219 results
Search Results
2. Using Facebook ads with traditional paper mailings to recruit adolescent girls for a clinical trial.
- Author
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Schwinn T, Hopkins J, Schinke SP, and Liu X
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Internet, United States, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Clinical Trials as Topic, Patient Selection, Postal Service statistics & numerical data, Social Networking
- Abstract
Introduction: Clinical trials require sufficient samples recruited within limited time and budget constraints. Trials with minors are additionally burdened by the requirement for youth assent and parental permission. This paper details the use of Facebook ads and traditional paper mailings to enroll 797 adolescent girls for a longitudinal, web-based, drug abuse prevention trial. Data on sample representativeness and retention are also provided., Methods: Facebook ads appeared on the pages of females aged 13 or 14years who reside in the U.S. Ads linked girls to a recruitment website. Girls who wanted more information submitted contact information and were mailed information packets to their homes containing, among other things, youth assent and parent permission forms. Returned forms were verified for accuracy and validity., Results: The Facebook ad campaign reached 2,267,848 girls and had a unique click-through rate of 3.0%. The campaign cost $41,202.37 with an average cost of $51.70 per enrolled girl. Information packets were mailed to 1,873 girls. Approximately one-half of girls returned the forms, and 797 girls were enrolled. The Facebook campaign's success varied by ad type, month, and day of the week. Baseline data revealed comparability to national data on demographic and substance use variables., Conclusions: Results suggest that Facebook ads provide a useful initial point of access to unparalleled numbers of adolescents. Clinical trials may benefit from a two-fold recruitment strategy that uses online ads to attract interested adolescents followed by traditional recruitment methods to communicate detailed information to adolescents and parents., Competing Interests: All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
3. Filter presence and tipping paper color influence consumer perceptions of cigarettes.
- Author
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O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, Cummings KM, Hammond D, Thrasher JF, and Tworek C
- Subjects
- Adult, Consumer Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking epidemiology, United States, Young Adult, Advertising, Product Labeling statistics & numerical data, Product Packaging statistics & numerical data, Smoking psychology, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Cigarettes are marketed in a wide array of packaging and product configurations, and these may impact consumers' perceptions of product health effects and attractiveness. Filtered cigarettes are typically perceived as less hazardous and white tipping paper (as opposed to cork) often conveys 'lightness'., Methods: This study examined cigarette-related perceptions among 1220 young adult (age 18-35) current, ever, and never smokers recruited from three eastern U.S. cities (Buffalo NY, Columbia SC, Morgantown WV). Participants rated three cigarette sticks: two filtered cigarettes 85 mm in length, differing only in tipping paper color (cork versus white), and an unfiltered 70 mm cigarette., Results: Overall, the cork-tipped cigarette was most commonly selected on taste and attractiveness, the white-tipped on least dangerous, and the unfiltered on most dangerous. Current smokers were more likely to select white-tipped (OR = 1.98) and cork-tipped (OR = 3.42) cigarettes, while ever smokers more commonly selected the cork-tipped (OR = 1.96), as most willing to try over the other products. Those willing to try the filtered white-tipped cigarette were more likely to have rated that cigarette as best tasting (OR = 11.10), attracting attention (OR = 17.91), and lowest health risk (OR = 1.94). Similarly, those willing to try cork tipped or unfiltered cigarettes rated those as best testing, attracting attention, and lowest health risk, respectively., Conclusions: Findings from this study demonstrate that consumer product perceptions can be influenced by elements of cigarette design, such as the presence and color of the filter tip.
- Published
- 2015
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4. La National Paper and Type Co. y el negocio del panamericanismo (1900-1930).
- Author
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Serna, Ana María
- Subjects
PUBLIC sphere ,EXPORT marketing ,PAPER products ,RAW materials ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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5. Commercially Manufactured Plain Papers in the United States, 1860–1900.
- Author
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Mintie, Katherine
- Subjects
CORPORATE bonds ,PERIODICAL publishing ,PHOTOGRAPHY ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings (Online, October 12-14, 2020). Book 1. Volume 3
- Author
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NORDSCI
- Abstract
This volume includes four sections of the 2020 NORDSCI international conference proceedings: (1) Education and Educational Research; (2) Language and Linguistics; (3) Philosophy; and (4) Sociology and Healthcare. Education and Educational Research includes 15 papers covering the full spectrum of education, including history, sociology and economy of education, educational policy, strategy and technologies. This section also covers pedagogy and special education. Language and Linguistics includes 6 papers covering topics related to theoretical, literary and historical linguistics, as well as stylistics and philology. The Philosophy section includes 2 papers and covers the full spectrum of philosophy history, methods, foundation, society studies and the interpretation of philosophy. The Sociology and Healthcare section has 9 papers covering topics related to human society, social structures, and social change, healthcare systems and healthcare services. [Individual papers from the Education and Educational Research section of these proceedings are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2020
7. Rising to the Challenge: The Future of Higher Education Post COVID-19. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Investment of the Committee on Education and Labor. U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session (March 17, 2021). Serial No. 117-2
- Author
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US House of Representatives. Committee on Education and Labor
- Abstract
This document records testimony from a hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education that was held to discuss the future of higher education post COVID-19. Member statements were presented by: (1) Honorable Frederica S. Wilson, Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Education and Workforce Investment; and (2) Honorable Gregory F. Murphy, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Education and Workforce Investment. Witness statements were presented by: (1) Lindsey M. Burke, Director, Center for Education Policy, and Mark A. Kolokotrones Fellow in Education, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC; (2) Eloy Ortiz Oakley, Chancellor, California Community Colleges, Sacramento, California; (3) Keith Thornton, Student, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; and (4) Daniel A. Zibel, Vice President and Chief Counsel, National Student Legal Defense Network, Washington, DC. Additional submissions include: (1) Honorable Suzanne Bonamici, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oregon: Report dated May 19, 2020 from the Brookings Institution, "Commercials for College? Advertising in Higher Education"; (2) Honorable Mondaire Jones, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York: Report dated October, 2020 from National Student Legal Defense, "Protection and the Unseen: Holding Executives Personally Liable under the Higher Eduction Act"; (3) Honorable Teresa Leger Fernandez, a Representative in Congress from the State of New Mexico: Article dated March 16, 2021 from the Santa Fe Reporter: "New Mexico College Students Face Food Insecurity"; and Link: GAO Report 19-95 dated December 21, 2018, "FOOD INSECURITY: Better Information Could Help Eligible College Students Access Federal Food Assistance Benefits"; (4) Honorable Ilhan Omar, a Representative in Congress from the State of Minnesota: Link--GAO Report 19-522 dated August 19, 2020, "Higher Education: More Information Could Help Student Parents Access Additional Federal Student Aid"; (5) Questions submitted for the record by: Honorable Jim Banks, a Representative in Congress from the State of Indiana; Honorable Russ Fulcher, a Representative in Congress from the State of Idaho; Honorable Diana Harshbarger, a Representative in Congress from the State of Tennessee; and Honorable Mikie Sherrill, a Representative in Congress from the State of New Jersey; and (6) Responses to questions submitted for the record by: Dr. Burke, Mr. Oakley, and Mr. Zibel.
- Published
- 2022
8. White Americans' preference for Black people in advertising has increased in the past 66 y: A meta-analysis.
- Author
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Lenk JD, Hartmann J, and Sattler H
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- Humans, Attitude, United States, Black or African American, Advertising, White, Consumer Behavior
- Abstract
This study investigates Black and White consumers' preferences for Black versus White people in United States advertising contexts over 66 y, from 1956 until 2022, a time in which the United States has experienced significant ethno-racial diversification. Examining Black and White consumers' reactions to visual advertising over more than half a century offers a unique and dynamic view of interracial preferences. Mass advertising reaches an audience of billions and can shape people's attitudes and behavior, emphasizing the relevance of clarifying the influence of race in advertising, how it has evolved over time, and how it may contribute to mitigating discrimination based on racial perceptions. A meta-analysis of extant experiments into the relationship between the depicted endorser's race (i.e., the model in a visual ad) and the reaction of Black and White viewers pertains to 332 effect sizes from 62 studies reported in 52 scientific papers, comprising 10,186 Black and White participants. Our results are anchored in a conceptual framework, including a comprehensive set of perceiver (viewer), target (endorser), social/societal context, and publication characteristics. Without accounting for temporal dynamics, the results indicate ingroup favoritism, such that White viewers prefer White models and Black viewers prefer Black models. But by controlling for the publication year, it is possible to observe a time-dependent trend: Historically, White consumers preferred endorsers of the same race, but this preference has significantly shifted toward Black endorsers in recent years. In contrast, the level of Black consumers' reactions to endorsers of the same race remains largely unchanged over time., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
- Published
- 2024
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9. Measuring the lagged effects of advertising goodwill on dynamic promotional efficiency in the automobile industry.
- Author
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Yeh, Li-Ting and Chang, Dong-Shang
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AUTOMOBILE industry ,DATA envelopment analysis ,GOODWILL (Commerce) ,ADVERTISING ,MARKETING strategy ,ECONOMETRIC models - Abstract
Thus far, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model has not been used to examine the lagged effects of advertising goodwill stock on promotional efficiency. Thus, this study develops a dynamic DEA framework to illustrate the lagged effect of advertising goodwill stock on the dynamic promotional efficiency of major automobile manufacturers in the United States. The advertising goodwill stock in five automobile producers was measured using the econometric model. Subsequently, the advertising goodwill stock was treated as a lagged effect in a dynamic DEA framework. We analyse the empirical results and formulate the following two important findings: First, the results demonstrate that the lagged effect of advertising goodwill stock can lead to changes in the promotional efficiency of advertising. Second, the paper discusses ways that inefficient automobile manufacturers can improve marketing strategy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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10. SELF-REGULATION OF ADVERTISING IN THE U.S.: KEEPING UP WITH THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT.
- Author
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Hanspa, Savita and Rufer, Rosalyn
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,TRUTHFULNESS & falsehood ,BUSINESS communication - Abstract
Advertising attracts significant attention from various stakeholder groups. It is a powerful tool and impacts all. Recent technological developments have introduced new opportunities, platforms, and tools to communicate with consumers individually and also made it difficult to monitor every communication for truthfulness. This paper examines how the advertising industry in U.S. regulates itself in these changing circumstances and how effective these measures are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
11. Legal and Ethical Analysis of Advertising for Elective Egg Freezing.
- Author
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Bayefsky, Michelle J.
- Subjects
ADVERTISING laws ,RISK factors in infertility ,ADVERTISING ,AUTONOMY (Psychology) ,BIOLOGICAL rhythms ,CRYOPRESERVATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,SEX hormones ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,HUMAN rights ,LIBERTY ,OVUM ,PROFESSIONAL ethics ,SELF-efficacy - Abstract
This paper reviews common advertising claims by egg freezing companies and evaluates the medical evidence behind those claims. It then surveys legal standards for truth in advertising, including FTC and FDA regulations and the First Amendment right to free speech. Professional standards for medical advertising, such as guidelines published by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Medical Association (AMA), are also summarized. A number of claims, many of which relate to the targeting of younger women for eOC, are found to breach legal and ethical standards for truth in advertising. The ethical implications of misleading advertising claims are also discussed, and the central narrative woven by OC ads — that egg freezing is empowering to women — is examined. The paper concludes that a more balanced approach to the risks and benefits of OC is necessary to truly respect women's autonomy. Moreover, justice requires us to look beyond a medical procedure accessible only to a minority of women in order to address inequities in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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12. Towards an international understanding of the power of celebrity persuasions: a review and a research agenda.
- Author
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Brockington, Dan
- Subjects
ADVERTISING endorsements ,CELEBRITIES ,ADVERTISING ,COLLEGE students' psychology research ,MARKETING research - Abstract
Research into advertising using celebrity has been undertaken for nearly 40 years. It has principally used surveys and experiments to explore how consumers respond to celebrity advertisements. A recent meta-study of 32 papers has demonstrated that different populations respond in different ways to celebrity endorsements. Specifically, both US subjects and college students are more likely to respond in a significant way to the presence of celebrity than subjects who are not from the US, or who are not studying at college. Given that the nationality and student status of subjects matter, this article explores the make up of the samples that have been used to examine celebrity advertising. The article finds that these samples are not representative of US populations (because so many are students), nor of populations outside the US (because so few live beyond it). Furthermore, the history of dominance of US-based student samples, and the citation practices which keep them circulating in academia, suggests that theories of celebrity advertising have for a long time been excessively influenced by ideas tested on this unrepresentative group. This fact will limit the applicability of research into celebrity advertising to the wider world. I explore whether this matters, and how deficiencies might be addressed in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
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13. Pre-emption strategies to block taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages: A framing analysis of Facebook advertising in support of Washington state initiative-1634.
- Author
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Zenone, Marco and Kenworthy, Nora
- Subjects
TAX laws ,BEVERAGES ,STRATEGIC planning ,SOCIAL media ,QUANTITATIVE research ,PUBLIC health ,COMMUNITY support ,ADVERTISING ,QUALITATIVE research ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,POLICY sciences ,MISINFORMATION ,COALITIONS ,THEMATIC analysis ,PUBLIC opinion - Abstract
In 2018, the sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) industry introduced a ballot measure (I-1634) in Washington State of the United States to prevent further local taxes on groceries. The measure, which passed, is emblematic of new pre-emptive legislative strategies by the SSB industry to block soda taxes and conceal those strategies under the guise of preventing burdensome 'grocery taxes'. This paper uses qualitative framing analysis to examine a public archive of 1218 Facebook advertisements to understand how I-1634 proponents shaped public discourse and engaged in misinformation efforts online during the lead up to the passage of I-1634. Coding strategies identified 7 compelling and inter-related framing strategies used by the campaign. These included strategies that misinformed the public about the threat of grocery taxation and the economic impacts it would have on the region. Strategies to conceal the true intent of the ballot measure and the sponsors of the campaign were aided by Facebook's advertising platform, which does not moderate misinformation in advertising and allows advertisers to conceal their sponsors. We urge public health researchers and advocates to pay more attention to how Facebook and other social media platforms can be used by industries to target voters, misinform publics, and misconstrue industry support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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14. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements and non-advertising content in relation to use behaviors and perceptions among US and Israeli adults.
- Author
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Zongshuan Duan, Abroms, Lorien C., Yuxian Cui, Yan Wang, LoParco, Cassidy R., Levine, Hagai, Bar-Zeev, Yael, Khayat, Amal, and Berg, Carla J.
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,ADVERTISING ,HEALTH of adults - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: As e-cigarette marketing strategies diversify, it is important to examine exposure to and impact of e-cigarette advertisements and non-advertising content (e.g. on social media) via multiple media channels among adults in different regulatory contexts. METHODS: Using 2021 cross-sectional data among 2222 adults in the US (n=1128) and Israel (n=1094), multivariable regression examined past-month e-cigarette advertisement and non-advertising content exposure in relation to past-month e-cigarette use (logistic regression), as well as use intentions and risk perceptions (linear regressions), controlling for sociodemographics and tobacco use. RESULTS: Overall, 20.3% reported past-month e-cigarette use (15.5% US, 25.2% Israel), 46.1% any advertisement exposure (28.7% digital media, 25.2% traditional media, 16.8% retail settings), and 34.1% any non-advertising exposure (19.4% social media, 13.6% websites, 12.3% movie/television/theater, 5.8% radio/podcasts). Exposure to digital media advertisements (AOR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.42-2.66), traditional media advertisements (AOR=2.00; 95% CI=1.49-2.68), and social media non-advertising (AOR=1.72; 95% CI: 1.25-2.36) correlated with e-cigarette use. Exposure to traditional media advertisements (β = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08-0.38) and social media non-advertising (β = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.09-0.43) correlated with use intentions. Exposure to digital media advertisements (β = -0.32; 95% CI: -0.57 - -0.08), retail setting advertisements (β = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.58 - -0.03), and radio/podcast non-advertising (β = -0.44; 95% CI: -0.84 - -0.03) correlated with lower perceived addictiveness. Radio/podcast non-advertising exposure (β = -0.50; 95% CI: -0.84 - -0.16) correlated with lower perceived harm. However, retail setting advertisement exposure was associated with e-cigarette non-use (AOR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.42-0.87), and traditional media advertisement (β = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.15-0.61) and social media non-advertising exposure (β = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.14-0.66) correlated with greater perceived addictiveness. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette-related promotional content exposure across media platforms impacts perceptions and use, thus warranting regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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15. Partisan self-interest is an important driver for people's support for the regulation of targeted political advertising.
- Author
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Baum K, Meissner S, and Krasnova H
- Subjects
- Humans, Politics, United States, Advertising, Public Opinion
- Abstract
The rapid emergence of online targeted political advertising has raised concerns over data privacy and what the government's response should be. This paper tested and confirmed the hypothesis that public attitudes toward stricter regulation of online targeted political advertising are partially motivated by partisan self-interest. We conducted an experiment using an online survey of 1549 Americans who identify as either Democrats or Republicans. Our findings show that Democrats and Republicans believe that online targeted political advertising benefits the opposing party. This belief is based on their conviction that their political opponents are more likely to be mobilized by online targeted political advertising than are supporters of their own party. We exogenously manipulated partisan self-interest considerations of a random subset of participants by truthfully informing them that, in the past, online targeted political advertising has benefited Republicans. Our findings show that Republicans informed about this had less favorable attitudes toward regulation than did their uninformed co-partisans. This suggests that Republicans' attitudes regarding stricter regulation are based not solely on concerns about privacy violations, but also, in part, are caused by beliefs about partisan advantage. The results imply that people are willing to accept violations of their privacy if their preferred party benefits from the use of online targeted political advertising., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
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16. Trends of puffery in advertising – a bibliometric analysis.
- Author
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Punjani, Krunal K., Ravi Kumar, V.V., and Kadam, Sanjeev
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CITATION analysis ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the essential trends of existing research on "puffery in advertising" through bibliometric analysis. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses citation data collected through Scopus and Google Scholar for the research area "puffery in advertising" to investigate the most productive journals, top countries of affiliation and prominent years with maximum citations. The study analyses the 87 articles related to "puffery in advertising," published during 1840 to 2018. Moreover, this study also presents graphical analysis through network maps. Findings: "Puffery in advertising" has remained an under-researched area. However, records of past ten years indicate marginal growth in the number of publications. USA dominates this research area with most numbers of articles published till date. Through clustering of subject areas, it is found that majority of articles have been published under the subject area of "Business, Management and Accounting." Interestingly, the results of the network maps slightly differ from that of citation table. Practical implications: This paper is useful for any reader or researcher who wants to understand the trends of "puffery in advertising" in terms of citation analysis, authors and affiliation countries, and prominent years with maximum citations, which would further enable them to discover emerging research areas, potential research collaborations and publications. Originality/value: To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first ever bilbiometric study on "puffery in advertising" providing a bird's-eye view of the essential trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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17. Application of GREEN scale to understanding US consumer response to green marketing communications.
- Author
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Bailey, Ainsworth A., Mishra, Aditya S., and Tiamiyu, Mojisola F.
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GREEN marketing ,CONSUMER behavior ,COMMUNICATION in marketing ,ADVERTISING ,CONSUMER attitudes ,VALUES (Ethics) ,TRUST - Abstract
This paper reports on three studies that were done as part of an application of the GREEN scale (Haws, Winterich, & Naylor, 2014) to understanding US consumer response to green marketing communications. The GREEN scale was developed originally to measure consumers' tendency to express their environmental concern through their consumption behaviors, that is, their green consumption values. In the current paper, three studies explored the impact of US consumers' GREEN consumption values on their response to brands' green public relations and green advertising. The results show that, in addition to helping to explain green consumption behaviors, GREEN can also help to explain consumer response to brands' marketing communications efforts. Limitations are pointed out and future research directions are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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18. Racism and Racial Discrimination in the United States.
- Author
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VOICU, Gabriel
- Subjects
RACE discrimination ,STEREOTYPES ,EQUALITY ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
During the days of American slavery, many whites held stereotypes of African-Americans as inferior, unevolved, incapable. In societies such as the United States, which are characterized by unequal cultural power, prejudiced ideologies, usually affected by history, there is a solid reason for which dominant groups (e.g. whites) sustain and legitimate their power over other groups (e.g. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians). The present paper is designed to see whether stereotypes during Jim Crow have persisted after the civil rights movement, event that was meant to bring equality and push the United States into a postracial era. Moreover, this analysis aims to extend the current research on the portrayal of ethnic minorities in advertising, especially in the case of African-Americans. After establishing an analytical and theoretical framework based on the relationship between racial ideology and stereotypes of African-Americans, this study investigates how African-Americans are represented in American advertising and how racial ideology is embedded within those depictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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19. Hard Sell or Soft Sell? The Advertising Philosophies and Professional Relationship of Rosser Reeves and David Ogilvy.
- Author
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Haygood, Daniel M.
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,PROFESSIONAL relationships ,MASS media - Abstract
Rosser Reeves and David Ogilvy practiced advertising during perhaps the industry's most intriguing era when a debate took place over how best to create effective advertising for the relatively new medium of television. Reeves and Ogilvy and their respective agencies seemingly represented the opposite ends of the debate as the trade press framed the conflict as being between two fierce rivals with diametrically opposed advertising philosophies: Reeves’ “hard sell” versus Ogilvy's “soft sell.” However, correspondence between the men reveals a shared core advertising philosophy, insights into their common practices and beliefs, and a more nuanced and layered understanding of their relationship. Reeves and Ogilvy both dismissed the talk of rivalry and eschewed the media's simplistic labels placed on the challenging process of creating effective advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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20. Sexual orientation and gender identity differences in perceptions and product appeal in response to e-cigarette advertising.
- Author
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Liu, Jessica, Patterson, Joanne G., Keller-Hamilton, Brittney, Donghee N. Lee, Chrzan, Kirsten R., and Stevens, Elise M.
- Subjects
SEXUAL orientation ,STATISTICS ,FLAVORING essences ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,SMOKING cessation ,CONSUMER attitudes ,ADVERTISING ,GENDER identity ,SEX distribution ,SEXUAL minorities ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO products ,SMOKING ,STATISTICAL sampling ,DATA analysis ,HEALTH promotion - Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarette use is disparately high among sexual minoritized populations. As e-cigarette advertising may influence product appeal, this study tested sexual orientation- and gender-based differences in response to e-cigarette advertisement exposure on advertisement perceptions and product appeal. METHODS We recruited 497 adults (mean age=31.9 years, 45.1% women, 54.3% heterosexual, 71.2% Non-Hispanic White) living in the United States via the crowdsourcing platform Prolific. Participants viewed two randomly selected e-cigarette advertisements (from n=173 advertisements). Post-exposure, participants rated the perceived advertisement effectiveness, relevance, and product use intention. Associations between sexual orientation and outcomes were estimated using multivariable linear mixed-effects models. We tested interaction effects between sexual orientation, gender, and advertisement feature (e.g. presence of humans, flavors, and product packaging), and ran Tukey post hoc tests for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Post-exposure, heterosexual women, sexual minoritized men, and sexual minoritized women (reference group: heterosexual men) rated perceived advertisement effectiveness and relevance lower after viewing advertisements featuring flavors (vs no flavors; all p<0.001). Sexual minoritized men and sexual minoritized women rated perceived advertisement relevance lower after viewing advertisements featuring humans (all p<0.001) or fruit (all p<0.001). Heterosexual women, sexual minoritized men, and sexual minoritized women reported lower product use intention after viewing advertisements featuring an e-liquid bottle (vs no e-liquid bottle; all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sexual minoritized women and men reported lower e-cigarette advertisement appeal and product use intentions than heterosexual men. More evidence is needed to understand advertisement perceptions and product appeal in this group to inform e-cigarette advertising regulations and anti-tobacco messaging campaigns that aim to reduce tobacco-related health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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21. A Legislative/Legal History of Prescription Drug Advertising and Promotion Regulation.
- Author
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Li S and Gibbs I
- Subjects
- Drug Labeling legislation & jurisprudence, Government Regulation, Humans, Marketing legislation & jurisprudence, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Drug Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Prescription Drugs
- Abstract
Purpose: The communication by pharmaceutical companies of promotional messages about their products has long been controversial, but deemed to be necessary by the pharmaceutical industry so that health care professionals and in some cases patients/consumers can be made aware of the latest developments through the communication vehicles they are accustomed to seeing - in the case of health care professionals, through medical advertising, direct mail, visits by company representatives, and attendance at medical meetings, and in case of patients, through the news media and television advertising. On the other hand, critics argue that such promotion, which sometimes reduces complex medical issues to advertising slogans, is inappropriate for products intended to treat and cure diseases, and that health care professionals should learn about new products from peer-reviewed medical literature. Consequently, advertising, and promotional programs are heavily regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, the laws themselves raise constitutional issues of infringement on free speech. Over the past few years, a number of lawsuits have been decided that help clarify the role of the FDA and the extent of its authority in regulating what companies or their employees say about their products. These court decisions are important because they help define how health care professionals and patients/consumers receive medical information., Methods: This overview is intended to identify, in non-technical language, some of the more controversial and challenging issues involved in the FDA's efforts to regulate marketing communications by drug companies and how the courts view them., Results: The recent lawsuits often involve complex and far-reaching legal issues. But when examined in toto, as this paper does, they have reflected a view by the courts that truthful and non-misleading statements by drug companies about their products can be legally communicated even when the medical information is not formally approved by the FDA and included in the FDA-approved labeling. The lawsuits thus have led to an environment in which the FDA continues to oversee with great fervor the activities of drug companies in communicating medical information but at the same time having some flexibility in keeping health care professionals and patients up to date with th latest information about medical research and new therapeutic products., Conclusion: How pharmaceutical products are marketed has been deemed by the U.S. Congress to be important enough to need to be subject to federal regulation. The issues create a tension between the need for medical information to be accurate and balanced, and the guarantees of free speech. This review provides an important perspective on how this tension is being resolved, even as dramatic advances in both medical products and technology create new challenges.
- Published
- 2021
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22. eSubmission of Promotional Labeling and Advertising Materials via the eCTD FDA Gateway : The Time Has Come for Advertising and Promotion to Submit in Module One.
- Author
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Hathaway J, Hom K, Reznichenko B, Vaddempudi K, and D'Alonzo A
- Subjects
- Drug Industry, Prescription Drugs, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Advertising
- Abstract
In June 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued its final Guidance on submission of advertising and promotional materials to the Office of Prescription Drug Promotion (OPDP) in eCTD format through the electronic gateway. Our goal was to put in place a stepwise plan and clear process to submit these materials in advance of June 2021 when electronic submissions become mandatory. The first step was to test every submission type and every possible iteration, therefore, as issues arose, problems could be easily addressed and resolved. This helped build confidence and achieve a level of comfort in preparing for the first eSubmission. To accomplish this, testing was performed through the gateway including: Form FDA 2253 (and accompanying promotional materials), advisory comments (launch and non-launch), enforcement actions, multiproduct submissions (grouped and ungrouped), and information request responses. The second step was to obtain internal alignment between involved functional areas to pilot a single brand. Finally, after a successful pilot program, eCTD submissions were expanded across all other brands. This paper discusses the stepwise approach taken, considerations for electronic submissions and results for improved efficiencies and cost savings. Implementing a well, laid-out plan, and starting the conversion early, allowed us to be thoughtful in our approach. The steps taken, and the successful outcomes achieved, demonstrate that there is no reason to wait for submitting promotional materials via the FDA gateway.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Evaluating the actual and perceived effectiveness of E-cigarette prevention advertisements among adolescents.
- Author
-
Noar SM, Rohde JA, Prentice-Dunn H, Kresovich A, Hall MG, and Brewer NT
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Humans, Intention, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Advertising, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Vaping
- Abstract
Background: The efficacy of e-cigarette prevention ads among adolescents has seldom been studied. We examined the impact of ads from the The Real Cost vaping prevention media campaign on what adolescents think and believe about vaping. We also sought to test whether perceived message effectiveness (PME) served as a proxy for ad impact., Methods: Participants were 543 U.S. adolescents ages 13-17. In an online experiment, we randomized participants to either: 1) persuasive e-cigarette prevention video ads from the Food and Drug Administration's The Real Cost campaign that was targeted to adolescents or 2) information-only e-cigarette harms control videos (control condition). Participants in each condition viewed 2 videos in a random order. After ad exposure, the survey assessed PME (message and effects perceptions), risk beliefs about vaping, attitudes toward vaping, and intentions to vape., Results: The FDA's The Real Cost ads led to higher beliefs about the harms of vaping (p < .001), more negative attitudes toward vaping (p < .001), and lower intentions to vape (p < .05) compared to the control videos. The Real Cost ads also scored higher on both message perceptions (p < .001) and effects perceptions (p < .001) compared to control videos. Effects perceptions were associated with all three outcomes (all ps < 0.001, adjusting for both types of PME and covariates), but message perceptions did not offer additional predictive value., Conclusions: Exposure to The Real Cost vaping prevention ads gave adolescents a more negative view of vaping and lowered their intentions to vape compared to control videos. Effects perceptions may be superior to message perceptions as a proxy for e-cigarette prevention ad impact., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Advertising and Risk Selection in Health Insurance Markets.
- Author
-
Aizawa, Naoki and Kim, You Suk
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,HEALTH insurance ,PATIENT Protection & Affordable Care Act ,ECONOMIC equilibrium ,MEDICARE - Abstract
This paper studies the impact of advertising as a channel for risk selection in Medicare Advantage. We provide evidence that insurer advertising is responsive to the gains from risk selection. Then we develop and estimate an equilibrium model of Medicare Advantage with advertising, allowing rich individual heterogeneity. Our estimates show that advertising is effective in attracting healthy individuals who are newly eligible for Medicare, contributing to advantageous selection into Medicare Advantage. Moreover, risk selection through advertising substantially lowers premiums by improving insurers' risk pools. The distributional implication is that unhealthy consumers may be better off through cross-subsidization from healthy individuals. (JEL D81, G22, I13, I18, M37) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Infusing pasion (passion) into mainstream advertising: Using an emotional model to improve the measurement of advertising effectiveness.
- Author
-
WOOD, ORLANDO
- Subjects
ADVERTISING management ,EMOTIONS ,MARKETING ,DECISION making ,MARKETING personnel - Abstract
Hispanic marketing in the USA has traditionally centred on Spanish language advertisements. But effective advertising may not rely on language or 'message'. This paper asserts that the most efficient communications are emotional and work by drawing people closer to the brand and enabling fast, emotional and instinctive 'System I'decisions in its favour. This paper shows that communicating a 'message' actually restricts advertising's efficiency. If'message'and language are less important than previously believed, the implications are far-reaching for how multicultural advertising is conceived and bought in the USA.This paper suggests that the opportunity for marketers may centre on developing culturally appropriate tactics within an emotion-based advertising model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The Regulatory and Marketing Environment Surrounding the Legalization of Retail Marijuana and the Impact on Youth.
- Author
-
Kelly, Kathleen, Berry, Christopher, Comello, Maria Leonora G., and Ray, Heather Bowen
- Subjects
MARIJUANA legalization ,RISK perception ,HARM reduction ,LEGALIZATION ,MARKETING - Abstract
This paper explores the intersections of emerging recreational marijuana policy and large-scale contemporary marketing practices. The authors examine the evolution of current policies and the overall regulatory environment related to the legalization and marketing of recreational marijuana in the United States, exploring current and possible effects of marijuana legalization on adolescent uptake. Although the federal government still classifies marijuana as a Schedule I drug and prohibits possession and sale of the drug for both medical and recreational purposes, states are moving toward legalization. Implications of legalization are explored from the perspectives of regulation, harm reduction, and risk perception. The authors make recommendations and develop propositions regarding future research needed to evaluate the marketing implications and regulatory efforts aimed at U.S. adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Consumers' experience with and attitudes toward direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a nationally representative survey.
- Author
-
Aikin, Kathryn J., Sullivan, Helen W., Berktold, Jennifer, Stein, Karen L., and Hoverman, Victoria J.
- Subjects
DIRECT-to-consumer prescription drug advertising ,MASS media ,INTERNET searching ,CONSUMER attitudes ,INTERVIEWING ,DRUGS ,RESEARCH funding ,HEALTH ,INFORMATION resources ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,TELEVISION ,INFORMATION-seeking behavior ,STATISTICAL sampling ,PHARMACY information services ,PATIENT compliance - Abstract
The way consumers get and seek health information reflects the current information landscape. To gather updated insights on consumer experiences with and attitudes towards direct-to-consumer (DTC) promotion of prescription drugs, we conducted a nationally representative survey of 1,744 US adults using a mail-push-to-web methodology with paper nonresponse follow-up. Results showed high exposure and indifferent attitudes to DTC promotion. Respondents reported DTC promotion has prompted action, particularly searches for more information, increased use of online resources, and some reported that they refused to take or stopped taking a prescription drug because they saw or heard about the drug's side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Bringing "The Real Cost" to Life Through Breakthrough, Evidence-Based Advertising.
- Author
-
Crosby K, Santiago S, Talbert EC, Roditis ML, and Resch G
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Creativity, Focus Groups, Health Behavior, Humans, Smoking adverse effects, United States, Advertising, Cooperative Behavior, Health Communication, Mass Media, Program Development, Smoking Prevention
- Abstract
Building on the success "The Real Cost" campaign has already achieved requires the constant development of new audience insights, novel ideas, and unconventional ways of bringing the campaign to life. This article provides a high-level overview of the campaign's approach to developing and testing breakthrough advertising that has proven effective in preventing smoking initiation among a skeptical, hard-to-reach, at-risk youth audience. This approach is informed by evidence-based communication best practices for youth behavior change campaigns; insights from published literature and subject matter experts with decades of experience in youth health marketing and tobacco prevention; and findings from formative research studies conducted as part of the campaign development process. The paper also explores two campaign advertisements to showcase the research-based creative development process in action. This article is a collaboration between federal government officials, campaign managers, ad agency creatives, and researchers, and thus provides a unique, multidisciplinary examination into the research and creative processes that go into creating a national health communication effort. SUPPLEMENT INFORMATION: This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Magazine online advertising in France and the United States.
- Author
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Lascu, Dana-Nicoleta, Marcheva, Marta, and Thieringer, Kendree
- Subjects
MAGAZINE advertising ,INTERNET advertising ,ADVERTISING ,FASHION periodicals - Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the online fashion sponsorship, shedding light on the content and appeal of online fashion magazine advertising. Heeding the call of researchers for cross-cultural advertising investigations, this research offers a comparison of online fashion magazine advertisements in France and the USA in terms of needs appeals, emotional appeals, and sex appeals. Design/methodology/approach – Elle and Vogue were identified as prominent fashion magazines with an online presence in France and the USA After pretesting to identify appeals that appeared most frequently in online fashion advertisements, a content analysis of website advertisements was conducted with the full population of online advertisements in the US and French Elle and Vogue at the time of the study. Findings – The research found that need appeals conform primarily to national character and that emotional advertising is more preponderant in French advertisements, whereas sexual advertising is more preponderant in US advertisements. For needs appeals, the need for affiliation was higher for US advertisements, whereas online French magazines advertisements were more likely to use guidance and safety appeals. The need for prominence, attention, and autonomy were higher for online US magazine advertisements, whereas French advertisements were more likely to use escape and aggression appeals. Originality/value – As fashion magazines develop an online presence that is well coordinated with their print fashion pages, it is important to understand how advertising sponsors on the magazines’ webpages target consumers. This study is a first step in providing cross-cultural comparative insights into advertising appeals in relation to national character and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Economic Value of Online User Reviews with Ad Spending on Movie Box-Office Sales.
- Author
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Lee, Young-Jin, Keeling, Kellie B., and Urbaczewski, Andrew
- Subjects
ONLINE social networks ,FILM reviewing ,ADVERTISING ,SINGLE family housing - Abstract
Our objective in this paper is to assess the values of online user reviews for movies compared with the sales impact of post-release ad spending for movies. We use weekly box-office sales and ad spending data for 304 movies released in the U.S. along with online ratings and user characteristics from a social network site for movies. By exploiting the fixed-effects two-stage instrumental variable approach to account for movie heterogeneity and simultaneous relationships among user reviews, ad spending and sales, we found that improving the volume and valence of ratings can have the equivalent effect that ad spending can provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Beyond the local: places, people, and brands in New England beer marketing.
- Author
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Debies-Carl, Jeffrey S.
- Subjects
BEER ,MICROBREWERIES ,BEVERAGE marketing - Abstract
Despite decades of domination by a few large companies, the American beer market has seen a dramatic resurgence of microbreweries. Contrary to conventional oligopolistic market theories, small firms have consistently gained market share from their entrenched competitors. Researchers have attributed this success to "neolocalism." Through their marketing, microbreweries appeal to consumers' desire for connections to real people and distinctive products from local places. However, no study has verified whether this pattern is most characteristic of microbreweries. With newer firms threatening their market share, larger firms might adopt neolocal claims, but little empirical attention has been directed at large brewers, and mid-sized, regional firms have been largely ignored by researchers. This paper uses content analysis of beer packaging to investigate the nature of the appeals made to consumers. I find that while microbreweries do make neolocal claims, regional breweries are more likely to associate their products with places on a local scale. Large breweries make few such claims, but instead rely on "reflexive branding": marketing that refers back to the brand itself rather than borrowing existing symbolism from people or places. These findings partly support the neolocal perspective, but also challenge our expectations of which firms use neolocal appeals the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The 'old girls' network': media newsletters as feminist technologies in 1970s America.
- Author
-
Whyte, Marama
- Subjects
WOMEN journalists ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
In the 1970s, women journalists employed at media outlets throughout the United States undertook an assortment of feminist activism to protest discriminatory employment practices on the basis of sex. They were assisted in their activities, and connected to each other, by new and alternative publications such as feminist newsletter Media Report to Women. Media Report to Women acted as a substitute for the social and professional 'old boys' networks' which operated throughout the media during this period, by disseminating information about feminist activism, job advertisements and opportunities, advice from readers, and other relevant content. By undertaking a close reading of Media Report to Women, and assessing its method of production and role in circulating information, this article argues that founder and editor Dr Donna Allen's use of cheap and sustainable technologies, and her own gendered labour, were instrumental in assisting and expanding the activism newswomen successfully undertook throughout the 1970s.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Promoting processed organic foods: hedonic (not virtue-based) message frames increase perceptions of healthfulness.
- Subjects
ORGANIC foods ,CONSUMERS ,HEALTH promotion ,COMMUNICATION ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
The best way to convince people that an organic food is healthier than its non-organic version may be to emphasize how tasty it is, instead of how it benefits one's health. This counterintuitive prediction was supported by data from of an online experiment using a national sample of US adult shoppers of organic products (N=375). Specifically, the study investigated consumer responses to ads which promoted organic and non-organic foods either due to their functional health benefits (virtue frame) or due to their hedonic, taste aspects (vice frame). An interaction between the type of product and the type of frame was observed, with organic foods perceived as healthier only when the communication was framed in terms of hedonic aspects (a vice frame). Significant main effects of several other variables are hypothesized and discussed. The paper concludes by discussing the significance and limitation of the reported findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
34. Overcoming Consumer Skepticism.
- Author
-
da Costa Hernandez, José Mauro
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,CONSUMER behavior ,SKEPTICISM ,ADVERTISERS ,MARKETING strategy - Abstract
The paper tests three advertising tactics aimed at overcoming consumer skepticism towards advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
35. A typology of evaluative health platforms: Commercial interests and their implications for patient voice.
- Author
-
Reilley, Jacob, Pflueger, Dane, and Huber, Christian
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH information services , *MOBILE apps , *WORLD Wide Web , *SELF-efficacy , *PATIENT psychology , *STRATEGIC planning , *BUSINESS , *ADVERTISING , *PATIENT decision making , *APPLICATION software , *ECONOMIC competition , *FRAUD , *MEDICINE information services , *PATIENTS' attitudes , *GOVERNMENT regulation - Abstract
Interactions in the healthcare system today involve an important new set of actors: evaluative health platforms (EHPs). These platforms are not neutral intermediaries, but active moderators of how patients express opinions, choose providers, and consume health-related information. This paper adds to our understanding of the varied and evolving commercial interests of EHPs and the implications these have for patient voice. We analyze 71 platforms in the USA, UK, and Germany and identify five ideal types: subscribers, analyzers, advertisers, regulators, and scammers. Each platform type enacts a unique competitive strategy through an evaluative infrastructure which constrains but also generates possibilities for patient voice. Based on our typology, we develop three contributions. First, we nuance universalizing claims about the consequences of platform capitalism by specifying the diverse strategies underpinning competition between EHPs in different countries, and showing how each strategy leads evaluative infrastructures to develop in ways that impact patient voice. Second, we show how patients can navigate the challenges of a complex EHP space by exercising their ability to choose between platforms. Finally, we outline the conditions platforms need to fulfil to become empowering. Overall, this study highlights the varied and complex relationship between platform business models and user voice, which exists not only in healthcare, but also in many other fields. • Typology of evaluative health platforms (EHPs) in the US, the UK, and Germany. • EHP business models and content moderation techniques vary considerably. • EHPs have a wide range of implications for patient voice. • More transparency and competition can help platforms increase patient empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. This Ad is for You: Targeting and the Effect of Alcohol Advertising on Youth Drinking.
- Author
-
Molloy E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Age Factors, Alcoholic Beverages supply & distribution, Health Behavior, Humans, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Advertising methods, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, Underage Drinking psychology
- Abstract
Endogenous targeting of alcohol advertisements presents a challenge for empirically identifying a causal effect of advertising on drinking. Drinkers prefer a particular media; firms recognize this and target alcohol advertising at these media. This paper overcomes this challenge by utilizing novel data with detailed individual measures of media viewing and alcohol consumption and three separate empirical techniques, which represent significant improvements over previous methods. First, controls for the average audience characteristics of the media an individual views account for attributes of magazines and television programs alcohol firms may consider when deciding where to target advertising. A second specification directly controls for each television program and magazine a person views. The third method exploits variation in advertising exposure due to a 2003 change in an industry-wide rule that governs where firms may advertise. Although the unconditional correlation between advertising and drinking by youth (ages 18-24) is strong, models that include simple controls for targeting imply, at most, a modest advertising effect. Although the coefficients are estimated less precisely, estimates with models including more rigorous controls for targeting indicate no significant effect of advertising on youth drinking., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Do alcohol advertisements for brands popular among underage drinkers have greater appeal among youth and young adults?
- Author
-
Siegel M, DeJong W, Cioffi D, Leon-Chi L, Naimi TS, Padon AA, Jernigan DH, and Xuan Z
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, United States, Young Adult, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Alcoholic Beverages statistics & numerical data, Consumer Behavior statistics & numerical data, Underage Drinking psychology
- Abstract
Background: No previous study has determined whether there are differences in the youth appeal of alcohol advertisements for popular versus unpopular brands among underage drinkers. This paper provides a systematic investigation of the differential appeal of brand-level alcohol advertisements among underage youth and young adults in the United States., Methods: We examined 3 issues of 8 magazines popular among underage youth. From the advertised alcohol brands, we selected the ads for the top 10 and bottom 10 brands by prevalence of underage youth consumption, based on the results of a previous national survey. We assessed the ads' appeal using a sample of 211 students recruited from 1 graduate and 2 undergraduate courses at Boston University. Respondents rated the appeal of each advertisement on 4 dimensions: physical and social appeal, appeal to underage youth, perceived effectiveness, and liking. Using random-effects linear regression, we compared the appeal of advertisements for popular versus unpopular brands., Results: On each dimension, the ads for popular youth alcohol brands were rated as significantly more appealing than the ads for unpopular brands. The magnitude of this difference was 0.26 standard deviation for the physical and social appeal score, 0.25 for the appeal to underage youth score, 0.21 for the perceived effectiveness score, and 0.16 for the liking score., Conclusions: Advertising for alcohol brands that are popular among youth contain elements that are more likely to appeal to underage youth and young adults than ads for brands that are relatively unpopular among young drinkers.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Mentors and minority advertising students: A survey of the 2017 Most Promising Multicultural Student class.
- Author
-
Kendrick, Alice and Fullerton, Jami
- Subjects
ADVERTISING agencies ,PUBLIC relations ,STUDY & teaching of advertising ,DIVERSITY in the workplace ,MENTORS - Abstract
US advertising agencies have struggled to attract and retain ethnic and racial minority talent for decades, and the absence of professional mentors has been cited as an issue in job satisfaction among minority employees in the advertising industry. University advertising programs are recognized as an important pipeline of prospective minority hires, especially for agencies. This paper examines a group of minority advertising college seniors in terms of whether they currently have a professional mentor, as well as their career preferences and perceptions of advertising industry employment. The role of mentorship for minority advertising students, as well as implications for advertising educators and employers who seek to diversify their advertising organizations, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Do Investors Value Comparative Ads? The Effects of Comparative Advertising on Stock Returns.
- Author
-
Tommy Hsu
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,MARKETING strategy ,COMMERCE - Abstract
Comparative advertising has been more widely used in the United States. However, based on research that has been done in the past, the effectiveness of comparative advertising is still a controversial argument even though it is generally believed that comparative advertising is more effective than non-comparative advertising. Previous studies have been mainly focusing on the effects on consumer behavior. This study tries to fill the research gap to emphasize on the effects from investors' perspectives. Therefore, the effect of comparative advertising on stock returns is investigated. Also, since many American firms are doing business in other countries and begin advertising their products or services, the attention should be paid more to cross-cultural study which has received little so far. In this paper, an overview on comparative advertising is provided, along with developing a comprehensive model to empirically investigate the relationship between the release of comparative advertising and stock prices. Lastly, the findings and recommendations for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
40. Beautiful Geography: The Pictorial Maps of Ruth Taylor White.
- Author
-
Griffin, Dori
- Subjects
WOMEN illustrators ,PICTORIAL maps ,CARTOGRAPHY ,ILLUSTRATORS ,AIR travel ,WORLD War II - Abstract
Copyright of Imago Mundi is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Oriental Fantasies of the American Advertisement Industry during the Late 19th-Early 20th Century: A Reading of the Recurring Images of Cigarette Marketing.
- Author
-
Yiğit, Tarık Tansu
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,MARKETING of cigarettes - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of American Studies of Turkey (JAST) is the property of Journal of American Studies of Turkey (JAST) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
42. High-Energy Ad Content: A Large-Scale Investigation of TV Commercials.
- Author
-
Yang, Joonhyuk, Xie, Yingkang, Krishnamurthi, Lakshman, and Papatla, Purushottam
- Subjects
TELEVISION advertising ,ENERGY measurement ,CONSUMER behavior ,MUSIC in advertising ,ALGORITHMS ,ADVERTISERS ,BRANDING (Marketing) ,BRAND name products - Abstract
A trend reported by both academics and practitioners is that advertising on TV has become increasingly energetic. This study investigates the association between the energy level in ad content and consumers' ad-tuning tendency. Using a data set of over 27,000 TV commercials delivered to U.S. homes between 2015 and 2018, the authors first present a framework to algorithmically measure the energy level in ad content from the video of ads. This algorithm-based measure is then compared with human-perceived energy levels showing that the measure is related to the level of arousal stimulated by ad content. By relating the energy levels in ad content with the ad-tuning tendency using two empirical procedures, the authors document the following: overall, more energetic commercials are more likely to be tuned in or less likely to be avoided by viewers. The positive association between energy levels in ad content and ad tuning is statistically significant after controlling for placement and other aspects of commercials. However, the association varies across product categories and program genres. The main implication of this study is that advertisers should pay attention to components of ad content other than loudness, which has been regulated by law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Resistance and mutations of non-specificity in the field of anxiety-depressive disorders in Canadian medical journals, 1950-1990.
- Author
-
Collin J and Otero M
- Subjects
- Canada, Forecasting, Humans, Practice Patterns, Physicians' trends, Primary Health Care trends, United States, Advertising trends, Anxiety Disorders drug therapy, Depressive Disorder drug therapy, Drug Resistance, Periodicals as Topic trends, Prescription Drug Overuse trends, Psychotropic Drugs therapeutic use
- Abstract
Pharmaceuticalisation is a complex phenomenon, co-constitutive of what scholars identify as a pharmaceutical regime, comprised of networks of actors, institutions and artefacts as well as cognitive structures that underlie the production, promotion and use of medications. The aim of this paper is to explore the linkages between different components of this pharmaceutical regime through the analysis of psychotropic drug advertising in Canadian medical journals between 1950 and 1990. Advertisements stand at the nexus of macro-level processes related to the development, regulation and marketing of new drug treatments and of micro-level processes related to the use of these drug treatments, both by clinicians and lay persons. We thus examine advertisements from the angle of the mental and classificatory universes to which doctors were exposed through direct-to-prescriber advertisement strategies implemented during this period. Furthermore, we explore to what extent the rationale behind advertisements was permeated by both scientific/professional and popular narratives of mind-body connections. This paper demonstrates that, although this period was marked by paradigm shifts in the classification of mental diseases, the development of modern psychopharmacology, and the questioning of the scientific legitimacy of psychiatry, advertisements unveil a remarkable continuity: that of the mass management of anxiety-depressive disorders by primary care physicians through psychotropic drugs. Also, despite the effective resistance to specificity as shown by the constant redefinitions of diagnostic categories and therapeutic indications, our analysis suggests that the language of specificity used in the promotion of new drugs and in the various narratives of mind-body connection may have been appealing to general practitioners. Finally, our study of the classes of psychoactive medications that have been in use for over half a century reveals a complex, non-linear dynamic of pharmaceuticalisation and de-pharmaceuticalisation., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Nicotine pouch marketing strategies in the USA: an analysis of Zyn, On! and Velo.
- Author
-
Zongshuan Duan, Henriksen, Lisa, Vallone, Donna, Rath, Jessica M., Evans, W. Douglas, Romm, Katelyn F., Wysota, Christina, and Berg, Carla J.
- Subjects
WORLD Wide Web ,RESEARCH funding ,NICOTINE ,CONTENT analysis ,MARKETING ,TELEVISION ,RADIO (Medium) ,CELL phones ,ADVERTISING ,THEMATIC analysis ,MASS media ,PACKAGING - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Advertising Frames and the Legitimation of the Armed American Woman.
- Author
-
Huff, Aimee Dinnín, Burkhardt, Brett C., and Barnhart, Michelle
- Subjects
PROMOTIONAL literature ,ADVERTISING - Abstract
The idea of the armed American woman – a woman in the United States who owns and uses a firearm – appears to have gained legitimacy in recent years. We investigate one aspect of this increased legitimacy by focusing on how she is depicted in gun advertising, which reflects and shapes legitimacy. Using a novel dataset of a sample of gun manufacturers' advertisements in a publicly available gun magazine from 2001–2020, we conduct a content analysis to identify trends and differences between ads featuring men versus women. Next, focusing on ads in the sample featuring armed women, we identify phases of general framing strategies. Finally, analyzing all ads featuring armed women during the final phase, 2016–2020, which coincides with increased legitimacy, we identify specific frames of the armed American woman: the Serious Student, Capable Carrier, Domestic Defender, and Action Hero. Findings contribute to literature on gun advertising, discourses in American gun culture, and market legitimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Cultural Appropriation in Historical Context: Native Americans in Firearms Advertising.
- Author
-
Witkowski, Terrence H.
- Subjects
NATIVE Americans ,CULTURAL appropriation ,INDIGENOUS languages of the Americas ,FIREARMS ,ADVERTISING ,NATIVE American studies - Abstract
The long standing appropriation of Native American culture for promotional purposes has received ample criticism from tribal members, Indigenous advocates, professional organizations, and scholars. Mounting disapproval has pressured private companies and public institutions to curtail these practices in the United States. This article expands historical understanding of these contested representation by analyzing the advertising of three major firearms manufacturers – Savage, Remington, and Winchester – and a few other gun sellers who have periodically exploited American Indian images and language from the late nineteenth century until the present day. These depictions, their historical context, and their macromarketing implications are critically examined. Also discussed are intersections with U.S. gun culture, study limitations, and opportunities for further research on Native American appropriation globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The Effects of Search Advertising on Competitors: An Experiment Before a Merger.
- Author
-
Golden, Joseph and Horton, John Joseph
- Subjects
ADVERTISING campaigns ,ADVERTISING ,KEYWORD searching - Abstract
We report the results of an experiment in which a company, Firm Vary, temporarily suspended its sponsored search advertising campaign on Google in randomly selected advertising markets in the United States. By shutting off its ads, Firm Vary lost customers, but only 63% as many as a nonexperimental estimate would have suggested. Following the experiment, Firm Vary merged with its closest competitor, Firm Fixed. Using combined data from both companies, the experiment revealed that spillover effects of Firm Vary's search advertising on Firm Fixed's business and its marketing campaigns were surprisingly small, even in the market for Firm Vary's brand name as a keyword search term, where the two firms were effectively duopsonists. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. L&M's foray into marketing 'natural' cigarettes.
- Author
-
Gratale, Stefanie K., Ganz, Ollie, Talbot, Eugene M., Pearson, Jennifer L., Delnevo, Cristine D., and Wackowski, Olivia A.
- Subjects
TREATMENT of drug addiction ,SMOKING cessation ,SMOKING ,CONSUMER attitudes ,NICOTINE ,MARKETING ,BIOLOGICAL products ,PACKAGING ,ADVERTISING ,TOBACCO products ,PUBLIC health ,MEDICAL care costs - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students -- United States, 2019.
- Author
-
Wang, Teresa W., Gentzke, Andrea S., Creamer, MeLisa R., Cullen, Karen A., Holder-Hayes, Enver, Sawdey, Michael D., Anic, Gabriella M., Portnoy, David B., Hu, Sean, Homa, David M., Jamal, Ahmed, and Neff, Linda J.
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,PSYCHOLOGY of high school students ,PSYCHOLOGY of middle school students ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RACE ,SEX distribution ,SMOKELESS tobacco ,SMOKING ,STUDENT attitudes ,SURVEYS ,TOBACCO products ,CROSS-sectional method ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CLUSTER sampling - Abstract
Problem/Condition: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. Most tobacco product use begins during adolescence. In recent years, tobacco products have evolved to include various smoked, smokeless, and electronic products. Period Covered: 2019. Description of System: The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) is an annual, cross-sectional, school-based, self-administered survey of U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students. A three-stage cluster sampling procedure is used to generate a nationally representative sample of U.S. students attending public and private schools. NYTS is the only nationally representative survey of U.S. middle and high school students that focuses exclusively on tobacco product use patterns and associated factors. NYTS is designed to provide national data on tobacco product use and has been conducted periodically during 1999-2009 and annually since 2011. Data from NYTS are used to support the design, implementation, and evaluation of comprehensive tobacco use prevention and control programs and to inform tobacco regulatory activities. Since its inception in 1999 through 2018, NYTS had been conducted via paper and pencil questionnaires. In 2019, NYTS for the first time was administered in schools using electronic data collection methods. CDC's Office on Smoking and Health, in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Center for Tobacco Products, analyzed data from the 2019 NYTS to assess tobacco product use patterns and associated factors among U.S. middle and high school students. Overall, 19,018 questionnaires were completed and weighted to represent approximately 27.0 million students. On the basis of self-reported grade level, this included 8,837 middle school questionnaires (11.9 million students) and 10,097 high school questionnaires (15.0 million students); 84 questionnaires with missing information on grade level were excluded from school-level analyses. Results: In 2019, an estimated 53.3% of high school students (8.0 million) and 24.3% of middle school students (2.9 million) reported having ever tried a tobacco product. Current (past 30-day) use of a tobacco product (i.e., electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes], cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, hookahs, pipe tobacco, and bidis [small brown cigarettes wrapped in a leaf]) was reported by 31.2% of high school students (4.7 million) and 12.5% of middle school students (1.5 million). E-cigarettes were the most commonly cited tobacco product currently used by 27.5% of high school students (4.1 million) and 10.5% of middle school students (1.2 million), followed in order by cigars, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, hookahs, and pipe tobacco. Tobacco product use also varied by sex and race/ethnicity. Among current users of each tobacco product, the prevalence of frequent tobacco product use (on ≥20 days of the preceding 30 days) ranged from 16.8% of cigar smokers to 34.1% of smokeless tobacco product users. Among current users of each individual tobacco product, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used flavored tobacco product (68.8% of current e-cigarette users). Among students who reported ever having tried e-cigarettes, the three most commonly selected reasons for use were "I was curious about them" (55.3%), "friend or family member used them" (30.8%), and "they are available in flavors, such as mint, candy, fruit, or chocolate" (22.4%). Among never users of each individual tobacco product, curiosity and susceptibility (a construct that can help to identify future tobacco product experimentation or use) was highest for e-cigarettes (39.1% and 45.0%, respectively) and cigarettes (37.0% and 45.9%, respectively). Overall, 86.3% of students who reported contact with an assessed potential source of tobacco product advertisements or promotions (going to a convenience store, supermarket, or gas station; using the Internet; watching television or streaming services or going to the movies; or reading newspapers or magazines) reported exposure to marketing for any tobacco product; 69.3% reported exposure to e-cigarette marketing and 81.7% reported exposure to marketing for cigarettes or other tobacco products. Among all students, perceiving no harm or little harm from intermittent tobacco product use (use on some days but not every day) was 28.2% for e-cigarettes, 16.4% for hookahs, 11.5% for smokeless tobacco products, and 9.5% for cigarettes. Among current users of any tobacco product, 24.7% reported experiencing cravings to use tobacco products during the past 30 days and 13.7% reported wanting to use a tobacco product within 30 minutes of waking. Moreover, 57.8% of current tobacco product users reported they were seriously thinking about quitting the use of all tobacco products and 57.5% reported they had stopped using all tobacco products for ≥1 day because they were trying to quit. Interpretation: In 2019, approximately one in four youths (23.0%) had used a tobacco product during the past 30 days. By school level, this represented approximately three in 10 high school students (31.2%) and approximately one in eight middle school students (12.5%). Since 2014, e-cigarettes have been the most commonly used tobacco product among youths. Importantly, more than half of current youth tobacco product users reported seriously thinking about quitting all tobacco products in 2019. However, established factors of use and initiation, including the availability of flavors, exposure to tobacco product marketing, curiosity and susceptibility, and misperceptions about harm from tobacco product use, remained prevalent in 2019 and continue to promote tobacco product use among youths. Public Health Action: The continued monitoring of all forms of youth tobacco product use and associated factors through surveillance efforts including NYTS is important to the development of public health policy and action at national, state, and community levels. Everyone, including public health professionals, health care providers, policymakers, educators, parents, and others who influence youths, can help protect youths from the harms of all tobacco products. In addition, the comprehensive and sustained implementation of evidence-based tobacco control strategies, combined with FDA's regulation of tobacco products, is important for reducing all forms of tobacco product use among U.S. youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Meaningful obstacles remain to standardization of international services advertising.
- Author
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Kanso, Ali, Nelson, Richard Alan, and Kitchen, Philip James
- Subjects
ADVERTISING ,MARKETING research ,CORPORATIONS ,MARKETING in service industries ,ADVERTISING executives - Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to explore advertising strategies by US corporations selling consumer services overseas. Attention is extended to determining the type of standardized advertising (pattern vs prototype) that US headquarters tend to use in international campaigns, identifying major obstacles that impede advertising standardization and examining linkages between the use of creative approaches (standardized vs localized) and firms ' length of business and sales volume. Design/methodology/approach – Using a descriptive approach and rigorous sample, the authors surveyed international advertising managers of US firms selling consumer services. A 57 per cent response rate provided the basis for testing two research questions and two hypotheses. Findings – US firm headquarters tend to lean more toward the use of prototype standardization than pattern standardization. The major impediments of standardized campaigns are perceived to be cultural differences, alternatives in consumer lifestyles, language diversity, variations in worldwide market infrastructure and government regulations. Research limitations/implications – While demonstrating correlations in some areas, the authors offer some suggestions for future investigation of this important topic. By focusing on services marketing, the study does contribute to the extant discussion concerning advertising standardization/localization from the context of US-based services businesses marketing internationally. Practical implications – The outcomes indicate that established business firms and firms with large sales volumes, compared to younger business firms and firms with small sales volumes, are more likely to use the standardized advertising approach than the localized approach. Originality/value – The paper offers new insights into the standardized/localized debate where advertising researchers have tended to overlook the significance of service businesses in the international context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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