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Dagiri, a community in the Gwagwalada area council, has been ravaged by floods. The most recent which took place on 25th July 2020 was devastating and had severe impacts on the community. This study focuses on the socioeconomic implications of the 2020 flood in the Dagari community. To achieve the specific objectives, a number of methodologies were employed such as map analysis, questionnaire survey, oral interviews, and site observations. Presentation of results was done using percentages, tables, bar graphs, pie charts, and photos. The land cover is mostly residential with urban infrastructures. A flood hazard map was created from which analysis revealed that about 87% of the area is at risk of flooding, though the severity of vulnerability varies from low vulnerable areas to highly vulnerable risk zones. The socioeconomic impacts were duly measured using some sustainable development indicators, and the result revealed that flooding had numerous socio-economic impacts on the community, ranging from income, education, agriculture, sanitation, infrastructures, and properties. The coping strategies adopted by some community members were also very inadequate, while a high number of them are not employing any coping strategies at all. Therefore, we recommend regulated and scientifically coordinated aggregate mining from the river and relocation of households living in high-risk flood zones. The government should invest more in flood (disaster) management with the recent challenge of climate change.

Abstract Introduction Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are associated with high and rising burden of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the leading causes of NCD-related deaths worldwide and is a foremost public health problem in Nigeria. As part of National policy, Nigeria has committed to implement the World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease interventions for primary care. Implementing the intervention requires the availability of essential elements, including guidelines, trained staff, health management information systems (HMIS), equipment, and medications, in primary healthcare centers (PHCs). This study assessed the availability of the DM component of the WHO package, and the readiness of the health workers in these PHCs to implement a DM screening, evaluation, and management program to inform future adoption and implementation. Methods This cross-sectional formative assessment adapted the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool to survey 30 PHCs selected by multistage sampling for readiness to deliver DM diagnosis and care in Abuja, Nigeria, between August and October 2021. The SARA tool was adapted to focus on DM services and the availability and readiness indicator scores were calculated based on the proportion of PHCs with available DM care services, minimum staff requirement, diagnostic tests, equipment, medications, and national guidelines/protocols for DM care within the defined SARA domain. Results All 30 PHCs reported the availability of at least two full-time staff (median [interquartile range] = 5 [4–9]), which were mostly community health extension workers (median [interquartile range]) = 3 [1–4]. At least one staff member was recently trained in DM care in 11 PHCs (36%). The study also reported high availability of paper-based HMIS (100%), and DM screening services using a glucometer (87%), but low availability of DM job aids (27%), treatment (23%), and national guidelines/protocols (0%). Conclusion This formative assessment of PHCs’ readiness to implement a DM screening, evaluation, and management program in Abuja demonstrated readiness to integrate DM care into PHCs regarding equipment, paper-based HMIS, and nonphysician health workers' availability. However, strategies are needed to promote DM health workforce training, provide DM management guidelines, and supply essential DM medications.

Objective: To determine the rate of mother to child transmission of HIV following the introduction of PMTCT program in Abuja. Method: A prospective study of 355 seropositive mothers and their newborns was conducted at the National Hospital Abuja and Asokoro District Hospital Abuja over a 12 months’ period following ethical approval. Using DNA PCR the HIV status of all the exposed babies delivered over the period was determined by taking their peripheral blood at 6 weeks of age. This was repeated 6 weeks post cessation of breast feeding for breastfed babies.. Furthermore, the babies were categorized based on the extent of participation of their mothers in the PMTCT programme and the transmission rates obtained were compared. Result: An overall HIV vertical transmission rate of 6.4% (23/359) was found. A lower rate of 1.6%(5/311) was obtained for those whose mothers fully accessed PMTCT programme as opposed to 15.0% (3/20) for those whose mothers had incomplete participation and 53.6%(15/28) for those whose mothers did not participate. Conclusion: Full participation in PMTCT programme significantly reduced mother to child transmission of HIV.

Abstract Background Healthcare workers are currently making efforts to offer services that cater to the holistic care needs of their patients. Previous studies have shown that some healthcare workers encounter challenges when advising patients about Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), even though its use is widespread. Many health care workers may not have received formal education or training in CAM and consequently are unable to address their patients’ questions about it. This study explored the knowledge, perception, attitude and practice of CAM by healthcare workers in Garki Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. Methods This was an institution-based cross-sectional study, design and a convergent parallel, mixed methods design was used for data collection. Five (5) healthcare workers were purposively selected as participants for the key informant interviews, while two hundred and fifty (250) selected using a simple random sampling method completed the questionnaire. The data collection instruments used were a key informant interview guide and a 35-item self-administered questionnaire. Knowledge was assessed with a 4-item scale with a maximum score of 8. Perceptions and attitudes were assessed using Likert scales with a maximum score of 45 and 20, respectively. Practice was assessed with a 6-item scale with a maximum score of 18. Qualitative data was analysed using framework analysis. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data acquired from both methods were integrated to form the findings. Results The average age of respondents for the quantitative study was 34.0 ± 7.8 years, and they were predominantly females (61.2%) with one to ten years of work experience (68.8%). The mean knowledge, perception and attitude scores were 1.94 ± 1.39, 13.08 ± 2.34 and 32.68 ± 6.28, respectively. Multiple linear regression result showed that knowledge (t = 2.025, p = 0.044) and attitude (t = 5.961, p = 0.000) had statistically significant effects on the practice of CAM. Qualitative data revealed that the majority of the participants perceive CAM favourably, provided it is properly introduced into mainstream medicine with evidence of safety and research to prove its efficacy. Conclusion The study has shown the gaps in knowledge and the practices of CAM by conventional medical practitioners. This has implications for their ability to counsel and refer patients who may require CAM therapies. Policy, research and programmatic initiatives that seek to enhance their knowledge of CAM, and improve collaboration with CAM practitioners are recommended.

Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are associated with high and rising burden of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the leading causes of NCD-related deaths worldwide and is a foremost public health problem in Nigeria. As part of National policy, Nigeria has committed to implement the World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease interventions for primary care. Implementing the intervention requires the availability of essential elements, including guidelines, trained staff, health management information systems (HMIS), equipment, and medications, in primary healthcare centers (PHCs). This study assessed the availability of the DM component of the WHO package, and the readiness of the health workers in these PHCs to implement a DM screening, evaluation, and management program to inform future adoption and implementation. Methods: This cross-sectional formative assessment adapted the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool to survey 30 PHCs selected by multistage sampling for readiness to deliver DM diagnosis and care in Abuja, Nigeria, between August and October 2021. The SARA tool was adapted to focus on DM services and the availability and readiness indicator scores were calculated based on the proportion of PHCs with available DM care services, minimum staff requirement, diagnostic tests, equipment, medications, and national guidelines/protocols for DM care within the defined SARA domain. Results: All 30 PHCs reported the availability of at least two full-time staff (median [interquartile range] = 5 [4–9]), which were mostly community health extension workers (median [interquartile range]) = 3 [1–4]. At least one staff member was recently trained in DM care in 11 PHCs (36%). The study also reported high availability of paper-based HMIS (100%), and DM screening services using a glucometer (87%), but low availability of DM job aids (27%), treatment (23%), and national guidelines/protocols (0%). Conclusion: This formative assessment of PHCs' readiness to implement a DM screening, evaluation, and management program in Abuja demonstrated readiness to integrate DM care into PHCs regarding equipment, paper-based HMIS, and nonphysician health workers' availability. However, strategies are needed to promote DM health workforce training, provide DM management guidelines, and supply essential DM medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal settlements in major urban areas are often derided through discourses as pockets of poverty, disorder, and marginalisation. Consequently, city planning officials often seek to eliminate or reduce such settlements for more ordered planned settlements. Yet, informal urban settlements continue to remain a part of urban life and have, in many places, increased in size and density. This paper provides an ethnographic account of the place-making activities deployed by informal settlement dwellers in Abuja, Nigeria, who face constant threats of displacement and eviction. We use place-making as an analytic lens with which to explore the discursive, political, and material strategies used by individuals and communities to resist the threats of displacement. Through ethnographic fieldwork in Mabushi and Mpape, we identify, on the one hand, the key material strategies of place-making to include incremental improvement to dwellings, planting of economic trees, and physical confrontations. On the other hand, the formation of settlement associations and active involvement in local politics with its attendant alliance-making have contributed to place-making strategies through the development of meanings, senses of togetherness, and belonging to the settlements. Our findings show the agency of informal settlement dwellers and how they use both material processes and discursive narratives to generate new meanings of place, tenure security, and the right to the city. This enables them to resist displacement from the urban environment. We conclude that a place-making approach to exploring informal settlements is fruitful for understanding the complexity of urban change processes in the Nigerian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare workers are currently making efforts to offer services that cater to the holistic care needs of their patients. Previous studies have shown that some healthcare workers encounter challenges when advising patients about Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), even though its use is widespread. Many health care workers may not have received formal education or training in CAM and consequently are unable to address their patients' questions about it. This study explored the knowledge, perception, attitude and practice of CAM by healthcare workers in Garki Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: This was an institution-based cross-sectional study, design and a convergent parallel, mixed methods design was used for data collection. Five (5) healthcare workers were purposively selected as participants for the key informant interviews, while two hundred and fifty (250) selected using a simple random sampling method completed the questionnaire. The data collection instruments used were a key informant interview guide and a 35-item self-administered questionnaire. Knowledge was assessed with a 4-item scale with a maximum score of 8. Perceptions and attitudes were assessed using Likert scales with a maximum score of 45 and 20, respectively. Practice was assessed with a 6-item scale with a maximum score of 18. Qualitative data was analysed using framework analysis. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data acquired from both methods were integrated to form the findings. Results: The average age of respondents for the quantitative study was 34.0 ± 7.8 years, and they were predominantly females (61.2%) with one to ten years of work experience (68.8%). The mean knowledge, perception and attitude scores were 1.94 ± 1.39, 13.08 ± 2.34 and 32.68 ± 6.28, respectively. Multiple linear regression result showed that knowledge (t = 2.025, p = 0.044) and attitude (t = 5.961, p = 0.000) had statistically significant effects on the practice of CAM. Qualitative data revealed that the majority of the participants perceive CAM favourably, provided it is properly introduced into mainstream medicine with evidence of safety and research to prove its efficacy. Conclusion: The study has shown the gaps in knowledge and the practices of CAM by conventional medical practitioners. This has implications for their ability to counsel and refer patients who may require CAM therapies. Policy, research and programmatic initiatives that seek to enhance their knowledge of CAM, and improve collaboration with CAM practitioners are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water vending is frequently regarded as an indication of a piped water system failure, and it continues to be a vital source of water for a large number of urban dwellers worldwide, including those in Abuja. This study looked at the role of water vendors to urban water supply in Kwali L. G. A, Abuja. Using a survey research approach, 383 copies of questionnaire were distributed. Both systematic and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the sampled areas in the study area as well as the respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for the analysis. The study showed that majority of the vended water sources in the study area are privately owned. It was also found that 75.1% of the residents in the study area patronize the services of water vendors, with the majority (64.2%) buying their water from wheelbarrow vendors or handcarts, while 23.9% buy from tanker truck vendors, and the least patronized were head carriage vendors. The primary reasons for water vendors' involvement in domestic water supply are reliability and availability of supply, which account for 32.6% in all zones. The second most cited reason is the timely efficiency of supply compared to other sources. In the study area, there is seasonal variation in vending water demand and supply pa6erns, with the highest demand occurring during the dry season. Additionally, most supplies are made during the morning and evening hours. It's important to note that 50.8% of the survey participants found the price of water provided by water vendors to be affordable. This indicates that many residents, particularly the surveyed households, can easily afford to purchase water. It was recommended that extension of water infrastructure, including water points, to the study area by the FCT Water Board and other water stakeholders to enhance water availability and vendor services. Institutionalization of water vending by policymakers to regulate water quality and pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cameroon Academy of Sciences Journal is the property of Cameroon Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the blood pressure (BP) pattern and prevalence of hypertension amongst apparently healthy primary school pupils in Abuja. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on apparently healthy primary school children aged 6–12 years. BP was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer according to standard guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and analysis of variance were used to determine the relationship between BP and various variables where applicable. P = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 1011 pupils recruited for the study, 457 (42.2%) were male. The mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) increased significantly with age from 94.5 mmHg to 101.0 mmHg and from 61.5 mmHg to 65.3 mmHg from 6 to 12 years for SBP and DBP, respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of high BP was 9.1%. Age was the only predictor of SBP (β = –0.629, 95% confidence interval [CI] –1.115, –0.142), while age, height and body mass index (BMI) were the predictors of DBP (β = –0.686, 95% CI of –1.152, –0.221; β = 0.490, 95% CI of 0.172, 0.809; β = 1.753, 95% CI of 0.374, 3.160) for age, height and BMI, respectively, at P < 0.05. Conclusion: The predictors of SBP and DBP as shown in this study support the recommendations by various reports for taking body size into consideration in developing reference values for various populations. Age and body size are important determinants of BP in children. Its measurement should be encouraged in schools.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the blood pressure (BP) pattern and prevalence of hypertension amongst apparently healthy primary school pupils in Abuja. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on apparently healthy primary school children aged 6-12 years. BP was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer according to standard guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and analysis of variance were used to determine the relationship between BP and various variables where applicable. P = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 1011 pupils recruited for the study, 457 (42.2%) were male. The mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) increased significantly with age from 94.5 mmHg to 101.0 mmHg and from 61.5 mmHg to 65.3 mmHg from 6 to 12 years for SBP and DBP, respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of high BP was 9.1%. Age was the only predictor of SBP (β = -0.629, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.115, -0.142), while age, height and body mass index (BMI) were the predictors of DBP (β = -0.686, 95% CI of -1.152, -0.221; β = 0.490, 95% CI of 0.172, 0.809; β = 1.753, 95% CI of 0.374, 3.160) for age, height and BMI, respectively, at P < 0.05. Conclusion: The predictors of SBP and DBP as shown in this study support the recommendations by various reports for taking body size into consideration in developing reference values for various populations. Age and body size are important determinants of BP in children. Its measurement should be encouraged in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NEU Journal of Faculty of Architecture (NEU-MFD) / YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of NEU Journal of Faculty of Architecture (NEU-MFD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to visualize various land use land cover (LULC) classes, estimate the net change in LULC types between the years 2014 and 2023, and use transition mapping to track LULC transitions within waterbody, vegetation, bareland, and buildup to better understand how land use types change from one another. Google Earth Engine (GEE), Random Forest (RF), and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used for LULC classification and change detection. The dataset employed for this study is Landsat-8 with 30 m resolution, and four land cover classes, which include waterbody, vegetation, bareland, and buildup, were classified for this study using RF. The training samples for each class were divided into two groups: 60% were used for LULC classification, and 40% were used for accuracy assessment. The overall accuracy (OA) for 2014 and 2023 was 91% and 92%, while the Koppa coefficient (KC) for 2014 and 2023 was 0.88% and 0.89% giving validation to the quality and reliability of this research. The result showed that between 2014 and 2023, waterbody increased from 27.56 km2 to 36.67 km2, vegetation cover decreased from 3,153.73 km2 to 1,283.62 km2, bareland increased from 3,660.74 km2 to 4,845.30 km2, and buildup area increased from 541.21 km2 to 1,217.69 km2. The transition results show that vegetation cover is being rapidly replaced by bareland and buildup. The results of this study are crucial for directing land use planning in Abuja and other developing regions of the world to enhance sustainable urban expansion. To help the government and policymakers support sustainable development, further research should be conducted to deepen the understanding of urban growth and its consequences.

Assessment of building construction material on building sites is a function that critically contributes to the achievement of the project goals. Poor construction materials in construction projects sites has many issues which contribute to it such as: wastage of construction materials, and improper handling on site. This work aims to consider the evaluation of construction materials on project sites. Questionnaires from field survey, interview and site observation were the source of data collected. Descriptive statistics including frequency and mean index score method was used for the study. The study reveals that most problems such as conditions of weather, management of excess materials as well as low response from company to site were identified with mean value above the average mean of 3.32. The study also indicated that most wastage, such as: change in design, improper scheduling of work plan, and lack of supervision in usage of materials observed with mean value above the average mean of 3.37. From the results of the study, it was concluded that, most activities on management of construction materials which are challenging that has to do with wastage in building construction project sites and management of construction material, were identified in the study area. Thus, the study recommends that the consultants, contractors, clients and other professionals that work in the building construction industry should upgrade their commitment toward staff training as well as developing the necessary skills needed in the industry.

This study evaluated the economic efficiency of rice production among the small-scale women farmers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 100 small-scale women rice farmers. The primary data were collected with the aid of a well-designed and well-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting technique, financial analysis, the Stochastic production frontier efficiency model, and the Tobit dichotomous regression model. The results show that 88% of women rice farmers were below 50 years old. The mean age was 44 years. Averagely, they were small-scale farmers with 1.31 hectares of farm land. The labor input in man-days constituted the highest percentage of about 50.8% of the total costs of activities involved in rice production. The net farm income and gross margin ratio was estimated at 416,800 Naira and 0.63 respectively. This shows that the rice production by women farmers was profitable and worthwhile. The mean allocative, economic, technical efficiency scores were 50.3%, 50.8%, and 51.20% leaving the efficiency gaps of 49.7%, 49.2%, and 48.8% for improvement respectively. The significant factors influencing the economic efficiency of the rice production among women farmers include the following: - farm size, labor input, household size, seed input, fertilizer input, chemical input, farm experience, and access to credit. The major constraints encountered by women rice farmers include the following: inadequate credit facilities (1st), high cost of labor (2nd), high cost of fertilizers (3rd) and high cost of herbicides (4th). The study recommends that farm inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer input, chemical input and herbicides should be made available to women farmers at affordable prices. Credit facilities devoid of rigorous administrative procedures at low interest rate should be made available to women farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated economic efficiency of rice production among smallscale women farmers in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 100 smallscale women rice farmers. Primary data were collected with the aid of well-designed and well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting technique, financial analysis, Stochastic production frontier efficiency model, and Tobit dichotomous regression model. The results show that 88% of women rice farmers were less than 50 years of age. The mean age was 44 years. Averagely, they are smallscale farmers with 1.31 hectares of farm land. The labour input in mandays constitutes the highest percentage of about 50.8% of total costs of activities involved in rice production. The net farm income and gross margin ratio was estimated at 416,800 Naira and 0.63 respectively. This shows that rice production by women farmers was profitable and worthwhile. The mean allocative, economic, technical efficiency scores were 50.3%, 50.8%, and 51.20% leaving the efficiency gaps of 49.7%, 49.2%, and 48.8% for improvement respectively. The significant factors influencing economic efficiency of rice production among women farmers include: - farm size (P < 0,01), labour input (P < 0.05), household size (P < 0.05), seed input (P < 0.01), fertilizer input (P < 0.05), chemical input (P < 0.05), farm experience (P < 0.05), and access to credit (P < 0.05). The major constraints encountered by women rice farmers include: - inadequate credit facilities (1st), high cost of labour (2nd), high cost of fertilizers (3rd) and high cost of herbicides (4th). The study recommended that farm inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer input, chemical input and herbcides should be made available to women farmers at affordable prices. Credit facilities devoid of rigorous administrative procedures at low interest rate should be made available to women farmers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to assess the adoption of emerging technologies (ET) by indigenous construction and real estate development companies (CRED) in Abuja, Nigeria with a view to identifying the key driving factors. The study adopted a combination of descriptive and exploratory research designs. Data were collected through structured questionnaire administered to thirty - eight indigenous CRED companies in the study area via purposive sampling technique. Data obtained for the study were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The study found that drone technology is the most commonly used form of ET by indigenous CRED companies in Abuja with 26% of the total occurrence observed. This is followed by BIM (23%) and virtual reality (19%) respectively. It also found that location of the project, labour factor, government policy and technical nature of the project are the crucial factors that influence the adoption of ET by indigenous CRED companies in the study area. The study concludes that there are prospects of greater usage of ET by indigenous CRED companies for their operations in the city in the nearest future. In the light of the findings, it recommends the establishment of a robust regulatory framework by policy makers in the construction industry to clearly provide the technical and ethical standards required for the use of ET in the industry and the penalties for non-compliance especially concerning geographical coverage, data privacy and data security [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was to assess the composition and quantity of solid wastes and their collection and disposal methods in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Method: A total of 420 well-structured questionnaires (in English language) were administered to consenting participants to obtain information on methods of waste collection and disposal. Secondary data such as waste characteristics and types generated were collected from the Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB) records from January to December 2020. Results: Proportion of solid wastes generated in AMAC were in the order Food and other organic wastes, Papers, water sachets, plastics, metals, glass and textiles, 46.23%, 20.27%, 13.23%, 8.53%, 4.88%, 4.37% and 2.45% respectively. On waste collection, significant 55.71% proportion of the respondents choose government-approved bins, 25.23% use household items while 19.04% employed commercial waste collectors (χ² = 32.5454, df= 12, P= 0.00113). An insignificant 47.4% of the respondents in the study claimed to patronize only government approved dumpsites in disposing off their household wastes, 24.5% at any available open spaces while 24.3% dumped their wastes in their private backyards, 3.80% disposed the wastes in drainages (χ² = 18.8314, df= 18, P= 0.4022). Conclusion: This study successfully achieved the objective for which it was set. This study successfully assessed the composition and quantity, collection and disposal methods of waste generated in AMAC, FCT, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the social realities of forcibly displaced persons in Nigeria, with a focus on internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria, Abuja. Internally displaced persons are individuals who have been forced from their homes or habitual places of residence and, unlike refugees, have not crossed the borders of their country. They remain under the primary protection of their governments and often seek refuge in their own countries. This study draws on secondary data sources and primary data collected from two IDPs campsites, arguing that most IDPs in the FCT, displaced by the Boko Haram insurgency live in makeshift and inhumane informal settlements in the peri-urban areas of Abuja City. These settlements also host the urban poor and other economic migrants in the country's capital, occasionally leading to conflicts between them. The paper calls for the government to recognise the presence and condition of IDPs in the FCT and to work with relevant organisations to provide durable solutions to ensure that displaced persons can once again become productive members of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the beginning of 2020, Nigeria grappled with a severe outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic. This deadly disease significantly impacted various aspects of the country’s economy, leading to socio-economic challenges primarily attributed to daily increases in reported cases and the subsequent enforcement of lockdown measures. Gwagwalada Area Council in Abuja, Nigeria, was not exempt from the devastating consequences of this epidemic, particularly concerning income generation and food access for its residents. Although several studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 on Nigerian workers, little information exists regarding the differing effects on formal and informal sector workers. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the disparities in the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic’s lockdown on household income generation and food consumption among formal and informal sector workers in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive survey design was employed for this study. Three hundred and thirty-two completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, which included simple percentages and means and independent sample t-tests. Results: A significant difference was revealed in the impact of the lockdown between formal and informal sector workers (p

Sustainability of transport systems may require identifying critical determinants of modal split behaviours relating to modal choices of commuters. Commuters possess different personal characteristics that may predispose modal choices. These characteristics are pertinent and may be pointers to a sustainable transport system. This paper examined the status of different transport modes in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja, Nigeria, to understand how the information on the modal choices of commuters can bring back the envisioned sustainable transportation in the Federal Capital Territory. Authors engaged 243 commuters whose journey originated from 5 different locations in the outskirts of the city and 1 from within with various distances ranging from 31km to 9km into the inner city of Abuja. Survey items adopted for this study were administered to commuters through convenient sampling method in these locations. The results confirm different split behaviours based on gender and location cum distances travelled to the various destinations (χ² = 18.281, p<0.01); (χ² = 15.85, p<0.05). These results suggest that gender and distance are important factors the government may consider and incorporate into future decisions for urban transport planning in the city of Abuja. The utility theory was confirmed in our study through commuters' decision to commute by tricycles despite the availability of more comfortable taxis that lack the value sought a5er by commuters. The choices expressed in this study relating to mobility pa6erns are relevant information for future policy consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Real-time ozone (O3) concentration is vital for accurate analysis of O3 to inform the public about O3 concentrations that may have an adverse effect on health. Few studies have analysed air pollution in Abuja, Nigeria and non on real-time ozone concentrations. As a result, there is a scarcity of data and information on real-time ozone pollution, pointing to a gap that needs to be urgently closed to enable a better understanding of ozone pollution and the causes and consequences in terms of the associated health risks. In this study, -time concentrations of ground-level ozone were measured in a busy urban pollution monitoring station. Using a real-time ozone monitor to enable real-time monitoring of O3 concentration of ozone for the first time in Abuja. The ozone concentrations followed a clear pattern with high concentrations being recorded during the dry (harmattan) season. Concentrations higher than the WHO standard of (eight-hour averaged) 100 µg/m3, occurred on 53 days over the 5-month dry season. Of those 53 days, 18 had ozone concentrations greater than 200 µg/m3. Daily patterns showed a rise throughout the day, reaching a peak in the evening. Weekday/weekend differences were less pronounced than those found in other studies. High temperatures and local climatic conditions in Abuja encourage the formation of ozone. In this study, we confirm the concentration of ozone, and the pattern can be episodic and potentially damaging to health. There is a need for better regulation and measures to reduce ozone, particularly when local climatic conditions, such as harmattan, favour the development of photochemical smog in such settings.

This research aims at determining the epicentre, magnitude and energy dissipated during the earth-tremor which took place at Abaji-Abuja (Nigeria) on 10th January 2020 at 13:46:20 UTC. The event was recorded by Volksmeter II VMII-2RU broadband Seismographs located at the Earthquake and Space Weather laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Osun state, Nigeria. The computed P-wave and S-wave arrival times and lag times were 35.8seconds, 36.1seconds and 33.3seconds recorded by three Seismographs Ife (1), Ife (2) and Ife (3) respectively. The WinQuake software was used for the analysis. Epicentre distances computed were 330.3 km, 333.5 km and 303.2 km from the three seismograms, using trilateration method. The results gave the epicentre location at 8049'N and 6047'E (Gurdi town, Yaba District, Abaji LGA, Abuja, Nigeria), focal depth of 5 km, and average epicentral distance of 322.3km from Ile-Ife. The tremor has a Local Magnitude of 2.25 MLand Coda Magnitude of 3.7Md, and the dissipated energy of 149.6 × 10-12 KJ. The implication of these results is that a local magnitude of 2.25 ML of 149.6 × 10-12 KJ of energy serves as an indicator to the future occurrence of another earthquake within the said region. Necessary precautionary measures should be taken when carrying out geological and construction works within the Abaji-Abuja environs. The massive rock blasting and quarrying must have reactivated the faults within the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the beginning of 2020, Nigeria grappled with a severe outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic. This deadly disease significantly impacted various aspects of the country's economy, leading to socio-economic challenges primarily attributed to daily increases in reported cases and the subsequent enforcement of lockdown measures. Gwagwalada Area Council in Abuja, Nigeria, was not exempt from the devastating consequences of this epidemic, particularly concerning income generation and food access for its residents. Although several studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 on Nigerian workers, little information exists regarding the differing effects on formal and informal sector workers. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the disparities in the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic's lockdown on household income generation and food consumption among formal and informal sector workers in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive survey design was employed for this study. Three hundred and thirty-two completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, which included simple percentages and means and independent sample t-tests. Results: A significant difference was revealed in the impact of the lockdown between formal and informal sector workers (p <0.001). The lockdown impacted substantially on the informal sector workers more than the formal sector counterparts. Conclusion: The study found that informal sector workers suffered a greater negative impact from the COVID-19 lockdown in Gwagwalada compared to formal sector workers. Therefore, it is recommended that the government provide substantial loans and grants with low or no interest rates to support informal sector business owners, mitigating the effects of the COVID lockdown and creating job opportunities for those affected by the government's lockdown measures. Additionally, introducing price control mechanisms to ensure affordable food prices is essential, even after the conclusion of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing levels of urbanisation globally has created a situation in which cities are growing rapidly. The growth has had lasting impacts on the infrastructure and environment of the city, often leading to pollution and other environmental impairment. This study examines the environmental challenges in informal settlements of Abuja, Nigeria. Data collected were on the environmental challenges in five purposively selected informal settlements in Abuja, Nigeria. Utilizing a qualitative and quantitative research approach, the paper investigates the environmental challenges of rapid urbanisation in the city. The major research instruments used were questionnaire for quantitative data and observation schedule for qualitative analysis of the study area. Quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Major findings showed that rapid urbanisation has led to an increase in all urban environmental problems. The paper will make a valuable contribution to the understanding of the environmental challenges associated with urbanisation of Abuja and help identify potential solutions. The paper concludes that Abuja's environmental issues are a direct result of rapid urbanisation and lack of adequate planning as well as infrastructure deficits. The paper recommends that proper city planning and management are necessary to ensure the long-term sustainability of urban environments. This paper provides valuable insights for other cities facing similar challenges as well as a useful case study for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to present a novel analytical approach using Nigerian trauma registry data to determine risks and of road traffic crash-related mortality for patients treated at National Trauma Centre, Abuja. Patient characteristics were compared between those who died at the hospital (n = 118) and those who survived (n = 2018). Multiple logistic regression and cluster analyses were used to identify risks of mortality and of high mortality and injury rates. The patient’s status as pedestrian (p

The study is an in-depth analysis of residential and mixed-use areas to evaluate the dynamics of landscape identities and their link to human behaviours. This was done by examining the Maitama Amusement Park and the Durban Neighborhood Park in Nigeria's Abuja Central Business districts. The research highlights the significance of Abuja and points out that its unique attribute, and purposeful design, to reinforce unity amongst diverse ethnic groups is imperative for contextualizing the research in the study area. In this way, the study showed that reactions to landscape identities cross and leap beyond ethnic boundaries and that the landscape is a behaviour modifier of ethnic biases. Furthermore, the study highlights the landscape's multiple dimensions and forms to show that it is an ambulatory, dynamic, and fluid phenomenon, inseparably linked with human behaviours and socio-spatial environments.

Real-time ozone (O3) concentration is vital for accurate analysis of O3 to inform the public about O3 concentrations that may have an adverse effect on health. Few studies have analysed air pollution in Abuja, Nigeria and non on real-time ozone concentrations. As a result, there is a scarcity of data and information on real-time ozone pollution, pointing to a gap that needs to be urgently closed to enable a better understanding of ozone pollution and the causes and consequences in terms of the associated health risks. In this study, -time concentrations of ground-level ozone were measured in a busy urban pollution monitoring station. Using a real-time ozone monitor to enable real-time monitoring of O3 concentration of ozone for the first time in Abuja. The ozone concentrations followed a clear pattern with high concentrations being recorded during the dry (harmattan) season. Concentrations higher than the WHO standard of (eight-hour averaged) 100 µg/m3, occurred on 53 days over the 5-month dry season. Of those 53 days, 18 had ozone concentrations greater than 200 µg/m3. Daily patterns showed a rise throughout the day, reaching a peak in the evening. Weekday/weekend differences were less pronounced than those found in other studies. High temperatures and local climatic conditions in Abuja encourage the formation of ozone. In this study, we confirm the concentration of ozone, and the pattern can be episodic and potentially damaging to health. There is a need for better regulation and measures to reduce ozone, particularly when local climatic conditions, such as harmattan, favour the development of photochemical smog in such settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws principally from COVID-19 diaries written by young women whom we had previously trained as peer researchers in a mobility study of low-income neighbourhoods in Abuja, Cape Town and Tunis. Some live with parents or older extended family members, others have children in their care, but concerns around avoiding contagion have forced all peer researchers to reflect on their everyday socio-spatial mobility practices. This includes whether/how much they need to travel or can substitute virtual for physical travel; which transport mode to take and when; what precautions they must take on the move; what strategies of engagement are required to cope with externally imposed rules and contingencies – and the potential impact of their negotiations, decisions and experiences on the health of those dear to them at home. Reflections on these pandemic-induced responsibilities range from social distancing and mask wearing to issues around handling cash, modes of greeting and travel to funerals. The personal interpretations of responsibility that are reported in individual diaries point to the complexity of entanglements between everyday mobility practices on city streets and negotiated relations of care within the household (and other relational settings) that have emerged and deepened as the COVID story unfolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the level of leadership and job performance of library personnel in University of Abuja, Nigeria. Survey research methodology was used with a total sample size of 202 library personnel in University of Abuja library using simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected mainly through questionnaire and analyzed using frequency distribution and descriptive statistics. The result revealed that the leadership of the University of Abuja library consulted his staff in taking decision at the same time a team player, friendly and provided mentorship to his subordinate. It was also revealed that respondents were of the opinion that leadership of the University of Abuja library encouraged staff to perform well in the job while others maintained that subordinate were relegated in the organization which is not healthy for any establishment. The result showed that the organizational performance was influenced by the leadership styles and personnel performance determined efficient and increase in job performance in University of Abuja library, while autocratic and transactional leadership style have less significant impacts on employee's job performance in the university library. The study concluded that leadership in University of Abuja library should be concerned about policies that will influence library employees positively in the long run than negative policies by the University of Abuja and library management entirely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysglycaemia, (diabetes mellitus, DM, and Prediabetes) and Hypertension (HTN) are two common non-communicable diseases that are closely linked. Cardiovascular risk profile and cardiovascularrelated death rise significantly when they co-exist. A third of cases of diabetes mellitus amongst hypertensive patients are undiagnosed and most people who are newly diagnosed have a low level of awareness. This study is therefore designed to assess the prevalence of dysglycaemia and associated factors, among hypertensive patients attending our facility. Methodology: Clinical and laboratory information on 858 patients was extracted and analyzed. This includes sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, and level of physical activity. Also, family history of diabetes mellitus, the duration of hypertension as well as types of antihypertensives used by those already attending the clinic for hypertension care. Other variables were blood pressure, height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and body mass index (BMI). Blood glucose and plasma lipid profile as well. Results: More than a quatre of the patients had prediabetes. Between 2% and 6.1% had diabetes mellitus using 2HPP and FBG respectively. Following cross-tabulation, dysglycaemia was significantly associated with age, duration of hypertension, body mass index, BMI, elevated total cholesterol, LDL as well as the use of beta blockers and thiazides. Conclusion: Dysglycaemias are common among hypertensive patients in Abuja. Age, duration of hypertension, body mass index, dyslipidemias, beta blocker, and thiazide use were positively associated with dysglycaemia. Screening for dysglycaemia is recommended for all hypertensive patients at the point of entry to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of rivers in urban landscapes is alarming and impaired their ecological functions and the services they provide to society. In African cities, urban rivers are among the most degraded ecosystems, yet ecologically sustainable utilisation of river resources can contribute to and support sustainable urban development. In this paper, we identify and analyse key governance and institutional drivers of ecological change in urban river systems in the Swartkops catchment in South Africa and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria. Our results indicate that poor ecological conditions of rivers in the two urban landscapes can be attributed to: (1) a lack of system view of the water value chain and associated infrastructure, (2) ambiguity in roles, responsibilities, and poor accountability, (3) prioritizing short-term social–economic–political agenda over long-term environmental sustainability goals, (4) institutional silos and failure of cooperative governance, and (5) over-centralised, top-down, state-centric governance processes. Strengthening the interactions between actors in the science, policy and practice domains, mainstreaming planning with rivers in integrated urban development plans, and strengthening cooperative and polycentric governance across administrative scales are key governance and institutional processes needed to address the trajectory of urban ecological degradation. Our paper sheds light on the fundamental role of strengthening governance and institutional processes for steering urban rivers toward sustainable paths for city resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the economies of scale and technical efficiency of smallholder pepper (Capsicum species) production in Abuja, Nigeria. The multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to obtain a total sample size of 100 smallholder pepper farmers. The primary sources of data were obtained from pepper farmers through a well-structured and well-designed questionnaire. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin model, financial analysis, stochastic production frontier model, the elasticity of production, return to scale, and principal component analysis. The results from the study showed that the mean age of pepper farmers observed was 38.3 years. The average household size was 5 persons. The gross margin was N 167, 741.60 per hectare, the rate of returns of the investment in pepper production amounted to 0.89, and the operating ratio was 0.49. The gross margin ratio (GMR) was calculated to be 0.48, and this implies that for every naira that is invested in smallholder pepper production, 48 kobos would be used to cover profits, interest, expenses, taxes, and depreciation. Labour input (P < 0.10), seed input (P < 0.01), farm size (P < 0.01) were significant factors affecting output of smallholder pepper production. The mean technical efficiency was 0.79, leaving a gap of 0.21 for improvement. The returns to scale of 1.2363 imply increasing returns to scale. The study recommends that measures should be put in place to address the challenges of inadequate rainfall through proper irrigation policies.

Urban transport is a major human activity that emits pollutants into the ambient air and this is of major concern to the environment and health. The urban transport-related pollutant levels are globally expected to grow faster owing to the growth in the economy, improvement in infrastructure, rapid urbanisation and increases in per capita transport demands in cities, especially those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Nigeria. This paper aimed to explore how the metropolitan structure of Abuja, socio-spatially defined by the road-links between the city's major residential densities and the CBD and between the suburbs and the main city, shaped the transport-related ambient air pollutant levels in the city. The study adopted a quantitative method involving three data sets. These included gas pollutant parameters such as CO, NO2, NH3, H2S, O3 measured by an Aeroqual series 500 instrument and particulate parameters such as PM 1, PM 2.5, PM 4¸ PM 7, PM 10 and TSP measured by an Aerocet 531S instrument; traffic volume counts (TVC) of different vehicle categories captured by video cameras; and microclimatic factors including relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS) and temperature (Temp.) measured by an Extech 45,170 instrument. These were primarily and concurrently collected at the same points along the road-links in the city. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to select Phase 1 of the 5 phases of the Physical Development Plan for Abuja. Stratified sampling was used to select 3 residential districts including Wuse, Garki and Maitama districts out of the 10 districts in Phase 1, to represent high, medium, and low population densities respectively. The arterials that linked the selected districts with the CBD were purposively sampled to form 'districts-to-CBD road-links'. These included Herbert Macaulay, Ahmadu Bello and Shehu Shagari Ways respectively. The arterials that linked the major suburbs such as Karu, Gwagwalada and Kubwa with the main city were also purposively sampled to form 'suburbs-to-city road-links'. These included Keffi, Airport and Kubwa Roads, respectively. Two residential and one green area land uses were identified to serve as control areas. The Linear Regression Model, Correlation Test, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Simple Descriptive Statistics using SPSS Statistics Version 24 were used to analyse the data. It was found that CO, NO2, NH3, H2S, PM 2.5, PM 4, PM 7, PM 10, and TSP were positively and significantly correlated with the TVC. The O3 and PM 1 levels did not correlate with the TVC. The TVC proved higher along the suburbs-to-city road-links than along the districts-to-CBD road-links. This was found true for both the gas and particulate pollutants. The difference in the gas pollutant levels was not significant, as a P-value of.407 was obtained, however the particulates were significant as they had a P-value of.000. The gas pollutant levels were found to be significantly higher along the road-links than in both control areas, and particulate pollutant levels were found to be significantly higher along the road-links than the green area land use only, both with P-values of.000. It was also found that NO2, O3, PM 2.5 and PM 10, which had set standards by reputable agencies/organisations including the WHO, USEPA and the Nigerian Environmental Standard, Regulation and Enforcement Agency (NESREA), had exceeded at least 2 of the agencies' thresholds. Only CO was found to be below both the USEPA and NESREA thresholds. The novelty of the research was in the exploration of the unique socio-spatial definition of the metropolitan structure of the study area and its consequent pollutant level outcomes in the ambient air. Understanding this unique structural definition, which unveils the road-link categories of particular city regions that significantly determine the state of traffic and consequent pollutant levels in a metropolitan area, is relevant as it informs policy makers and planners towards the rightful urban structure-related vehicular pollutant mitigation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to shaping the discourse on unequal geographies of infrastructure and governance in the global South, opening up new ways of thinking through politics, practices and modalities of power. Conceptually, informality, governance and everyday urbanism are drawn on to unpack how the formal encounters the informal in ways that (re)configure infrastructure geographies and governance practices. This conceptual framing is empirically employed through an analysis of electricity access in Accra, Ghana, highlighting how residents navigate unequal electricity topographies, engage in self-help initiatives, and negotiate informal networks and formal governance practices. The spatiality of the electricity infrastructure has created inequity and opportunities for exploitation by 'power-owners' and 'power-agents' who control and manage the electricity distribution network and, in turn, privately supply power. Electricity connections are negotiated, access is monetised and illegality excused on grounds of good-neighbourliness, thereby producing and perpetuating everyday politics of 'making do'. Community movements, everyday acts of improvisation, and incremental modifications are shown to influence the workings of formal institutions of government and shape uneven power relations and experiences of inequality. Such an understanding of how marginalised residents navigate the electricity topographies of Accra reveals a more nuanced politics of infrastructure access, which reflects the complex realities of hybridised modalities of governance and the multiple everyday dimensions of power that shape urban space. The article concludes that informality should not be recognised as failure but as a sphere of opportunity, innovation and transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Here we report the extensive molecular characterization of 228 primary cervical cancers, one of the largest comprehensive genomic studies of cervical cancer to date. We observed notable APOBEC mutagenesis patterns and identified SHKBP1, ERBB3, CASP8, HLA-A and TGFBR2 as novel significantly mutated genes in cervical cancer. We also discovered amplifications in immune targets CD274 (also known as PD-L1) and PDCD1LG2 (also known as PD-L2), and the BCAR4 long non-coding RNA, which has been associated with response to lapatinib. Integration of human papilloma virus (HPV) was observed in all HPV18-related samples and 76% of HPV16-related samples, and was associated with structural aberrations and increased target-gene expression. We identified a unique set of endometrial-like cervical cancers, comprised predominantly of HPV-negative tumours with relatively high frequencies of KRAS, ARID1A and PTEN mutations. Integrative clustering of 178 samples identified keratin-low squamous, keratin-high squamous and adenocarcinoma-rich subgroups. These molecular analyses reveal new potential therapeutic targets for cervical cancers.

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Here we report the extensive molecular characterization of 228 primary cervical cancers, one of the largest comprehensive genomic studies of cervical cancer to date. We observed notable APOBEC mutagenesis patterns and identified SHKBP1, ERBB3, CASP8, HLA-A and TGFBR2 as novel significantly mutated genes in cervical cancer. We also discovered amplifications in immune targets CD274 (also known as PD-L1) and PDCD1LG2 (also known as PD-L2), and the BCAR4 long non-coding RNA, which has been associated with response to lapatinib. Integration of human papilloma virus (HPV) was observed in all HPV18-related samples and 76% of HPV16-related samples, and was associated with structural aberrations and increased target-gene expression. We identified a unique set of endometrial-like cervical cancers, comprised predominantly of HPV-negative tumours with relatively high frequencies of KRAS, ARID1A and PTEN mutations. Integrative clustering of 178 samples identified keratin-low squamous, keratin-high squamous and adenocarcinoma-rich subgroups. These molecular analyses reveal new potential therapeutic targets for cervical cancers.

Abstract Background The current neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria (37/1000) is among the highest in the world and the major causes have consistently been reported as sepsis, perinatal asphyxia and prematurity. However, case-specific fatality which defines the risk of dying from these and other neonatal morbidities is rarely emphasized. Determination of case-specific fatality rates (CSFR) may inform a change in our current approach to neonatal care interventions which may eventually bring about the much-needed reduction in our neonatal mortality rate. Our aim was to determine the case-specific fatality rates for the common causes of mortality among hospitalized neonates at the National Hospital Abuja (NHA). Methods Relevant demographic and clinical data on all neonates admitted into the NICU at the NHA over a period of 13 months (January 2017 to February 2018) were extracted from the Neonatal Registry database and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods with the SPSS version 20 software. The case-specific fatality rates were computed for the predominant morbidities in addition to determination of the neonatal mortality rates and associated risk factors. Results and conclusion A total of 730 neonates were admitted, out of which 391 (53.6%) were females, 396 (54.5%) were inborn and 396 (54.2%) were term. The three most prevalent morbidities were prematurity 272(37.2%), neonatal Jaundice 208(28.4%) and perinatal asphyxia 91(12.5%) while the most common causes of mortality were prematurity 47/113(41.6%), congenital malformations 27/113(23.9%) and perinatal asphyxia 26/113(23%). Congenital malformations had the highest case-specific fatality 27/83(32.5%) followed by Perinatal Asphyxia 26/91(28.6%) and prematurity 47/272(20.7%). The mortality pattern differed between inborn and out born babies. Implications of these case-specific fatality rates for targeted interventions are discussed.