Search

In this study, cross-linked poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-luteolin) (PCTPLT) nanospheres were prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly. The particular band at 945 cm−1 in the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the nanospheres demonstrated that the polymerization was successful. The morphology of the PCTPLT nanospheres was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the results revealed that the formation, stable growth, and particle size of the nanospheres strongly depended on the HCCP:LUT mole ratio. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the crystalline peaks were completely lost after polymerization. The thermal properties of PCTPLT nanospheres were checked by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the results exhibited that the increase in thermal properties was due to the strong covalently bonded cross-linked structure of the nanospheres. The doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded on the PCTPLT-3 nanospheres and their in vitro release behavior was checked at pH 4.0 and 7.4, and the results showed a cumulative release of 69.7% at pH 4.0 and 48.1% at pH 7.4 after 360 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rising trend in 2-Dimensional material, graphene has gained a lot of interest in the recent past. Graphene is the 2D carbon allotrope with high strength and improved mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. Despite being excellent properties among other types of carbon allotropes but still, graphene use is limited because of its costly synthesis technique. In this research, a cheap and effective method is adapted for the preparation of graphene from graphite powder. The graphite powder is thermally treated to prepare the exfoliated graphite then exfoliated graphite is milled to produce the 2D graphene sheets. The synthesized graphene is characterized by X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The XRD results show that graphene is successfully synthesized, and SEM results show that graphene is 2D which can be used in various applications. This research provides a direction for the synthesis of graphene from graphite powder on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Sciencepaper is the property of China Sciencepaper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MgMoO 4 with hexagonal particles were prepared by combining high energy ball milling with heat treatment technique. The influence of the mechanochemical activation/heat-treatment on the phase, structural and morphology transformation were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size distribution (PSD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Optical properties of the final product were studied by UV–Vis and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Mechanochemical activation of the initial oxides for 10 h ball milling leads to a full amorphization of MoO 3, only. The heat-treatment at different temperatures after 10 h milling time results to the phase formation of MgMoO 4. The reaction started at 400 °C for 5 h and completed at 800 °C for 5 h. The calculated energy band gap value as prepared MgMoO 4 is 2.03 eV and exhibits photoluminescence emission above 600 nm. The CIE chromaticity coordinates (x = 0.53 and y = 0.43) were found to lie in the orange region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique is used to make tin disulphide thin films at various substrate temperatures. SnS2 thin films structural, electrical and optical properties are investigated. The polycrystalline nature was confirmed by Xray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which revealed a hexagonal structure with a preferred orientation along the (0 0 2) plane. The full width half maximum value of the Bragg peak is used to calculate the size of SnS2 crystallization. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to examine the composition and surface morphology of SnS2 thin films. The wavelength range of 400-1110 nm is used to determine the transmittance and absorption spectra of these films. With increasing substrate temperature, the optical band gap of tin disulphide thin films decreases from 3.17 eV to 2.61 eV. With regard to substrate temperature, the absorption coefficient and activation energy were reduced with SnS2 deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorber films, prepared by a two-step electrodeposition of a ZnS (zinc sulfide) binary and a CZT (copper, zinc and tin) ternary precursors on Mo/Ti/Si substrates. The as-electrodeposited ZnS/CZT and CZT/ZnS stacks were thermally treated in a tubular furnace in sulfur environment at 550 °C. The role of the ZnS buffer layer is to provide a zinc and sulfur reservoir, needed to complete the formation of kesterite phase. X-ray diffraction and Raman analyses revealed the formation of the CZTS phase. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the films were studied using a scanning electron microscope. The bandgap values inferred from diffuse reflectance data, are discussed with respect to the stoichiometry which is considerably affected by the order of the stacks. Room-temperature photoluminescence of the CZT/ZnS sample showed a board PL band of 1.51 eV. It was found that the film with a ZnS layer on top is preferred for the formation of a Zn-rich single CZTS phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In our study, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with double-layer thin films were fabricated. The active bottom layer of the structure was mainly made of the commercially available titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. TiO2 hollow microspheres (THS) were doped into the TiO2 composite material and used as the scattering top layer. The THS prepared by the one-pot hydrothermal method was composed of irregularly arranged nanoparticles. Meanwhile, we also characterized the synthesized hollow TiO2 microspheres by both the scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and the X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Besides, we produced DSSCs with different weight percentages (0.5wt%, 1wt%, and 2wt%) of THS photoanodes. The DSSCs based on pure TiO2 showed the short-circuit current (JSC) of 8.33 mA/cm2 and the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.75%. The DSSCs manufactured using 1wt%-THS photoanode had JSC of 12.02 mA/cm2 and a PCE of 5.01%. When compared with the JSC and PCE based on pure TiO2 DSSCs, a significant improvement in the structure was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, HgBa2CaCu2-xSbxO8+δ compounds with (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) have been prepared by the solid-state reaction method. Structural, morphological, and electrical properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Using the 4-probe technique to study the effect of antimony-substitution for Copper on the electrical properties of HgBa2CaCu2-xSbxO8+δ (Hg-1212) phase was investigated by measuring the resistivity as a function of temperature. Results indicate that the addition of antimony (Sb) increases the volume fraction of the phase and changes the superconducting transition temperature Tc of the superconductor to a normal state. The dielectric loss factor and ac conductivity have been investigated at room temperature. It was found that dielectric properties decreased with increasing electric field frequency. It was observed that the best value was 0.8 of the Sb content. Generally, with increasing antimony content, at lower frequencies, higher dielectric criteria are achieved, while at higher frequencies, lower dielectric criteria are achieved. On the other hand, the dissipation of the energy in the dielectric is directly proportional to the dielectric loss factor. Considering this, the increase in the values of ac conductivity is increasing with an increased frequency range to 5 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The volume of natural rubber vulcanizates varied slightly during stretching. Hydrostatic weighing method was adopted in this study to study the volume change. By measuring the volume change of natural rubber compounds filled with different grades and different loadings of carbon black during extension, the corresponding volume variation–elongation (ΔV/V–ε) curves were created, and the differences of ΔV/V–ε curves among different carbon black compounds were discussed. The stress differences between different samples were normalized and the ΔV/(Vσ)–ε curves were plotted. Scanning electron microscope was utilized to observe the emergence and variation process of cavities in various stretched states. X‐ray diffraction was used to explore the change of crystallinity of the rubber after stretching to a certain elongation. Based on the experimental results, the damage at the filler‐rubber matrix interface and within the fillers agglomerates would be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Precious Metals / Guijinshu is the property of Precious Metals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present investigation evaluates the potential of aqueous seed extract of Abrus precatorius L. for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The structure of AgNPs was authenticated by the changes in colour as well as the UV-vis spectroscopy, which showed an absorbance maxima peak at 441 nm. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation proved the particle shape as well as the X-ray diffraction (XRD) that validated the crystalline character of AgNPs. The AFM study also corroborated the surface morphology of manufactured AgNPs. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) approved the presence of alcoholic, and the phenolic groups co-operated an imperative reduction role in the synthesis method. In vitro, the antioxidant action of both A. precatorius seed extract and AgNPs were scrutinized by DPPH assay. It illustrates the antibacterial activity against the gram negative bacteria Salmonella paratyphi as well as the Escherichia coli. Compared to other NPs, the AgNPs synthesized in this study were smaller in size that exhibited a higher level of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. From the consequences, it is proposed that green synthesized AgNPs could be employed successfully in future biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a typical nitrogen glow discharge plasma, a large number of energetic neutrals, N2, are generated inside the cathode sheath. In this work, we are presenting a technique for the extraction of this energetic N2 for the treatment of starch. The energetic neutrals N2 were generated by the application of −500 V on a transparent cathode. On reaching the cathode, N2+ ions are absorbed; however, it is transparent to energetic N2 neutrals molecules generated inside the sheath by charge exchange collisions, as the energetic N2 neutrals are unaffected by the electric field and pass through the transparent cathode. The sample for treatment was placed below the transparent cathode and thus exposed to the energetic N2 neutrals extracted from glow discharge plasma for a duration of 30 min. The impact of energetic N2 neutral extracted from glow discharge plasma results in modification of physical and thermal properties of corn starch (maize starch). The physicochemical and morphological properties of treated and untreated samples were studied. The surface roughness of the plasma-treated corn starch increased significantly in comparison to the untreated sample. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed that there is a considerable reduction in the semicrystalline nature and the polymer structure morphology of the corn starch. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of samples show a substantial change in surface morphology and in size of the grains between the plasma-treated and untreated corn starch samples. The room-temperature thermal properties of the plasma-treated corn starch samples are measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results confirm that the starch treated with energetic N2 molecules has a lower gelatinization temperature and could be applied in food processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of Al–TiO2–C–XEr2O3 aluminum alloy refiner is prepared by exothermic dispersion method, and the effect of different Er2O3 content on the structure and refinement effect of Al–TiO2–C refiner is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and other methods. The results show that the refiners are composed of Al3Ti, TiC, Al2O3, Al20Ti2Er, and Al5O12Er3 phases. As the content of Er2O3 increases, the Al3Ti phase changes from flaky to massive. The amount of Al2O3 decreases, and the content of Al5Er3O12 increases and is dispersed in the matrix. When the content of Er2O3 in the refiner is 6%, the Al–5Cu alloy has the best refining effect. The grain size of the Al–5Cu alloy is refined from 500 to 180 μm, and the grain size can be reduced by 64%. At the same time, the tensile strength of Al–5Cu alloy is tested, and the results show that when the content of Er2O3 in the refiner is 6%, the tensile strength is the highest, which is 189.7 MPa. This is consistent with the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The magnetic properties of doped Sn4+–Co2+ ions are obviously improved. • The mechanism of Ms and Hc changes is discussed. • Compared with the magnetic changes in previous studies (Sn/Zn, Sn/Mg). With the continuous improvement of the performance of M–type ferrite, it has been paid more attention to and become more and more popular, and it has been applied to social production and development. For improving the magnetic properties of ferrite, the most common method used by researchers is ion replacement. This method of improving magnetic properties is the mainstream of research. In this study, SrFe 12-2 x Sn x Co x O 19 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) strontium ferrite with Sn4+ and Co2+ co-substitution was prepared using ceramic technology. The influence of Sn4+ and Co2+ co-substitution on the structure and magnetism of strontium ferrite were analyzed. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that as the substitution amount of Sn4+ and Co2+ ions increased, the main structure of strontium ferrite remained hexagonal. The morphology of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, and the results showed that the morphology of ferrite was mainly hexagonal strontium ferrite. Magnetic property show that the remanence (B r), coercivity (H cj) and saturation magnetization (M s) of the sample first increased and then decreased with the Sn4+- Co2+ ions increase of doping amount. When the substitution amount x = 0.15, the M s reaches its maximum value of 83.8 emu/g, the B r reaches its maximum value of 405.4 mT. And when the substitution amount x = 0.05, H cj reaches its maximum value of 312.5 kA·m−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Separation efficiency of carriers has been boosted. • OVs expand the light response range of the catalysts. • Sm-doped ZnO photocatalysts have enhanced photocatalytic activity. In this work, Sm-doped ZnO was prepared by a Sol-Gel method. The structure, morphology, composition and optical properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), surface photovoltage spectrum (SPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy (XPS). Sm-doping results in high specific surface area and boosted photogenerated carriers separation efficiency, and produces more active free radicals to participate in the photocatalytic reaction. Photocatalytic activities of the samples toward removal of rhodamine B(RhB) were evaluated under UV light irradiation, the results display that Sm-doped ZnO shows higher photocatalytic activity than the reference ZnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the structure, physical properties, and antifungal activity of ZnTe single-layer, ZnTe/Cu/ZnTe (ZCZ), and ZnTe/Ag/ZnTe (ZAZ) multilayer films. The ZAZ multilayer had the greatest antifungal efficacy, with ZCZ and ZnTe following in descending order of effectiveness. We observed that ZCZ had a MIC of 0.30 mol/ML and that ZAZ had a MIC of 20 mol/L. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) test confirmed a cubic crystal structure for all films, indicating that the crystals were mainly arranged along the (111) plane. For ZnTe films, the average size of crystallites was estimated to be roughly 15 nm, while for ZAZ and ZCZ films, it remained relatively constant at around 14.2 nm and 14.1 nm, respectively. We determined the particle size of ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ImageJ analysis. The obtained sizes were 98 nm, 200 nm, and 81 nm for ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ, respectively. We used Swanepoel method and the Cauchy equation to determine the refractive index (n), film thickness (d), and refractive index as a function of wavelength. We used the Tauc equation to find that the optical band gaps (E g) of the films were 1.67 eV for ZnTe, 1.5 eV for ZCZ, and 1.55 eV for ZAZ. We analyzed six new frequency bands found through FTIR analysis. These bands showed important information about the chemical structure of the films. [Display omitted] • ZAZ films have superior antifungal activity. • The Ag middle layer boosts ZAZ composite efficacy. • Enhanced understanding of ZnTe multilayer's antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NiFe 2 O 4 was prepared by a thermal decomposition process with various temperatures. • The micro-octahedral NiFe 2 O 4 grows along the dissolution‑recrystallization. • The FT-IR bands reveal the cation shifting from octahedral to tetrahedral structure. • The Eg (1.67 and 1.57 eV for 900 and 1,000 °C heating) refers 3A2g(3F) → 3T1g(3F). In this paper, NiFe 2 O 4 powders were prepared by a thermal decomposition process with various temperatures. The structural characteristic and intrinsic defect were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). XRD pattern reveals the pure NiFe 2 O 4 phase as the calcination temperature of 900 and 1,000 °C. The calcination of 900 °C depicted the micro-octahedral structures with a smooth surface. The calculated hopping length and the FT-IR spectra reveal the cation shifting from octahedral to tetrahedral structure. The decreasing energy bandgap of NiFe 2 O 4 was investigated as the calcination temperature increased. The PL transition of 3A2g(3F) → 3T1g(3F) refers to the band-to-band emission. The structural characteristics, morphology, and defects were investigated and discussed in terms of phase, bonding vibration, crystal growth mechanism, emerging energy level and electron transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with assessing the performance of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) in solving the problem of using salicylic acid as an agrochemical compound, via controlling its release. LNPs, obtained from black liquor, have been used to develop new delivery systems. Gels from chelating of LNPs with chitosan or chitosan nanoparticles (Cs-NPs) in presence or absence of cationic starch are investigated to achieve this essential aim. The nanoparticles are examined by TEM, ATR-FTIR, and XRD techniques. Based on measurements of swelling, encapsulation, release profile, release kinetic modeling of salicylic acid (SA), infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope the behavior of the investigated nanocomposite gels is assessed. The results show that the SA release profile of Cs-NPs and its nanocomposite with LNPs in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (7.4) (51.5–69.4 %) is higher than that of the mixture of water and ethanol (34.9–50.4 %). The release profile in PBS (7.4) demonstrates a trend of prolonged SA release over a 48-hour period. Best control of the SA-release can be achieved by CsNPs-LNPs nanocomposite. Comparing the results with previous literature demonstrates the promising characteristics of these examined gel nanocomposites. The release of SA from nanocomposites is regulated by a diffusion mechanism and follows the Ritger-Peppas and Higuchi models for kinetic release. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low water-to-binder ratio commonly used for high-performance cementitious materials is known to limit the degree of hydration of their cement particles. This issue often cannot be resolved with conventional external curing methods, primarily because of the low permeability of such materials. Thus, internal curing methods are devised to improve the degree of hydration and maximize the use of cement particles. Focusing on superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) as one of the main internal curing agents, this study investigates the effects of various types, sizes, and dosages of SAPs on the hydration kinetics of high-performance cementitious mixtures. For this purpose, the main performance characteristics of SAPs were characterized first. Paired with monitoring the temperature development patterns in a set of SAP-contained mixtures, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) investigations were systematically performed to measure the phase consumption of cement particles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analyses were then employed to assess the materials deposited in the remaining SAP voids. By providing original insights into the hydration development process, this study's outcome guides the use of SAPs with the ultimate goal of maximizing the hydration degree of cement particles, paving the way to minimizing the carbon footprint of high-performance cementitious materials. • Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were investigated for various early-age characteristics. • Effects of types, sizes, and dosages of SAPs on hydration kinetics were studied. • Temperature development and cement consumption patterns were recorded and compared. • The materials deposited in the remaining SAP voids were systematically evaluated. • Correlations were established between direct and indirect investigation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high temperature environment, friction and wear are more likely to cause the failure of Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) by graphitization. PDC with cobalt removal (PDC-CR) and friction pairs (silicon nitride balls) were purposely selected for frictional wear experiments at temperatures of 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C, respectively. Scanning electron microscope, energy spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer and metallographic microscope were employed to characterize the worn materials. The results showed that the friction coefficient and wear rate increased with the increase of wear temperature, resulting in a decrease in wear resistance. And no graphite phase was found by XRD, which proves that decobalt treatment can effectively inhibit the graphitization of polycrystalline diamond at high temperature. SEM images revealed that the increase of temperature is not conducive to the generation of friction transfer film which can increase the wear resistance of materials. Meanwhile, the surface layer of decobalt polycrystalline diamond composite sheet and friction pair will fall off, then form three-body abrasion. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depth-dependent structural changes in oxidized graphite have not been precisely revealed because of its friable nature. Here, micro-focused X-ray diffraction is used to measure the structural changes of oxidized graphite. An improved polishing method is then applied to observe the friable microstructures via scanning electron microscope. The (002) peak intensity and peak width is found to be very sensitive to local weight loss. The peak width decreases with the increase of weight loss, indicating an oxidation-induced increase of the average coherent length. High-resolution depth profiles of oxidized graphite structures are obtained for the first time. A double-layer oxidation mechanism is revealed. In the inner oxidation layer, oxidation happened preferentially to the binder regions and defective filler particles and leaves complicated paths which greatly increased the active surface area. It is observed that the original pore structures maintained in the inner oxidation layer. The outer oxidation layer showed a depletion of the binder regions and was oxidized in a much slower rate. However, the graphite grains could fall off easily, which causes a rapid drop of (002) peak intensity at the very surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning is an advantageous method with a wide usage area, which enables the production of materials consisting of nano-thickness fibers. In this study, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) molecule was loaded onto the poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers and obtained nanofibers were physicochemically and biologically investigated for the first time in the literature. The existence of CAPE molecules, loaded on PLGA membranes by dropping and spraying methods, was evaluated by a comparative investigation of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Fiber morphology of the membranes was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). CAPE release and swelling behaviors of the membranes were studied in vitro. The radical scavenging activity of CAPE-loaded wound dressing materials was determined by using an antioxidant assay. The antimicrobial properties of PLGA and CAPE-loaded PLGA membranes were evaluated against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans strains by the time-kill method. The biocompatibility study of the obtained CAPE-loaded fibers conducted on human fibroblast cell line and wound healing promoting effect of the fibers was investigated in vitro scratch assay. The results show that CAPE-loaded PLGA membranes are highly antimicrobial against all strains used in the experiment. Additionally, the results show that they are biocompatible and have wound healing properties on human fibroblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing environmental awareness toward the replacement of non-biodegradable materials with biodegradable materials has led many researchers for looking at many bio-based materials to suit various applications. This study objective to evaluate the morphology and properties of fibers extracted from Citrullus lanatus climber. The physical-chemical, thermal, mechanical, crystalline, morphological characteristics of Citrullus lanatus climber fibers were examined by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), single fiber tension test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The test results showed cellulose content (53.7 wt. %), density (1227 kg/m3), crystallinity index (33.33%) which prove that Citrullus lanatus climber fibers can be used as reinforcement for light-weight medium load applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many effective technologies that have been developed in the field of renewable energy. In this context, this study covers a selective coating used in the photo-thermal conversion on macro-scale devices. The objective of this work is to optimize a siliconbased paint layer for solar application in the low temperature range (T<80°C) where the optimization thickness is found 21 µm. In order to apply the optimization layer (21 µm) in the solar devices that work in the medium temperature range (80°C

Investigation of the effect of crystal defects on nonpolar a-GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on r-sapphire substrates is presented. Samples were grown at different temperatures and the same V/III ratio. High-temperature nucleation in combination with low-temperature GaN buffer layer growth was used to achieve a smooth morphology and "mirror" surface. The macrostructures of the defects were investigated using a scanning electron microscope. Defect concentration via dislocation type correlation was analyzed by diffractometry investigation. Structural quality was investigated via x-ray diffraction. The correlation between the densities of mixed threading dislocations and V-defects was determined. It was detected that the origin of V-defects on the a-plane and c-plane was the same despite having completely different geometries and structures. We also investigated the dependence of V-defect density on a-GaN film growth temperature at a constant hydrogen flow through a triethylgallium source, and we also investigated how the V/III ratio influenced the V-defect structure. Optimum growth parameters for defect concentration reduction were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Building Materials / Xinxing Jianzhu Cailiao is the property of New Building Materials Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lanthanum strontium manganite (La0.4Sr0.6MnO3) of perovskite structure was successfully produced by mechanochemical synthesis method. Increasing the annealing temperature reduces the lattice parameters of the formed tetragonal structure and increases the crystallite size. The crystallite size of the 1100 °C annealed sample from X-rays diffraction pattern, was about 63 nm, while the particle size from scanning electron microscope image was about 90–100 nm. Room temperature superparamagnetic behavior was observed in the annealed samples, which confirms the existence of some type of short-range (weak) ferromagnetic ordering at room temperature. The application of magnetic field results in a small decrease of electric resistance at room temperature for sample annealed at 1100 °C. The dielectric properties at low frequencies reveal high dielectric constant with low loss tangent up to 433 K. Imaginary part of the impedance at higher temperatures exhibits a relaxation peak whose peak frequency shifts toward higher frequencies with temperature increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloy is an important metal material with excellent specific strength, which is widely used in aerospace field, nuclear industry, chemical medicine, and military industry. In order to investigate the connection conditions of TC4 titanium alloy and 316L stainless steel at different temperatures, the braze welding measurement with Ti57Zr13Cu21Ni9 filler metal was conducted in vacuum. The microstructure, morphology and phase of the joint were characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectrometer) and XRD (X-ray diffraction), respectively. Microhardness and shear strength of the joint at room temperature and the bonding mechanism of TC4 and 316L were also investigated. The obtained results revealed that the main phases in the diffusion layer were Ti-based solid solution and Ti-Fe (TiFe and TiFe2) intermetallic compoundsands (IMCs) the center of the braze was mainly composed of Ti-Fe IMCs, (Ti, Zr)2(Ni, Cu), Ti-based solid solution. Additionally, the increase of brazing temperature firstly increased and then decreased the average shear strength with the maximum value of 133.9 MPa at 960 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to investigate laser irradiation effects on the surface, structural, and mechanical properties of iron samples. The prepared samples have been treated for multiple exposure times using continuous-wave diode laser with a wavelength of 532 nm in a laboratory environment. The structural as well as surface modifications of laser exposed targets are explored via scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The SEM analysis revealed micrometer grain size, exfoliational sputtering, and crater formation, while XRD patterns were used to investigate d-spacing, and grain size of laser exposed samples. The mechanical characteristics of laser-ablated materials were examined using a micro Vickers hardness-tester, and microhardness has been explored as a function of increasing laser exposure time. It has been observed that grain size reduces while hardness of polycrystalline iron increases with increase in exposure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystals of (Sn 0.05 Sb 0.15 ) 2 (Te 0.02 Se 0.18 ) 3 have been grown by the direct vapor transport technique. The challenge of intrinsic low electrical conductivity of antimony triselenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) was overcome by using tin (Sn) and tellurium (Te) as doping agents to synthesize (Sn 0.05 Sb 0.15 ) 2 (Te 0.02 Se 0.18 ) 3 alloy. The chemical composition and surface topology analysis have been carried out using energy dispersive analysis of X-ray and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The structural properties of grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and have been compared with data of Sb 2 Se 3 crystal. The XRD analysis revealed the orthorhombic structure of grown crystals. The spot pattern in the selected area electron diffraction image indicates good crystalline nature of grown crystals. Different phonon modes were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties have been characterized using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photo-detection and trap depth parameters were examined for different wavelengths and illumination intensities. Also, non-oxide semiconductor-based gas sensor and human breathing sensor have been studied. The effect of doping was clearly seen in the enhancement of sensing properties of the grown crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activated carbon has been produced from Sunan candlenut shells wastes produced by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide as an activating agent. The activated carbon has been characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and the results compared with those of the Sunan candlenut shell used as raw material. The activated carbon produced used as an adsorbent in the Rhodamine B adsorption process. Several examined factors that can affect the adsorption process, such as pH, contact time, and adsorbate concentration, have been studied. The yield of activated carbon from Sunan candlenut shells obtained is 74.05%. The activated carbon with the chemical process has characteristic adsorption-desorption isotherms of type IV with mesoporous pore size. The surface area of activated carbon of 355.563 m²/g and the pore size of 2.1258 nm. The functional groups from FTIR contain C=C and C=O at a wave number of 2161.55 cm-1 and 1980-1994 cm-1, respectively. The results also show the percent adsorption of rhodamine B is 98.75% and the initial maximum adsorbate concentration of 30 ppm at pH 4 for 60 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt loaded on a series of MCM-48 silica and composites with HZSM-5 zeolite, HY zeolite, or TiO2 has been prepared and studied for n-heptane isomerization reaction at 200–350 °C. The structural characterization, acid distribution, and morphology of these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance, scanning electron microscope, temperature-programmed desorption of NH3, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption methods. The results show that these catalysts have a good selectivity to multi branched isomers, while producing low aromatic compounds. Also, these new composite catalysts prove the catalytic stability during the time of reaction. The most desirable results, and significantly higher n-heptane conversion and isomerization selectivity were achieved with Pt/MCM48-HZSM5 catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-Al composites have an important industrial prospect due to their excellent properties. The interface layer of Cu-Al composites has always been a key factor affecting its performance. Vibration cast-rolling process was independently developed to improve the interface properties of Cu-Al laminated composites. A pilot-scale experiment of solid-liquid composite of Cu-Al was carried out on a self-made vibration cast-rolling pilot test platform. The interface was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the phase of the interface was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the experimental results, a cell model of intermetallic compounds was established, and the mechanical and electronic properties of intermetallic compounds were calculated by first principles to explore the optimization mechanism. The results show that vibration can improve the comprehensive properties of Cu-Al composite plate interface, which can be attributed to the change of intermetallic compound phase and proportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mineralogical study using X-ray diffraction supported by scanning electron microscopic examination on the Paleocene- Eocene Kolosh and Gercus formations from northern Iraq is conducted to show the distribution of clay minerals and their paleoenvironmental implications. Smectite palygorskite, kaolinite, illite, and chlorite are commonly present in varying proportions within the Kolosh and Gercus formations. Association of smectite and chlorite in the claystone of the Paleocene Kolosh Formation refers to marine environment of this formation, whereas development of palygorskite fibers from smectite precursor may relate to postdepositional diagenesis. In addition, the abundance of illite and kaolinite in the Eocene Gercus Formation suggests a greater influence of terrigenous input in humid conditions, affecting the distribution of these clay minerals. The study shows vertical change in clay minerals distribution when illite and kaolinite dominate in the Eocene Gercus Formation, in comparison to chlorite and smectite abundance in the Paleocene Kolosh Formation which may relate to global warming in the Eocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn starch‐based hydrogels are safe and biodegradable polymers with a wide array of applications in food science. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of starch and natural filler resistant starch type 2 (RS2) particles concentration on the textural properties of corn starch hydrogels. Native starch (NS) hydrogels of 8%, 10%, 12%, and 15% w/v were prepared; in each of these dispersions, part of the NS was substituted with RS2 to a concentration of 2% or 10%. NS hydrogels with the highest concentrations had the maximum hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess values, whereas the addition of RS2 particles did not affect gel textural properties. Native and substituted RS2 hydrogels showed close similarities in their rheological and textural characteristics. Water‐holding capacity greatly decreased with increasing starch concentration, suggesting that the hydrogels with the highest NS concentration had the densest network as depicted by SEM micrographs. Subsequently, hardness, gumminess, and consistency coefficient were linearly correlated to starch concentration and storage time. Fluid release was exponentially dependent on starch concentration. The degree of crystallinity by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that by increasing starch concentration and substitution level, crystallinity increased. Consequently, NS concentration determined the textural properties of corn starch hydrogels. On the other hand, RS2 substitutions did not affect any of these parameters, indicating their potential role as inactive fillers with a beneficial effect on the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels. Therefore, the consistency of a food gel can be optimized by changing the ratio of inactive filler to starch gel matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver vanadate nanosheets were created using the sol–gel process. Silver vanadate has attracted a lot of attention due to its numerous intriguing features and potential applications. Nanosilver vanadate is being used to create new electronic devices. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the samples. The uniform size distribution of the nanosheets (up to 80 nm) was observed in transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope images. The addition of silver boosted the crystallinity of V2O5 and improved the compositions' electrochromic characteristics. The electrochromic characteristics of the synthesized nanosheets were superior to those obtained by the traditional approach, indicating that they could be employed in battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Sciencepaper is the property of China Sciencepaper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacterial cellulose is one of the widely discussed biomaterials due to its unique physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics. In this research, bacterial cellulosic film (BCF) was developed using Acetobacter xylinum strain in green tea as a source of carbon under static culture conditions. The developed BCF was evaluated for their morphological properties using a scanning electron microscope and the approximate fiber diameter noted as 38–40 nm. The purity of the cellulose evaluated through an X-ray diffraction method identified that the developed cellulose is Iα rich – triclinic type with 89.61% of crystallinity. The thermal behavior of the BCF was evaluated using TGA and DSC. The results indicated that the major weight loss occurred from 250 to 500°C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the developed BCF was very high and it was 165°C. Concerning the mechanical properties, the BCF had lower tensile strength (13.82 Kgf/Cm2), Elongation (10.13 mm) and air (19.72 cm3/cm2/sec) and water vapor permeability value (151 g/m2/day) than the woven cotton fabric. However, the water absorbency (0.7 s) and water holding capacity (320%) are superior to the cotton fabric. The contact angle of the BCF was noted around 28.53°, which is an indication of the higher hydrophilic nature of the BCF. These results provide an insight into the potential applications of bacterial cellulosic material in the apparel and textile sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Ni0.6Cd0.4DyxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed that the pure and dysprosium substituted Ni–Cd ferrites are in single-phase spinel structures, while a trace of DyFeO3 appears as a minor phase for higher concentrations (x = 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20). The Debye–Scherrer's method and Williamson–Hall (W-H) method were used to evaluate the crystallite sizes and lattice strain. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that reduction of grain size with Dy3+ content. Elemental composition features of samples were examined by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The average particles size estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis is in good agreement with results obtained from XRD. The results showed that saturation magnetization (Ms) decreases and coercivity (Hc) increases with an increase in Dy3+ concentrations. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing Dy content in Ni–Cd ferrites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to characterize and analysis of newly cellulosic fiber extracted from Inula viscosa bark. The obtained Inula viscosa fibers were also characterized after having been treated with alkali and permanganate treatments. The effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical, physical, chemical and thermal properties of Inula viscosa fibers was investigated by using, X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric, scanning electron microscope analysis, optical microscope test, tensile and droplet tests. The treatment with permanganate was found to have the higher density (1.154 ± 0.032 g/cm3) compared to that of the untreated ones (1.040 ± 0.010 g/cm3). The best mechanical properties were also achieved when the permanganate treatment was adopted. In this pretext, tensile strength values and Young modulus were found as 196.99 ± 28.89 MPa and 12.98 ± 2.36 GPa, respectively. It is estimated that the fiber treatments will enable high-quality Inula Viscosa Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for use in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involved preparing (Fe2O3NPS) green method using fig leaf (ficus lyrata) extract, diagnosing it and studying its effect on the photovoltaic properties of polyvinyl alcohol prepared by casting and 65±5μm thickness after adding concentrations of nanomaterial (0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04) % to the polymer solution before and after exposure to the UV source at wavelength (356) nm and irradiation bazaan (0, 10,20, 40 and 80) hrs. The resulting iron oxide (Fe2O3NPS) was diagnosed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), which showed the size of the minutes (19.9) Nanometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM), irradiation on polymer chips were followed by Uv-vis spectrometer (UVVisble for calculating the dissociation constant (Kd) as well as using (FT-IR) to calculate the growth of the hydroxyl group coefficient (IOH) and the growth of the carbonyl coefficient (ICO). As well as calculating the molar mass of the polymer, the degree of dissociation (á), and the numerical rate of the polymer chain cut-off (S) using the viscostometer. The speed of photosynthesis and the decrease in the rate of visual molecular weight is directly proportional to the added iron oxide concentration and irradiation time, consistent with what surface morphology has shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation involves the synthesis and study of dielectric, structural and impedance properties of polycrystalline Bi(Ni 2/5 Ti 2/5 Fe 1/5)O 3 (symbolized as BNTF) nano-ceramic. The BNTF polycrystalline sample was fabricated through the use of a conventional solid-state reaction route. X-ray structural examination reveals that the parent compound (i.e., BiFeO 3) crystallizes in the rhombohedral structure (space group-R3c) while that the BNTF compound crystallizes in orthorhombic symmetry. The substitution of NiTiO 3 into BiFeO 3 enhances various properties and reduces electrical leakage current. The average crystallite size is calculated to be 29 nm. The room temperature textures and surface morphologies of the specimen were verified by field-emission scanning electron microscope, and show uniform grains distribution on sample surfaces. Dielectric parameters (constant and tangent-loss) and impedance spectroscopy parameters of NiTiO 3 modified BiFeO 3 compound were investigated over a wide temperature range (25–500 °C) at different frequency (25 kHz-500 kHz), which offers several interesting features of BNTF material suitable for further device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]