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Heart failure—either with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF/HFpEF)—is a clinical syndrome of multifactorial and gender-dependent aetiology, indicating the insufficiency of the heart to pump blood adequately to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. Typical symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive fatigue with impaired exercise capacity, and peripheral oedema, thereby alluding to the fact that heart failure is a syndrome that affects multiple organ systems. Patients suffering from progressed heart failure have a very limited life expectancy, lower than that of numerous cancer types. In this position paper, we provide an overview regarding interactions between the heart and other organ systems, the clinical evidence, underlying mechanisms, potential available or yet-to-establish animal models to study such interactions and finally discuss potential new drug interventions to be developed in the future. Our working group suggests that more experimental research is required to understand the individual molecular mechanisms underlying heart failure and reinforces the urgency for tailored therapeutic interventions that target not only the heart but also other related affected organ systems to effectively treat heart failure as a clinical syndrome that affects and involves multiple organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of review: To give an overview of the current knowledge regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, and classification of laryngeal dysplasia (LD) and to highlight the contributions of recent literature. As most cases of dysplasia occur at the glottic level and data on diagnosis and management are almost exclusively from this location, laryngeal dysplasia in this position paper is taken to be synonymous with dysplasia of the vocal folds. Summary: LD has long been recognized as a precursor lesion to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the two single most important etiological factors for the development of LD. There is currently insufficient evidence to support a role of reflux. Although varying levels of human papillomavirus have been identified in LD, its causal role is still uncertain, and there are data suggesting that it may be limited. Dysplasia has a varying presentation including leukoplakia, erythroleukoplakia, mucosal reddening or thickening with exophytic, "tumor-like" alterations. About 50% of leukoplakic lesions will contain some form of dysplasia. It has become clear that the traditionally accepted molecular pathways to cancer, involving accumulated mutations in a specific order, do not apply to LD. Although the molecular nature of the progression of LD to SCC is still unclear, it can be concluded that the risk of malignant transformation does rise with increasing grade of dysplasia, but not predictably so. Consequently, grading systems are inherently troubled by the weak correlation between the degree of the dysplasia and the risk of malignant transformation. The best data on LD grading and outcomes come from the Ljubljana group, forming the basis for the World Health Organization classification published in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this International Menopause Society White Paper on premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is to provide the latest information regarding this distressing condition. The impact of POI has far-reaching consequences due to its impact on general, psychological, and sexual quality of life, fertility prospects, and long-term bone, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. Progress in fully understanding the etiology, diagnosis, and optimal management options has been slow thus far due to the complexity of the condition and fragmented research. Recent advances in epidemiological and genetic research have improved our understanding of this condition and randomized prospective trials are being planned to determine the intervention strategies, which will optimize quality of life and long-term well-being. The International Menopause Society has commissioned a number of experts at the forefront of their specialty to define the state of the art in the understanding of this condition, to advise on practical management strategies, and to propose future research strategies. It is hoped that a global task force will subsequently be convened in order to formulate a consensus statement across key societies, to accelerate date collection and analysis of a global POI registry, and to facilitate progress in the key defined areas of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of decompensated cirrhosis is currently geared towards the treatment of complications once they occur. To date there is no established disease-modifying therapy aimed at halting progression of the disease and preventing the development of complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The design of clinical trials to investigate new therapies for patients with decompensated cirrhosis is complex. The population of patients with decompensated cirrhosis is heterogeneous (i.e. , different etiologies, comorbidities and disease severity), leading to the inclusion of diverse populations in clinical trials. In addition, primary endpoints selected for trials that include patients with decompensated cirrhosis are not homogeneous and at times may not be appropriate. This leads to difficulties in comparing results obtained from different trials. Against this background, the LiverHope Consortium organized a meeting of experts, the goal of which was to develop recommendations for the design of clinical trials and to define appropriate endpoints, both for trials aimed at modifying the natural history and preventing progression of decompensated cirrhosis, as well as for trials aimed at managing the individual complications of cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is caused by different Leishmania parasites, which stimulate and direct the immune response against the infection. To evaluate the TaqMan probe technology applicability to diagnose and identifying of Leishmania spp. related to the ACL etiology. Through the MEGA 6.0 software, performed an in silico analysis using multiple alignments of Leishmania spp. which were available on GenBank for different genomic targets. The efficiency (e), specificity and detection limit (DL) were calculated for each system, these were associated to compose a duplex-qPCR (DqPCR). The samples of blood, lesion biopsy and lesion imprint on filter paper from patients residing in states of Amazonas (AM) and Pernambuco (PE)-Brazil, (cases and controls) were used to perform the DqPCR technique. The capacity to identify the Leishmania species was determined by comparison with isoenzymes method and sequencing analysis. Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (rDNA) was the target selected. Two sets of primers and probes were designed and combined: SVS for subgenus Viannia and LaS for L. (L.) amazonensis. The results were: SVSe = 93.24%, SVS DL = 50 fg/μL; LaSe = 89.3%, LaSLD = 5 fg/μL presented 100% of specificity. In total, 236 individuals participated of the present study, wherein were 101 blood samples, 33 biopsies and 147 lesion imprints. The imprint was the most sensitive sample, showing 83.06% of sensitivity, 86.96% of specificity and substantial agreement between the techniques analysis (k = 0.531; p < 0,001). Regarding the species identification, DqPCR and sequencing/isoenzymes have agreed at 100%, since the infection is caused by a single Leishmania species. Conclusion : The DqPCR technique was applicable in diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp. (subgenus Viannia and L. amazonensis). Furthermore, the lesion imprint is less invasive, allowing a fewer discomfort and greater acceptance by the patients, in addition of being low cost and easy handling. Image 1 • A duplex qPCR was developed for diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp.. • The duplex qPCR assay specificity was 100%. • Lesion imprint was the clinical specimen selected, showing 83.06% of sensitivity. • Imprint is less invasive and discomfort for patients, low cost and easy handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure (HF) is a long‐term clinical syndrome, with increasing prevalence and considerable healthcare costs that are further expected to increase dramatically. Despite significant advances in therapy and prevention, mortality and morbidity remain high and quality of life poor. Epidemiological data, that is, prevalence, incidence, mortality, and morbidity, show geographical variations across the European countries, depending on differences in aetiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment. However, data on the prevalence of the disease are scarce, as are those on quality of life. For these reasons, the ESC‐HFA has developed a position paper to comprehensively assess our understanding of the burden of HF in Europe, in order to guide future policies for this syndrome. This manuscript will discuss the available epidemiological data on HF prevalence, outcomes, and human costs—in terms of quality of life—in European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a common condition affecting around 10–25% of the general adult population, 15% of children, and even > 50% of individuals who have type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is a major cause of liver-related morbidity, and cardiovascular (CV) mortality is a common cause of death. In addition to being the initial step of irreversible alterations of the liver parenchyma causing cirrhosis, about 1/6 of those who develop NASH are at risk also developing CV disease (CVD). More recently the acronym MAFLD (Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease) has been preferred by many European and US specialists, providing a clearer message on the metabolic etiology of the disease. The suggestions for the management of NAFLD are like those recommended by guidelines for CVD prevention. In this context, the general approach is to prescribe physical activity and dietary changes the effect weight loss. Lifestyle change in the NAFLD patient has been supplemented in some by the use of nutraceuticals, but the evidence based for these remains uncertain. The aim of this Position Paper was to summarize the clinical evidence relating to the effect of nutraceuticals on NAFLD-related parameters. Our reading of the data is that whilst many nutraceuticals have been studied in relation to NAFLD, none have sufficient evidence to recommend their routine use; robust trials are required to appropriately address efficacy and safety. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sour rot (SR) is one of the major diseases affecting grapevine berries, causing severe yield losses and deterioration of wine quality. SR is caused by an etiologic complex of microorganisms, including yeasts, bacteria, and filamentous fungi. This systematic review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, and control of SR. A total of 74 papers published between 1986 and 2023 were assessed in this review. Description of disease symptoms was quite consistent across the papers, including oxidation of the grape skin, disaggregation of the internal tissues, and detachment of the rotten berries from the pedicel. The affected bunches are characterized by the smell of acetic acid and ethyl acetate that attracts fruit flies (Drosophila spp.). However, several knowledge gaps and/or inconsistencies were identified with respect to SR etiology, epidemiology, and control. Overall, 146 microorganisms were isolated from the affected berries (44.5% yeasts, 34.3% bacteria, and 21.2% filamentous fungi); however, the selected papers could not definitively clarify which species are primarily involved in the etiology of the disease. A general inconsistency was also observed in the methods used to assess the incidence and severity of SR in vineyards, making inter-study comparisons extremely challenging. Inconsistencies were also found in the methods used for pathogenicity assessment in artificial inoculation studies. Furthermore, gaps were detected in terms of SR epidemiology, with a focus on environmental conditions affecting the disease development. The SR management options are limited, and efficacy trials often result in poor, variable, and inconsistent levels of control, which might be attributed to the lack of knowledge on disease epidemiology. These knowledge gaps and inconsistencies were analyzed in this review to inform future research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown Sequard Syndrome (BSS) may occur secondary to different reasons such as trauma, neoplasm, congenital or degenerative lesions. Penetrating injuries also may cause Brown-Sequard syndrome. In this study, we present a fourteen-year-old male with Brown Sequard Syndrome caused by paper scissors stabbing. According to our best knowledge Brown Sequard syndrome caused by the paper scissors penetration has not been previously reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International League Against Epilepsy ( ILAE) Classification of the Epilepsies has been updated to reflect our gain in understanding of the epilepsies and their underlying mechanisms following the major scientific advances that have taken place since the last ratified classification in 1989. As a critical tool for the practicing clinician, epilepsy classification must be relevant and dynamic to changes in thinking, yet robust and translatable to all areas of the globe. Its primary purpose is for diagnosis of patients, but it is also critical for epilepsy research, development of antiepileptic therapies, and communication around the world. The new classification originates from a draft document submitted for public comments in 2013, which was revised to incorporate extensive feedback from the international epilepsy community over several rounds of consultation. It presents three levels, starting with seizure type, where it assumes that the patient is having epileptic seizures as defined by the new 2017 ILAE Seizure Classification. After diagnosis of the seizure type, the next step is diagnosis of epilepsy type, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and also an unknown epilepsy group. The third level is that of epilepsy syndrome, where a specific syndromic diagnosis can be made. The new classification incorporates etiology along each stage, emphasizing the need to consider etiology at each step of diagnosis, as it often carries significant treatment implications. Etiology is broken into six subgroups, selected because of their potential therapeutic consequences. New terminology is introduced such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The term benign is replaced by the terms self-limited and pharmacoresponsive, to be used where appropriate. It is hoped that this new framework will assist in improving epilepsy care and research in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the prevalence of myopia has increased significantly in Asia. One of the possible etiologies for the same may be partly related to the amount of work requiring the use of screens. Therefore, I will present possible causes and countermeasures with regard to the display and its effect on the progression of myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most severe depression type and one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. Animal models are widely used to understand MDD etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment, but the efficacy of this research for patients has barely been systematically evaluated. Such evaluation is important given the resource consumption and ethical concerns incurred by animal use. We used the citation tracking facilities within Web of Science and Scopus to locate citations of original research papers on rats related to MDD published prior to 2013—to allow adequate time for citations—identified in PubMed and Scopus by relevant search terms. Resulting citations were thematically coded in eight categories, and descriptive statistics were calculated. 178 publications describing relevant rat studies were identified. They were cited 8,712 times. More than half (4,633) of their citations were by other animal studies. 794 (less than 10%) were by human medical papers. Citation analysis indicates that rat model research has contributed very little to the contemporary clinical understanding of MDD. This suggests a misuse of limited funding hence supporting a change in allocation of research and development funds targeting this disorder to maximise benefits for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Invasive aspergillosis is a rare fungal infection in neonates. Aspergillus spp. are moulds that are commonly found in the environment. However, they can cause infections among immunocompromised patients such as premature newborns. Authors discuss obstacles of diagnosis and treatment of aspergillosis in a paediatric group. Description of the case. Authors of the paper described the case of a premature and small for gestational age (SGA) neonate born after 24 weeks of gestation with extremely low body weight. Patient was admitted to our department, because of perforation of the small intestine. During the stay patient developed many skin lesions of unknown aetiology. The diagnostic actions were undertaken and the newborn was given empiric antibiotic therapy with antifungal treatment. The serum galactomannan was positive and Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from skin lesion swabs. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was started, subsequently it was replaced by voriconazole. Treatment did not cause any significant side effects and was successful. It was the first such case in our Department. Conclusion. Diagnosis and treatment of IA poses significant difficulties. Well-established diagnosis and treatment procedure does not exist. Drugs indicated in treatment of invasive aspergillosis in neonates are liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex and voriconazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Functional somatic symptoms and disorders are common and complex phenomena involving both bodily and brain processes. They pose major challenges across medical specialties. These disorders are common and have significant impacts on patients' quality of life and healthcare costs.Main Body: We outline five problems pointing to the need for a new classification: (1) developments in understanding aetiological mechanisms; (2) the current division of disorders according to the treating specialist; (3) failure of current classifications to cover the variety of disorders and their severity (for example, patients with symptoms from multiple organs systems); (4) the need to find acceptable categories and labels for patients that promote therapeutic partnership; and (5) the need to develop clinical services and research for people with severe disorders. We propose 'functional somatic disorders' (FSD) as an umbrella term for various conditions characterised by persistent and troublesome physical symptoms. FSDs are diagnosed clinically, on the basis of characteristic symptom patterns. As with all diagnoses, a diagnosis of FSD should be made after considering other possible somatic and mental differential diagnoses. We propose that FSD should occupy a neutral space within disease classifications, favouring neither somatic disease aetiology, nor mental disorder. FSD should be subclassified as (a) multisystem, (b) single system, or (c) single symptom. While additional specifiers may be added to take account of psychological features or co-occurring diseases, neither of these is sufficient or necessary to make the diagnosis. We recommend that FSD criteria are written so as to harmonise with existing syndrome diagnoses. Where currently defined syndromes fall within the FSD spectrum - and also within organ system-specific chapters of a classification - they should be afforded dual parentage (for example, irritable bowel syndrome can belong to both gastrointestinal disorders and FSD).Conclusion: We propose a new classification, 'functional somatic disorder', which is neither purely somatic nor purely mental, but occupies a neutral space between these two historical poles. This classification reflects both emerging aetiological evidence of the complex interactions between brain and body and the need to resolve the historical split between somatic and mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, humanity has suffered and endured deadly pandemics of varying mortality rates. Irrefutably, research shows that the outbreak of pandemics is flooded by mythical and fallacious information among the public, hence stifling the prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. This paper focused on comparing selected aspects of the two pandemics, that is, HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus. This comparative analysis is important for drawing informative lessons for effective response and management of pandemics in the future. Through a literature review analysis, the paper established that both pandemics have more similarities than distinctions. The etiology and epidemiology of the diseases assume a similar cascading trajectory; the public health information about the diseases is characterized by myths, conspiracy theories, illusions, and delusions from the public. The myths associated with pandemics prevail around causation, disease transmission, and cure. The pandemics present economic paradoxes, though arguably the negatives outdo the positives. There is a need for the governments and international health custodians to be richly prepared for the pandemics in the future. This implies having special budgetary allocations for possible pandemic outbreaks, investing in vaccine development and disease surveillance, and training and skilling personnel in all social-health-related sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Pancreatic cancer was the twelfth most common form of cancer and the fourth most common form of cancer in the United States in 2015. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, with only 20% of patients eligible for surgery at the time of diagnosis, and thus a survival rate of around 5%. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. Material and methods. The etiology of pancreatic cancer is unclear, however, risk factors that increase the inflammation of this type of cancer, such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high alcohol consumption or pancreatitis, have been taken into account, which is why it is so important to further study etiological factors and identify people at risk of the disease. Analysis of literature. Hepatitis B infections are a major global problem affecting at least 2 billion people worldwide. The carcinogenic mechanisms of HBV infection can be explained by the incorporation of viral DNA fragments into the genome of host cells, which leads to the expression of HBx virus proteins, and this may lead to potentially oncogenic mutations. Not only active hepatitis B, but also a history of HBV infection can lead to the development of pancreatic cancer. The detection of silent replication of the virus and the expression of the protoncogenic HBx protein in the neoplastic tissue suggest the involvement of HBV infection in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Conclusion. The results of meta-analyses indicate that HBV infection may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvent. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on nonsurgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease that does not yet have a cure. Although many statistical and computational methods have been effective in its early prediction and prognosis, our understanding of the biological mechanisms of the disease is far from satisfactory. Due to the complex nature of the disease and the lack of diversity in existing data, a multimodal systems biology approach is best suited to elucidate the etiology of the disease while abstracting variant differences among populations of different ethnicities. Although Alzheimer's is a complex disease with many contributing factors, genetic risks have been shown to have a significant impact on its manifestation. Using a systems biology approach, this paper uses graph theory, network analysis, omics data integration, and visualization to develop a functionally coherent AD module. This genetic tool, combined with other existing biomarkers and predictive algorithms, can enhance the accuracy of AD early prediction and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare, clinically aggressive tumour of the lymphatic system localising 80-90% to the cerebral hemispheres. The rest are located in the spinal cord, cranial nerves or eyeballs. More than 90% of PCNSL cases originate from B lymphocytes. The incidence of the tumour has increased and it develops not only in immunocompromised, but also in immunocompetent individuals. Description of the case. A 47-year-old female patient presented to the Department of Neurology with sudden speech, behaviour and orientation disturbances preceded by severe headaches. The investigations performed indicated a multifocal brain injury of unknown aetiology, most likely inflammatory. After one month, the patient's condition deteriorated despite treatment and she was readmitted to the neurology department. Brain MRI and spectroscopy performed at the beginning of her hospitalisation revealed progression of previous lesions, however, the perfusion result did not indicate a neoplastic process. The investigations suggested acute haemorrhagic encephalomyelitis. Overnight, the woman's neurological condition worsened and there was a significant progression of poor general condition - inertia and increased muscle tone in the left limbs were demonstrated and the patient needed oxygen therapy and catheterisation. 2 weeks after the start of hospitalisation, lesions present on MRI raised the suspicion of lymphoma/glioma. A biopsy was recommended, which revealed PCNSL, an intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion. Primary CNS lymphoma is associated with a poor prognosis. Its correct diagnosis is associated with major diagnostic problems and therapeutic difficulties. The course of PCNSL is usually aggressive and the results of treatment are unsatisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Sight deterioration caused by the defect in the oculomotor nerve is common amongst neurological patients, however, the etiology varies - both cerebral strokes and diabetes or hypertension can cause it. Similarly, headaches are non-specific to one disease. Differential diagnosis is obligatory when treating patients with these symptoms successfully. Description of the case. A thirty-eight-old female was admitted to the hospital because of sudden problems with vision and cephalgia. On history taking, the patient admitted to being three months after her third delivery, neither suffering from any chronic diseases nor taking drugs permanently. Problems with vision were caused by right oculomotor nerve palsy and then were successfully treated with steroids. The results of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in T2 and FLAIR sequences revealed some non-characteristic hyperintensities in the subdural white matter of both cerebral hemispheres and a lesion in the left lobe of the pituitary gland. It is also worth mentioning the diagnosis of COVID-19, confirmed by antigen test during the stay at the hospital. After a careful diagnostic process, arteriovenous malformations were finally claimed. Arteriovenous malformations are mainly congenital abnormalities of vessels, characterized by the lack of development of the capillaries between arteries and veins. In most cases, they do not cause any symptoms. However, in some patients, mainly after the rapture, hemorrhagic strokes or seizures can be the first presentation. Conclusion. The case represents the value of properly undergoing differential diagnosis. The patient's symptoms accompanied by laboratory and imaging test results allowed to diagnose arteriovenous malformations, however excluding more common medical conditions was essential. This case also reminds about the importance of being cautious in history taking and lastly making accurate decisions about the treatment even without knowledge of the accurate etiology of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Generalized fetal edema is described as the accumulation of excessive fluid in the soft tissues and at least two body cavities of the fetus. According to the etiology, it divides into two groups: immune and non-immune. Immune hydrops fetalis is caused by RhD alloimmunization in pregnancy. Non-immune fetal hydrops can have heterogeneous pathogenesis. Description of the case. The presentation will introduce the case of a 33-year-old healthy woman in her fourth pregnancy. G4,P1. The pregnant woman has blood type 0 Rh-. The patient is hospitalized at GA-36 for a suspected fetal malformation. The ultrasound examination describes an abnormal image of the brain with visible multiple porencephalic cavities, which may be in consonance with the condition after CNS hemorrhage or fetal CNS ischemia. Generalized fetal edema was also noted. The other organs are normal structured. The fetal heart rate is 135 beats/min, while the CTG showed a recording of silent oscillation. Conclusion. In described case, considering the patient's obstetric past, it is inclined toward the diagnosis of fetal immune edema due to platelet conflict. Nowadays, this is an extremely rare occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a list of articles published in the journal Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. The articles cover a wide range of topics related to platelets, coagulation, and thrombosis. Some of the topics include the role of platelets in cancer, the measurement of microparticles, risk factors for venous thromboembolism, and the use of statins in COVID-19 patients. The articles provide valuable information for researchers and healthcare professionals interested in these areas of study. [Extracted from the article]

In this review paper, we present the common etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of the following three common bunion formations: dorsal bunion, tailor's bunion, and hallux valgus (HV). Bunions are common pathologies that present to a variety of clinics, so it is important for providers to have a base understanding of these in order to provide the best care to patients. Many of these bunion formations have a variety of causes which allow providers to manage them before surgical intervention is required. The aim of this review paper is to bring attention and expanded insight on these common bunion presentations in order to minimize morbidity early on. The information provided in this review will allow both primary care and subspecialty physicians with the knowledge to accurately diagnose and optimally manage these bony deformities of the lower extremity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PPHN is a common cause of neonatal respiratory failure and is still a serious condition and associated with high mortality. Objectives: To compare the demographic variables, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes in neonates with PHHN who underwent ECMO and survived compared to neonates with PHHN who underwent ECMO and died. Methods: We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline and searched ProQuest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature for studies on the development of PPHN in neonates who underwent ECMO, published from January 1, 2010 to May 31, 2023, with English language restriction. Results: Of the 5689 papers that were identified, 134 articles were included in the systematic review. Studies involving 1814 neonates with PPHN who were placed on ECMO were analyzed (1218 survived and 594 died). Neonates in the PPHN group who died had lower proportion of normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (6.4% vs 1.8%; p value > 0.05) and lower Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min [i.e., low Apgar score: 1.5% vs 0.5%, moderately abnormal Apgar score: 10.3% vs 1.2% and reassuring Apgar score: 4% vs 2.3%; p value = 0.039] compared to those who survived. Neonates who had PPHN and died had higher proportion of medical comorbidities such as omphalocele (0.7% vs 4.7%), systemic hypotension (1% vs 2.5%), infection with Herpes simplex virus (0.4% vs 2.2%) or Bordetella pertussis (0.7% vs 2%); p = 0.042. Neonates with PPHN in the death group were more likely to present due to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (25.5% vs 47.3%), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (4.2% vs 13.5%), meconium aspiration syndrome (8% vs 12.1%), pneumonia (1.6% vs 8.4%), sepsis (1.5% vs 8.2%) and alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (0.1% vs 4.4%); p = 0.019. Neonates with PPHN who died needed a longer median time of mechanical ventilation (15 days, IQR 10 to 27 vs. 10 days, IQR 7 to 28; p = 0.024) and ECMO use (9.2 days, IQR 3.9 to 13.5 vs. 6 days, IQR 3 to 12.5; p = 0.033), and a shorter median duration of hospital stay (23 days, IQR 12.5 to 46 vs. 58.5 days, IQR 28.2 to 60.7; p = 0.000) compared to the neonates with PPHN who survived. ECMO-related complications such as chylothorax (1% vs 2.7%), intracranial bleeding (1.2% vs 1.7%) and catheter-related infections (0% vs 0.3%) were more frequent in the group of neonates with PPHN who died (p = 0.031). Conclusion: ECMO in the neonates with PPHN who failed supportive cardiorespiratory care and conventional therapies has been successfully utilized with a neonatal survival rate of 67.1%. Mortality in neonates with PPHN who underwent ECMO was highest in cases born via the caesarean delivery mode or neonates who had lower Apgar scores at birth. Fatality rate in neonates with PPHN who underwent ECMO was the highest in patients with higher rate of specific medical comorbidities (omphalocele, systemic hypotension and infection with Herpes simplex virus or Bordetella pertussis) or cases who had PPHN due to higher rate of specific etiologies (congenital diaphragmatic hernia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration syndrome). Neonates with PPHN who died may need a longer time of mechanical ventilation and ECMO use and a shorter duration of hospital stay; and may experience higher frequency of ECMO-related complications (chylothorax, intracranial bleeding and catheter-related infections) in comparison with the neonates with PPHN who survived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment for ADHD is particularly challenging in the presence of known or suspected coexisting conditions or presentations, such as other neurodevelopmental conditions, mental health conditions or intellectual disability, but accurate identification of aetiology is vital to ensure appropriate and effective support or intervention is offered. This paper focuses on the assessment for ADHD in the context of possible or known developmental trauma, two presentations with significant overlap and co-occurrence. Using theoretical knowledge and clinical experience we attempt to offer a framework to guide assessment. An overview of each of these presentations is given; similarities and differences in key domains for each presentation are defined; and features in a child's presentation that may have been attributed to possible ADHD but may in fact be related to developmental trauma are identified. Guidance regarding the approach to assessment of ADHD for a child who may also present with developmental trauma, is woven through the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal lung disease affecting approximately 5 million people worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. Currently, the only available treatments are palliative care and lung transplantation, as there is no curative drug for this condition. The disease involves the excessive synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to alveolar epithelial cell damage, leading to scarring and stiffening of the lung tissue and ultimately causing respiratory failure. Although multiple factors contribute to the disease, the exact causes remain unclear. The mechanical properties of lung tissue, including elasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension, are not only affected by fibrosis but also contribute to its progression. This paper reviews the alteration in these mechanical properties as pulmonary fibrosis progresses and how cells in the lung, including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages, respond to these changes, contributing to disease exacerbation. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of developing advanced in vitro models, based on hydrogels and 3D bioprinting, which can accurately replicate the mechanical and structural properties of fibrotic lungs and are conducive to studying the effects of mechanical stimuli on cellular responses. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the interaction between the progression of pulmonary fibrosis and the alterations in mechanical properties, which could aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is classified as "vessel bi" in traditional Chinese medicine, and cold evil is one of its important causes. Cold, having the properties of coagulation, stagnation, and contraction, tends to narrow the diameter of blood vessels and slow down blood flow, which can promote the pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis. At present, the etiological theory of vessel bi caused by cold evil has not been fully elaborated. Based on the explanations of " evening" in "pathogenic cold affecting in the evening", such as "ying", "end of year", "end of day", and "time of yang decline and yin exuberance", this paper proposes the viewpoint that the cold evil tends to affect ying-blood and cause vessel bi, and discusses its pathogenesis. From the perspective of the external environment, cold evil affecting the vessel is conditional, often occurring in winter and in the middle of the night. From the perspective of internal environment, the cold evil affects the vessel in a process which can be manifested in three stages: cold injury, cold stagnation, and cold congelation. The strength of yang qi is the factor that determine whether the cold evil can cause disease. Exploring the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from the perspective of "pathogenic cold affecting in the evening" provides a new idea for further elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and expanding its clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHDTEPDB (URL: http://chdtepdb.com/) is a manually integrated database for congenital heart disease (CHD) that stores the expression profiling data of CHD derived from published papers, aiming to provide rich resources for investigating a deeper correlation between human CHD and aberrant transcriptome expression. The development of human diseases involves important regulatory roles of RNAs, and expression profiling data can reflect the underlying etiology of inherited diseases. Hence, collecting and compiling expression profiling data is of critical significance for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and functions that underpin genetic diseases. CHDTEPDB stores the expression profiles of over 200 sets of 7 types of CHD and provides users with more convenient basic analytical functions. Due to the differences in clinical indicators such as disease type and unavoidable detection errors among various datasets, users are able to customize their selection of corresponding data for personalized analysis. Moreover, we provide a submission page for researchers to submit their own data so that increasing expression profiles as well as some other histological data could be supplemented to the database. CHDTEPDB is a user-friendly interface that allows users to quickly browse, retrieve, download, and analyze their target samples. CHDTEPDB will significantly improve the current knowledge of expression profiling data in CHD and has the potential to be exploited as an important tool for future research on the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept of control has long been suggested as a central factor in eating disorder (ED) aetiology. The concept is now so mainstream that it risks being used in a potentially reductionist, stigmatising or otherwise harmful manner. In this paper, we explore and discuss our positions on the use of control-related terminology for EDs. Methods: The authors of this auto-ethnographic position paper include academic researchers, individuals with lived experience and clinicians (not mutually exclusive). In sharing our experiences and observations, we aim to raise awareness of the wider impacts that control framing can have on ED perceptions, treatment, recovery and individuals' lived experience. Results: We argue that although control can play a role in some ED experiences, an overemphasis upon this factor to the exclusion of other conceptualisations is not beneficial. Conclusions: To mitigate against pathologisation of an individual, it is important to challenge a discourse that can lead to EDs being perceived as something 'wrong' with the individual, rather than a consequence of life events or other environmental influences. We identify priorities for the future for researchers, clinicians, policy makers and the wider public. Plain English summary: Control has often been described as a central factor within Eating Disorders (EDs). Whilst control can play a role in ED experiences, we argue that overemphasis upon this factor can result in other important factors being overlooked. For many individuals, EDs are the consequence of life events and/or other environmental influences. With this in mind, discourse which overemphasises control (e.g., rather than coping) can inaccurately portray EDs as something 'wrong' with the individual. It is important to challenge this discourse to encourage more appropriate perceptions of EDs. In turn, this could improve understanding and treatment of EDs, reduce stigma, and promote recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on numerous species have demonstrated strikingly conserved mechanisms that determine the aging process, from yeasts to worms, flies, zebrafish, mice, and humans. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model organism for studying the biological basis of normal aging and etiology of age-related diseases. Since its inception in 1967, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) has grown into the largest collection of documented D. melanogaster strains (currently > 91,000). This paper aims to briefly review conserved mechanisms of aging and provides a guide to help users understand the organization of stock listings on the BDSC website and familiarize themselves with the search functions on BDSC and FlyBase, with an emphasis on using genes in conserved pathways as examples to find stocks for aging studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pneumonia was the leading cause of respiratory failure and death. In addition to SARS-COV-2, it can be caused by several other bacterial and viral agents. Even today, variants of SARS-COV-2 are endemic and COVID-19 cases are common in many places. The symptoms of COVID-19 are highly diverse and robust, ranging from invisible to severe respiratory failure. Current detection methods for the disease are time-consuming and expensive with low accuracy and precision. To address such situations, we have designed a framework for COVID-19 and Pneumonia detection using multiple deep learning algorithms further accompanied by a deployment scheme. In this study, we have utilized four prominent deep learning models, which are VGG-19, ResNet-50, Inception V3 and Xception, on two separate datasets of CT scan and X-ray images (COVID/Non-COVID) to identify the best models for the detection of COVID-19. We achieved accuracies ranging from 86% to 99% depending on the model and dataset. To further validate our findings, we have applied the four distinct models on two more supplementary datasets of X-ray images of bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia. Additionally, we have implemented a flask app to visualize the outcome of our framework to show the identified COVID and Non-COVID images. The findings of this study will be helpful to develop an AI-driven automated tool for the cost effective and faster detection and better management of COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was an important finding in Australian science, involving a self-educated field naturalist and a small team of plant pathologists who had to work in relative academic isolation and with inadequate glasshouse facilities. After its discovery in Melbourne in 1915, TSWV rapidly spread throughout Australia and by 1929, it posed an existential threat to the tomato industry. To address this problem, a joint project between the Waite Agricultural Research Institute and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated in 1926. This collaboration, led by University of Adelaide plant pathologist Geoffrey Samuel, was initially turbulent but ultimately highly productive. Within an eight-year period, significant advances were made in understanding the aetiology of the disease, particularly by establishing that it was caused by a thrips-transmitted virus. Aspects of the epidemiology and control of the virus were also elucidated such as investigating alternative hosts of the virus. This research was made possible through substantial improvements in mechanical inoculation techniques. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most economically important viruses in the world. Before it became a global problem, it devastated tomato crops in Australia. This paper describes how TSWV was identified and biologically characterised by Australian scientists at a time when few techniques existed to detect the virus. It is a remarkable story of human endeavour by a small team of people working in academic isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral Cancer (OC) is the most unsafe of all dental disease, while person unusual and getting little notice. It ranks 12th among all malignancies. OC has a multifaceted etiology, and much like other cancer, early recognition is critical to dropping enduring distress and boosting endurance charge. The frequency and decease rates of OC have augmented internationally, which has accelerated these study pains in the area of premature recognition and anticipation of this sickness. As an outcome, scientists have been pointed used for biopsy substitute. OC has been recognized using a diversity of molecularly based diagnostic marker, with different degree of consideration and specificity. The occurrence, humanity, risk factor, prediction, and treatment of OC are all enclosed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis and management of oral pigmented lesions can be challenging in clinical practice owing to their variable aetiology and different prognoses that range from benign, physiological conditions to systemic disorders, localised mucosal abnormalities and ultimately life-threatening malignant neoplasms such as malignant melanoma. In this paper, Peter Thomson outlines a pragmatic, clinically based approach to assessment, diagnosis and management of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that can affect almost any organ. Although the acute form can have spontaneous regression, a certain number of patients can have a chronic form, which leads to an increase in mortality and a decrease in the quality of life. Considering that the risk factors are still unknown, we wanted to compare the characteristics of patients with acute and chronic forms of sarcoidosis in Serbia in order to determine significant differences between them with hopes of contributing to everyday clinical practice. A total of 2380 patients treated in our clinic were enrolled in this study. They were separated into the following two groups: 1126 patients with acute form and 1254 patients with chronic form. They were further compared by gender, smoking status, radiological status, exposition, biomarkers for sarcoidosis, organ involvement, and other comorbidities; the distribution of patients according to regions of Serbia was also noted. Statistical significance was found in radiological findings (p < 0.001), biomarkers (calcium in 24 h urine p < 0.001; chitotriosidase p = 0.001), and the affliction of organs (p < 0.001). The differences noted in this paper could help improve our understanding of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious diseases seriously threaten the lives of children. Timely and accurate detection of pathogenic microorganisms and targeted medication are the keys to the diagnosing and treatment of infectious diseases in children. The next-generation metagenomic sequencing technology has attracted great attention in infectious diseases because of its characteristics such as no culture, high throughput, short detection cycle, wide coverage, and a good application prospect. In this paper, we review the studies of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in pediatric infectious diseases and analyze the challenges of its application in pediatric diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a rare disease of poorly understood etiology. The cause is mostly idiopathic. However, congenital and acquired structural changes in the central nervous system are also involved. Prevalent organic changes in the central nervous system, especially among boys, prompt imaging assessment in each case of CPP. In addition, genetic and environmental factors have been reported. Safe and effective treatment is available. The time of treatment implementation is crucial to the successful outcome. Proper diagnosis and treatment make it possible to avoid a number of complications of untreated CPP. There are only a few studies analyzing the prevalence and risk factors for the disease. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current causes of CPP with particular consideration of neurological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein produced by liver, belonging to the serine protease inhibitor family. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is very common autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by point mutation in SERPINA1 gene. Mutations in the alpha-1 antitrypsin gene lead to production of misfolded AAT resulting in impaired release into the blood. This disorder leads to destruction of connecting tissue especially in lungs and to accumulation of retarded protein in the liver. Purpose: Most studies addressing AAT deficiency focus on presenting symptoms related to the lungs and liver. We want to take a broader look at this issue, so we have closely examined scientific reports on the presentation of the disease in organs other than the lungs and liver. The goal is to gather holistic knowledge about the disease to enhance awareness and treatment. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the issue of AAT deficiency comprehensively. We explored symptoms with an emphasis on organs beyond the liver and lungs. We also delved into the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease. Discussion: The clinical symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency extending beyond the liver and lungs remain inadequately described. We know that AAT deficiency can lead to excessive destruction of connective tissue in any organ, not just the lungs and liver. Unfortunately, this condition continues to go undiagnosed, and the number of scientific publications on symptoms from other organs is too limited. This affects the insufficient attention given by doctors to tissue destruction in organs other than the lungs and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Eales' Disease, an ocular condition characterized by unknown pathophysiology, exhibits a higher prevalence among young males. Since the etiology of the disease remains unclear, a comprehensive exploration of clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches is undertaken to deepen insights into its current understanding. Furthermore, potential cofactors that may trigger Eales' Disease are reviewed, investigating the association between Eales' Disease and other ocular conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Additionally, diverse therapeutic interventions across disease stages are examined to assess the efficacy and possibility of repurposing treatments from related conditions. Through this review, the aim is to extend and elucidate potential study areas to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of Eales' Disease and aid patients in preventing the disease or finding optimal treatment strategies. Eales' Disease is an idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculopathy first described by British ophthalmologist Henry Eales in 1880. Most prevalent in healthy young males, Eales' Disease often presents with symptoms of sudden blurry or decreased vision and floaters. Although no clear, standardized stage of the disease exists, it progresses through three overlapping phases—peripheral periphlebitis, ischemic capillary ischemia, and retinal neovascularization. The etiology of Eales' Disease is unknown and appears to be multifactorial, but post-TB hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein and M. tuberculosis DNA is the most potential cause in the etiology of Eales' Disease. With a thorough examination of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of Eales' Disease—incorporating the latest clinical findings related to the condition—the investigation for Eales' Disease extends to explore recent potential connections with other ocular conditions or possible cofactors, such as glaucoma, uncontrolled diabetes, drug abuse, or inherited medical conditions. Moreover, focusing on critical insights into the treatment of Eales' Disease across its various stages of progression, the overarching goal of the paper is to refine and suggest possible future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Widening our understanding of pathophysiology and utilizing various treatment options for individual patients holds immense potential for advancing ocular medicine and optimizing patient care for people with this disease with unknown pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases, among which includes coronary artery disease, represent one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Research aimed at determining the risk factors involved recognizes a group of "traditional" risk factors, but also more recent studies identified over 100 "novel" ones which may have a role in the disease. Among the latter is the thrombophilia profile of a patient, a pathology well-established for its involvement in venous thromboembolism, but with less studied implications in arterial thrombosis. This paper reviews the literature, explaining the pathophysiology of the thrombophilia causes associated most with coronary thrombosis events. Results of several studies on the subject, including a meta-analysis with over 60,000 subjects, determined the significant involvement of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A mutation, plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 and antiphospholipid syndrome in the development of coronary artery disease. The mechanisms involved are currently at different stages of research, with some already established and used as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder affecting women of reproductive age, with an estimated global prevalence of 47.8%, with severe symptoms occurring in 3-8%, significantly affecting daily functioning. GABA conductance and changes in neurosteroid levels, particularly allopregnanolone, are suspected to play a substantial role in the disorder's etiology. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent reports on the etiology and recognized therapeutic approaches, encompassing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Our examination includes studies on SSRIs, hormonal agents, neurosteroids, supplementation, and therapeutic roles. We aim to determine the most favorable treatment regimen by comparing medication effects and alternative methods. The treatment of PMS is crucial for enhancing the quality of life for affected women. Medications used in PMS treatment should be individually selected to achieve the best therapeutic effect, considering the clinical situation of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypospadias, characterized by abnormal position of the urethral opening, is the second most common congenital anomaly in men. Its incidence is increasing year by year, and it has become the fourth largest birth defect disease in China. Not only does it bring both physical and psychological distress to the patients, but its surgical repair and long-term postoperative management also occupy a large amount of social economic and medical resources. Hypospadias can be isolated or present as a manifestation of some syndrome. At present, there are a variety of methods used to define and evaluate hypospadias, and it is imperative to develop a uniform classification standard to standardize care and surgical methods. In humans, the normal development of the penis structure has experienced an early androgen-independent stage and a late androgen-dependent sexual differentiation stage. In addition to genetic changes, endocrine or external environmental influences can cause damage or loss of the basic elements of penile development, which can induce hypospadias. Therefore, the disease is the result of genetic, endocrine and environmental factors and their interaction, with genetic factors generally considered to be more important than others. Based on different population cohorts, this paper elucidates the causes of hypospadias from the perspective of classical genetic variation, involving gene polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphism and copy number variation of genes in normal biological processes such as growth differentiation of reproductive nodules, gonadal development and testis differentiation, androgen and estrogen production, etc. Moreover, the candidate genes related to human hypospadias are summarized. This paper will provide theoretical basis for the screening, intervention and clinical treatment of hypospadias, and contribute to improve the quality of birth population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pathways Model of problem gambling has become a highly influential framework in the field of gambling studies. This special issue commemorates 20 years since the publication of the original paper, highlighting the sustained impact of the Pathways Model across the broader and emergent field of behavioral addictions. As a framework, the Pathways Model set out two distinct objectives: first, to synthesize an array of risk factors and psychological processes that have been implicated in the etiology of gambling problems, and second, to characterize heterogeneity among people with gambling problems. As the articles included in this collection confirm, the three subtypes proposed by Blaszczynski & Nower continue to be an especially powerful stimulus for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The associations between the aetiology of preterm birth and later neurodevelopmental outcomes are unclear. A systematic review and meta‐analysis examined the existing evidence. Methods: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for papers published in English from inception to 16 December 2020. We included original papers on the causes of preterm birth and the risks of cerebral palsy (CP) and suboptimal cognitive development. Two reviewers independently evaluated the studies and extracted the data. Results: The literature search yielded 5472 papers and 13 were selected. The aetiology of preterm birth was classified under spontaneous or medically indicated delivery. A meta‐analysis was performed, comprising 104 902 preterm infants from 11 papers on CP. Preterm infants born after a medically indicated delivery had a lower CP risk than infants born after spontaneous delivery, with a pooled odds ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.40–0.86). This result was robust in the subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Cognitive development was reported in three papers, which suggested that worse outcomes were associated with medically indicated deliveries. Conclusion: The aetiology of preterm delivery may contribute to the risk of CP and cognitive delay. Further research is needed, using individual‐level meta‐analyses to adjust for possible confounders, notably gestational age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an acute respiratory failure caused by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, was first defined by Ashbaugh et al. in 1967. The number of publications increased enormously after the Berlin definition of ARDS was first described in 2012. Objectives. This article intends to provide the physicians and the scientists with a reference guide to assess the most influential publications written about ARDS. Materials and methods. We performed an exhaustive bibliometric analysis to identify publication trends by year, and the most influential research articles, authors, co-authors, journals, and countries. Articles on ARDS published in Science Citation Index (SCI) and Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) journals between 1980 and 2020 were examined. On December 20, 2020, the keywords "ARDS" and "acute respiratory distress syndrome" were searched using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, and data including titles, author information, abstracts, journals, and references were analyzed. Results. A total of 4564 articles related to ARDS published between 1980 and 2020 were identified. After excluding 192 proceedings papers, 19 early access papers, 1 book chapter, 1 research paper, and 1 retracted article, 4350 articles published in SCI and ESCI journals were analyzed. The largest number of articles (n = 557, 12.8%) appeared in 2020. The average citations per article was 38.21, and 4350 articles were cited 166,885 times altogether. The USA was at the top of the list of the most productive countries with 5025 articles. Harvard University was the most contributing institution with 244 articles. M.A. Matthay ranked as the most productive author in ARDS research with 87 published publications. Conclusions. The present study provided a comprehensive, illustrative analysis of ARDS articles published in SCI and ESCI journals over the past 40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to clarify one of the deepest questions about the source or ground of normativity, while also presenting an essence-based approach to answering it. We call it the 'Arché Question.' Though all metanormative theories must address this question, very few realists have explicitly grappled with the challenge it poses; those who have appear to deny any need to give an answer. After critically discussing extant realist responses, this paper outlines an essence-based approach to answering the Arché Question that draws on theoretical resources forged in recent advances in post-modal metaphysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis is the property of Nis University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)