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Purpose: To evaluate the significance of CT perfusion parameters predicting response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)., Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with PDAC prospectively had CT perfusion acquisition incorporated into baseline multiphase staging CT. Twenty-eight who were naïve to therapy were retained for further investigation. Perfusion was performed 5-42.5 s after contrast, followed by parenchymal and portal venous phases. Blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), and permeability surface area product (PS) were calculated using deconvolution algorithms. Patients were categorized as responders or non-responders per RECIST 1.1. Perfusion variables with AUC ≥ 0.70 in differentiating responders from non-responders were retained. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between baseline perfusion variables and response., Results: 18 of 28 patients showed favorable response to therapy. Baseline heterogeneity variables in tumor max ROI were higher in non-responders than responders [median BF coefficient of variation (CV) 0.91 vs. 0.51 respectively, odds ratio (OR) 6.8 per one standard deviation (1-SD) increase, P = 0.047; median PS CV 1.6 vs. 0.68, OR 3.9 per 1-SD increase, P = 0.047; and median BV CV 0.75 vs. 0.54, OR = 4.0 per 1-SD increase, P = 0.047]. Baseline BV mean in tumor center was lower in non-responders than responders (median BV mean: 0.74 vs. 2.9 ml/100 g respectively, OR 0.28 per 1-SD increase, P = 0.047)., Conclusion: For patients with PDAC receiving neoadjuvant therapy, lower and more heterogeneous perfusion parameters correlated with an unfavorable response to therapy. Such quantitative information can be acquired utilizing a comprehensive protocol interleaving perfusion CT acquisition with standard of care multiphase CT scans using a single contrast injection, which could be used to identify surgical candidates and predict outcome., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of CT perfusion performed during routine multiphase contrast-enhanced CT on a 160 mm wide-coverage 256-slice scanner in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)., Methods: Fifty-seven patients had a CT perfusion acquisition during their routine multiphase CT. Perfusion was performed 5 to 42.5 s (15 passes at 2.5 s intervals) after intravenous contrast administration (4.2-5 ml/s), followed by pancreatic parenchymal and portal venous phases for clinical interpretation. Perfusion maps were generated and blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), and permeability surface area product (PS) for tumor and uninvolved pancreas were calculated using deconvolution algorithms and compared to existing similar publications. Radiation dose information was recorded and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) was calculated using body dimensions., Results: Diagnostic quality of standard images was unaffected by performing the perfusion acquisition. Average tumor center BF was 20.8 ± 12.1 ml/100 g/min, BV 2.5 ± 2.1 ml/100 g and PS 15.5 ± 39.4 ml/100 g/min. Average pancreas BF was 90.8 ± 50.2 ml/100 g/min, BV 11.9 ± 4.3 ml/100 g and PS 33.6 ± 27.7 ml/100 g/min. For the perfusion acquisition, mean SSDE was 57 ± 11 mGy, CTDI vol  43 ± 6 mGy and DLP 685 ± 100 mGy-cm., Conclusion: Adding a perfusion CT acquisition to standard pancreatic CT protocol is feasible using a wide-detector 256-slice CT scanner and adds quantitative information while maintaining diagnostic quality of the standard of care examination. This novel protocol adds no time or cost to the examination and yields perfusion parameters that are comparable to existing literature using a separate dedicated perfusion protocol.

Purpose: To evaluate feasibility of a wide detector liver CT protocol with three acquisitions in the hepatic arterial phase., Methods: Forty-one patients with cirrhosis prospectively underwent a wide detector axial liver CT protocol. Three 16 cm axial liver acquisitions were obtained during a single breath hold at peak aortic enhancement plus 10, 20, and 25 s. Two readers working separately scored overall exam quality, identified hyperenhancing lesions, and subjectively scored and ranked relative lesion conspicuity. Objective lesion enhancement was measured and CNR calculated. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear models and Tukey's post hoc testing., Results: Seventy-one hyperenhancing lesions were identified with average size of 1.8 cm (range 0.4-9.6 cm). The two readers separately identified 60 and 54 lesions on the 10 s arterial acquisition, 70 and 67 on the 20 s, and 52 and 51 on the 25 s. The readers determined all exams had diagnostic image quality. Subjective ranking of lesion conspicuity was greatest at 20 s in 62% of lesions but was greatest at 10 or 25 s in 38%. CNR was highest at 20 s in 58% of lesions but was highest at 10 or 25 s in 42%. Overall, there was no significant difference in mean CNR between the three arterial acquisitions., Conclusion: A wide detector axial liver CT protocol with three acquisitions in the hepatic arterial phase is technologically feasible and results in diagnostic image quality. With this protocol, peak subjective and objective hyperenhancing lesion conspicuity may be earlier or later than 20 s in up to 40% of lesions.

Background The accuracy of absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) from dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography acquisitions has not been fully characterized. We evaluate computed tomography (CT) compared with rubidium-82 positron emission tomography (PET) MBF estimates in a high-risk population. Methods In a prospective trial, patients receiving clinically indicated rubidium-82 PET exams were recruited to receive a dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography exam. The CT protocol included a rest and stress dynamic portion each acquiring 12 to 18 cardiac-gated frames. The global MBF was estimated from the PET and CT exam. Results Thirty-four patients referred for cardiac rest-stress PET were recruited. Of the 68 dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography scans, 5 were excluded because of injection errors or mismatched hemodynamics. The CT-derived global MBF was highly correlated with the PET MBF (r=0.92; P<0.001) with a mean difference of 0.7±26.4%. The CT MBF estimates were within 20% of PET estimates ( P<0.02) with a mean of (1) MBF for resting flow of PET versus CT of 0.9±0.3 versus 1.0±0.2 mL/min per gram and (2) MBF for stress flow of 2.1±0.7 versus 2.0±0.8 mL/min per gram. Myocardial flow reserve was -14±28% underestimated with CT (PET versus CT myocardial flow reserve, 2.5±0.6 versus 2.2±0.6). The proposed rest+stress+computed tomography angiography protocol had a dose length product of 598±76 mGy×cm resulting in an approximate effective dose of 8.4±1.1 mSv. Conclusions In a high-risk clinical population, a clinically practical dynamic contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography provided unbiased MBF estimates within 20% of rubidium-82 PET. Although unbiased, the CT estimates contain substantial variance with an standard error of the estimate of 0.44 mL/min per gram. Myocardial flow reserve estimation was not as accurate as individual MBF estimates.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare dual-energy CT (DECT) urography with a 50% reduced iodine dose to single-energy CT (SECT) urography with a standard iodine dose with respect to attenuation of renal vascular and urinary tract structures and with respect to image quality., Subjects and Methods: The study included 62 patients undergoing evaluation of urinary tract lithiasis, tumor, or hematuria. Thirty-one patients underwent DECT urography with a 50% reduced iodine dose and reconstruction at 50 and 77 keV. These subjects were sex, age, and size matched to a group of 31 patients who underwent 120-kVp SECT urography with a standard iodine dose. The mean iodine dose was 22 g for DECT and 44 g for SECT. Attenuation was measured at seven locations in the renal arteries, renal veins, and urinary tract. Two reviewers subjectively scored the image quality parameters image noise, sharpness of urinary tract contours, enhancement of urinary structures, and streak artifacts., Results: Mean DECT attenuation at 50 keV was the same as or greater than SECT attenuation at each of the seven locations. Measured image noise was highest at 50-keV DECT but was the same for 77-keV DECT and 120-kVp SECT. Mean subjective scores for DECT image quality parameters were the same as or higher than those of SECT, except for streak artifact and sharpness of urinary tract contours., Conclusion: DECT urography with a 50% reduced iodine dose may result in measured renal vascular and urinary tract attenuation the same as or higher than and image quality measurements and scores similar to those obtained with 120-kVp SECT urography with a standard iodine dose.

Purpose: To compare dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) aortography using a 70% reduced iodine dose to single-energy CT (SECT) aortography using a standard iodine dose in the same patient., Methods: Twenty-one patients with a prior SECT aortography using standard iodine dose had DECT aortography using 70% reduced iodine dose. Section 120 kVp images were compared to DECT images reconstructed at both 50 and 77 keV. Reviewers measured image noise and attenuation in the aorta at eight locations from proximal to distal and subjectively scored vascular enhancement on a four-point scale. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. The volume CT dose index (CTDI vol ) for each exam was recorded., Results: Mean iodine dose was 50 g for SECT and 15 g for DECT (70% reduction). Mean aortic attenuation was similar for section 120 kVp (350 ± 67 HU) and DECT 50 keV (338 ± 57 HU, p = 0.547) but was lower at 77 keV (152 ± 23 HU). Measured image noise was greatest at 50 keV (12 ± 5 HU) and was lowest at 77 keV (7 ± 2 HU, p > 0.001). There was no difference in SNR or CNR between 120 kVp and 50 keV (p > 0.05). Mean subjective vascular enhancement scores for SECT were between good and excellent (3.33-3.69), and for DECT at 50 keV were between moderate and good (2.54-2.93, p < 0.0001). CTDI vol was 13.6 mGy for SECT and 13.1 mGy for DECT (p = 0.637)., Conclusion: 70% Reduced iodine DECT aortography may result in similar aortic attenuation, CNR, SNR, and lower although acceptable subjective image scores when compared to standard iodine SECT aortography in the same patient.

Purpose: This study aims to compare transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) planning on 16 cm wide-detector computed tomography (CT) to TAVR planning on 4 cm detector CT., Materials and Methods: A total of 36 patients who had TAVR planning axial CT on a wide-detector scanner (protocol 1) were compared to 36 patients who had helical 4 cm detector CT (protocol 2)., Results: Vascular attenuation was greater for protocol 1, but image noise, contrast-to-noise ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio were the same. Radiation dose was lower and iodine dose was less for protocol 1., Conclusion: Protocol 1 had greater vascular attenuation and similar image quality but lower radiation and less iodine compared to protocol 2., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Resting heart rate (RHR) declines with exercise training. Possible mechanisms include: 1) increased parasympathetic tone, 2) decreased responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation, 3) decreased intrinsic heart rate or 4) combination of these factors., Objective: To determine whether an increase in resting parasympathetic tone or decrease in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation contributes to the decrease in RHR with training., Methods: 51 screened healthy subjects aged 18-32 (n=20, mean age 26, 11 female) or 65-80 (n=31, mean age 69, 16 female) were tested before and after 6months of supervised exercise training. Heart rate response to parasympathetic withdrawal was assessed using atropine and beta-adrenergic responsiveness during parasympathetic withdrawal using isoproterenol., Results: Training increased VO2 max by 17% (28.7±7.7 to 33.6±9.20ml/kg/min, P<0.001). RHR decreased from 62.8±6.6 to 57.6±7.2 beats per minute (P<0.0001). The increase in heart rate in response to parasympathetic withdrawal was unchanged after training (+37.3±12.8 pre vs. +36.4±12.2 beats per min post, P=0.41). There was no change in the heart rate response to isoproterenol after parasympathetic blockade with training (+31.9±10.9 pre vs. +31.0±12.0 post beats per min, P=0.56). The findings were similar in all four subgroups., Conclusions: We did not find evidence that an increase in parasympathetic tone or a decrease in responsiveness to beta-adrenergic activity accounts for the reduction in resting heart rate with exercise training. We suggest that a decline in heart rate with training is most likely due to decrease in the intrinsic heart rate., Competing Interests: There are no conflict interests for this study. The results of the present study do constitute endorsement by ACSM., (Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)

Rationale and Objectives: Because many patients with aortic pathology also have compromised renal function, we wished to investigate dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) aortography with 50% reduced iodine dose compared to single-energy computed tomography (SECT) aortography with standard iodine dose., Materials and Methods: Fifty patients had DECT aortography with 50% reduced iodine dose. Thirty-four of these patients had prior SECT aortography with standard iodine dose. DECT images were reconstructed at both 50 and 77 keV and were compared to SECT 120 kVp images. Reviewers measured aortic attenuation, image noise, and scored vascular enhancement. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were calculated. Volume CT dose index was recorded., Results: Mean iodine dose was 47 g for SECT and 24 g for DECT. Aortic attenuation was highest at reduced iodine dose DECT 50 keV (570 ± 105 Hounsfield units [HU]) compared to 77 keV (239 ± 40 HU) or to standard iodine dose SECT 120 kVp (356 ± 69 HU) (P < 0.05). Image noise was greatest at 50 keV compared to 77 keV and 120 kVp (P < 0.05) but was similar between 77 keV and 120 kVp (P > 0.05). SNR and CNR were the same at 50 keV and 120 kVp (P > 0.05). Mean vascular enhancement scores were all above 3.0 (good, typical enhancement). Volume CT dose index was 11.7 mGy for DECT and 11.8 mGy for SECT (P = 0.37)., Conclusions: DECT aortography with 50% reduced iodine reconstructed at 50 keV resulted in significantly greater aortic attenuation, good subjective vascular enhancement, and comparable SNR and CNR compared to standard iodine dose SECT. DECT image noise at 77 keV was similar to SECT at 120 kVp., (Copyright © 2016 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The radiation risk posed by diagnostic computed tomography (CT) is a growing concern. The use of model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) technology reduces radiation exposure but requires additional processing time. The goal of this study was to compare MBIR and a standard CT reconstructive protocols in terms of emergency department (ED) visit duration and reduction in radiation exposure., Methods: A retrospective, matched, case-control design was used to compare patients who received MBIR and standard protocol abdomen and pelvis CTs. ED length of stay (LOS) and radiation exposure were the 2 primary outcome variables., Results: During the study period, 121 patients met inclusion criteria and were matched to controls for a total of 242 subjects. Although the low-dose group LOS was slightly longer, there was no significant difference in LOS. Mean differences were 18 minutes overall (520 vs 502 minutes; P = .497), 11 minutes for admitted patients (587 vs 576 minutes; P = .839), and 22 minutes for discharged patients (490 vs 468 minutes; P = .482). The mean volume CT dose index for the standard-dose CT was 11.6 ± 8.3 and 7.7 ± 4.6 mGy for the reduced-dose CT, a 34% decrease (P < .001)., Conclusion: Use of MBIR in the ED may provide decreased radiation exposure while minimally impacting ED LOS., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate whether reduced radiation dose liver computed tomography (CT) images reconstructed with model-based iterative reconstruction ( MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction ) might compromise depiction of clinically relevant findings or might have decreased image quality when compared with clinical standard radiation dose CT images reconstructed with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction ( ASIR adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction )., Materials and Methods: With institutional review board approval, informed consent, and HIPAA compliance, 50 patients (39 men, 11 women) were prospectively included who underwent liver CT. After a portal venous pass with ASIR adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction images, a 60% reduced radiation dose pass was added with MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction images. One reviewer scored ASIR adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction image quality and marked findings. Two additional independent reviewers noted whether marked findings were present on MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction images and assigned scores for relative conspicuity, spatial resolution, image noise, and image quality. Liver and aorta Hounsfield units and image noise were measured. Volume CT dose index and size-specific dose estimate ( SSDE size-specific dose estimate ) were recorded. Qualitative reviewer scores were summarized. Formal statistical inference for signal-to-noise ratio ( SNR signal-to-noise ratio ), contrast-to-noise ratio ( CNR contrast-to-noise ratio ), volume CT dose index, and SSDE size-specific dose estimate was made (paired t tests), with Bonferroni adjustment., Results: Two independent reviewers identified all 136 ASIR adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction image findings (n = 272) on MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction images, scoring them as equal or better for conspicuity, spatial resolution, and image noise in 94.1% (256 of 272), 96.7% (263 of 272), and 99.3% (270 of 272), respectively. In 50 image sets, two reviewers (n = 100) scored overall image quality as sufficient or good with MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction in 99% (99 of 100). Liver SNR signal-to-noise ratio was significantly greater for MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction (10.8 ± 2.5 [standard deviation] vs 7.7 ± 1.4, P < .001); there was no difference for CNR contrast-to-noise ratio (2.5 ± 1.4 vs 2.4 ± 1.4, P = .45). For ASIR adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction , respectively, volume CT dose index was 15.2 mGy ± 7.6 versus 6.2 mGy ± 3.6; SSDE size-specific dose estimate was 16.4 mGy ± 6.6 versus 6.7 mGy ± 3.1 (P < .001)., Conclusion: Liver CT images reconstructed with MBIR model-based iterative reconstruction may allow up to 59% radiation dose reduction compared with the dose with ASIR adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction , without compromising depiction of findings or image quality., (© RSNA, 2014.)