés mais également un ensemble de caractéristiques positives. La perception de la féminité intègre dans son processus de réalisation à la fois des indices perceptifs mais fait également appel aux connaissances disponibles en mémoire, les stéréotypes, les représentations et les normes sociales rendues accessibles par le maquillage. Nous pouvons alors conclure que le maquillage n’est pas, par nature, féminin et positif mais qu’il est utilisé comme un élément de référence dans une conception multidimensionnelle de la féminité.

International audience

International audience; In this study, we used fMRI to identify brain regions associated with concentration (sustained attention) during a motor preparation task. In comparison with a non-concentration task, increased activities were observed (P < 0.05, FWEcorrected P values) in cerebellar lobules VI and VII, motor cortex, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), thalamus, red nucleus (RN), and caudate nucleus (CN). Moreover, analysis of effective connectivity inter-areal (psychophysiological interactions) showed that during preparation, concentration-related brain activity increase was dependent on Cerebellothalamo-pre-SMA-RN and Pre-SMA-CN-thalamo-M1 loops. We postulate that, while pre-SMA common to both loops is specifically involved in the movement preparation and readiness for voluntary movement through the striatum, the cerebellar lobule VI in conjunction with RN, likely through a cerebellar-rubro-olivary-cerebellar loop, might be implicated in concentration-related optimization of upcoming motor performances.

International audience; Objective: Limitations with manual dexterity are an important problem for patients suffering from hemiparesis post stroke. Sensorimotor deficits, compensatory strategies and the use of alternative grasping configurations may influence the efficiency of prehensile motor behavior. The aim of the present study is to examine how different grasp configurations affect patient ability to regulate both grip forces and object orientation when lifting, holding and placing an object.Methods: Twelve stroke patients with mild to moderate hemiparesis were recruited. Each was required to lift, hold and replace an instrumented object. Four different grasp configurations were tested on both the hemiparetic and less affected arms. Load cells from each of the 6 faces of the instrumented object and an integrated inertial measurement unit were used to extract data regarding the timing of unloading/loading phases, regulation of grip forces, and object orientation throughout the task.Results: Grip forces were greatest when using a palmar-digital grasp and lowest when using a top grasp. The time delay between peak acceleration and maximum grip force was also greatest for palmar-digital grasp and lowest for the top grasp. Use of the hemiparetic arm was associated with increased duration of the unloading phase and greater difficulty with maintaining the vertical orientation of the object at the transitions to object lifting and object placement. The occurrence of touch and push errors at the onset of grasp varied according to both grasp configuration and use of the hemiparetic arm.Conclusion: Stroke patients exhibit impairments in the scale and temporal precision of grip force adjustments and reduced ability to maintain object orientation with various grasp configurations using the hemiparetic arm. Nonetheless, the timing and magnitude of grip force adjustments may be facilitated using a top grasp configuration. Conversely, whole hand prehension strategies compound difficulties with grip force scaling and inhibit the synchrony of grasp onset and object release.

International audience; Depuis près d'une dizaine d'années, la Fédération de Russie est accusée d'avoir organisé un dopage d'État. Décrits dans un premier temps comme un grand scandale de dopage, nombre de commentateurs ont ensuite qualifié ces faits comme relevant d'une affaire de plus grande ampleur. La communauté antidopage l'évoque désormais sous l'expression « cas russe ». Plutôt que de rappeler ces faits de façon chronologique, il importe de souligner les enjeux de ces qualifications. À la suite d'Élisabeth Claverie sur l'analyse des formes d'indignation1, la distinction entre le scandale et l'affaire permet d'examiner une partie de l'activité des protagonistes. Certes

International audience

Previous studies have reported that anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) associated with gait initiation are affected by emotion-eliciting images. This study examined the effect of the duration of exposure to emotional images on the APAs along the progression axis. From a standing posture, 39 young adults had to reach a table by walking (several steps) toward pleasant or unpleasant images, under two sets of conditions. In the short condition, the word &ldquo, go&rdquo, appeared on the image 500 ms after image onset and participants were instructed to initiate gait as soon as possible after the word go appeared. In the long condition, the same procedure was used but the word &ldquo, appeared 3000 ms after image onset. Results demonstrated that the APAs were longer and larger for pleasant images than unpleasant ones, regardless of the condition (i.e., the duration of exposure to the images). In the same way, the peak of forward velocity of the centre of body mass (reached at the end of the first step) followed the same tendency. These results emphasized that APAs depended on image valence but not on the duration of images exposure and were consistent with those of previous studies and the motivational direction hypothesis.

International audience; Background : Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of death in the world. Rehabilitation through exercise is more and more used in cardiac patients. Given that these patients suffer from depressive symptoms, the risk of having recurrent cardiovascular problems increases. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the effects of a rehabilitation program on the physiological and psychological parameters; with a particular attention on the depression scores between the scales.Methods: Twenty-eight cardiac patients participated in this study during a cardiovascular rehabilitation program. They are tested at their entry and at their exit with an evaluation of their physical fitness on an electromagnetic cycle ergometer and by four depression scales (Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Center for epidemiologic Studies – Depression and Geriatric Depression Screening).Results : We observe that 21.4–50% of these patients have depressive symptoms, according to depression scales. The women have depression scores significantly higher than the men. The rehabilitation program improves their maximal oxygen consumption and their maximal aerobic power. At the end of the rehabilitation program, our analysis identifies a significant decrease in the depression score for the HADS. Regardless of the physical deconditioning level and of the improvement of the maximal oxygen consumption, our results show an effect of the rehabilitation program on the depression scores. No correlation between the physical deconditioning and the different depression scores is observed.Conclusions : This study shows the importance of measuring depression and its severity to improve the care of patients. Our findings show that between 21.4% and 50% of patients have depressive symptoms which challenges the categorical approach of the self-report depression scales.

Distal attribution refers to the capacity to attribute localization to proximal sensations (light on the retina, sound waves, etc.) in the distal space. Works in sensory substitution allowed identifying and testing this process. This thesis aims to investigate distal attribution thanks to a joint and integrated approach of sensorimotor and ideomotor theories. In two studies, we use a classic ideomotor procedure consisting in associating proximal sensory consequences to movements. The first study shows that the attribution of distal characteristics to proximal sensations is determined by the bidirectional association sensations-movements. Moreover, we show that movement orientation is consubstantial with distal characteristics we confer to sensory consequences. The second study replicates these results and extends them to characteristics related to the range of movement. These experiments bring us to define distal attribution as an embodied process depending on an ideomotor mechanism, thus making our studies fall within a constructivist approach. Theoretical as well as experimental limits to our studies invite us to propose ideas for new experiments aiming to better define the importance of movement in perception; L’attribution distale réfère à notre capacité d’attribuer à nos sensations proximales (lumière sur la rétine, ondes sonores, etc.) une localisation dans l’espace distal. Les travaux issus de la substitution sensorielle ont permis d’identifier et de tester ce processus. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’investiguer l’attribution distale grâce à une approche conjointe et intégrée des théories sensorimotrices et idéomotrices. Dans deux études, nous utilisons une procédure idéomotrice classique consistant à associer des conséquences sensorielles proximales à des mouvements. La première étude montre que l’attribution de caractéristiques distales aux sensations proximales est déterminée par l’association bidirectionnelle sensations – mouvements. De plus, nous montrons que l’orientation du mouvement est consubstantielle des caractéristiques distales que nous conférons aux conséquences sensorielles. La seconde étude réplique ces résultats et les étend aux caractéristiques liées à l’amplitude du mouvement. Ces expériences nous amènent à définir l’attribution distale comme un processus sensori-moteur et relevant d’un mécanisme idéomoteur, inscrivant ainsi nos études dans une perspective constructiviste. Les limites théoriques et expérimentales de nos études nous conduisent alors à proposer de nouvelles expériences visant à mieux définir l’importance du mouvement dans la perception.

International audience; This study aimed to explore attentional foci and their temporal patterns in expert skaters in real competition situations. Individual self-confrontation interviews were held with 8 expert figure skaters while they watched their videotaped program performed in official competitions. Qualitative data analysis revealed that skaters used a substantial number of loci, which were classified by content and characteristics. Event listing was used to display the patterns of foci over time, revealing that skaters used distinct processes to prepare for, perform, and evaluate different program elements. These results highlighted the great flexibility and variability of attentional focus, according to circumstantial factors.

The aim of this study was to verify the impact of ethnicity on the maximal power-vertical jump relationship. Thirty-one healthy males, sixteen Caucasian (age: 26.3 ± 3.5 years; body height: 179.1 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 78.1 ± 9.8 kg) and fifteen Afro-Caribbean (age: 24.4 ±2.6 years; body height: 178.9 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 77.1 ± 10.3 kg) completed three sessions during which vertical jump height and maximal power of lower limbs were measured. The results showed that the values of vertical jump height and maximal power were higher for Afro-Caribbean participants (62.92 ± 6.7 cm and 14.70 ± 1.75 W∙kg-1) than for Caucasian ones (52.92 ± 4.4 cm and 12.75 ± 1.36 W∙kg-1). Moreover, very high reliability indices were obtained on vertical jump (e.g. 0.95 < ICC < 0.98) and maximal power performance (e.g. 0.75 < ICC < 0.97). However, multiple linear regression analysis showed that, for a given value of maximal power, the Afro-Caribbean participants jumped 8 cm higher than the Caucasians. Together, these results confirmed that ethnicity impacted the maximal power-vertical jump relationship over three sessions. In the current context of cultural diversity, the use of vertical jump performance as a predictor of muscular power should be considered with caution when dealing with populations of different ethnic origins.

Athletes and coaches believe that adequate sleep is essential for peak performance. There is ample scientific evidence which support the conclusion that sleep loss seems to stress many physiological functions in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of one night's sleep deprivation on intermittent exercise performance in the evening of the following day. Ten male Taekwondo players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT) in three sleep conditions (reference sleep night [RN], partial sleep deprivation at the beginning of night [PSDBN], partial sleep deprivation at the end of night [PSDEN]) in a counterbalanced order, allowing a recovery period ≥q36 hr in between them. Heart rate peak (HRpeak), plasma lactate concentrations (Lac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during the test. A significant effect of sleep restriction was observed on the total distance covered in YYIRT (P

International audience; Motion as encoded in linguistic cues is used to differentiate affective valence and dominance. Participants were invited to rate their affective responses to different words along valence and dominance scales. The words were nouns describing static cues and verbs describing motion, connected to DOWN/UP and Avoidance/Approach cues. The results of three studies showed that valence and dominance could be differentiated through syntax and semantics of motion. On one hand, dominance feelings, compared to valence ones, are particularly influenced by motion encoded in syntactic classes (verbs vs. nouns). On the other hand, valence feelings, compared to dominance ones, are influenced by a semantics of motion through DOWN/UP and Avoidance/Approach cues, considered as polarities. A polarity correspondence effect is proposed to explain these results.

Epub 2015 Oct 26. Erratum in: Exp Brain Res. 2016 Apr.; This study explored the directional specificity of fear of falling (FoF) effects on the stabilizing function of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA). Participants (N = 71) performed a series of lateral leg raises from an elevated surface in three conditions: in the "Control condition", participants stood at the middle of the surface; in the two test conditions, participants were positioned at the lateral edge of the surface so that the shift of the whole-body centre-of-mass during APA for leg raising was directed towards the edge ("Approach condition") or was directed away from the edge ("Avoidance condition"). Results showed that the amplitude of APA was lower in the "Approach condition" than in the "Control condition" (p < .01); this reduction was compensated for by an increase in APA duration (p < .05), so that both postural stability and motor performance (in terms of peak leg velocity, final leg posture and movement duration) remained unchanged. These changes in APA parameters were not present in the "Avoidance condition". Participants further self-reported a greater FoF (p < .001) and a lower ability to avoid a fall (p < .001) in the "Approach condition" (but not in the "Avoidance condition") than in the "Control condition". The results of this study show that the effects of FoF do not solely depend on initial environmental conditions, but also on the direction of APA relative to the location of the postural threat. These results support the so-called Motivational Direction Hypothesis, according to which approach and avoidance behaviours are primed by emotional state.

International audience; Performing approach vs. avoidance behaviors (arm flexion vs. arm extension) on the one hand, and lateralized peripheral activations (left side vs. right side) of the motivational systems of approach vs. avoidance, on the other hand, have been shown to impact on cognitive functioning (Cretenet, & Dru, 2009), mainly in judgment tasks. When a unilateral motor congruent behavior; that is, a behavior that activates the same motivational system (e.g., flexion of the right arm) was performed during a judgment task, participants' use of complex, interactive information integration rules was facilitated. No effect was, however, found when simpler, additive rules were involved (Mullet, Cretenet, & Dru, 2014). Three experiments are reported here that examined the effect of bilateral motor behaviors (e.g., flexion of the right arm and extension of the left arm) on the implementation of information integration rules. In Studies 1 and 2, two judgment tasks similar to the ones used by Mullet et al. (2014) were used: (a) a complex task in which participants judged a person's attractiveness from personality information, and (b) a simpler task in which they attributed blame according to bad deeds. It was found that similar motor behaviors performed by the two arms (e.g., flexion of both arms), in contrast to dissimilar ones, facilitated the use of complex, interactive information integration rules. No effect was found in the case of simpler integration rules. In Study 3, these results were replicated in a judgment task in which the complexity of the integration rule varied depending on the instructions given. Overall, when bilateral motor behaviors were performed during judgment, facilitation in the use of complex integration rules no longer depended on motivational congruence as in the case of unilateral motor behavior. It depended on symmetry/similarity of behaviors.