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Air is one of the most important substances used in industrial and technological applications. Applications of air require a consistent set of reliable data on its thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. Over the last few decades, researchers have developed a number of empirical and theoretical models for the correlation and prediction of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of pure fluids and mixtures. The ideal gas Equation of State (EoS) is used in gas thermodynamic property calculations extensively, but in applications with higher pressure zones, the error levels are increasing. For most applications, an equation of state with better accuracy of thermodynamic properties will be required for extreme cases. In this study, Schreiber-Pitzer EoS is considered for better accuracy of the thermodynamic properties for air mixture. A set of computer programs were developed in java language to calculate the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of air as a mixture of Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon. The SchreiberPitzer EoS results are compared with Peng-Robinson EoS, Redlich-Kwong EoS, Van der Waals EoS, and ideal gas EoS utilizing cubic spline curve fitting for cp values. The thermodynamic and thermophysical property results and percentages of differences are calculated. The percentages of differences are increasing with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Thyroid incidentaloma is a common disorder in endocrinology practice. Current literature regarding the risk of thyroid cancer in incidentalomas found in patients with non-thyroid cancer is limited. Objective. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of thyroid malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas detected in patients with non-thyroid cancer. Design. Case control study. Subjects and Methods. The database of 287 thyroid nodules from 161 patients with a history of nonthyroid cancer followed between 2008 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Results. From 287 thyroid nodules, 69.7% had a benign final cytology. Thyroid cancer detected in one nodule while follicular neoplasia detected in 4 nodules, atypia of unknown significance (AUS) detected in 10 nodules, Hurthle cell neoplasia detected in 5 nodules and suspicious for malignancy detected in 6 nodules according to fine needle aspiration biopsy results. Metastasis of the non-thyroid cancer to the thyroid gland was detected in 4 nodules. Twenty seven nodules from 15 patients were removed with surgery. There were 3 malignant nodules found after surgery (1 papillary, 1 follicular and 1 medullary cancer). In addition to these three thyroid cancers, two patients with benign nodules had co-incidental thyroid cancer detected after surgery. Finally, 11.1% of thyroid nodules which underwent thyroid surgery had malignant histopathology except for co-incidental and metastatic cancers. Conclusions. The frequency of thyroid malignancy seems not to be substantially increased in incidental thyroid nodules detected in patients with non-thyroid cancer when these patients were evaluated in nodule-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the lower lip is among the most frequently encountered types of cancer. As the size of this cancer increases, the need for reconstruction becomes evident, posing a significant challenge. Depending on the staging results in these patients, neck dissection may be recommended., Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the successful application or feasibility of our Bilobed Platysma Myocutaneous Flap technique in patients with lower lip SCC., Methods: The Bilobed Platysma Myocutaneous Flap was applied to all patients. Following TNM staging, supraomohyoid and/or radical neck dissection were performed. Surveys were conducted with the patients, and scoring was implemented based on the results for evaluation., Results: Between 2014 and 2018, 23 patients underwent treatment with this flap, and all flaps survived. Among these patients, bilateral supraomohyoid neck dissection was performed on 14, while modified radical neck dissection on one side and supraomohyoid neck dissection on the other side were conducted on the remaining 9 patients. Throughout the 5-year follow-up period, no recurrence was observed in the patients., Conclusion: The combination of the Bilobed Platysma Myocutaneous Flap technique and neck dissection can be successfully employed in the reconstruction and treatment of lower lip cancers., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury presents a substantial concern in various medical scenarios, notably in reconstructive surgery involving tissue flaps. Despite reports on the protective benefits of Propionyl-l-carnitine against ischemia-reperfusion injury, a thorough assessment of its efficacy in epigastric island flap models is currently lacking., Methods: Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent epigastric island flap surgery and were divided into two groups: a Propionyl-l-carnitine group that received intraperitoneal Propionyl-l-carnitine prior to ischemia induction and a sham group that received saline treatment. A comprehensive evaluation was performed including macroscopic, biochemical and histological assessments encompassing measurements of flap survival areas, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), glutathione, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide and peripheral neutrophil counts., Results: The Propionyl-l-carnitine group demonstrated significantly increased flap survival areas when compared to the sham group. Administration of Propionyl-l-carnitine led to reduced malondialdehyde levels and elevated glutathione levels indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. Furthermore, the Propionyl-l-carnitine group exhibited lower myeloperoxidase levels, higher nitric oxide levels and reduced peripheral neutrophil counts, suggesting a decrease in the inflammatory response. Histopathological analysis revealed decreased levels of inflammation, necrosis, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and edema in the Propionyl-l-carnitine group. Additionally, vascularity was enhanced in the Propionyl-l-carnitine group., Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence that Propionyl-l-carnitine administration effectively mitigates the deleterious effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury in epigastric island flaps. This is substantiated by the improved flap survival, diminished oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as the enhanced vascularity observed. Propionyl-l-carnitine emerges as a promising therapeutic intervention to enhance tissue flap survival in reconstructive surgery, warranting further exploration through larger-scale investigations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objectives: To describe the usage and advantages of bovine pericardium mesh (Tutopatch ® ) in breast reconstruction and to compare different mesh materials used in immediate breast reconstruction., Methods: Our study involved a single-center, retrospective analysis of 103 patients (comprising 114 breasts) who underwent immediate implant-based breast reconstruction using bovine pericardium bovine matrix. The procedures were performed by the same surgical team between April 2018 and May 2023., Results: The rates of early and late complications were examined after a median follow-up period of 30.2 ± 5.5 months. The results revealed that the rates of early complications stood at 9.7%, while late complications were observed in 14.5% of the cases. The most common late complication was seroma formation (7.7%) which six were resolved without any surgical intervention., Conclusion: Tutopatch ® can be used as an extension of the muscle to cover the prosthesis. It forms an extra layer over the silicone implant that helps to decrease the complications as capsular contracture and implant exposure. It also represents a significant 85 % reduction in cost when compared to a similar-sized mesh materials., Level of Evidence Iv: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 ., (© 2023. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

Background: Flap surgery is frequently used in plastic surgery to close tissue defects. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a significant problem resulting in partial or total flap necrosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ceruloplasmin on I/R injury in epigastric island flaps in rats., Materials and Methods: A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group: The flap was not elevated in Group I; the flap was elevated without ischemia or any application in Group II, after the intraperitoneal saline and ceruloplasmin application the flaps were elevated and ischemia was created in group III-IV, respectively. Bilateral epigastric artery flap was elevated in all groups except Group I. After 6 h of ischemia, the flap was reperfused and inset. Samples were taken from the right and left side of the flap area in other groups at the postoperative 24th h for biochemical analysis (catalase and malondialdehyde-MDA) and the seventh postoperative day for histopathological analysis (Modified Verhofstad score and epidermal thicknesses), respectively. Image analysis for necrosis areas was performed on photos taken on the 7th d., Results: Catalase level was significantly higher in Group IV.(0.15 ± 0.04 U/mg protein) (P < 0.05) Necrosis area percentage(14.4% ± 3.3%),MDA(3.6 ± 0.9 nmol/mg protein), edema(3), necrosis(2.75), and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration(2.87) scores were significantly higher in group III.(P < 0.05). Fibroblast proliferation, collagen density (0.25), vascular density (0.25) scores and epidermal thickness (15.68 µm,) was significantly lower in group III. (P < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that ceruloplasmin application before ischemia reduced I/R injury in epigastric island flaps in rats., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between Cajal cell density and preoperative and postoperative radiological and scintigraphic parameters in ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO)., Methods: The study group consisted of 41 renal units (38 consecutive patients; 13 female and 25 male) surgically treated for UPJO. UPJ specimens from patients were immuno-stained with CD117 (c-kit) antibody for interstitial Cajal cells (ICCs). The relation between Cajal cell density and preoperative and postoperative radiological and scintigraphic parameters was evaluated., Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.52 ± 8.86 (0-35) years. The density of Cajal cells was defined in 2 groups for convenient analysis as 0-5 cells (low) in 19 (46.3%) patients and >5 cells (moderate-high) in 22 (53.6%). There was significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior diameters of the related kidneys in both Cajal groups (p = 0.001-low, p = 0.000-moderate-high) independent of Cajal cell density. Regression in hydronephrosis postoperatively was determined in both Cajal groups (77.8%-low, 64.7%-moderate-high); however, there was no difference between them (p = 0.39). Preoperative T1/2 was significantly longer in the low Cajal group (p = 0.02). Postoperative T1/2 decreased in both low (p = 0.000) and moderate-high (p = 0.001) Cajal groups, but no difference was found between them (p = 0.24). There was significant improvement in the kidney differential function after surgery in the low Cajal density group (p = 0.015) while there was no correlation between the scintigraphic success or improvement and Cajal cell density (p = 0.51)., Discussion/conclusion: ICC deficiency/density could not be shown as a predictive factor for the determination of success rate of pyeloplasty. Despite the lack of any evidence for the degree of deficiency as an indicator for the severity of obstruction and prediction of surgical success, further studies are needed for confirmation., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Identifying and controlling systemic arterial blood pressure is important in young people, and it is possible to reduce the frequency of systemic arterial hypertension by improving the lifestyle., Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviors and systemic blood pressure in university students., Materials: The study sample consisted of 200 university students from a state university in Edirne. Lifestyles and habits were evaluated with Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II. Students' blood pressure was measured from both arms twice., Results: The mean HPLP-II score of those who frequently feel good was significantly higher than those who rarely feel good. The mean score of those who frequently wake up between 06:00-09:00 in the morning was statistically significantly higher than those who wake up outside these hours. Those who perform social or artistic activities during their leisure times had a mean scale score higher than those who don't perform. Although there wasn't a statistically significant difference according to smoking status, the mean score of non-smokers was higher than smokers. The mean scale scores were higher in frequent salt users than non-frequent users; participants with low saturated fatty acid intake had higher scores than those with high intake, and rare fast food consumers had higher scores than frequent consumers. The statistically significant difference between blood pressure values of females and males was due to higher blood pressure in male students. Those working in a part-time job had higher blood pressure values than those who weren't working. Among the students whose body mass indexes could be evaluated, there were differences in blood pressure values., Conclusion: It has been observed in our study that health-related responsibilities and lifestyle behaviours increase with better leisure time activities, improved eating habits and a positive outlook on life. Turning youngs' tendencies towards healthy lifestyle behaviours to habits can make them healthier, more collective and more productive regarding physical, social and psychological well-being.

Presently described is case of a 42-year-old woman with eye injury that was result of gunshot fired by a man at a wedding celebration. Bullet penetrated inferior quadrant of nasal sclera of left eye 7-12 mm behind limbus. Choroid and vitreous were prolapsed around bullet. Hemorrhage, vitreous prolapse and lens subluxation were present in anterior chamber. Presenting visual acuity (VA) was hand motion. Bullet 14x5 mm in size was carefully extracted from the eye. Fifteen days later, argon laser photocoagulation was performed on retina in area of bullet entry point. VA was 20/25 (Snellen) at final visit. In this case, although foreign body was large, area of penetration was Zone III, and initial VA was poor, early and appropriate surgical repair achieved integrity of the globe and good vision prognosis.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of resective surgery in children with focal lesional epilepsy by evaluating the predictive value of pre- and postsurgical factors in terms of seizure freedom., Methods: This study included 61 children aged between 2 and 18years who were admitted to the pediatric video-EEG unit for presurgical workup. Each patient was evaluated with a detailed history, video-EEG, neuroimaging, and postsurgical outcomes according to Engel classification to predict postsurgical seizure freedom. All the possible factors including history, etiology, presurgical evaluation, surgical procedures, and postsurgical results were analyzed for their predictive value for postoperative seizure freedom., Results: Of the 61 patients, 75% were diagnosed as having temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and 25% were diagnosed with extra-TLE. Two years after the surgery, 78.6% were seizure-free, of which 89% had TLE, and 50% had extra-TLE (p<0.05). Patients were more likely to have a favorable outcome for seizure freedom if they had rare seizure frequency, focal EEG findings, and focal seizures; had a temporal epileptogenic zone; or had TLE and hippocampal sclerosis. On the other hand, patients were more likely to have unfavorable results for seizure freedom if they had younger age of seizure onset, frequent seizures before the surgery, a frontal or multilobar epileptogenic zone, secondarily generalized seizures, extra-TLE with frontal lobe surgery, or focal cortical dysplasia., Significance: Resective surgery is one of the most effective treatment methods in children with intractable epilepsy. A history of young age of seizure onset, frequent seizures before surgery, secondarily generalized seizures, a multilobar epileptogenic zone, frontal lobe surgery, and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) are the most important predictive factors indicating that a patient would continue having seizures after surgery. On the other hand, focal seizure semiologies, temporal lobe localization, and hippocampal sclerosis indicate that a patient would have better results in terms of seizure freedom., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) burns cause immediate damage and painful long-term sequellae. Traditionally, chelating agents have been used as the initial treatment for such burns. We have introduced epidermal growth factor (EGF) into an HF model to compare EGF with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) treatments; 40 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Each rat suffered a 6 × 4 cm(2) burn induced by 40% HF. Group 1 had no treatment, group 2 had saline injected beneath the burn, group 3 received magnesium sulphate injections, group 4 received calcium gluconate and group 5 received EGF. Specimens were evaluated via planimetry and biopsy at intervals of 4, 8, 24 and 72 hours. Fluid losses were significantly less in the Mg(2+) and EGF groups. The EGF group had the smallest burn area, least oedema, least polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) infiltration, most angiogenesis and highest fibroblast proliferation of any group (P < 0·005). EGF limited HF damage morphologically and histologically more effectively than Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). This finding indicates that HF treatment via growth factors may be an improvement over chelation therapy., (© 2014 The Authors. International Wound Journal © 2014 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: In the present study we analyzed neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effect of the difumarate salt S-15176, as an anti-ischemic, an antioxidant and a stabilizer of mitochondrial membrane in secondary damage following spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model., Methods: Three groups were performed with 30 Wistar rats; control (1), trauma (2), and a trauma+S-15176 (10 mg/kg i.p., dimethyl sulfoxide) treatment (3). SCI was performed at the thoracic level using the weight-drop technique. Spinal cord tissues were collected following intracardiac perfusion in 3rd and 7th days of posttrauma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histopatology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay for apoptotic cells and immunohistochemistry for proapoptotic cytochrome-c, Bax and caspase 9 were performed to all groups. Functional recovery test were applied to each group in 3rd and 7th days following SCI., Results: In trauma group, edematous regions, diffuse hemorrhage, necrosis, leukocyte infiltration and severe degeneration in motor neurons were observed prominently in gray matter. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control group. In the S-15176-treated groups, apoptotic cell number in 3rd and 7th days (p<0.001), also cytochrome-c (p<0.001), Bax (p<0.001) and caspase 9 immunoreactive cells (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in number compared to trauma groups. Hemorrhage and edema in the focal areas were also noticed in gray matter of treatment groups. Results of the locomotor test were significantly increased in treatment group (p<0.05) when compared to trauma groups., Conclusion: We suggest that difumarate salt S-15176 prevents mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and protects spinal cord from secondary injury and helps to preserve motor function following SCI in rats.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor, but pure intraventricular location is extremely rare for GBM in neurosurgical practice. To our knowledge, there are only 19 reported cases to date. We present an additional case of intraventricular GBM with detailed clinical course, radiological and pathological findings., (Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía. Published by Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The present study investigated the correlation between extend aortic cross-clamping time and peripheral nerve injury on rats., Methods: 24 male, Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups; (a) control group: abdomen was directly closed after reached aorta, and followed by 72 hours, (b) short-term ischaemia-reperfusion group: peripheral nerve ischemia was induced in rats by supraceliac aortic occlusion for 20 min followed by 72 h of reperfusion, (c) long-term ischaemia-reperfusion group: peripheral nerve ischemia was induced for 30 min followed by 72 h of reperfusion. Preoperative and postoperative, electromyography (EMG) recordings were done. End of 72 h, the sciatic nerves were harvested from each animal for histopathological and biochemical analysis., Results: The mean compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude of long-term ischaemia-reperfusion group was statically significant reduced when compared to the control group (p <0.01). However, the mean distal latency value of long-term ischaemia-reperfusion group was statically significant increased (p <0.01). On the other hand, there were statically significant differences between the results of malondialdehyde, edema and ischemia fiber degeneration grades on control and long-term ischaemia-reperfusion group (p <0.001)., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the extending cross clamping time directly harms the peripheral nerve of rats.

Taurine has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. We have introduced taurine into a tendon-healing model to evaluate its effects on tendon healing and adhesion formation. Two groups of 16 rats underwent diversion and repair of the Achilles tendon. One group received a taurine injection (200 mg/ml) at the repair site, while the other group received 1 ml of saline. Specimens were harvested at 6 weeks and underwent biomechanical and histological evaluation. No tendon ruptured. Average maximum load was significantly greater in the taurine-applied group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, average energy uptake was significantly higher in the taurine-applied group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). We observed no significant differences in stiffness in both groups (p > 0.05). After histological assessment, we found that fibroblast proliferation, edema, and inflammation statistically decreased in the treatment group (p < 0.05). These findings could indicate greater tendon strength with less adhesion formation, and taurine may have an effect on adhesion formation.

An encephalocele is a protrusion of the brain and/or meninges through a defect in the skull that is closed or covered with skin. Occipital encephaloceles are the most frequent type in North America and Western Europe, where about 85% of encephaloceles take this form. To the best of our knowledge, there are only three other reported cases of double occipital encephaloceles in the literature. The current study reports a double and both supra- and infra-torcular occipital encephalocele in a neonate and discusses the importance of preoperative neuroimaging studies to optimize the outcome. The patient was a 1-day-old male child who was identified by prenatal ultrasound to have two occipital encephaloceles. The patient underwent a closure of the occipital encephalocele on the second postnatal day. The infant tolerated the procedure well and was extubated on the first postoperative day. The child continues to do well during follow-up., (Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía. Published by Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lower lip reconstruction following cancer resection includes a variety of clinical and microsurgical options., Objective: We have developed a myocutaneous flap for full thickness reconstruction with a functioning muscle., Technique: In all patients, the submandibular artery was outlined using computerized tomographic angiography and Doppler. The flap was designed after resection. The first lobe was designed to fill the defect and was outlined 90° from the defect margin, with the submandibular artery in the center of the flap. A second lobe was then outlined 90° from the first lobe. The flap was raised along with the platysma muscle and artery, with the first lobe rotated to the lip and the second lobe inset into the first lobe site, permitting neck closure without skin redundancy., Results: From January to May 2012, 17 patients were treated with this flap, and all flaps survived. All of the patients had oral continence at sixteen months, and electromyography documented platysma function., Conclusion: The flap provides single-stage lower lip reconstruction with functional muscle., (Copyright © 2014 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)