876 results
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2. Culturally Congruent Health Care of COVID-19 in Minorities in the United States: A Clinical Practice Paper From the National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Nurse Associations.
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Cuellar, Norma G., Aquino, Elizabeth, Dawson, Martha A., Garcia-Dia, Mary Joy, Im, Eun-Ok, Jurado, Leo-Felix M., Lee, Young Shin, Littlejohn, Sandy, Tom-Orme, Lillian, and Toney, Debra A.
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- *
NURSES' associations , *BLACK people , *COALITIONS , *ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY , *HEALTH services accessibility , *HEALTH status indicators , *HISPANIC Americans , *NATIVE Americans , *MEDICAL care , *PSYCHOLOGY of Minorities , *RACE , *CULTURAL competence , *HEALTH & social status , *COVID-19 - Abstract
Introduction: Race and ethnicity along with social determinants of health have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19. The purpose of this clinical paper is to provide an overview of the National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Nurse Associations (NCEMNA), present COVID-19 epidemiological data on five racial–ethnic groups, identify culturally congruent health care strategies for each group, and provide directions for practice and research. Method : NCEMNA collaborated to provide a clinical paper that addresses information about COVID-19 and culturally congruent health care in five racial–ethnic groups. Results : Every organization presented common themes across the different groups and unique perspectives that each group is faced with during this challenge. Discussion : This article provides an introduction to the issues that minority groups are facing. It is imperative that data are collected to determine the extent of the impact of COVID-19 in diverse communities in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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3. The Trope of the Papers: Rethinking the (Un)Documented in African American Literature.
- Author
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Arrizón-Palomera, Esmeralda
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AFRICAN American literature ,UNDOCUMENTED immigrants ,BLACK people ,SLAVE narratives ,SLAVERY - Abstract
I argue for a reconceptualization of undocumentedness, the experience of being undocumented, from an experience that is simply a result of the modern immigration regime to an experience that is a result of interlocking systems of oppression and resistance to them that has shaped Blackness and the vision for black liberation. I make this argument by defining and tracing the trope of the papers—the use of legal and extralegal documents to examine and document African Americans' and other people of African descent's relationship to the nation-state—in the slave narrative and the neo-slave narrative. I offer a close readings of slave narratives, including Sojourner Truth's The Narrative of Sojourner Truth (1850) and Harriet Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself , and neo-slave narratives, including Toni Morrison's A Mercy (2008) and Gayl Jones's Mosquito (1999), to illustrate the significance of the undocumented immigrant in African American literature and demonstrate that writers of African American literature have been thinking intensely about undocumentedness, although not in the way undocumentedness is typically understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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4. Research paper. Tobacco industry marketing to low socioeconomic status women in the USA.
- Author
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Brown-Johnson, Cati G., England, Lucinda J., Glantz, Stanton A., and Ling, Pamela M.
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MARKETING , *BLACK people , *INDUSTRIES , *MILITARY dependents , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICAL sampling , *TOBACCO , *WOMEN , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Describe tobacco companies' marketing strategies targeting low socioeconomic status (SES) females in the USA. METHODS: Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents. RESULTS: Tobacco companies focused marketing on low SES women starting in the late 1970s, including military wives, low-income inner-city minority women, 'discount-susceptible' older female smokers and less-educated young white women. Strategies included distributing discount coupons with food stamps to reach the very poor, discount offers at point-of-sale and via direct mail to keep cigarette prices low, developing new brands for low SES females and promoting luxury images to low SES African-American women. More recently, companies integrated promotional strategies targeting low-income women into marketing plans for established brands. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco companies used numerous marketing strategies to reach low SES females in the USA for at least four decades. Strategies to counteract marketing to low SES women could include (1) counteracting price discounts and direct mail coupons that reduce the price of tobacco products, (2) instituting restrictions on point-of-sale advertising and retail display and (3) creating counteradvertising that builds resistance to psychosocial targeting of low SES women. To achieve health equity, tobacco control efforts are needed to counteract the influence of tobacco industry marketing to low-income women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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5. Navigating the cultural adaptation of a US-based online mental health and social support program for use with young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males in the Northern Territory, Australia: Processes, outcomes, and lessons.
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Opozda, Melissa J., Bonson, Jason, Vigona, Jahdai, Aanundsen, David, Paradisis, Chris, Anderson, Peter, Stahl, Garth, Watkins, Daphne C., Black, Oliver, Brickley, Bryce, Canuto, Karla J., Drummond, Murray J. N., Miller Jr., Keith F., Oth, Gabriel, Petersen, Jasmine, Prehn, Jacob, Raciti, Maria M., Robinson, Mark, Rodrigues, Dante, and Stokes, Cameron
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EDUCATION of Torres Strait Islanders ,SOCIAL media ,HUMAN services programs ,MENTAL health services ,MENTAL health ,GENDER identity ,GROUP identity ,RESEARCH funding ,MEDICAL care ,EDUCATIONAL outcomes ,CULTURE ,MASCULINITY ,INTERNET ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,BLACK people ,ONLINE education ,MATHEMATICAL models ,CURRICULUM planning ,SOCIAL support ,HEALTH promotion ,COLLEGE students ,THEORY ,WELL-being - Abstract
Background: Despite disproportionate rates of mental ill-health compared with non-Indigenous populations, few programs have been tailored to the unique health, social, and cultural needs and preferences of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. This paper describes the process of culturally adapting the US-based Young Black Men, Masculinities, and Mental Health (YBMen) Project to suit the needs, preferences, culture, and circumstances of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males aged 16–25 years in the Northern Territory, Australia. YBMen is an evidence-based social media-based education and support program designed to promote mental health, expand understandings of gender and cultural identities, and enhance social support in college-aged Black men. Methods: Our adaptation followed an Extended Stages of Cultural Adaptation model. First, we established a rationale for adaptation that included assessing the appropriateness of YBMen's core components for the target population. We then investigated important and appropriate models to underpin the adapted program and conducted a non-linear, iterative process of gathering information from key sources, including young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males, to inform program curriculum and delivery. Results: To maintain program fidelity, we retained the core curriculum components of mental health, healthy masculinities, and social connection and kept the small cohort, private social media group delivery but developed two models: 'online only' (the original online delivery format) and 'hybrid in-person/online' (combining online delivery with weekly in-person group sessions). Adaptations made included using an overarching Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing framework and socio-cultural strengths-based approach; inclusion of modules on health and wellbeing, positive Indigenous masculinities, and respectful relationships; use of Indigenous designs and colours; and prominent placement of images of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male sportspeople, musicians, activists, and local role models. Conclusions: This process resulted in a culturally responsive mental health, masculinities, and social support health promotion program for young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. Next steps will involve pilot testing to investigate the adapted program's acceptability and feasibility and inform further refinement. Keywords: Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, Indigenous, Australia, male, cultural adaptation, social media, mental health, masculinities, social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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6. What you should know about RACISM-20 in the U.S.: a fact sheet in the time of COVID-19.
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Petteway, Ryan J.
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BLACK people ,DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) ,VIOLENCE ,PUBLIC health ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,COVID-19 pandemic ,POLICE - Abstract
Drawing from social epidemiology literature on structural racism, and rooted in critical race theory and critical theory related to narrative power, this paper uses satire and humor as commentary on mainstream U.S. public health discourse related to the role of "race" (properly understood, racism) in shaping inequities observed via COVID-19. Taking the form of a "RACISM-20" fact sheet, this paper transposes structural racism and COVID-19. In doing so, it accentuates how individualist, ahistoric, and pathologizing "downstream" frames of health risks/solutions curtail productive dialogue and action to advance racial and health equity. In the spirit of "racial emancipatory humor", this work represents a potential pedagogical tool to discuss and critique dominant frames of racial(ized) risks, "vulnerability", and responsibility – both in the context of COVID-19 and within broader discourse of racial health inequities, including as related to racialized police violence. In this capacity, this "fact sheet" serves as an example health promotion product of critical resistance and counternarrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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7. Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to White people?
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Block Jr., Ray, Crabtree, Charles, Holbein, John B., and Monson, J. Quin
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BLACK people ,WHITE people ,HOUSING discrimination ,DISCRIMINATION in education ,RACE discrimination ,AUDITING ,MEDICAL education - Abstract
In this article, we present the results from a large-scale field experiment designed to measure racial discrimination among the American public. We conducted an audit study on the general public--sending correspondence to 250,000 citizens randomly drawn from public voter registration lists. Our within-subjects experimental design tested the public's responsiveness to electronically delivered requests to volunteer their time to help with completing a simple task--taking a survey. We randomized whether the request came from either an ostensibly Black or an ostensibly White sender. We provide evidence that in electronic interactions, on average, the public is less likely to respond to emails from people they believe to be Black (rather than White). Our results give us a snapshot of a subtle form of racial bias that is systemic in the United States. What we term everyday or "paper cut" discrimination is exhibited by all racial/ethnic subgroups--outside of Black people themselves--and is present in all geographic regions in the United States. We benchmark paper cut discrimination among the public to estimates of discrimination among various groups of social elites. We show that discrimination among the public occurs more frequently than discrimination observed among elected officials and discrimination in higher education and themedical sector but simultaneously, less frequently than discrimination in housing and employment contexts. Our results provide a window into the discrimination that Black people in the United States face in day-to-day interactions with their fellow citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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8. Mechanisms of Racialization in the U.S. Child Welfare System: How African Immigrant Families become Black.
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Suleiman, Johara
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FAMILIES & psychology , *CHILD welfare , *IMMIGRANTS , *RACIALIZATION , *BLACK people , *RACE , *HEALTH equity - Abstract
This paper applies the concept of racialization to an analysis of research on the child welfare system's racial disparities and its interactions with Black African immigrant families. This conceptual paper makes the argument that Black African immigrants are an important population of focus for U.S. child welfare system research, and that the use of a racialization lens is necessary to interpret the experiences of the increasingly diverse, Black-racialized population with the child welfare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
9. White Americans' preference for Black people in advertising has increased in the past 66 years: A meta-analysis.
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Lenk, Julia Diana, Hartmann, Jochen, and Sattler, Henrik
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BLACK people ,RACE discrimination ,WHITE people ,RACE ,PARASOCIAL relationships ,CONSUMER preferences ,FOOD preferences - Abstract
This study investigates Black and White consumers' preferences for Black versus White people in United States advertising contexts over 66 y, from 1956 until 2022, a time in which the United States has experienced significant ethno-racial diversification. Examining Black and White consumers' reactions to visual advertising over more than half a century offers a unique and dynamic view of interracial preferences. Mass advertising reaches an audience of billions and can shape people's attitudes and behavior, emphasizing the relevance of clarifying the influence of race in advertising, how it has evolved over time, and how it may contribute to mitigating discrimination based on racial perceptions. A meta-analysis of extant experiments into the relationship between the depicted endorser's race (i.e., the model in a visual ad) and the reaction of Black and White viewers pertains to 332 effect sizes from 62 studies reported in 52 scientific papers, comprising 10,186 Black and White participants. Our results are anchored in a conceptual framework, including a comprehensive set of perceiver (viewer), target (endorser), social/societal context, and publication characteristics. Without accounting for temporal dynamics, the results indicate ingroup favoritism, such that White viewers prefer White models and Black viewers prefer Black models. But by controlling for the publication year, it is possible to observe a time-dependent trend: Historically, White consumers preferred endorsers of the same race, but this preference has significantly shifted toward Black endorsers in recent years. In contrast, the level of Black consumers' reactions to endorsers of the same race remains largely unchanged over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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10. Black Women as Genres of Skin: A Necropolitical Analysis of US Open Representational Texts of Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka.
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Kaufulu, Mphatso Moses
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RACISM ,PRACTICAL politics ,BLACK people ,FEMININITY ,WOMEN ,CULTURAL pluralism ,EXPERIENCE ,SEX distribution ,TENNIS ,TEXT messages - Abstract
This paper draws from necropolitics to apply an intertextual analysis of representational texts in order to foreground the constitutive role of race and gender in the construction of media texts. This construction is referred to in this paper as a meta-text which obtains from socio-cultural classifications which mark some groups as 'people' and others as 'unpeople', and thus, some groups as possessing 'internal lives' and others as only existing as 'surfaces'. Out of these grand, racing distinctions emanate the additional layers of gendered femininity, which is marked as white, and de-gendered 'non-femininity' which is Black. These meta-texts constitute the building blocks for the construction of meanings which then become representation as understood within textual analysis. The Osaka and Williams final in 2018 provides a highly illuminating instance in which these necropolitical processes occur, even as the paper attempts to demonstrate how African postcolonial [necropolitical] theory and critical cultural analysis complement in textual analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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11. Resistance as a Foundational Commons: Intersectionality, Transfeminism, and the Future of Critical Feminisms.
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Draper, Suzanne C. and Chapple, Reshawna
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RACISM ,SEXISM ,FEMINISM ,TRANS women ,WOMEN'S rights ,BLACK people ,HUMAN sexuality ,NONBINARY people ,FEMINIST criticism ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,LESBIANS ,SOCIAL case work ,CISGENDER people - Abstract
The paradigms of academic and activist feminisms in the United States in the middle and later half of the 20th century were developed in part as critical explorations of exclusionary practices within feminist ideology. The strength of critical feminisms is their capacity to reimagine the limiting parameters of exclusion (e.g., of Black people and people of color, of butch lesbians, etc.) that are based in many of the same principles that bolster patriarchal definitions of gender and sexuality. Such patriarchal definitions include the pressure to express and experience gender and sexuality in a static manner that relegates all other expressions as Other or merely transitional. If the purpose of critical feminisms is to explore the "issues of power [and]...the ways that gender ideology... is produced, reproduced, resisted, and changed in and through the everyday experiences of" people, then the concepts that this paper explores should be of the utmost importance within critical feminisms. In doing so critical feminisms must examine the contributions and experiences of trans, non-binary, and queer people that help us to reimagine what it means to be a feminist in a world of free expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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12. Phenotypic Proximity: Colorism and Intraracial Discrimination among Blacks in the United States and Brazil, 1928 to 1988.
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Dupree-Wilson, Teisha
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RACE discrimination , *SOCIAL mobility , *BLACK people , *PHENOTYPES , *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) , *FORM perception , *WHITE supremacy , *WHITE privilege - Abstract
The level of colorism that developed among blacks in the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, during the 20th century, gave rise to intense altitudes of intraracial discrimination. This distinct form of discrimination was based on proximity to whiteness and white privilege. This essay will illustrate how attitudes toward complexion, within the black community, are a direct consequence and perpetual remnant of the white supremacy and racial hierarchy that developed in colonized societies. Colorism manifested itself in different forms in Brazil and in the U.S. However, the level of black-on-black discrimination that it spawned was grounded in the belief that one's immediacy to whiteness created a vehicle for upward mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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13. Money, museums, and memory: cultural patronage by black voluntary associations.
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Banks, Patricia A.
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MUSEUM contributions ,ENDOWMENTS ,AFRICAN American associations ,MIDDLE class ,BLACK people ,COLLECTIVE memory ,MUSEUM benefactors - Abstract
While the middle- and upper-class is typically cast as using museum patronage to support narratives that reinforce the position of dominant racial groups, this paper presents an alternative perspective. Drawing on ethnographic and archival data, I conceptually and empirically elaborate how gifts by black middle- and upper-class voluntary organizations to African American museums are enabled by racial uplift ideology and directed at nurturing counter-narratives about African Americans. As patrons of memory they aim to reconstitute recollections of African Americans by challenging master narratives of national life where they are either absent or marginalized. Gifts to black museums also support the inclusion of their own organizations and members as protagonists in this counter-memory. By turning attention to cultural patronage among black middle- and upper-class voluntary organizations, this paper demonstrates how museum patronage among elites can unsettle, rather than reinforce, master racial narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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14. Considering sociocultural contexts of racism in psychological research on black forgiveness.
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Perez, Michael J., Rivera, Grace N., Crist, Jaren D., and Garcia, Alejandro A.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL research , *FORGIVENESS , *BLACK people , *RACISM , *SOCIAL psychology , *ATTENTION - Abstract
In this paper, we argue that a cultural context of racism in the United States influences the representation and outcomes of Black forgiveness. Previous research in psychology has focused on the positive social and emotional benefits of forgiveness; however, the consequences of Black forgiveness are not always straightforward. We review prior research and highlight real‐world examples that suggest Black people are often pressured and expected to forgive racism. This pressure to forgive overshadows calls for justice and encourages forgiveness as a more palatable, less antagonistic response to racism. Furthermore, we argue that this expectation suppresses Black emotions by stigmatizing negative emotional reactions to racism in favor of forgiveness. We conclude by proposing future lines of research in social psychology that do not reinforce a pressure for Black forgiveness, that foster a study of forgiveness that incorporates social justice, and that considers new lines of forgiveness research that are culturally sensitive to Black experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. We Still Cannot Breathe: Applying Intersectional Ecological Model to COVID-19 Survivorship.
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Carter, Mana K. Ali, McGill, Lakeya S., Aaron, Rachel V., Hosey, Megan M., Keatley, Eva, and Sanchez Gonzalez, Mayra L.
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RACISM , *HEALTH services accessibility , *MINORITIES , *MATHEMATICAL models , *MORTALITY , *BLACK people , *DISEASES , *PSYCHOLOGISTS , *SOCIAL justice , *PRESUMPTIONS (Law) , *REHABILITATION of people with mental illness , *SELF-consciousness (Awareness) , *INTERSECTIONALITY , *THEORY , *GOVERNMENT policy , *HEALTH equity , *PEOPLE with disabilities , *COVID-19 pandemic , *HEALTH promotion , *TELEMEDICINE - Abstract
Purpose/Objective: Individuals with historically oppressed identities, such as disabled or racialized minorities, face inequities across all societal institutions, including education, criminal justice, and healthcare. Systems of oppression (e.g., ableism, racism) lead to inequities that have ultimately contributed to disproportionate rates of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in the United States. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, increased public attention regarding police brutality toward Black people and the reinvigoration of the national Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement further highlighted the detrimental effects of oppressive systems and the urgent need to promote equity in the United States. The disproportionate number of COVID-19-related deaths and police brutality are inextricably connected, as both are products of oppression toward minoritized communities. The co-occurrence of the pandemic and BLM movement protests also creates an opportunity for critical discourse on the intersection of ableism and anti-Black racism specifically within the field of rehabilitation psychology. Research Method/Design: The overarching goals of this review are to apply the Intersectional Ecological Model with the addition of the chronosystem to illustrate how systems of oppression lead to health disparity in COVID-19 survivorship and to provide recommendations to promote health equity. Conclusions/Implication: As the COVID-19 pandemic shifts to an endemic and efforts to eliminate oppressive systems continue, rehabilitation psychologists have an ongoing, evolving, and shared responsibility to employ socially-responsive solutions to promote optimal functioning for patients, families, and communities. Impact and Implications: Disabled and Black communities continue to face inequities across all societal systems. The COVID-19 pandemic and simultaneous Black Lives Matter Movement protests brought systemic inequities faced by disabled and Black communities to the forefront of the nation's attention, creating an opportunity to explore the intersection of ableism and anti-Black racism on COVID-19 survivorship. This paper uses the Intersectional Ecological Model to illustrate how systemic oppression contributes to inequity in COVID-19 survivorship for Black disabled communities. Rehabilitation psychologists can leverage the information in this paper to foster socially conscious clinical practice, research, training, and advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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16. An 'anchor baby' yearns for a feminist of colour and decolonial sex education.
- Author
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Parra, Michelle Gomez
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RACISM ,LEGISLATION ,FEMINISM ,HUMAN sexuality ,BLACK people ,CURRICULUM ,SEX education - Abstract
Sex and sexuality curricula in the USA should acknowledge the structural conditions racialised young people navigate to make sense of their sexual experiences and more explicitly recognise the political power of gender and sexuality. This paper suggests educators use women of colour feminism and decolonial studies to offer a historicised approach to understanding and engaging with gender and sexuality. Such an approach acknowledges how European colonisation has constructed white middle-class masculinity, femininity and heterosexuality as normative and pathologises other forms of gender and sexuality expression. It encourages educators to address state investment in colonial hierarchies by foregrounding how national legislation and associated discourses support the institutionalised pathologisation of racialised sexuality. Using a feminist of colour and decolonial approach, the article examines how US national policy further disciplines racialised sexuality by employing discourses of 'anchor babies' to justify the passing of new laws. It draws on the author's experience as an educator of colour to show how historicising gender and sexuality can teach racialised students there is nothing pathological about their sexuality. A transformed sex and sexuality curriculum is proposed to teach students about the political power they wield, and what critical understanding and action they can achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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17. "The lab isn't life": Black engineering graduate students reprioritize values at the intersection of two pandemics.
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Coley, Brooke and Thomas, Katreena
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ENGINEERING students ,BLACK people ,GRADUATE students ,BLACK students ,PANDEMICS ,BLACK children ,PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation - Abstract
Background: Black engineering graduate students represent a critical and understudied population in engineering education. Gaining an understanding of the lived experiences of Black engineering graduate students while they are simultaneously weathering two pandemics, COVID‐19 and systemic racism, is of paramount importance. Purpose/Hypothesis: Black engineering graduate students hold a unique duality, as both Black people in the United States and Black graduate students in US engineering programs that espouse white supremacist ideals. Their real‐world experiences necessitate understanding, and this paper highlights the related impact on the students themselves, their adaptations to the pandemics, and how those adaptations relate to and affect their support needs and navigation of their engineering academic environments. Design/Method: An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach was combined with community‐based participatory action research and was situated in Boykin's Triple Quandary. A family check‐in was conducted with 10 Black engineering graduate students enrolled in doctoral programs across the country to delve deep into their lived experience as a cultural community. Results: Findings include an emergent framework of Black engineering graduate student values in response to the pandemics. These values aligned with the Black Cultural Ethos, demonstrating an adoption of collectivistic cultural values in times of crises. Further, COVID‐19 and systemic racism differentially impacted Black engineering graduate students and, thus, the manifestations of their values. Conclusion: For institutions to be able to effectively support their Black engineering graduate students, they must gain awareness of the students' experiences, values, and needs, in general, and amid crises specifically. The findings presented here provide a critical window into this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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18. The "Great Awokening": Racial narratives in reporting on the working class in White leftist and Black newspapers during the 2016 United States presidential election.
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Thornton, Michael C. and Tischauser, Jeff
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WORKING class white people ,UNITED States presidential elections ,BLACK people ,UNITED States presidential election, 2016 ,BLACK voters ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,WORKING class - Abstract
Recent events in the United States galvanized by race have purportedly had a significant effect on the wider society's appreciation of systemic racism, some calling this the "Great Awokening." Some social commentators assert that it is now the norm for "leftists" to reveal "not a strain of racism," while others argue that they are now farther left than average Black voters. We critique this assertion of a new metamorphosis among White people by exploring how White leftist print media contrasts with Black newspaper reporting on the shape of working class people during the 2016 United States presidential race. Using textual analysis, we examined articles culled from Ethnic NewsWatch (424 articles) and the Alternative Press Index (303) and found two fundamentally divergent patterns about race's role. We found that the left-wing White press used a color-blind rhetoric to narrate stories about a racially homogenized working class, a distinctly downtrodden sector of America oppressed by elites. In utilizing a color-blind frame, the reporting failed to confront how systemic racism was a fundamental context to understanding the election. In contrast, Black newspapers described a working class world that was multiracial and actively resistant to structures of oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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19. Growing Black food on sacred land: Using Black liberation theology to imagine an alternative Black agrarian future.
- Author
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McCutcheon, Priscilla
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LIBERATION theology ,SUSTAINABLE food movement ,BLACK people ,LAND use ,LAND tenure - Abstract
This article uses Black liberation theology (BLIBT) as a framework to theorize "the spirit" in the alternative food and sustainable agriculture movement. While BLIBT was formally named by theologian James Cone, it was born of the struggles of Black people in the United States who believed that God called Black people to be free, and God called Black preachers to preach Black liberation. I argue that Black liberation is a grounded vantage point to understand how some Black people might find freedom through food and agriculture. In the first potion of the paper, I make a claim for the importance of studying spirituality in agrarian and food spaces, whether or not a researcher is spiritually inclined. In the second portion of the paper, I delve deeper into Cone's articulation of BLIBT, and explore how we might begin to theorize it as an agrarian mandate including: a call for an urgent food source, liberation of the individual Black body, community ownership of land, the spirit of Black religious spaces, an emphasis on land reparations, and the freedom to dream. I conclude with a call for why an attention to BLIBT is called for in our present moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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20. The Social Psychology of the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election: An Introduction.
- Author
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Lanning, Kevin
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GROUP identity ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,BLACK people ,ELECTIONS ,ETHICS ,HOPE ,LABOR mobility ,PRACTICAL politics ,RACISM ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) ,SERIAL publications ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL psychology ,WHITE people - Abstract
This essay introduces Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy's collection of papers on the social psychology of the 2012 election, framing it in terms of two prior collections. The papers are described as reflecting four themes: President or Barack Obama's path from outsider to incumbent, the nation's shift toward increasingly racialized politics, contemporary perceptions of 'Americanness,' and the role of moral values in political engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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21. Migration and Identity in Pearl Cleage‘s Flyin’ West.
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Fadhil, Ahmed Khudhur
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AFRICAN Americans ,RACIAL identity of African Americans ,WOMEN'S roles ,AMERICAN identity ,HUMAN migration patterns ,BLACK people - Abstract
Copyright of College of Basic Education Researches Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
22. Racial disparities without racism: Some conceptual & analytical considerations.
- Author
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Williams, Deadric T.
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RACIAL inequality ,BLACK people ,SOCIAL scientists ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,RACISM ,IMAGINATION - Abstract
Most studies on racial inequality begin with a series of statistics highlighting racial variations in an outcome of interest to illustrate how wide (or narrow) the gaps between racialized groups are. This approach is standard in racial inequality research because emphasizing racial differentials between racialized groups helps researchers frame inequality as a social problem. Scholars across academic disciplines and across sub‐areas within sociology report racial statistics to pay attention to what social scientists refer to as racial disparities. Presenting racial disparities is extremely important for documenting inequality; however, family scholars tend to provide descriptive statistical portraits along ethno‐racial lines (disparities) in the absence of racism, which, in turn, conceals the United States' racialized historical context. In other words, reporting racial inequality as disparities without addressing racism is a critical omission in family science research. Emphasizing racism is important because biological explanation still permeates the American imagination about racial inequality. The purpose of this paper is to provide conceptual and analytical considerations for future racial inequality and family research by recasting disparities as manifestations of racism instead of mere statistical differences. To illustrate the conceptual considerations, I first build on Williams' theoretical model focusing on structural racism and Black family life. I expand on how racism not only makes the idea of race possible but also manifests in observable, measurable outcomes. In the second section, I present an analytical consideration for understanding Black families' inequality by focusing on within‐group analyses. These conceptual and analytical considerations serve as ways to adequately represent Black families and children in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
23. "A Brief Moment in the Sun": Mapping White Backlash in the History of K-12 Black Education in the United States.
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Neal-Stanley, Amber M., Duncan, Kristen E., and Love, Bettina L.
- Subjects
HISTORICAL maps ,VIOLENCE against Black people ,WHITE people ,BLACK people - Abstract
White backlash is the immediate, violent response of some white people to the actual and perceived racial and educational progress of oppressed groups. In this paper, we take a historical detour to map this phenomenon, specifically in the history of K-12 Black education. We demonstrate that the current state of education is not an exceptional moment, but part of a long genealogy of anti-Black educational violence and white backlash. Yet, we suggest that operating from an understanding of the inevitability and imminence of white backlash offers necessary tools in the continued fight for liberatory Black educational futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. How Black and Latino young men who have sex with men in the United States experience and engage with eligibility criteria and recruitment practices: implications for the sustainability of community-based research.
- Author
-
Philbin, Morgan M., Guta, Adrian, Wurtz, Heather, Kinnard, Elizabeth N., Bradley-Perrin, Ian, and Goldsamt, Lloyd
- Subjects
HUMAN research subjects ,BLACK people ,HISPANIC Americans ,PATIENT selection ,HUMAN sexuality ,INTERVIEWING ,PUBLIC health ,PATIENTS' attitudes ,QUALITATIVE research ,RESEARCH ethics ,ELIGIBILITY (Social aspects) ,RESEARCH funding ,MEN who have sex with men ,HEALTH equity ,DATA analysis software ,MEDICAL research - Abstract
Research recruitment, eligibility, and who chooses to participate shape the resulting data and knowledge, which together inform interventions, treatment, and programming. Patterns of research participation are particularly salient at this moment given emerging biomedical prevention paradigms. This paper explores the perspectives of Black and Latino young men who have sex with men (BL-YMSM) regarding research recruitment and eligibility criteria, how their experiences influence willingness to enroll in a given study, and implications for the veracity and representativeness of resulting data. We examine inclusion and recruitment as a complex assemblage, which should not be reduced to its parts. From April to July 2018, we conducted in-depth interviews with 30 BL-YMSM, ages 18–29, in New York City. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Black and Latino YMSM's responses unveiled tensions between researchers', recruiters', and participants' expectations, particularly regarding eligibility criteria (e.g. age, sex frequency), assumptions about 'risky behaviors,' and the 'target' community. Men preferred peer-to-peer recruitment, noting that most approaches miss key population segments. Findings highlight the need to critically examine the selected 'target' community, who sees themselves as participants, and implications for data comprehensiveness and veracity. Study eligibility criteria and recruitment approaches are methodological issues that shape knowledge production and the policies and programs deployed into communities. These findings can inform how future research studies frame recruitment and eligibility in order to better meet the needs of participants and ensure future research engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Revisiting the "Decline" in Asian American and Pacific Islander Teachers.
- Author
-
Cooc, North and Kim, Grace MyHyun
- Subjects
PACIFIC Islanders ,ASIAN Americans ,AMERICAN Community Survey ,TEACHERS ,BLACK people ,HISPANIC American students ,HISPANIC Americans - Abstract
More than two decades since the first study to document the shortage of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) teachers, this paper examines recent trends and factors related to AAPI teacher career choice using the American Community Survey 2013-2017. The results show a continued underrepresentation of AAPI teachers relative to AAPI students at the local and national levels, a pattern similar to Black and Hispanic teachers and students. AAPIs born in the United States with reported higher levels of English proficiency are also more likely to become teachers than AAPIs not born in the United States or those with reported lower levels of English proficiency. The study has implications for attracting and supporting AAPIs from immigrant and linguistically diverse backgrounds into K-12 teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Health care access issues among young African American and Hispanic men.
- Author
-
Johnson-Bibbs, LaTasha
- Subjects
BLACK people ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,HELP-seeking behavior ,HISPANIC Americans ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,CASE studies ,MEN'S health ,RACE ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SEX distribution ,QUALITATIVE research ,THEMATIC analysis ,DATA analysis software - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to clarify the relationship between characteristics that contribute to health care access issues and individual behavior seeking health care. It proposes the different contexts of why African American and Hispanic men are not accessing health care. The study findings provided the target audience with past and present literature to contribute to the future resolution of racial and ethnic health care disparity, as well as health care access. Design/methodology/approach: The paper opted for a descriptive case study using a one-on-one face-to-face semi-structured approach of a case study, including 10 depth interviews representing African American and Hispanic men who are experiencing health care access issues. The data were complemented by archival data analysis, description of personal accounts of the African American and Hispanic men and articles pertaining to racial and ethnic health disparities. Findings: The paper provides insights into how change is brought about the improvement of health care for all races and ethnicity. It suggests that leaders act as "integrating forces" on two levels: integrating the important elements of improved health care coupled with communication, language and health care cost and mediating between the health care structures and the individual. Originality/value: This paper fulfills an identified need to study the characteristics that contribute to health care access issues among African American and Hispanic men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. One Migration, Two Perspectives: Black and White Sociologists' Scholarship on the Great Migration, 1890-1930.
- Author
-
Garcia, Angel A. Escamilla
- Subjects
RACE relations in the United States ,SOCIOLOGISTS ,RACE relations ,BLACK white differences ,HISTORICAL sociology ,BLACK people ,SCHOLARSHIPS - Abstract
Sociologists' study of migration can be traced back to the early 1900's and the establishment of Sociology as a discipline in the U.S. While migration studies have formed an important part of Sociology since its earliest days, little attention has been paid to the ways early sociologists understood and analyzed migration. This paper aims to fill that gap by analyzing how sociologists studied the Great Migration in the United States from the 1890s through the 1930s. This study specifically analyzes how race and race ideology impacted early migration studies. I find that, although both black and white sociologists examined precisely the same event, their interests, methods, treatment, and conclusions about the Great Migration differed significantly. White sociologists approached the Great Migration as a problem, studying southern blacks' integration in the North, and questioning blacks' intellectual capacity to achieve the same socioeconomic level as whites. Black sociologists, on the other hand, studied the Great Migration using empirical data to explain the causes that moved blacks from South to North and demonstrating how racial violence in the South was one of the main factors stimulating their migration. I argue that the difference between these white and black scholars is rooted in the racialized context of America during late 19th Century, when white scholars viewed the Great Migration as part of the so-called "negro problem" and ignored the emergent group of black scholars that were interested in demonstrating the impact of race relations in the movement of black people from South to North. Ultimately, this paper expands on the efforts of scholars to reevaluate the development of sociology, to explain the historical division between race and migration studies, and to highlight the ways that specific areas of study, such as migration, have developed in a racialized context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
28. Recommendations for Integrating Antiracist Practice at the JPSM.
- Author
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Goto, Yuika, Kojimoto, Gayle, Pantilat, Steven Z., and Sumser, Bridget M.
- Subjects
- *
ANTI-racism , *INSTITUTIONAL racism , *WHITE supremacy , *SEXUAL orientation , *BLACK people - Abstract
Journals like the JPSM are part of the system of gatekeepers to the academic literature that defines and represents our field. This paper explores how the JPSM leadership, staff and editorial board can design, implement, and foster active antiracist ideas and practice at the individual and system level, focused on an examination of who is represented across the organization, reflective practice on individual attitudes and beliefs, and policy analysis and changes. We explore the current and historical context in the United States that makes this approach foundational to the work of addressing and dismantling systemic racism. We define key terms and a theoretical framework while proposing concrete steps the journal can take in this effort. Together, these actions can actively challenge the ways in which white supremacy shapes the status quo, marginalizing Black Indigenous People of Color, and dehumanizing all. While this paper focuses on discrete actions the JPSM can undertake, it also serves as an invitation to the field at large to commit to the daily practice of antiracism. We do not promote ourselves as experts, only as individuals interested in and committed to antiracism and invite our colleagues to correct, edit, and build upon our suggestions. We hope our proposed approach helps our field to address all forms of oppression, including those due to gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A Black and White History of Psychiatry in the United States.
- Author
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Conrad, Jordan A.
- Subjects
UNITED States history ,MENTAL health services ,HEALTH equity ,PSYCHIATRIC research ,BLACK people - Abstract
Histories of psychiatry in the United States can shed light on current areas of need in mental health research and treatment. Often, however, these histories fail to represent accurately the distinct trajectories of psychiatric care among black and white populations, not only homogenizing the historical narrative but failing to account for current disparities in mental health care among these populations. The current paper explores two parallel histories of psychiatry in the United States and the way that these have come to influence current mental health practices. Juxtaposing the development of psychiatric care and understanding as it was provided for, and applied to, black and white populations, a picture of the theoretic foundations of mental health emerges, revealing the separate history that led to the current uneven state of psychiatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Individual and Contextual Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among Black Adolescents with Arrest Histories.
- Author
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Quinn, Camille R., Duprey, Erinn B., Boyd, Donte T., Lynch, Raven, Mitchell, Micah, Ross, Andrew, Handley, Elizabeth D., and Cerulli, Catherine
- Subjects
SUICIDE prevention ,COMPUTER software ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,BLACK people ,INTERVIEWING ,PARENTING ,SUICIDAL ideation ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,MENTAL depression ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DATA analysis software ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,ODDS ratio ,SECONDARY analysis - Abstract
Black adolescents in the United States have experienced an increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Since Black adolescents are overrepresented in the youth punishment system, more research is needed to investigate correlates of STBs for this population. The purpose of this paper is to explore and establish correlates of individual, family, and community risk and protective factors and their relationship to lifetime STBs in a national sample of Black youth with arrest histories. Guided by an intersectional eco-behavioral lens, we investigated individual, family and contextual risk and protective factors for STBs among a national sample of justice-involved Black youth aged 12–17 with a history of arrest (n = 513). We used logistic regression models to test risk and protective factors for STBs. Among the sample, 9.78% endorsed suicidal ideation, and 7.17% endorsed a previous suicide attempt. Further, gender (female) and depression severity were risk factors for STBs, while positive parenting and religiosity were protective factors for STBs. School engagement was associated with lower levels of suicidal ideation. The findings suggest suicide prevention and intervention efforts should identify developmentally salient risk and protective factors to reduce mental health burden associated with STBs and concurrent alleged law-breaking activity of Black youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Integrative Review on Adherence in Haitians With Diabetes.
- Author
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Bivins, Balkys L.
- Subjects
TREATMENT of diabetes ,CINAHL database ,MEDICAL databases ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,NURSING models ,BLACK people ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DIABETES ,NURSING practice ,HEALTH literacy ,QUALITATIVE research ,CULTURAL competence ,PATIENT compliance ,HAITIANS ,MEDLINE ,ERIC (Information retrieval system) ,HAITIAN Americans - Abstract
In light of a marked increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes in the United States in recent years with associated health costs totaling $245 billion for 2012, diabetes has become a major health and fiscal concern. Haitian Americans as a cultural group have unique obstacles to effective treatment and management of diabetes. This paper analyzes recent studies relevant to these challenges in anticipation of new research pertaining to this population. Although medication compliance is generally referred to as adherence, it is a complex concept and key challenge in diabetes care. Accordingly, this paper will further define adherence by describing its relevance in effective treatment and management. It will also analyze key theoretical perspectives in diabetes care, summarize recent research, and make recommendations for effective future research on the impact of diabetes education in Haitian Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The Black Panther Party and the Japanese Press.
- Author
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Jones, Jason
- Subjects
PRESS & politics ,JAPANESE politics & government, 1945-1989 ,POWER (Social sciences) ,BLACK people ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
This paper examines representations of the Black Panther Party (BPP) in three of Japan's top-circulating newspapers-Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun-from 1966 to 1979, these years marking the period of greatest BPP activity. The purpose of this analysis is to bring renewed perspective regarding the light in which the BPP was covered by a non-US press, as a step toward further developing scholarship of transnational discourse on black militancy. Through making additions to said scholarship, the author wishes to contribute to the greater aim of reexamining frameworks of representational power, calling into question the lynchpins of this power as they function toward our understanding of blackness and race in an historical context. The paper is divided into two distinct parts. The first part chronicles the trajectory of the Japan and black American relationship. This forms the context for the author's examination of BPP coverage in the aforementioned newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Causation and Injustice: Locating the injustice of racial and ethnic health disparities.
- Subjects
NATIVE Americans ,HEALTH services accessibility ,BLACK people ,HISPANIC Americans ,SOCIAL justice ,HEALTH status indicators ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,HEALTH equity ,ETHNIC groups ,COVID-19 pandemic ,CAUSALITY (Physics) - Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a disproportionate impact on the health of Black Americans, Latinx or Hispanic Americans, and American Indians. These disparities are deeply unjust, in part, because they are the causal result of racism at both the interpersonal and structural levels. This paper argues, however, that establishing a causal connection between racism and health disparities is not the only way to explain the injustice of these disparities. The COVID‐19 health disparities are arguably unjust because health equity is a "free‐standing" demand of justice, an obligation of reparative justice, a remedy to structural injustice, and part of dismantling pernicious racial concepts. Identifying multiple accounts of injustice may lower the evidentiary bar for our normative claims and help us to identify alternative policy pathways for ending health inequity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Racism in child welfare: Ethical considerations of harm.
- Author
-
Berkman, Emily, Brown, Emily, Scott, Maya, and Adiele, Alicia
- Subjects
CHILD abuse ,RACISM ,HEALTH services accessibility ,BLACK people ,HEALTH status indicators ,CHILD welfare ,ETHNIC groups ,BIOETHICS ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
Racism has resulted in significant disproportionality and disparity in the US child welfare system. Being Black is not an inherent risk factor for child abuse and neglect yet Black children are almost twice as likely to be victims of substantiated abuse and neglect claims compared to other racial groups. Addressing the disproportionality within the child welfare system due to systemic racism falls squarely under the purview of bioethics. In this paper, we briefly review the impact of racism on child welfare. We then discuss some ethical considerations that mandatory healthcare reporters should think through when determining whether to report potential abuse and neglect. Specifically, we discuss the need for a broader consideration of what constitutes harm. We then present a hypothetical composite case to illuminate where and how bias can enter the process of referral to child protective services (CPS). We encourage thoughtful reporting with consideration of social and historical context and alternative explanations for worrisome findings. We recommend using evidence, avoiding assumptions by seeking clarification from families and ensuring internal consistency. When contemplating CPS referral, medical providers should feel empowered to ask questions if there is concern for potential bias. The ultimate goal is to protect children from harm. If there are clear safety concerns—they must be addressed. However, in the many cases where the safety concern is less tangible, we need to expand our considerations of the harms that can befall children, especially children of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The Need for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Black Community and the Burdens of Its Provision.
- Author
-
Smith, Darron T., Faber, Sonya C., Buchanan, NiCole T., Foster, Dale, and Green, Lilith
- Subjects
BLACK people ,POST-traumatic stress disorder ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,HEALING ,PEOPLE of color - Abstract
Psychedelic medicine is an emerging field that examines entheogens, psychoactive substances that produce non-ordinary states of consciousness (NOSC). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently in phase-3 FDA clinical trials in the United States (US) and Canada to treat the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDMA is used in conjunction with manualized therapy, because of its effectiveness in reducing fear-driven stimuli that contribute to trauma and anxiety symptoms. In 2017, the FDA designated MDMA as a "breakthrough therapy," signaling that it has advantages in safety, efficacy, and compliance over available medication for the treatment of trauma-, stress-, and anxiety-related disorders such as PTSD. In the US and Canada, historical and contemporary racial mistreatment is frequently experienced by Black people via a variety of macro and micro insults. Such experiences trigger physiological responses of anxiety and fear, which are associated with chronically elevated stress hormone levels (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), similar to levels documented among those diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. This paper will explore the benefits of entheogens within psychedelic assisted-therapy and their potential benefits in addressing the sequelae of pervasive and frequent negative race-based experiences and promoting healing and thriving among Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC). The author(s) discuss the ethical responsibility for providing psychedelic-assisted therapy within a culturally competent provider framework and the importance of psychedelic researchers to recruit and retain BIPOC populations in research and clinical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A Systematic Review of Corporal Punishment in Schools: Global Prevalence and Correlates.
- Author
-
Heekes, Sasha-Lee, Kruger, Chloe B., Lester, Soraya N., and Ward, Catherine L.
- Subjects
SCHOOL discipline ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,BLACK people ,SCHOOL failure ,DOMESTIC violence ,MENTAL health ,COLLEGE teacher attitudes ,SOCIAL capital ,BEHAVIOR disorders in children ,SEX distribution ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,PUNISHMENT ,SCHOOLS ,DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
Despite global shifts toward prevention of school corporal punishment, the practice remains widespread. This systematic review focused on (a) prevalence, (b) associated mental health and behavioral factors, and (c) correlates that may be risk or protective factors. Studies included in this review were peer-reviewed, published in English between 1980 and July 2017, and quantitative in design. Fifty-three papers met the inclusion criteria. All were cross-sectional surveys, predominantly of moderate quality and conducted in the United States (US) and on the African continent. Results indicated that school corporal punishment is prevalent across the globe (including where bans are in place) and does not appear to be decreasing over time, although measurement differences preclude firm conclusions. It is associated with physical, academic, mental health, and behavioral problems for children. Boys, Black students (in the US), and students exposed to violence at home were most at risk of corporal punishment. It is unclear whether disability puts a student at risk. Schools with high rates of other disciplinary practices were more likely to use corporal punishment, while those who employed a mental health professional and trained staff in safety procedures were less likely to use corporal punishment. Teacher attitudes favoring corporal punishment, and their use of violence in other contexts, increased risk. Low socioeconomic status (of the student or the school environment) increased risk, while high levels of state social capital reduced risk. Future research must include areas where corporal punishment is banned and focus on developing effective interventions to prevent school corporal punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Structural indicators of suicide: an exploration of state-level risk factors among Black and White people in the United States, 2015–2019.
- Author
-
Robertson, Ryan A., Standley, Corbin J., Gunn III, John F., and Opara, Ijeoma
- Subjects
SUICIDE ,RACISM ,BLACK people ,CRIME ,SUICIDAL ideation ,RISK assessment ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EMPLOYMENT ,WHITE people - Abstract
Purpose: Death by suicide among Black people in the USA have increased by 35.6% within the past decade. Among youth under the age of 24 years old, death by suicide among Black youth have risen substantially. Researchers have found that structural inequities (e.g. educational attainment) and state-specific variables (e.g. minimum wage, incarceration rates) may increase risk for suicide among Black people compared to White people in the USA. Given the limited understanding of how such factors systematically affect Black and White communities differently, this paper aims to examine these relationships across US states using publicly available data from 2015 to 2019. Design/methodology/approach: Data were aggregated from various national sources including the National Center for Education Statistics, the Department of Labor, the FBI's Crime in the US Reports and the Census Bureau. Four generalized estimating equations (GEE) models were used to examine the impact of state-level variables on suicide rates: Black adults suicide rate, Black youth (24 years and younger) suicide rate, White adult suicide rate and White youth suicide rate. Each model includes state-level hate group rates, minimum wage, violent crime rates, gross vacancy rates, and race-specific state-level poverty rates, incarceration rates and graduation rates. Findings: Across all GEE models, suicide rates rose between 2015–2019 (ß = 1.11 – 2.78; ß = 0.91 – 1.82; ß = 0.52 – 3.09; ß = 0.16 – 1.53). For the Black adult suicide rate, state rates increased as the proportion of Black incarceration rose (ß = 1.14) but fell as the gross housing vacancy rates increased (ß = −1.52). Among Black youth, state suicide rates rose as Black incarcerations increased (ß = 0.93). For the adult White suicide rate, state rates increased as White incarceration (ß = 1.05) and percent uninsured increased (ß = 1.83), but fell as White graduation rates increased (ß = −2.36). Finally, among White youth, state suicide rates increased as the White incarceration rate rose (ß = 0.55) and as the violent crime rate rose (ß = 0.55) but decreased as state minimum wages (ß = −0.61), White poverty rates (ß = −0.40) and graduation rates increased (ß = −0.97). Originality/value: This work underscores how structural factors are associated with suicide rates, and how such factors differentially impact White and Black communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Differences in Breast Cancer Presentation at Time of Diagnosis for Black and White Women in High Resource Settings.
- Author
-
Osei-Twum, Jo-Ann, Gedleh, Sahra, Lofters, Aisha, and Nnorom, Onye
- Subjects
CINAHL database ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,BLACK people ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,EARLY detection of cancer ,DEMOGRAPHY ,WHITE people ,MEDLINE ,BREAST tumors ,WOMEN'S health - Abstract
This paper provides a narrative review of the existing literature on differences in demographic and biological features of breast cancer at time of diagnosis between Black and White women in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Electronic database searches for published peer-reviewed articles on this topic were conducted, and 78 articles were included in the final narrative review. Differences between Black and White women were compared for eight categories including age, tumour stage, size, grade, lymph node involvement, and hormone status. Black women were significantly more likely to present with less favourable tumour features at the time of diagnosis than White women. Significant differences were reported in age at diagnosis, tumour stage, size, grade and hormone status, particularly triple negative breast cancer. Limitations on the generalizability of the review findings are discussed, as well as the implications of these findings on future research, especially within the Canadian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Determinants of rating of the seriousness of health issues facing Americans.
- Author
-
Moore, Ami R., Celebi, Mehmet, Garner, William, and Amey, Foster
- Subjects
SOCIAL determinants of health ,CHRONIC diseases ,BLACK people ,HISPANIC Americans ,PUBLIC health ,SENSORY perception ,REGRESSION analysis ,HEALTH literacy ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,ADULTS - Abstract
Background: The United States leads the world in several chronic health conditions (CHCs). Yet, CHCs are preventable. Aim: This paper examines influences on rating of the seriousness of CHCs among American adults. Subjects and Methods: The study involved 1011 American adults aged 18 or older. Data came from Obesity in the United States: Public perceptions. We explored factors that are associated with knowledge of the seriousness of CHCs, via a multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Significant associations were found between the rating of the seriousness of CHCs and obesogenic environment, age, sex, race, and education. For instance, respondents living in obesogenic environments rated CHCs as less serious. Younger people rated CHCs as less serious compared to older people. Also, Blacks and Hispanics rated CHCs as serious health issues facing America compared to Whites. However, the joint association of education and race showed that Blacks who had at most a high school degree rated CHCs as less serious compared to Whites and all college graduates. Conclusion: The determinants of rating of the seriousness of CHCs facing America may be complex and need more studies. However, inadequate knowledge of frequently occurring health conditions may possibly contribute to high incidence of CHCs. It is therefore necessary that Americans know about the seriousness of CHCs facing the United States. This knowledge may also help American adults buy into health policies geared toward health disparities reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Perspectives of Black women in the United States on salon‐based intervention to promote the uptake of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV.
- Author
-
Johnson, Ragan, Myers, Danielle, McKellar, Mehri, Saint‐Hillaire, Lamercie, and Randolph, Schenita D.
- Subjects
HIV prevention ,HEALTH education ,PERSONAL beauty ,PRIVACY ,HEALTH services accessibility ,FOCUS groups ,BLACK people ,SOCIAL networks ,CONSUMER attitudes ,QUALITATIVE research ,HEALTH literacy ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,MEDICAL ethics ,PREVENTIVE medicine ,CONTENT analysis ,HEALTH promotion ,INDUSTRIAL research - Abstract
Aims and objectives: To understand Black women's perspectives on a pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) education intervention in a salon setting. Background: Black women have a significant lifetime risk of acquiring HIV. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective prevention approach in reducing that risk. Despite this, Black women are least likely to use PrEP. Design: This was a qualitative study to identify Black women's perspectives on acceptability of a PrEP education intervention in a salon setting using hair stylists. The paper adhered to the COREQ checklist in reporting. Methods: Seven focus groups among Black women (n = 44) living in north‐central North Carolina were conducted. Ethical approval was obtained. The interview guide included questions on knowledge of PrEP and barriers and facilitators to a PrEP promotion programme in a salon setting. Results: Conventional content analysis considered content in relation to themes of facilitators, barriers and women's preferences for intervention delivery. Facilitators included the salon characteristics, social culture and relationship with the stylist. Women noted concerns of accuracy of content from stylists and privacy as barriers. Conclusions: Participants' trust with their stylists make a PrEP education salon‐based intervention feasible. Salon‐based interventions are not one‐size‐fits‐all and researchers interested in this setting should tailor interventions to the individual salon. Interventions for PrEP in a salon setting should be culturally appropriate, confidential and consider the potential reach to the social networks of Black women in the salon. Relevance to clinical practice: The insights shared by Black women can contribute to developing a PrEP uptake intervention as a way of reducing new cases of HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. 'A police officer shot a Black man': Racial categorization, racism, and mundane culpability in news reports of police shootings of black people in the United States of America.
- Author
-
Shrikant, Natasha and Sambaraju, Rahul
- Subjects
POLICE shootings ,BLACK people ,RACISM ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,NEGOTIATION ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,REFLEXIVITY ,POLICE - Abstract
The current socio‐political circumstances in the United States (US), constituted by the increasing visibility of police shootings of Black people, present a compelling moment for analysing how news media report about law enforcement, culpability, and racism. This paper conducts a membership categorization analysis of recent news media reports of police shootings of Black people (May 2020–October 2020) and investigates how news media negotiate culpability of agents involved these shootings. Findings illustrate how news reports (1) use the repeated category formulation 'police shooting of a Black man' to imply police are culpable for engaging in racist shootings, (2) upgrade culpability of police officers through adding to racial categorization of victims in ways that foreground victims' moral character (e.g., 'unarmed Black man'), and (3) highlight racism as an explanation for shootings and culpability of police through using racial categorizations for police officers. Overall, news media reports use racial categories as a resource to construct racism as an explanation for police shootings and to construct police officers and policing institutions as culpable for these shootings. Thus, we highlight how race and racism are constitutive of, and inseparable from, culpability in news media reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Learning and not using? The effect of degree attainment on illicit drug use among at-risk youth.
- Author
-
Parisian, Daniel J. and Wang, Xintong
- Subjects
DRUG abuse ,AT-risk youth ,FIXED effects model ,BLACK people ,DRUG abuse prevention - Abstract
This paper examines the causal effect of earning a GED or vocational degree on future illicit drug use, employing random assignment into the United States' most comprehensive education and vocational training program for at-risk youth – Job Corps – as a source of exogenous variability in degree attainment. Nonparametric bounds under relatively weak monotonicity assumptions are constructed to allow the random assignment to violate the exclusion restriction when used as an instrument. We also use a fixed effect model and propensity score weighting to supplement the results. The results from different methods suggest that degree attainment may have the most significant effect in reducing the illicit drug use of blacks, while the results for whites and Hispanics are less conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Death by a Thousand Cuts: Stress Exposure and Black-White Disparities in Physiological Functioning in Late Life.
- Author
-
Boen C
- Subjects
- Aged, C-Reactive Protein analysis, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Financial Stress ethnology, Financial Stress psychology, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Social Determinants of Health ethnology, United States epidemiology, Black or African American, Black People psychology, Black People statistics & numerical data, Functional Status, Metabolic Diseases blood, Metabolic Diseases diagnosis, Metabolic Diseases ethnology, Metabolic Diseases psychology, Racism ethnology, Racism prevention & control, Racism psychology, Stress, Psychological ethnology, Stress, Psychological metabolism, White People psychology, White People statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: This paper investigates Black-White differences in stress-including diverse measures of chronic, acute, discrimination-related, and cumulative stress exposure-and examines whether race differences in these stress measures mediate Black-White disparities in C-reactive protein (CRP) and metabolic dysregulation in later life., Methods: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (2004-2012), this study uses stepwise ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to examine the prospective associations between multiple stressors-including traumatic and stressful life events, financial strain, chronic stress, everyday and major life discrimination, and measures of cumulative stress burden-and CRP and metabolic dysregulation. Mediation analyses assessed the contribution of stress exposure to Black-White disparities in the outcomes., Results: Blacks experienced more stress than Whites across domains of stress, and stress exposure was strongly associated with CRP and metabolic dysregulation. Race differences in financial strain, everyday and major life discrimination, and cumulative stress burden mediated Black-White gaps in the outcomes, with measures of cumulative stress burden mediating the greatest proportion of the racial disparities., Discussion: The "thousand cuts" that Blacks experience from their cumulative stress exposure across domains of social life throughout the life course accelerate their physiological deterioration relative to Whites and play a critical role in racial health disparities at older ages., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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44. From sculpting an intervention to healing in action.
- Author
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Jemal, Alexis, Urmey, L. Scott, and Caliste, Sherika
- Subjects
HIV infection epidemiology ,HIV prevention ,HIV infection risk factors ,RACISM ,HETEROSEXUALITY ,CULTURE ,PILOT projects ,LABELING theory ,FOCUS groups ,BLACK people ,HUMAN sexuality ,COMMUNITIES ,SELF-efficacy ,INCOME ,RESEARCH funding ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,HEALTH behavior ,ETHNIC groups ,RISK management in business ,POVERTY ,SOCIAL case work - Abstract
Black/African Americans have the most severe and disproportionate burden of HIV of all racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Oppression operates at four interrelated levels (i.e., socio-structural (macro), institutional (exo), community/family (meso), and inter- and intrapersonal (micro)) that perpetuate the HIV epidemic in Black/African American communities. Oppressive (e.g., racist and sexist) cultural scripts transferred to individuals through community, family and interpersonal relationships may play a role in HIV/STI risk. However, socio-behavioral health interventions or behavioral risk reduction interventions have traditionally focused solely on individual-level health risk behaviors allowing invisible, inequitable socio-structural factors to continue unchallenged. A new intervention, Black Men and Women: Empowering Self, Relationships and Community, was sculpted from two existing interventions Community Wise and Men of African American Legacy Empowering Self (MAALES) to develop awareness of oppressive cultural scripts operating on interpersonal and intrapersonal levels and to take action against these oppressive messages to reclaim identity, restore relationships, and build community. This paper summarizes the theory and selected sociodramatic components of the intervention that promote healing in action to reduce HIV/STI risk among heterosexually identified, low-income African American men and women with multiple sex partners. Lessons learned in theory, research and practice are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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45. Psychosocial Experiences of HIV-Positive Women of African Descent in the Cultural Context of Infant Feeding: A Three-Country Comparative Analyses.
- Author
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Etowa J, Nare H, Kakuru DM, and Etowa EB
- Subjects
- Adult, Black People ethnology, Black People statistics & numerical data, Canada epidemiology, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Guidelines as Topic, HIV Infections ethnology, HIV Infections transmission, Humans, Infant, Nigeria ethnology, Social Stigma, United States epidemiology, Black or African American, Black People psychology, Breast Feeding ethnology, HIV Infections psychology, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Mothers psychology
- Abstract
Infant feeding among mothers of African descent living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a critical practice that is influenced by policies, cultural expectations, and the resultant psychosocial state of the mother. Hence, this paper draws insights from a broader infant feeding study. It provides insights into how guidelines on infant feeding practices, cultural expectations, migration, or geographic status intersect to influence the psychosocial experiences of mothers living with HIV. We compared psychosocial experiences of Black mothers of African descent living with HIV in Nigeria versus those in high-income countries (Canada and USA), in the context of contrasting national infant feeding guidelines, cultural beliefs about breastfeeding, and geographic locations. Survey was conducted in venue-based convenience samples in two comparative groups: (Ottawa, Canada and Miami-FL, USA combined [ n = 290]), and (Port Harcourt, Nigeria [ n = 400]). Using independent samples t-statistics, we compared the means and distributions of six psychosocial attributes between Black mothers in two distinct: Infant feeding groups (IFGs), cultural, and geographical contexts at p < 0.05. Psychosocial attributes, such as discrimination and stigma, were greater in women who exclusively formula feed (EFF) than in women who exclusively breastfeed (EBF) at p < 0.01. Heightened vigilance, discrimination, and stigma scores were greater in women whose infant feeding practices were informed by cultural beliefs (CBs) compared to those not informed by CBs at p < 0.001. Discrimination and stigma scores were greater among mothers in Canada and the USA than in Nigeria at p < 0.001. Heightened vigilance and perceived stress scores were less among women in Canada and the USA than in Nigeria at p < 0.001. The guidelines on infant feeding practices for mothers with HIV should consider cultural expectations and migration/locational status of mothers.
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- 2020
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46. USA Inequities from K-12 Education through Corporate America.
- Author
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Laboriel, Leslie
- Subjects
RACISM ,EDUCATION ,BLACK people ,CORPORATE culture - Abstract
There is a relationship between marginalized Black K-12 children and Black women in Corporate America. This practice results in Black K-12 children and Black women being undervalued on all levels. Highlighting personal experiences supports current assumptions around inequities, marginalization, and the Black lives Matter movement. At times, the more money you make, the more tolerant you are of the abuse. You become addicted to a lifestyle. I believed my corporate career was the best I would receive from a professional white-collar work environment. Did the inequities experienced in the U.S. K- 12 educational system prepare me to accept this belief in Corporate America? As a child, you learn about the American dream and capitalism. White Corporate America leaders received the same education with a higher probability of a more valuable educational experience. Would the Corporate America experience improve if White children learned about diversity, equity, and inclusion in K-12 to help them see differences as being valuable? Does their comfort level have a direct impact on Black people's assignments, exposure, and careers? My authentic story is shared for others with similar experiences to help them realize they are not alone. We must push past our fears and tell our stories. We should never be ashamed! I will continue to focus on the freedom that blossomed from the time I put pen to paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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47. The Distinctive Political Status of Dissident Minorities.
- Author
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SCHRAUB, DAVID
- Subjects
DISSENTERS ,MINORITIES ,POWER (Social sciences) ,BLACK people ,STEREOTYPES ,ANTI-Zionism ,JEWS ,TOKENISM - Abstract
"Dissident minorities" are members of marginalized groups who dissent from the consensus group position on matters seen as critical to their group's collective liberation. This paper articulates the distinctive political status—powers, vulnerabilities, and obligations—of dissident minorities. Dissident minorities may be especially vulnerable to slurs or ostracism as "self-hating." But they also can wield significant public influence by positioning themselves as exceptional and exemplary members of their group. Both the powers and vulnerabilities of dissident minorities, in turn, converge around the prospect of "tokenization"—the use of the dissident minority's dissident opinion by majority group actors as a means of discharging a stipulated obligation to engage with the minority group writ large. While dissident minorities should be free to hold and advocate for their divergent positions in public spaces, they retain a distinctive obligation to not offer themselves out as adequate replacements for engagement with the broader group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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48. The color of death: race, observed skin tone, and all-cause mortality in the United States.
- Author
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Stewart, Quincy Thomas, Cobb, Ryon J., and Keith, Verna M.
- Subjects
MORTALITY ,BLACK people ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HEALTH status indicators ,EVALUATION of medical care ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,RACE ,RESEARCH funding ,SKIN ,SURVEYS ,WHITE people ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objective: This paper examines how mortality covaries with observed skin tone among blacks and in relation to whites. Additionally, the study analyzes the extent to which social factors such as socioeconomic status affect this relationship. Design: This study uses data from the 1982 General Social Survey (N = 1,689) data linked to the National Death Index until 2008. We use this data to examine the links between race, observed skin tone among blacks, and all-cause mortality. Piecewise exponential hazard modeling was used to estimate disparities in skin tone mortality among blacks, and relative to whites. The multivariate models control for age, education, gender, region, metropolitan statistical area, marital status, labor force status, and household income. Results: Observed skin tone is a significant determinant of mortality among blacks and in relation to whites. Light skinned blacks had the lowest mortality hazards among blacks, while respondents with medium and dark brown skin experienced significantly higher mortality. The observed skin tone mortality disparities covaried with education; there are significant mortality disparities across observed skin tone groups among black respondents with high school or more education, and nonsignificant disparities among those with less education. Conclusion: It is crucial to identify the social processes driving racial disparities in health and mortality. The findings reveal that the nuanced social experiences of blacks with different observed skin tones markedly change the experience of racial inequality. Research on the nuanced social processes and biological mechanisms that connect differences in observed skin tone to mortality outcomes promises to better illuminate the experience of racial inequality and policy mechanisms we can use to undermine it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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49. Two cheers for a small giant? Why we need better ways of seeing data: A commentary on: 'Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among White non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century'.
- Author
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Minton, Jonathan, Green, Mark, McCartney, Gerry, Shaw, Richard, Vanderbloemen, Laura, and Pickett, Kate
- Subjects
MORTALITY risk factors ,HEALTH of Hispanic Americans ,BLOGS ,ETHNICITY ,GENDER ,BLACK people ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DISEASES ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,WHITE people ,EVALUATION research - Published
- 2017
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50. Using CBPR to Extend Prostate Cancer Education, Counseling, and Screening Opportunities to Urban-Dwelling African-Americans.
- Author
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Ross, Levi, Johnson, Jarrett, Smallwood, Stacy, Luque, John, Tedders, Stuart, Airhihenbuwa, Collins, Alford, Terry, Underwood, Willie, Smallwood, Stacy W, Luque, John S, Tedders, Stuart H, Airhihenbuwa, Collins O, MAN UP Prostate Cancer Advocates, and Underwood, Willie 3rd
- Subjects
BLACK people ,COUNSELING ,MEDICAL care research ,NEEDS assessment ,PATIENT education ,CITY dwellers ,PROSTATE tumors ,EARLY detection of cancer ,DIAGNOSIS ,PREVENTION - Abstract
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is becoming one of the dominant approaches for bringing evidence- and consensus-based cancer prevention and control practices to medically underserved communities. There are many examples of how CBPR has been useful for generating culturally specific solutions for different health issues that affect African-Americans. However, few examples exist in the literature on how the CBPR approach can be applied to address prostate cancer. This paper describes a collaborative process for linking inner-city, African-American men to free prostate cancer education, physician counseling, and screening opportunities (prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination (DRE)). The site of this community-based participatory project was the city of Buffalo, located in Erie County, New York. The collaborative, community-academic process that is described includes the following: (1) planning and conducting a community needs assessment to contextualize local prostate cancer issues, (2) organizing town and gown event planning, and (3) manipulating aspects of the built environment to build an infrastructure within the community to address disparities in screening opportunities. This paper concludes with a description of lessons learned that can help others develop and implement similar activities in other communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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