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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to produce “cempedak” juice using enzyme aided-liquefaction by examining the effects of enzyme types (Pectinex® Ultra SP-L, Celluclast® 1.5 L and Fungamyl® 800 L), enzyme concentrations (0–1.5% v/w), incubation time (0–2.5 h) and incubation temperature (35–60 °C) on juice yield and viscosity, total soluble solids and color of fruit puree.Design/methodology/approachRipe “cempedak” pulp from CH28 fruit was first pureed in a blender and then homogenized with water at 1:2 ratio. The diluted puree was then liquefied with the enzymes separately to reduce its viscosity. Analyses such as juice yield, viscosity, total soluble solids and color of the liquefied “cempedak” puree were then carried out.FindingsResults indicated that the optimized use of 1.2% (v/w) Celluclast® 1.5 L (Novozymes, Denmark), a cellulase preparation, at 45 °C and 1 h produced juice with the lowest viscosity (349.4 cP) and the highest juice yield (82.3% v/w). Liquefied “cempedak” juice was darker (with L* value of 51.17) and more yellowish (b* value of 38.88) compared to “cempedak” juice without liquefaction (control). When compared to untreated “cempedak” juice, the droplet size of “cempedak” juice obtained after liquefaction under optimized conditions was found to be lower, regardless of whether the juice was filtered (with a total reduction of 23% of droplet size) or not filtered (with a total reduction of 16% of droplet size). The results indicate the possibility of employing Celluclast® 1.5 L to produce “cempedak” juice that can be further processed such as for the production of “cempedak” fruit powder.Originality/valueThis paper provides information on the enzyme concentration, incubation time and temperature for liquefying “cempedak” pulp such that the liquefied material produced can be used as a base feed for spray-drying to produce “cempedak” fruit powder.

BACKGROUND 'Cempedak' (Artocarpus integer) is an aromatic fruit which is similar to jackfruit. Although it is rich in vitamin A and is consumed fresh, the fruit has a short shelf life. Hence, it can be converted through a spray-drying process, to form powder, which is more stable. Powder flow properties are important when considering storage, while its reconstitution characteristics are critical for the consumer to make juice from the product. METHODS The parameters of spray-dried 'cempedak' fruit powder under study include inlet air temperature (140-180°C) and maltodextrin (DE 10) concentrations (5-15% w/w). Response surface methodology involving 14 runs was used to assess the effects of inlet temperature and maltodextrin on the powder flow properties and reconstitution properties of the spray-dried 'cempedak' powder. RESULTS Out of the tested responses, only bulk density, change in cake height ratio, and water solubility index had a high coefficient of determination value. Inlet air temperature was found to be the main parameter to affect the bulk density, caking and water solubility index, when compared to maltodextrin concentration. By setting minimization of caking and maximization of water solubility index as the main determinants, the optimal parameters of 160°C inlet temperature and 15% (w/w) maltodextrin DE10 were generated, with a desirability of 0.697. CONCLUSIONS The powder produced under optimal conditions (160°C and 15% w/w maltodextrin) had a low bulk density (480.01 kg/m3), low caking properties (0.17 change in cake height ratio), and a high solubility index (88.69). This indicates that the powder is stable to be stored (without caking) and will have good reconstitution when added to water.

Milk serves as the sole nutrition for newborns, as well as a medium for the transfer of immunological components from the mother to the baby. This study reveals different glycoprotein profiles obtained from human, bovine, and caprine milk and their potential roles in supporting infant growth. Proteins from these three milk samples are separated and analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Glycosylated proteins from all samples are enriched by affinity chromatography using lectins from the seeds of Artocarpus integer before analysis using LC/MS-QTOF. The glycoproteome profiling demonstrates that glycosylated proteins are higher in caprine milk compared to other samples. Analysis using LC/MS-QTOF identified 42 O-glycosylated and 56 N-glycosylated proteins, respectively. Among those identified, human milk has 17 glycoproteins, which are both O- and N-glycosylated, whereas caprine and bovine have 10 and 1, respectively. Only glycoproteins from human milk have shown positive matching to important human biological pathways, such as vesicle-mediated transport, immune system and hemostasis pathways. Human milk remains unique for human babies with the presence of antibodies in the form of immunoglobulins that are lacking in ruminant milk proteomes.

‘Cempedak’ (Artocarpus integer) is an aromatic fruit that looks similar to jackfruit. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the spray-drying process to produce ‘cempedak’ fruit powder, with inlet air temperature (140–180 °C) and maltodextrin (DE 10) concentrations (5–15% w/w) as independent variables. Statistical analysis revealed that these variables significantly affected process yield, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, L* value of powder and carotenoid content. Inlet air temperature had a negative correlation with all significant variables. At the same time, maltodextrin concentration was found to be positively correlated with all significant powder variables except process yield and moisture content. The recommended optimum spray-drying conditions for drying ‘cempedak’ juice were inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration of 160 °C and 15% (w/w), respectively. Under optimized spray-drying conditions, the yield of ‘cempedak’ powder was 60.5%, with moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity and carotenoid content of 6.07%, 0.22, 25.8 g/100 g and 1.00 mg/g, respectively.

Indonesia has a high genetic diversity of tropical fruits. However, studies on genomics are still very limited. In this data article, six underutilized Indonesian fruits were analyzed for the estimated genome size and partial data of genome assembly including Artocarpus nangkadak (Artocarpus heterophyllus x Artocarpus integer), Salacca sumatrana, Flacourtia inermis, Lansium domesticum, Pometia pinnata, and Syzygium samarangense. These genome data may be used to construct molecular markers for plant systematics and breeding program of these species. Our genome data were sequenced paired-end libraries using BGISeq-500 and generated approximately 5 Gb of bases per species. The raw sequences have been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under the DDBJ BioProject umbrella with accession number PRJDB7265 and to the DDBJ Read Archive for each species following Artocarpus nangkadak (DRA007398), Salacca sumatrana (DRA007394), Flacourtia inermis (DRA007395), Lansium domesticum (DRA007393), Pometia pinnata (DRA007396), Syzygium samarangense (DRA007397).

There has been a high amount of attention given to prebiotics due to their significant physiological function and health benefits. Prebiotics contain nondigestible compounds that allow specific changes, both in the growth and in the activity of bacteria in the host gastrointestinal tract, that provide benefits upon the host by promoting a healthy digestive system and preventing disease. This study aims at investigating the potential prebiotic activity of bioactive compounds extracted from the seeds of an underutilized indigenous plant Artocarpus integer (A. integer). The optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions were a microwave power of 1500 W, extraction time of 180 s, and solvent-to-sample ratio of 1000 : 1. The maximum amount of the total carbohydrate content extracted from A. integer was 787 mg/L. The percentage hydrolysis levels of A. integer extract in gastric juice at pH 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 6.14%, 7.12%, 8.98%, and 10.23%, respectively. For enzymatic digestion, the percentage of hydrolysis was 0.16% at pH 7. A. integer extract was found to support the growth of probiotics such as L. acidophilus and L. casei. After 72 hours of incubation, L. acidophilus achieved 6.96 log 10 CFU, whereas L. casei reached 8.33 log 10 CFU. The study makes an important contribution to the development of the use of Sarawakian underutilized plants and to the identification of new sources of prebiotic materials to be used in food.

A new natural Diels-Alder adduct (3) was isolated from the leaves and stem bark of Artocarpus integer, along with seventeen known compounds (1, 2, and 4-18). Structural elucidation was conducted using NMR and HR-ESI-MS data, and comparisons were made with previous studies. Deoxyartonin I (3) exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 7.80±0.1 μM), outperforming the acarbose positive control. This was mixed-mode inhibition, as indicated by the intersect in the second quadrant of each respective plot. An in silico molecular docking model and the pharmacokinetic features of 3 suggest that it is a potential inhibitor of enzyme α-glucosidase, and is therefore a lead candidate as a drug against diabetes mellitus.

Artocarpus is one of the essential genera of family Moraceae which is known as a rich source of flavonoids. As part of our investigation on the phenolic compounds of Indonesian Artocarpus and their antioxidant activities, we are now investigating flavonoids derivatives from the wood of Nangkadak. Nangkadak is the result of a cross between a female mini jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and male broodstock from cempedak (Artocarpus integer). In this paper, we report the isolation of two flavonoid derivatives, namely Cycloartokarpin (1) and Artocarpin (2), using several methods of chromatography from this Artocarpus. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of 1 and 2 against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), showing their IC50 160 ppm and 40.64 ppm, respectively. The result of antioxidant activity showed that 2 have potential activity as an antioxidant.

The present study was initiated to experimentally optimize the conditions for extraction using Central Composite Design. The optimum temperature and time for the extraction of pectin from Jackfruit wastes using oxalic acid were found to be 90°C and 60min respectively. The yield of pectin under these optimum conditions was 38.42%. Extraction time and temperature showed a significant (p

Screening the volatiles of cempedak [Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.] pulp for odor-active compounds by aroma extract dilution analysis and gas chromatography (GC)-olfactometry of static headspace samples revealed a total of 55 odorants, among which 47 were identified. Using stable isotopically substituted odorants as internal standards, these compounds were quantitated by GC-mass spectrometry, and odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated as ratios of the natural concentrations in cempedak pulp to the orthonasal odor detection thresholds. An aroma reconstitution model based on the 41 compounds with OAVs >1 in their natural concentrations successfully mimicked the characteristic aroma of cempedak pulp including the pronounced sulfury, oniony note which is intense in cempedak pulp but absent in jackfruit pulp. Further sensory tests finally showed that 2-(methylsulfanyl)propane, 2-(methylsulfanyl)butane, and 2-(methylsulfanyl)pentane are the key compounds responsible for this unique aroma note in cempedak pulp and vitally contribute to the aroma difference between cempedak pulp and jackfruit pulp.

Artocarpus integer is widely cultivated in Malaysia for its edible fruit which is used as an ingredient in the production of various confectioneries. The large amount of thick solid peel waste formed from processing of this fruit is a burden to local Artocarpus integer fruit processing industries. In this work, the feasibility of converting Artocarpus integer fruit processing waste into an industrially viable and low-cost green-activated carbon was evaluated. The novel activated carbon was prepared by physical activation with steam and characterized by elemental analysis, Boehm titration method, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). In addition, the potential use of the prepared activated carbon as an adsorbent and the effects of activation temperature and duration on iodine adsorption were examined. Experimental results revealed the suitability of Artocarpus integer fruit processing waste to be used as a precursor for activated carbon. The raw waste material was found to be a lignocellulosic biomass which is rich in cellulose (53.6 wt%) and carbon (60.8 wt%). Steam activation temperature, 750 °C and a short activation time of 60 min were appropriate to attain a high quality activated carbon with a large iodine adsorption capacity (1411 mg/g), highly micro-porous and amorphous structure with predominantly basic surface functional groups which are all advantageous properties for adsorption applications. The newly developed activated carbon is a promising cost-effective (∼1.67 US$ per kg) alternative to commercial carbon which may be used as a cleaner and ecologically compatible adsorbent for improving water and air quality, consequently, benefiting human health and wellbeing.

Recently, timber utilization originating from community forests has become an alternative to replacing commercial timber species from natural forests. The utilization efficiency of the wood must be in accordance with their basic properties, such as the extractive content, which greatly affects the natural durability of wood. Extractive content is compounds that can be extracted using polar and non-polar solvents. Cempedak wood (Artocarpus integer (Thunb) Merr is one type of wood from community forests, which is commonly found in South Sulawesi with various uses. The aim of this study is to analyze the polarity of extractive compounds of cempedak wood. The parameters measured in this study, namely extractive compounds, including tannin, polyphenols, and flavonoid from the n-hexane and methanol extracts. The results show that the extractive content of cempedak wood is classified as high (12.16%), the solubility of extractive content in polar solvents (methanol, 11.07%) is higher compared to the solubility in non-polar solvents (n-hexane, 1.09%). The highest levels of tannin, flavonoids, and polyphenols sequentially were found in the fraction of sapwood residue, butanol heartwood fraction and sapwood fraction. Therefore it can be concluded that the extractive content of cempedak wood is dominated by polar compounds.

Background: Mandai, the fermented inner skin of cempedak (Artocarpus integer), may have further use as industrial ingredient while maintaining its antioxidative capacity. To promote fermentation, Lactobacillus casei was induced as the starter culture. This research was carried out (i) to investigate the effect of temperature on yield, chemical properties, and antioxidant activity of starter induced fermented mandai powder, (ii) to find the best drying temperature for the powder, and (iii) to find correlations between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of the powder. Methods: The drying temperature was used as the variable, and was set at 45, 50, and 55°C at a fixed duration of 18 hours. The control was spontaneously fermented mandai dried at 50°C for 18 hours. Total phenolic content (TPC), hydrolyzed tannic content (HTC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were spectrophotometrically measured, expressed gallic acid (GAE), tannic acid (TAE), and catechin (CAE) equivalents. Antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH assay. Results: The best mandai powder had total phenolic content of 348.8±55.6 mg GAE kg-1, HTC of 143.8±9.3 mg TAE kg-1, TFC of 17.5±1.3 mg CAE kg-1, antioxidant activity (IC50) of 56.96 ppm, ash content of 4.0±0.7%, pH value of 5.0±0.8, and yield of 9.3±0.8%. There was a strong correlation between TPC, HTC, TFC, and the antioxidant activity. Conclusions: Drying temperature affected all observed parameters but not ash and pH. Temperature of 45°C emerged as the best treatment to produce mandai powder from L. casei-inoculated mandai cempedak fermentation. The antioxidant activity of mandai cempedak was contributed by the phenolic components.

Artocarpus odoratissimus belongs to the family of Moraceae and can be found mainly on Borneo Island, especially Brunei, Kalimantan (Indonesia), Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia). However, the fruit is now cultivated in other southeast Asian countries such as Thailand and the Philippines (Mindoro, Mindanao, Basilan, and Sulu). Nowadays, it has also been introduced into Australia, Brazil and some other tropical countries. Today it has been cultivated in many areas for its edible fruit. In the state of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, this fruit is found in secondary forests up to 1000 m altitude on sandy clay soils. It is an evergreen tree with 25 m in height and 40 cm in diameter (trunk). The twigs are 4–10 mm (thickness) with long yellow to red hair. The dark green leaves are large with 16–50 cm (long) and 11–28 cm (wide) in size and the shape is round at the stem and narrower at the tip. The male and female flowers grow separately on the same tree and the female flowers grow in inflorescences. Each fruit contains about 100 seeds and the weight of each seed is likely one gram on an average. It is well known that the fruit is tasty, soft flavored and considered superior to both Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) and Artocarpus integer (cempedak).

Background: Champedak galactose-binding (CGB) lectin is a tetrameric protein with noncovalently bound monomers, isolated from Artocarpus integer fruit seeds. We had previously reported existence of a structured monomer and an unfolded monomer of CGB lectin at pH 2.5 and pH 1.5, respectively. Polyols are known to induce significant refolding in denatured proteins and stabilize proteins against environmental stresses. Studies on the effect of various polyols on the acid-denatured states of CGB lectin are lacking. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of four different polyols, namely, ethylene glycol, erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol on the acid-denatured states of CGB lectin. Methods: CGB lectin was subjected to acid denaturation at pH 2.5 and pH 1.5, both in the absence and presence of 30% (w/v) polyols, i.e. ethylene glycol, erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol. Thermal denaturation of the acid-denatured states was also studied in the absence and presence of these polyols. Different spectroscopic probes such as tryptophan fluorescence, ANS fluorescence and far-UV CD spectral signal were used to monitor structural changes in the acid-denatured states of CGB lectin in the presence of polyols. Results: Presence of erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol in the incubation mixture was found to stabilize the lectin at both pH 2.5 and pH 1.5, as evident from the burial of the hydrophobic clusters and decreased polarity around Trp residues. These polyols also stabilized the acid-denatured states of CGB lectin against thermal denaturation by shifting the thermal transition curves towards higher temperatures. Exposure of the acid-denatured states of CGB lectin, obtained at pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 to 61°C and 51°C, respectively, induced formation of non-native β-structures, compared to that present at 25°C, and this phenomenon was significantly suppressed in the presence of these polyols. Based on the spectral data, both sorbitol and erythritol appeared to exude better stabilizing effect. On the other hand, ethylene glycol was shown to destabilize the aciddenatured states of CGB lectin. Conclusion: Thermal stabilization of the lectin was noticed in the presence of erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol at both pH 2.5 and pH 1.5. These polyols also stabilize the secondary and tertiary structures of the acid-denatured CGB lectin at 25°C. Ethylene glycol was proved to be a destabilizer of the acid-denatured CGB lectin.

This research aims to identify the compound group and determine the antibacterial activity of n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol fractions of Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr stem bark. All fractions contain groups of terpenoid and steroid compounds. Antibacterial activity was detemined using agar diffusion method with MHA (Muller Hinton Agar) media on Escherichia coli (gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive). Ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control and methanol as a negative control. The three fractions were able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The chloroform fraction showed the highest activity after 48 hours incubation with inhibition zones of 10.8 and 10.4 mm respectively.

The proposed study aimed to biosynthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Artocarpus integer (Family-Moraceae) The aqueous extract of A. integer was challenged with silver nitrate solution to produce silver nanoparticles. The color change of the solution confirms the formation of nanoparticles. Characterization of the nanoparticles was performed through UV–Vis spectrophotometry which showed an absorption peak at 425 nm; the FTIR analysis revealed the presence of alkenes, amines, and amides associated with the nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the particle size ranges from 5.76 nm to 19.1 nm and is spherical. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the actual protein degradation of 9.262% (ΔY) at 71.89 °C. The AgNPs were further evaluated for antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella entertica and Escherichia coli which exhibited good antibacterial activity when compared with ciprofloxacin. Anticancer activity was assessed by MTT assay against osteoblast MG-63 cells which showed IC50 value at 90 μg/ml against MCF-7 cells and 70 μg/ml against MG-63 cells while on normal skin fibroblast showed IC50 value at 110 μg/ml upon 24 h of incubation.

The present paper reviews the taxonomy, history, production, uses, and the waste utilization of jackfruit. A rtocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus integer, commonly known as the jackfruit tree and belonging to the family Moraceae, is an exotic tree originally native to the Western Ghats of India. Jackfruit is commonly grown in home gardens of tropical and subtropical countries. The fruits are an important source of carbohydrates, fibers, minerals and vitamins. The bark, roots, leaves, and fruit are mainly used as food and food additives, medicinal properties and textile industry. Jackfruit is considered to be an underutilized fruit where most of the fruits get wasted due to unawareness, lack of post harvest technology and gaps in supply chain systems. A wide gap in the marketing of jack fruits and its wastes can be processed value added products which can be fulfilled for additional income as well as food security.

A new pyranoflavone, methoxycyclocommunol (1) together with four known flavonoids, artonin F (2), heteroflavanone A (3), cudraflavone C (4) and cyclocommunol (5) were isolated from the bark of Artocarpus integer var. silvestris Corner. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR) and by comparison with literature data. All the pure compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities by using screening kit and radioimmunoassay methods. In a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitory assay, compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 gave weak percentages of inhibition, 16.5, 18.3, 17.6, 10.2%, respectively at the concentration of 100 μM. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, however, showed strong dose-dependent inhibition towards prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced human whole blood using a radioimmunoassay method with IC50 values of 4.3, 0.8, and 0.07 μM, respectively suggesting that they strongly exhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity.