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Wet-running multi-plate clutches fulfill a major safety-relevant role in drive trains and, as a result, damage to and failure of the clutch system must be strictly avoided, especially spontaneous damage. This paper deals with spontaneous damage to wet-running multi-plate clutches with paper friction lining with respect to spontaneous damage behavior. The paper presents a comparison method, by means of which the load-carrying capacity of various multi-plate clutches can be compared with regard to spontaneous damage based on experimental data and recommendations can be formulated. The experiments were performed on six different clutch variants, and the results were examined for significant differences. Various statistical tools were used to detect statistically significant variations. The experiments showed that higher load levels have a greater dispersion of the measured values, thus making comparisons more difficult. In the clutch variants investigated, significant changes in spontaneous damage behavior could only be detected when the cooling plate thickness or the carbon content was changed.

The recently adopted Ariel ESA mission will measure the atmospheric composition of a large number of exoplanets. This information will then be used to better constrain planetary bulk compositions. While the connection between the composition of a planetary atmosphere and the bulk interior is still being investigated, the combination of the atmospheric composition with the measured mass and radius of exoplanets will push the field of exoplanet characterisation to the next level, and provide new insights of the nature of planets in our galaxy. In this white paper, we outline the ongoing activities of the interior working group of the Ariel mission, and list the desirable theoretical developments as well as the challenges in linking planetary atmospheres, bulk composition and interior structure., Experimental Astronomy, 53, ISSN:0922-6435, ISSN:1572-9508

A novel material for the deacidification and protection of paper has been designed by using MgO filled halloysite nanotubes (Hal). The ability of MgO loaded nanotubes to control the acidic conditions was evaluated by pH measurements in aqueous solvent. Afterwards, paper was impregnated into hydroxypropyl cellulose dispersions containing the consolidating material. A simulation of strong acidic conditions allowed us to evaluate the deacidification effect of the composite material on the samples. In particular, the paper reaches a pH of 7.7 after 1 h exposition to HNO3 vapours when MgO-Hal nanoparticles are added to the impregnation mixture at a concentration of 10 wt% and it remains still neutral after 12 h. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the tensile strength of the consolidated paper is improved, since the stress at breaking increase of ca. 8% for the samples treated with MgO-Hal compared to the untreated paper. Due to the presence of halloysite loaded with the alkaline reservoir, the acidic degradation of cellulose is neutralized as suggested by the stored energy which is similar to the pristine paper without any chemical attack. Therefore, the mechanical performances of the paper are preserved during the aging together with its macroscopic aspect, as suggested by colorimetric analysis. The proposed consolidation protocol represents a further step for the self-healing and long-term protection of cellulose based artworks.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have been fabricated in various ways to improve flexibility. Flexibility could be enhanced via active materials, separators, electrodes, and electrolytes, which could then be integrated to form flexible electronic devices with promising electrochemical properties compared to traditional non-flexible Li-ion batteries. Recent progress towards flexible Li- ion batteries fabrication, materials, and their electrochemical properties are investigated in this review. Additionally, recent developments in electronic devices utilizing flexible batteries and their future applications are explored. Portable and wearable electronics, as the primary beneficiaries of the flexible, rechargeable, and high-performance Li-ion batteries, are examined. In the end, various applications and challenges of flexible batteries in healthcare and various energy storage systems, considering practical implementation, are argued.

International audience; The International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG) is an international conference that was held, on average, every 3-4 years in different European cities between 1990 (Grenoble) and 2008 (Nice). These symposia usually offer an opportunity for researchers from Latin American countries and Europe as well as other countries to review the state of knowledge in geosciences on the Andes. After a long period without an edition, the 8th ISAG was organized for the first time in a Latin American country, Ecuador, from 24th to 26th September 2019. The organizing committee led by Pablo Samaniego relied heavily on the Instituto Geofísico of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) and the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), in particular through its office in Quito, and through the Laboratoire Mixte International in France and Ecuador: "Seismes et Volcans dans les Andes du Nord" (LMI-SVAN); and the French Embassy in Ecuador. Field trips in tectonics, seismotectonics and volcanology at emblematic sites in Ecuador were organized by researchers from the IRD (Isterre and LMV), the Institut de Radio Protection Nucléaire (IRSN), IG-EPN and the University of Geneva. Four invited speakers gave presentations: Peter Molnar (University of Boulder) on the mechanisms of the Andes uplift, Suzanne Kay (Cornell University) on its magmatism, Victor Ramos (University of Buenos Aires) on the scientific approaches developed through time for the Andean orogeny and Eric Calais (Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris) on the difficulty of dialog between seismic risk specialists and the authorities in Haiti. The symposium also provided an opportunity for more than 250 participants to meet, with more than 80 oral presentations and over 150 posters. As a result of this conference, the Editor of the Journal of South American Earth Sciences proposed to the organizing committee to publish a special issue on the contours of these presentations. Following the peer review process, 19 papers are published in this special issue. These manuscripts reflect the various disciplinary fields, geophysics and deep imaging, tectonics, volcanism, geomorphology and seismic hazard, from the local scale to the Andes as a whole. Not surprisingly, a higher density of works is found in Ecuador and the northern Andes (Figure 1). As this collection of articles reflects the outlines of a symposium and not a specific scientific question, our aim here is not to develop a synthesis of current knowledge on the Andes. We therefore present these articles in sequence, by discipline, although this categorization may appear subjective since some articles are multidisciplinary.

Consolidating dried plant specimens using a suitable adhesive is a major and recurring problem in the preservation of herbaria. Various ways to consolidate the mounting of loose specimens were stud...

This paper outlines the construction of a White Paper on Geoethics in Forensic Geology. It focuses on forensic geology, although it also relates to the wider sphere of the forensic geosciences. Forensic geology is rapidly evolving to provide assistance in police investigations and in criminal and civil courts with providing scientific advice and evidence, but there also should be associated clear guidelines to benefit both the practitioner and the justice system. Examples of where forensic geology delivers to society in a vital way are required and also where potential malpractice could happen. The paper discusses where forensic geology should pursue social justice in compliance with current legal systems. In order to achieve this goal, it outlines the main areas that we suggest should be developed within the discipline: the competence of the scientist in forensic geology; the creation of best practice guidelines; the establishing of clear duties of the expert in forensic geology; and consideration of ethical aspects in forensic geological activities and ethical aspects in communicating geoscience evidence. When developing geoethics within forensic geology, the following practices were identified as of prime importance: improved standardization of methods; the use of appropriate methods and/or combination of complementary methods; greater clarity of approach used for the location of areas of interest; collection and recovery of evidence; scene examination and sample collection evaluation of data; construction and appropriate use of databases, background information, documentation, cartography and communication of forensic data; and summary of evidence and acknowledgement and consideration of uncertainty and bias. Honesty, integrity, respect, transparency, competence and reliability are vital for the forensic geoscientist to adhere to. Raising the ethical profile of the forensic geoscience profession aims to pave the way for forensic geoscientists to be empowered now and into the future to serve society: acting responsibly and adopting effective ethical codes is vitally important for a safe society. This paper highlights the necessity to hold urgent discussions on the ethical and social implications of forensic geology and their potential repercussions on societal justice. Forensic geology is a very useful tool, but like any other tool in human hands, it presupposes responsibility in its application. Professionalism and honesty in forensic geology are fundamental to assure the public that geoscientists involved have the highest scientific respectability, social credibility and community respect for their role to help pursue judicial truth. The aim of this draft White Paper is to stimulate an open and informed debate on geoethics.

Floods kill numerous people every year in both developed and developing countries. The transfer of research findings from the academic community to practitioners, policy-makers and citizens may reduce the impact of floods on mortality. This systematic review analyzes 44 scientific articles extracted from WOS and SCOPUS databases written in English, published between 2010 and 2020, and focuses on flood fatalities. The first main finding of this review is the classification of drivers of flood mortality into two groups: the first group relates to the environment, and the second group relates to the fatalities. The second main finding is the identification of strategies to practically cope with the identified drivers of flood fatalities. The main shortcomings of the review concern (a) the unavailability of papers based on flood fatality occurrence in developing countries and (b) the absence of data focusing on people who have survived floods. This review amplifies useful findings, best practices and lessons learned that can be useful for administrators, risk managers, and teachers of primary and secondary schools to mitigate the impact of future floods on human life.

Among the largest producers of waste, the paper industry stands out due to its impact on human health and ecological balance. However, these residues may also contribute to a more environmental friendly brick industry, since the incorporation of fluxing agents may improve the firing process and the induced porosity reduces thermal conductivity of fired bricks. Therefore, this study aims to assess the feasibility of replacing clay with solid paper residue (PPR) from 2.5 to 17.5% in order to reduce resources depletion and improve brick performance. The original clay was characterized as a non-calcareous red clay with high contents of kaolinite. Several samples were made by extrusion and fired at 900 °C in accordance with industrial procedures. The addition of PPR led to increase shrinkage from 5 to 10% due to the effect of fluxing oxides which reduced pores volume and enlarged pores size. In addition, the impervious fraction was slightly reduced while the apparent porosity certainly increased (i.e. approx. 17%) due to the macroscopic pores developed by PPR combustion. This porosity produces lighter bricks (i.e. density decays from 1.76 to 1.39 g dm−3) with lower thermal conductivity (i.e. from 5.53 to 0.41 W m−1 K−1) but also reduces compressive strength (i.e. from 11 to 3 MPa) and increases water absorption (i.e. up to 24%). Nevertheless, toxicity is below the regulatory limits in all cases and fired bricks are easily adaptable to industrial procedures. It must be noticed that this work was supported by the Chilean National Commission on Research and Development (CONICYT) [grant number FONDECYT REGULAR 1180414]. Technical and human support provided by CICT of Universidad de Jaén (UJA, MINECO, Junta de Andalucía, FEDER) and by Centro de Manejo de Residuos y Energía (BIOREN) Universidad de la Frontera (Chile) are gratefully acknowledged.

Between the phases of oil exploration and production, there is this oil transfer through natural or artificial elevation method. When this method is natural, the pressure in the reservoir is sufficiently high and the fluids in it can emerge to the surface, but when this pressure is insufficient, the fluids do not reach the surface without the use of artificial lifting methods. Among the struggles to be solved by engineering, there is the optimization of the geometry of the lift gas valves (VGL) and the sealing material. In this context, this article presents the prospecting of papers and patents related to the technological advances of VGL published in the last five years (2016 to 2020) and as a research contribution, there is the identification of solutions regarding the aforementioned optimization. The ScienceDirect, Scopus, CAPES Periodical Portal, and Web of Science databases were used, and the patent search in the database of the European Patent Office (EPO), Espacenet. The results showed that the number of papers published in this area is low, showing that there have been more publications on the subject in the last three years. In addition, China and the United States of America are the countries with the highest number of patents granted in the years surveyed, and the two North American inventors have the greatest number of inventions.

Incinerated ash with a relatively high Ca content, paper sludge ash, was converted to zeolitic materials with high cation-exchange capacities (CECs) by aging at 80 &deg, C in NaOH solution via step-wise acid leaching with HCl to reduce the ash Ca content. The extraction of Ca, Mg, Si, and Al from the ash into the acid solutions during leaching and the products obtained from the leached ash by reaction with an alkali were examined. The contents of Ca and Mg in the ash were more easily extracted from the ash than those of Si and Al in the initial leaching. The leachant pH decreased with increasing numbers of leaching steps, and the amounts of Si, Al, and Ca extracted from the ash increased as a result of the dissolution of gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), one of the main minerals in the ash. Zeolites A and P were synthesized from the leached ashes, and hydroxysodalite was synthesized from the raw ash. With increasing numbers of leaching steps of the ash, the obtained product contained lower released Ca, whereas the product contained higher released Na and has higher CEC, depending on the zeolite phases in the product. The product with the highest CEC was synthesized from third-leached ash, and its CEC was 1.5 mmol/g, which is about four times higher than that of the raw ash (0.4 mmol/g).

Each year the pulp and paper industries generate enormous amounts of effluent treatment sludge. The sludge is made up of various fractions including primary, secondary, deinked, fiber rejects sludge, etc. The goal of this study was to evaluate the fuel properties of the hydrochars produced from various types of paper mill sludges (PMS) at 180 °C, 220 °C, and 260 °C. The hydrochars, as well as the raw feedstocks, were characterized by means of ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, moisture, ash, lignin, sugar, and higher heating value (HHVdaf) measurements. Finally, combustion indices of selected hydrochars were evaluated and compared with bituminous coal. The results showed that HHVdaf of hydrochar produced at 260 °C varied between 11.4 MJ/kg and 31.5 MJ/kg depending on the feedstock. This implies that the fuel application of hydrochar produced from PMS depends on the quality of feedstocks rather than the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperature. The combustion indices also showed that when hydrochars are co-combusted with coal, they have similar combustion indices to that of coal alone. However, based on the energy and ash contents in the produced hydrochars, Primary and Secondary Sludge (PPS2) could be a viable option for co-combustion with coal in an existing coal-fired power plant.

The conventional package paper was coated with biodegradable montmorillonite/chitosan nanocomposite, in order to extend the application scope of paper. The effect of coating weight, montmorillonite dispersion rate, montmorillonite and dispersant content on the surface and penetration properties of montmorillonite/chitosan nanocomposite coated paper were being investigated. The surface properties of the coated paper were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The water permeation and water vapor barrier properties were confirmed through penetration dynamics analyzer (PDA) and water vapor permeability tester (WVP), respectively. The results indicated that montmorillonite/chitosan nanocomposite had a poorer formation than pure chitosan, but it had better water vapor barrier properties. The paper coated with lower content of montmorillonite, or with higher dispersion speed and dispersant content, had better smoothness and elongation. Additionally, the coated paper had excellent barrier properties under the conditions of high montmorillonite and dispersant content, dispersion rate and coating weight.

This paper introduces physical models of drill string whirling and torsional vibrations and analyses the physical models in V.I. Gulyayev's three papers on drill string whirling and torsional vibrations: “V.I. Gulyayev, L.V. Shevchuk, Drill string bit whirl simulation with the use of frictional and nonholonomic models, Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 138(1) (2016) 011021”, “V.I. Gulyayev, L.V. Shevchuk, Nonholonomic dynamics of drill string bit whirling in a deep bore-hole, J Multi-body Dynamics 227(3) (2013) 234–244” and “V.I. Gulyayev, SN Hudoliy, O.V. Glushakova, Simulation of torsion relaxation auto-oscillations of drill string bit with viscous and coulombic friction moment models, J Multi-body Dynamics 225 (2011) 139–152”. This work finds that the physical models described in these three papers are clearly incorrect. Keywords: Drill string, Vibration, Lateral, Torsion, Whirl

Gheiasvand et al. (2020) use the two larger benthic foraminifera species Simplorbitolina manasi Ciry & Rat and Mesorbitolina parva (Douglass) (Orbitolinidae) as upper Aptian “potential index fossils” for parts of the Taft Formation in Central Iran. This age assignment is accompanied by changes to well-established orbitolinid biozona-tions (e.g. occurrence of Praeorbitolina in the late Aptian) with far-reaching implications. These data were also used in a later “multidisciplinary study” (Gheiasvand et al., 2021) for isotopic correlations (e.g., location of OAE`s), delimitation of palaeobiogeographic faunal provinces and related migration patterns. It is shown herein that the taxa identified as S. manasi and M. parva belong to Iraqia simplex Henson and Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach) respectively documenting a lower and not an upper Aptian age. This revised age and the different taxononomic inventory do not question all results obtained by Gheiasvand et al. (2020, 2021), but provide a revised basis interpretation.

The detailed evaluation of the accumulated geological-geophysical data, particularly on the inner structure of the saltbearing series in the margins of the Caspian Depression, the mechanism of salt-tectogenesis manifestation, its reflection in the structure of the salt table and association with the structural inhomogeneities of the subsalt bed is presented. The authors attempt to acquire additional indirect criteria for predicting the structure of the subsalt bed by means of analyzing the structure of the salt-bearing series and the character of salt-tectogenesis manifestation. The problem solution is based on the complex analysis of the data from drilling and seismic prospecting.

The article discusses whether the model of loose granular medium is applicable to the analysis of physical processes in the ridge keel. It is argued that the model is not valid for dealing with a number of problems such as the evolution of the ridge keel. It is also suggested that the decrease in keel porosity in time is primarily caused by thermodynamic factors.

Using Landsat data, the authors have found the variation of width, shifting of bank lines, sinuosity and areas subjected to scouring and silt deposition in river Ganga for a stretch 175 km long fro...