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Archaeological investigations worldwide have focused on when and how humans permanently settled in high-altitude environments. Recent evidence from Xiada Co, Qusongguo, and Dingzhonghuzhuzi in western Tibet, where lithic artifacts and radiocarbon dates with original deposits were first accessed, provides new insights into human activities in this extreme environment during the early Holocene. This paper examines the mobility and land-use patterns of foragers in western Tibet from the perspectives of lithic analysis. Assemblages from three sites suggest homogenous technologies and raw material use, as well as potential interaction network of hunter-gatherers within the plateau during the early Holocene. It further argues that the material exponents and travel cost models of site location supported permanent occupation of the western Tibetan Plateau in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise in Holocene paleoclimate reconstructions can hamper the detection of centennial to millennial climate variations and diagnoses of the dynamics involved. This paper uses multiple ensembles of reconstructions to separate signal and noise and determine what, if any, centennial to millennial variations influenced North America during the past 7000 years. To do so, ensembles of temperature and moisture reconstructions were compared across four different spatial scales: multi-continent, regional, sub-regional, and local. At each scale, two independent multi-record ensembles were compared to detect any centennial to millennial departures from the long Holocene trends, which correlate more than expected from random patterns. In all cases, the potential centennial to millennial variations had small magnitudes. However, at least two patterns of centennial to millennial variability appear evident. First, large-scale variations included a prominent Mid-Holocene anomaly from 5600–5000 yr BP that increased mean effective moisture and produced temperature anomalies of different signs in different regions. The changes shifted the north–south temperature gradient in mid-latitude North America with a pattern similar to that of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Second, correlated multi-century (∼ 350 years) variations produce a distinct spectral signature in temperature and hydroclimate records along the western Atlantic margin. Both patterns differ from random variations, but they express distinct spatiotemporal characteristics consistent with separate controlling dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) is a useful geochemical technique employed to explore toolstone procurement strategies in the lithic record, commonly utilized in sourcing obsidians. Non-obsidian volcanic toolstones (e.g., dacites, rhyolites, basalts, and andesites) are abundant in interior Alaskan assemblages yet understudied compared to obsidian. Geochemical analyses of these non-obsidian materials offer the potential to gain new insights into ancient toolstone provisioning behaviors. This paper presents a synthesis of geochemical (pXRF) analyses of rhyolite artifacts, systematic regional raw material surveys, and lithic technological analyses collected from nineteen late Pleistocene and Holocene assemblages from the Nenana valley, interior Alaska. Previous research studies on archaeological rhyolites from the region are replicated, new rhyolite artifact groups are identified, and one new rhyolite source is reported and described here. Ultimately, this paper contributes to a growing body of geochemical research seeking to provide a more nuanced look at the complex late Pleistocene and Holocene record of eastern Beringia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost deposits in the Beringian Yedoma region store large amounts of organic carbon (OC). Walter Anthony et al. (2014) describe a previously unrecognized pool of 159 Pg OC accumulated in Holocene thermokarst sediments deposited in Yedoma region alases (thermokarst depressions). They claim that these alas sediments increase the previously recognized circumpolar permafrost peat OC pool by 50 %. It is stated that previous integrated studies of the permafrost OC pool have failed to account for these deposits because the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD) is biased towards non-alas field sites and that the soil maps used in the NCSCD underestimate coverage of organic permafrost soils. Here we evaluate these statements against a brief literature review, existing datasets on Yedoma region soil OC storage and independent field-based and geospatial datasets of peat soil distribution in the Siberian Yedoma region. Our findings are summarised in three main points. Firstly, the sediments described by Walter Anthony et al. are primarily mineral lake sediments and do not match widely used international scientific definitions of peat or organic soils. They can therefore not be considered an addition to the circumpolar peat carbon pool. Secondly, independent field data and geospatial analyses show that the Siberian Yedoma regions is dominated by mineral soils, not peatlands. Thus, there is no evidence to suggest any systematic bias in the NCSCD field data or maps. Thirdly, there is spatial overlap between these Holocene thermokarst sediments and previous estimates of permafrost soil and sediment OC stocks. These carbon stocks were already accounted for by previous studies and cannot be added to the permafrost OC count. We suggest that statements made in Walter Anthony et al. (2014) resulted from misunderstandings caused by conflicting definitions and terminologies across different geoscientific disciplines. A careful cross-disciplinary review of terminologies would help future studies to appropriately harmonize definitions between different fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the environmental significance of pollen and spores in alluvial plains is important for stratigraphic correlation and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper presents palynological data from the North China Plain and explores their relationship with paleoflood records and human impacts since the Holocene. Our data reveal that pollen concentration and pollen assemblage vary in flood deposits (including overbank deposits and slackwater deposits) and inter-flood deposits (including sandy soils and lacustrine deposits). Flood deposits have higher fern percentages (28.6%) and lower herbaceous percentages (14.8%) compared to inter-flood deposits, though slackwater deposits share similar pollen concentrations and assemblages with sandy soils. Notably, overbank deposits are characterized by pollen-poor zones and aggregation of deteriorated pollen grains, especially in Unit III (755-385 cm, ca. 3.2-2.2 ka) and Unit V (190-0 cm, after ca. 0.6 ka). These findings suggest that overbank deposits correspond to strengthened hydrodynamic conditions at the flood-peak stage. Furthermore, the indicative pollen and spores provide compelling evidence for intensifying human impact in the North China Plain since the late Holocene. An aggregation of Selaginella sinensis at the depth of 640-610 cm indicates deforestation in the uplands since ca. 2.9 ka. Similarly, a sharp increase in Malvaceae percentage at the depth of 285-215 supports historical records of initial cotton planting in the Tang Dynasty (ca. 1.4-1.1 ka). The study underscores the value of palynological analysis for reconstructing paleoenvironment and human-environment interactions, providing a robust framework for understanding landscape evolution in the North China Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeology in Oceania is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We further support the development of adaptation pathways for the future directions for water management in light of expected climate changes (Finlayson I et al i ., [9]; Gell I et al i ., [17]), being aware that the Australasian chapter in the recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Lawrence I et al i ., [32]) has drawn attention to the difficulties that may arise with water sharing in the basin. ([4]) advocate with confidence that Lake Alexandrina must be kept fresh (as defined by Lester I et al., i [33], presumably) for the foreseeable future, as it was ever thus. ([4]) paper, as it was in similar advocacy papers and reports emerging from South Australia (Fluin I et al i ., [12]; Sim & Muller, [38]; Tibby I et al i ., [42]; and even Chiew I et al i ., [5]; who despite noting the records of the "mid-basin cores [are] indicative of intermediate salinity" [[5], p. 24], conclude that the lake was "largely fresh"). Maybe too, the father of Australian coastal geomorphology, Prof. Eric Bird, was misguided when he wrote in 1962 'After winter rains, and particularly after flooding in the Murray valley, the lakes became I almost fresh i , but in drought periods the reduction in freshwater inflow led to invasion of the lakes by sea water, and I high levels of salinity i were attained' (Bird, [3], p. 204). [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Intersecciones en Antropología is the property of Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta Praehistorica is the property of Documenta Praehistorica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta Praehistorica is the property of Documenta Praehistorica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climatic fluctuations and geological events since the LGM are believed to have significantly impacted the population size, distribution, and mobility of many species that we observe today. In this paper, we determined the processes driving the phylogeographic structure of the Korean endemic white forsythia by combining the use of genome‐wide SNPs and predicting paleoclimatic habitats during the LGM (21 kya), Early Holocene (10 kya), Mid‐Holocene (6 kya), and Late Holocene (3 kya). Using a maximum of 1897 SNPs retrieved from 124 samples across nine wild populations, five environmental predictors, and the species' natural occurrence records, we aimed to infer the species' demographic history and reconstruct its possible paleodistributions with the use of approximate Bayesian computation and ecological niche models, respectively. Under this integrated framework, we found strong evidence for patterns of range shift and expansion, and population divergence events from the onset of the Holocene, resulting in the formation of its five distinct genetic units. The most highly supported model inferred that after the split of an ancestral population into the southern group and a larger central metapopulation lineage, the latter gave rise to the eastern and northern clusters, before finally dividing into two sub‐central groups. While the use of molecular data allowed us to identify and refine the (phylo)genetic relationships of the species' lineages and populations, the use of ecological data helped us infer a past LGM refugium and the directions of post‐glacial range dynamics. The time frames of these demographic events were shown to be congruent with climatic and geological events that affected the central Korean Peninsula during these periods. These findings gave us a better understanding of the consequences of past spatiotemporal factors that may have resulted in the current fragmented population distribution of this endangered plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examination of climatic and oceanographic changes through the Holocene (11.75 ka–present) allows for an improved understanding and contextualization of modern climate change. Climate records of the Holocene can be utilized as a "baseline" from which to compare modern climate and can also provide insights into how environments experience and recover from change. However, individual studies on Holocene climate in the literature tend to focus on a distinct geographic location, a specific proxy record, or a certain aspect of climate (e.g., upwelling or precipitation), resulting in localized, record-specific trends rather than a comprehensive view of climate variability through the Holocene. Here we synthesize the major oceanographic and terrestrial changes that have occurred in the Western United States (bounded by 30 to 52 ∘ N and 115 to 130 ∘ W) through the most recent 11.75 kyr and explore the impacts of these changes on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. We present a novel spatiotemporal analysis of Holocene marine and terrestrial temperature, hydroclimate, and fire activity across the Early, Middle, and Late Holocene using a coded analysis of over 40 published studies. Following coded analysis of temperature, hydroclimate, and fire activity in the paper, we include a broader literature review of environmental change through the Holocene, including an examination of the impacts of multi-millennial climate trends on ecological communities. We find that the Early Holocene is characterized by warming relative to pre-Holocene conditions, including warm sea surface conditions, a warm and dry Pacific Northwest, a warm and wet Southwest, and overall spatial and temporal stability. In the Middle Holocene, these patterns reverse; this interval is characterized by cool sea surface temperatures, a cool and wet Pacific Northwest and warm and dry Southwest. The Late Holocene is the most variable interval, both spatially and temporally, and a novel spatial trend appears in terrestrial climate with warmer coastal areas and cooler inland areas. Human communities interacted with the environment throughout the entire Holocene, as evidenced in archeological and paleoenvironmental records, yet the recent Era of Colonization (1850–present) represents an unprecedented environmental interval in many records. Broadly, our analysis shows linkages between terrestrial and oceanographic conditions, distinct environmental phases through time, and emphasizes the importance of local factors in controlling climate through the dynamic Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southeastern France occupies a key biogeographical position on the lower Rhone corridor, at the interface between southern and northern Europe. It is also at the heart of long‐standing ecological debates about the respective roles of natural and human drivers in shaping the Mediterranean landscape. Molluscan analysis may represent a valuable contribution to this issue. In this paper, land snail assemblages from three calcareous tufa deposits in the Luberon mountain were used to reconstruct Lateglacial and Holocene palaeoenvironments. The Lateglacial communities only differ from the Pleniglacial ones by the development of hygrophilic snails. We note a high moisture budget at the end of the Lateglacial Interstadial (LGI). A patchy, steppe landscape is attested. A time lag in recolonization by woodland species during the LGI is conceivable. The postglacial woodland assemblages then trace a laborious reassembly of forest snail communities. It takes place mainly between c. 8000 and c. 6600 cal. a BP with spatial disparities and delayed recruitments. The French Mediterranean region has not benefitted from the macrorefugia that it would have sheltered or with which it would have been close. Woodlands, however, appear progressively more closed and complex c. 8000 cal. a BP. They reached their optimum c. 7500 to 7400 cal. a BP although their canopy seems to have stayed quite open. Anthropization remained weak during the Early Neolithic. A significant woodland opening is observed in the Early–Middle Neolithic. Human impact becomes clear from the Late Neolithic. Nevertheless, there are substantial differences compared with Basse‐Provence, where a more marked openness of the landscape from 7000 cal. a BP was accompanied by the development of Mediterranean synanthropic snails. The molluscan successions of the Luberon mountain should be a reference for the development of the Lateglacial and Holocene malacofauna in the SE of France, at the northern boundary of the western Mediterranean domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleolimnology is a rapidly expanding field within the natural sciences. To date, many scientific papers have been published focusing on studies of remains from single sediment cores in specific lakes, or a few cores from the same water body. However, few previous publications have provided a comprehensive comparative analysis of taphocenosis (and maternal community) changes in different water bodies from a large geographical region during whole Holocene using multivariate statistical methods. We conducted a joined statistical analysis of data obtained as a result of the cladoceran analysis of the sediment samples from six cores taken along the North-South transect from the Kola Peninsula to the Karelian Region (North-West Russia). Our aim was to identify, based on quantitative statistical methods, general whole-Holocene patterns in cladoceran taphocenosis changes. All taphocenoses in all cores from six lakes can be classified into six clusters based on their species composition. Our unexpected conclusion is that different taphocoenoses are formed by the same set of species, but their proportions vary significantly. This suggests that the same species may play different functional roles in different maternal communities. During whole Holocene, we observed a single taphocenosis cluster in the Holocene core from Lake Antyukh-Lambina, and four taphocenosis clusters in the Lake Medvedevskoe, with an intermediate number of clusters in the lakes between them. Furthermore, it can be asserted that the potential for cluster changes in the core is greater for the more southern studied water bodies (0–3 clusters for northern lakes vs. 4 clusters for southern lakes). Based on our data, we hypothesize that the diversity of cladoceran associations during the Holocene was lower in Arctic/Subarctic lakes, possibly due to their formation by ubiquitous species. Our study suggests that at least some Arctic lake ecosystems have remained unchanged since deglaciation times. Further studies are necessary to determine if this is a general rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLa Esmeralda is a group of Donax hanleyanus shell middens (A, B, and C) located on the Uruguayan Atlantic coast dating to the late Holocene. This paper analyzes the vertebrate remains recovered during the excavation of shell midden A. The remains were taxonomically and anatomically identified, and quantified using NISP (number of identified specimens), MNI (minimum number of individuals), MNE (minimum number of elements), and MAU (minimum animal units). Additionally, bone surfaces were examined to identify anthropogenic and natural modifications. Several vertebrate species, including marine (pinnipeds, birds, fish) and terrestrial (deer, armadillos), were captured, processed, and consumed at the site. La Esmeralda can be chronologically linked to other coastal and inland sites located near the coast, which together reflect diverse forms of landscape occupation and various economic, domestic, and ritual activities. Collectively, these settlements show a sustained use of the Atlantic coast–grassland ecotone during the late Holocene, possibly within a coastal–inland mobility circuit. The significance of coastal and continental resources in this region has been discussed for over two decades. Although isotopic studies of human remains suggests that marine resources did not play a significant role in the diet, the material record shows the simultaneous exploitation of both types of resources. This work provides new information to continue enriching this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief account of the achievements of the AUSCAN cruise is presented together with an extensive list of published papers resulting from this cruise. Many of these papers provide considerable detail about the link between marine and continental records, many of which span the entire last glacial cycle (MIS 5e - MIS 1). The second part of the paper argues that a large estuary to the north of the River Murray mouth during the early Holocene, postulated by Helfensdorfer et al. (2019, 2020) requires scrutiny because their postulated sealevel reconstruction is flawed. In addition, the extensive deposition of sediments dammed near the mouth of the River Murray thought by these authors to have prevented the dispersal of fluvial sediments to the continental shelf and slope is unfounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the sedimentary evolution and hazardous geology during the Holocene in the Yangtze River and Red River Deltas and their neighboring coastal areas. The deltas began forming during the early to middle Holocene and have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. The research topic explores the sedimentary records, source-to-sink processes, and geohazards in these areas. The article provides a summary and analysis of nine papers that cover various aspects of the topic, including sedimentary evolution, geologic hazards, and hydrochemical characteristics. These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of the Holocene sedimentary history and geo-hazardous mechanisms in the region. [Extracted from the article]

Flights of Holocene marine terraces are useful for reconstructing past earthquakes, but coastal erosion can remove terraces from the landscape, potentially leading to incorrect estimates of earthquake magnitude and frequency. Relatively little effort has been afforded to studying terrace erosion processes, and this paper presents the first field evidence that we are aware of documenting terrace erosion rates. Two case studies from New Zealand provide a unique opportunity to observe the beginning and end phases of terrace development. We present downwear and backwear erosion measurements, showing that both sets of processes are important. Micro‐erosion meter measurements from Kaikōura Peninsula, South Island, confirm that downwear processes are modifying new marine terraces that were created when the peninsula was uplifted about 1 m during the 2016 earthquake. Erosion rates were high immediately following uplift as the relatively barren intertidal rock shore platform rapidly transformed into an incipient marine terrace with cover deposits. However, the Kaikōura earthquake uplifted shore platforms only a small distance above the upper tidal limit and ongoing downwear and backwear erosion may begin to remove parts of this terrace in future decades. We explored this prospect with a case study at Māhia Peninsula, North Island, where 100–300 years have elapsed since the last terrace‐forming earthquake. Historical photographs were used to document about 80 years of backwear erosion. Terrace erosion rates have been nearly constant through this period, and extrapolation implies that the terrace will be removed in places by 2030. The erosion data in this paper provide new insights into how terraces can be removed from the landscape, but there are many complicating factors. To help understand these factors we present a new conceptual model of marine terrace creation and destruction for soft‐rock coasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bunicontro, M.P. and Marcomini, S.C., 2021. Geomorphological evolution of the Patagonian coast surrounding the Golfo Nuevo (Chubut, Argentina) during Late Quaternary: Overview and new proposal. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 528–543. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The main contribution of this paper is a new interpretation of the geomorphological evolution of the North Patagonian coast surrounding the Golfo Nuevo from Mid-to-Late Pleistocene until present. The proposed model shows how continental and marine landforms evolved during the Late Quaternary. According to this, the Golfo Nuevo depression formed during the Middle Pleistocene (>130 ka) above previous fluvial terraces, which are attributed to different stages of the Chubut river. Several pediment types and levels were also identified: (1) flanking pediment (level 1) associated with an ancient fluvial valley; (2) convergent pediment related to a previous depression of Golfo Nuevo (level 2), both assigned to Middle Pleistocene; and (3) a littoral pediment (level 3) linked to a Holocene highstand level. The height and position of accretion marine terraces are discussed, in addition to their previous dating. It can be assumed that Golfo San Matías was flooded twice as a consequence of marine transgressions (marine isotopic stage [MIS] 5 and MIS 1). Likewise, Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San José were affected only once, during the maximum Holocene transgression (MIS 1). This paper highlights the importance of reconstructing the geomorphological evolution of a coastal area of the Patagonia as a result of a combination of changes linked to sea-level variations (mainly associated with glacio-eustasy) and climate, paleo-shorelines records, and continental landforms through Late Quaternary. The proposed geomorphological model can be considered a novelty because of the complex integration of continental and marine landforms and the study of their relative relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of archaeological proxy records representative of population dynamics is paramount for a richer understanding of prehistoric cultural change, but its use require a dialectic assessment between proximate climatic drivers and ultimate cultural responses. Focusing on the Stone Age archaeological record of Western Norway (11,500–4300 cal. BP), this paper presents an exhaustive empirical curation and statistical testing between changing climates and demographic responses among coastal hunter-fisher-gatherers. The results connect long-term demographic fluctuations with changes in annual mean temperatures and seasonality and the results are discussed in relation changes in technology, subsistence and mobility. The paper also highlights the process of population decline and cultural loss towards the end of the Late Mesolithic (ca. 7000–6000 cal. BP) and emerging cultural novelties and population re-growth during the Early and Middle Neolithic (ca. 6000–4300 cal. BP). However, despite its strong correlation, the archaeological record of Western Norway lacks sufficient detail to ascribe an exclusive explanatory role to climate change, especially in episodes of significant population decline. This helps to emphasise that changing climates, while evidently central, form but a part of a larger system of interactions leading to demographic fluctuations and cultural change, the substantiation of which requires significant empirical improvements to the archaeological record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research within Mediterranean archaeology has been increasingly concerned with societal responses to past climate changes in the Holocene. In Greek archaeology, such studies have benefited from an increasing volume of palaeoclimatic proxy data that has recently been made available from the Greek mainland. The current review discusses recent debates on climate and society in the ancient Greek world and also provides an overview of proxy records from Greece that have been published in the last 10 years. The paper further presents a focused discussion on the state of the available palaeoclimatological evidence for the first millennium BC. New palaeoclimatological proxy series from lake, marine, and wetland sediments, as well as from speleothem proxy records, provide important data that has been lacking for the Greek mainland in the past. These records provide new, promising avenues for integrative interdisciplinary research focused on human–environment dynamics in different periods of Greek antiquity, but challenges persist in how we can integrate and understand past climate shifts in connection with the archaeological evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first continuous (gap-free) Late Glacial-Early Holocene (LGEH) pollen record for the Iberian Pyrenees resolved at centennial resolution. The main aims are (i) to provide a standard chronostratigraphic correlation framework, (ii) to unravel the relationships between vegetation shifts, climatic changes and fire, and (iii) to obtain a regional picture of LGEH vegetation for the Pyrenees and the surrounding lowlands. Seven pollen assemblage zones were obtained and correlated with the stadial/interstadial phases of the Greenland ice cores that serve as a global reference. Several well-dated datums were also derived for keystone individual taxa that are useful for correlation purposes. Four vegetation types were identified, two of them corresponding to conifer and deciduous forests (Cf, Df) and two representing open vegetation types (O1, O2) with no modern analogs, dominated by Artemisia-Poaceae and Saxifraga-Cichorioideae, respectively. Forests dominated during interstadial phases (Bølling/Allerød and Early Holocene), whereas O1 dominated during stadials (Oldest Dryas and Younger Dryas), with O2 being important only in the first half of the Younger Dryas. The use of pollen-independent proxies for temperature and moisture allowed the reconstruction of paleoclimatic trends and the responses of the four vegetation types defined. The most relevant observation in this sense was the finding of wet climates during the Younger Dryas, which challenges the traditional view of arid conditions for this phase on the basis of former pollen records. Fire incidence was low until the Early Holocene, when regional fires were exacerbated, probably due to the combination of higher temperatures and forest biomass accumulation. These results are compared with the pollen records available for the whole Pyrenean range and the surrounding lowlands within the framework of elevational, climatic and biogeographical gradients. Some potential future developments are suggested on the basis of the obtained results, with an emphasis on the reconsideration of the LGEH spatiotemporal moisture patterns and the comparison of the Pyrenees with other European ranges from different climatic and biogeographical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is surrounded by three tectonic plates: the Eurasian, Indo−Australian, and Pacific plates. The plates have caused Indonesia to have many volcanoes, both active and inactive, resting, or no longer active. One of the volcanoes belonging to the formed “Rest” category is the ancient Lawu volcano. The mountain is 10,000 radiocarbon years old or approximately 11,430 ​± ​130 calendar years ago, which is part of the Holocene age. The Lawu volcano erupted on November 28, 1885. This paper discusses the study of magnetic minerals in the case of pyroclastic flows originating from Mount Lawu. The values obtained in magnetic susceptibility are 47.53 ​× ​10−6 ​m³/kg to 79.41 ​× ​10−6 ​m³/kg. The results of this susceptibility measurement indicate the presence of igneous rocks resulting from pyroclastic flow. Furthermore, the vibrating sample magnetometer test showed an S−type (ferromagnetic) hysteresis curve, and the value of Mr/Ms (remanence ratio) define was below 0.5, which realized a multi-domain configuration. This ferromagnetic characteristic is attributed to the iron-based mineral (10.4%–17.1%) from the evaluation of X−Ray Fluorescence. The magnetite mineral confirmed in the X-Ray Diffractometer test is the largest source of magnetism in the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thoroughly investigating the evolution of groundwater circulation and its controlling mechanism in the Aksu River Basin, where human activities are intensifying and the groundwater environment is increasingly deteriorating, is highly urgent and important for promoting the theory, development and implementation of groundwater flow systems (GFSs) and protecting groundwater resources. Based on a detailed analysis of the sediment grain size distribution, chronology, electrofacies, glacial sedimentary sequence, palaeoclimate indicators and existing groundwater age, this paper systematically reconstructs the palaeosedimentary environment of the basin-scale aquifer system in the study area and scientifically reveals the evolutionary pattern and formation mechanism of the GFS. The results showed that the later period of the late Pleistocene experienced a rapid downcutting erosional event caused by tectonic uplift, and the sedimentary environment transitioned from a dry–cold deep downcutting environment in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to a coarse-grained fast-filling fluvial facies sedimentary environment in the Last Glacial Deglaciation (LDP) as the temperature rose; then, it shifted to an environment of fine-grained stable alternating accumulation of fluvial facies and lacustrine facies that was dominated by the warm and arid conditions of the Holocene megathermal period (HMP); this process changed the previous river base level via erosion, glacier elongation or shortening and river level, thus resulting in a complex coupling relationship between the palaeosedimentary environment, palaeoclimate and basin GFS. Furthermore, the existing GFS pattern in the basin exhibits a vertically unconformable groundwater age distribution, which indicates that it is the outcome of the complex superposition of groundwater flow controlled by the palaeosedimentary environment in different periods. Therefore, neotectonic movement and climate fluctuation have jointly acted on the variation in the river level, resulting in the "seesaw" effect, thereby fundamentally controlling the strength of the driving force of groundwater and resulting in the gradual evolution of the GFS from the fully developed regional GFS pattern during the LGM to the current multihierarchy nested GFS pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first continuous multi-proxy record of climate and vegetation change from the central Namib Desert extending over much of the last ca. 39,000 years. Derived from rock hyrax middens, evidence from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, pollen, and microcharcoal reveals significant differences between glacial-age and Holocene climates and vegetation types. Although still arid to semi-arid, conditions during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) 2–3 were significantly more humid than in the Late Holocene. Considerable associated vegetation change is apparent, with cooler temperatures and higher/more-regular rainfall promoting the westward expansion of relatively mesic shrubby karroid vegetation during MIS 2–3. With the last glacial–interglacial transition, increasing temperatures and less/less-regular rainfall resulted in marked vegetation changes and the establishment of current xeric grasslands. The inter-plant spacing of the karroid vegetation promoted by wetter conditions does not carry fire effectively, and the microcharcoal record indicates that more extensive fires may develop only with the development of grassier vegetation under drier conditions. As with other terrestrial records from the Namib Desert and environs, no Cape flora elements were found to support previously hypothesised expansion of the Fynbos Biome during the last glacial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an approach assuming that already in the sea, based on the express analysis of visually similar cores of Arctic Holocene sediments and their comparison with dated and studied in detail cores of the regional sediments, it is possible to select a material that is promising for sequence stratigraphic correlation and paleoreconstructions. The range of lithological, colorimetric (CIE L*, CIE a*, and CIE b*), geophysical (magnetic susceptibility), and geochemical (Fe/Rb, Mn/Rb, and Ti/Rb) parameters is analyzed. The most informative characteristics include the CIE b* color coordinate, magnetic susceptibility, and Fe/Rb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN's Paris Agreement goal of keeping global warming between 1.5 and 2°C is dangerously obsolete and needs to be replaced by a commitment to restore Earth's climate. We now know that continued use of fossil fuels associated with 1.5–2°C scenarios would result in hundreds of millions of pollution deaths and likely trigger multiple tipping elements in the Earth system. Unexpected advances in renewable power production and storage have radically expanded our climate response capacity. The cost of renewable technologies has plummeted at least 30‐year faster than projected, and renewables now dominate energy investment and growth. This renewable revolution creates an opportunity and responsibility to raise our climate ambitions. Rather than aiming for climate mitigation—making things less bad—we should commit to climate restoration—a rapid return to Holocene‐like climate conditions where we know humanity and life on Earth can thrive. Based on observed and projected energy system trends, we estimate that the global economy could reach zero emissions by 2040 and potentially return atmospheric CO2 to pre‐industrial levels by 2100–2150. However, this would require an intense and sustained rollout of renewable energy and negative emissions technologies on very large scales. We describe these clean electrification scenarios and outline technical and socioeconomic strategies that would increase the likelihood of restoring a Holocene‐like climate in the next 100 years. We invite researchers, policymakers, regulators, educators, and citizens in all countries to share and promote this positive message of climate restoration for human wellbeing and planetary stability. Plain Language Summary: New research in global ecology and public health shows that the consequences of burning fossil fuels are much more severe than previously understood. Current global warming targets are not enough to protect us from sea level rise, ecosystem collapse, and hundreds of millions of human deaths from fossil fuel pollution. Thankfully, the cost of renewable energy technologies has dropped below the cost of fossil fuels decades faster than predicted. This has triggered a renewable revolution that is transforming the global energy system. Our paper considers the feasibility of accelerating this transition through policy, investment, and strategic research. We conclude that there is a viable pathway to restoring Earth's climate through clean electrification and carbon capture. We call for a global commitment to restore pre‐industrial climate conditions within a century and describe what approaches would increase our chances of success. Accelerating the renewable revolution would move us toward a sustainable civilization by eliminating air pollution, stabilizing climate, reducing energy costs, and enhancing living standards worldwide. Because there is no safe level of climate disruption or pollution death, we believe it is our responsibility to restore a Holocene‐like climate, which we know can support human civilization and other life on Earth. Key Points: Goals of 1.5–2°C are not safe given current understanding of ecosystem climate sensitivity and high social costs of fossil fuel pollutionClimate restoration‐rapidly reestablishing Holocene‐like conditions‐has not been fully considered because of socioeconomic obstaclesStrategic financing and prioritization of clean electrification could create pathways back to the Holocene within a century [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle counting serves as a pivotal constituent in diverse analytical domains, encompassing a broad spectrum of entities, ranging from blood cells and bacteria to viruses, droplets, bubbles, wear debris, and magnetic beads. Recent epochs have witnessed remarkable progressions in microfluidic chip technology, culminating in the proliferation and maturation of microfluidic chip-based particle counting methodologies. This paper undertakes a taxonomical elucidation of microfluidic chip-based particle counters based on the physical parameters they detect. These particle counters are classified into three categories: optical-based counters, electrical-based particle counters, and other counters. Within each category, subcategories are established to consider structural differences. Each type of counter is described not only in terms of its working principle but also the methods employed to enhance sensitivity and throughput. Additionally, an analysis of future trends related to each counter type is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of microprobe, paleomagnetic, and rock magnetic studies on peats from the Tyapka peat section (Khabarovsk krai) up to the turn of 4 ka BP. The alternating field demagnetization of peats yielded a horizon of 57–109 cm (1833–3083 cal. BP) with negative inclination values of the magnetization vector corresponding to the geomagnetic Etrussia excursion. The relative paleointensity estimates obtained for peats for the first time are consistent with the literature archeomagnetic data on the western part of Eurasia. According to the results of this study, the Etrussia excursion took place against the background of increased values of the Earth's magnetic field and lasted for ~1200 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the relationship between bedrock depth (D) and site fundamental frequency (f0) in the Nakdonggang delta region in the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula. We collected borehole logs to confirm the thickness of the sediments and estimated the f0 at over 200 locations across the delta using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method. We developed an f0 map of the study area by spatially interpolating the f0 values using the Ordinary Kriging method. The bedrock depth in the main delta showed a power-law dependence on the f0. The derived f0–D model predicted much shallower bedrock depths compared with similar studies from other parts of the world. This was attributed to the fact that the Nakdonggang delta region is composed of relatively low Vs Holocene sediments. With an f0 map, the derived model could enable a quick estimation of the bedrock depth, which could help to determine the site class in the Nakdonggang delta region according to the Korean Seismic Design Standard (KDS 17 10 00). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gangotri glacier located in the Uttarkashi District of the Garhwal Himalaya, is one of the longest valley glacier. It exhibits Lateral Moraines (LM), Recessional Moraines (RM), Kame Terraces (KT) and Outwash Plains (OWP) as important landforms. The sediments coded in these landforms, provide the information about sedimentary characteristics, and the evolutionary history of the Gangotri Glacier Region (GGR). The Gangotri is a well studied glacier, however the sedimentological characteristics and evolution of many landforms are yet to be understood. Therefore, present paper aimed to explain the sedimentological characteristics and the evolutionary history of the outwash plain deposits. The OWP deposits were studied by making a trench near Bhujbas and collecting the samples from it. The granulometric analysis explain that the mean grain size of the OWP sediments varies from 0.258 φ to 2.006 φ indicate coarse to medium sand. The skewness, varies from 0.138 φ to 0.427 φ indicate dominance of fine grained sediments. The kurtosis varying from 0.839 φ to 1.067 φ explain the dominance of finer sediments. The standard deviation varies from 1.210 φ to 1.633 φ thus indicating poor sorting of the OWP deposits and fluctuation in the energy of the depositional environment. Five sedimentary facies identified are gravel sandy facies, ripple laminated silty sand facies, sandy facies, poorly sorted sandy facies and silty sand facies. The study describes that the OWP deposits are stratified, consolidated to semi-consolidated, coarse to fine grained silt, sand and gravels with primary sedimentary structures, which are evolved by glacio-fluvial environment under fluctuating energy conditions during the late Holocene period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the occurrence of glendonite along coastlines since 1825, which have been previously referred to under different names such as Pseudogaylussite, Fundylite, and Kool Hoot across eleven sites. By utilising element ratios and 14C radiometric dating techniques, we establish a more accurate chronology for these varied sites ranging from 10 to 1 thousand years before the present (Ky BP). Sites include tidal flats, coastal barrier islands, and Wadden Sea environments. While some sites still exist, others are only known through publications and museum collections. Our research expands upon previous findings by presenting petrographic evidence that correlates with glendonite formation. Through the examination of the Olenitsa site on the Kola Peninsula, we demonstrate that marine bioclasts enclosed within concretions surrounding glendonites provide temporal context, suggesting that these outcrops were formed during a single event under changing conditions. Notably, certain sediment structures at selected sites indicate the occurrence of cold-water ice-raft storm events and the presence of drop stones. Furthermore, our paper explores the association of historic coastal sites with the formation of ikaite, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on geochemistry and isotopic analysis for interpretation. Intriguingly, we observe that pseudomorphs are abundant in specific areas but absent in adjacent regions with similar environmental, physical, and chemical conditions. No apparent connection is found between volcanic dust cloud-induced cold spells and glendonite. The distribution of coastal glendonites is more likely related to periods of climatic cooling through other means. We show that radiometric dating with 14C provides an indication of age, but the results can be erroneous due to the inclusion of older carbon sources in the analysis. The oldest locations discussed in this study are Kool Hoot (Alaska) and the river Clyde (Scotland), and the youngest glendonites discussed are from the Bay of Fundy in Canada. Occurrences from the Wadden Sea are intermediate in age and sit between the other two groups. The age of the Olenitsa site on the Russian Kola Peninsula is uncertain and still debated. We show that measuring the ratio of Mg/Ca can indicate how much the recrystallised ikaite preserved as calcite is influenced by diagenetic pore waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa, the cradle of human evolution, has one of the largest and most diverse rainforests in the world. The African rainforests contain evidence of human occupation as well as fluctuating climate during the Pleistocene; such evidence offers archaeologists and palaeoecologists the opportunity to understand how climatic fluctuations have influenced human behaviour. However, compared to the rainforests environments in Asia and South America, the human ecological history of those in West-Central Africa is poorly understood. This is because of comparatively fewer scientific programmes which synergize palaeoecological and archaeological data and thus could enhance the knowledge and allow for an evaluation of the impact of climatic fluctuations on human behaviour in the rainforests of West-Central Africa during the Pleistocene and Holocene periods. The goals of this paper are twofold, namely: (i) to provide a synthesis of the past climatic variability in the rainforests of West-Central Africa, and (ii) to demonstrate the influence of such variability on human behaviour during the Pleistocene to Holocene periods. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate Africanists to adopt an inclusive scientific anthropological and palaeoecological approach in understanding human–climate interactions in the West-Central African rainforests. This article is part of the theme issue 'Tropical forests in the deep human past'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new data on the spatial organization of mound-builder groups in the India Muerta wetlands, Uruguay. This area presents the beginning of land architecture in the region (ca. 4800–5000 years BP), associated with more arid climate. This construction tradition continues and intensifies, mainly from ca 3000 years BP, from the establishment of warmer and damper conditions. New sources of information and geospatial technologies have made it possible to locate mound sites with greater precision, as well as to analyze settlement patterns. Indigenous communities occupied areas of hills, plains and wetlands, showing differences but also regularities in spatial organization in each area. In the whole area, earthen mound complexes form groups of different orders, from regional to domestic units, configured by mounds, negative structures and limited spaces. The location of the mounds is primarily in dry areas, known locally as islands, which are prominent in the landscape during floods in this wetland-dominated environment. Through this analysis of the landscape, this work delves into the underlying logic of the social construction of the territory. The results achieved in this paper are consistent with previous research suggesting planned occupation associated with villages integrated within broader regional systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of comprehensive (microprobe, paleomagnetic and magnetic) studies on peats from the Tyapka peat section (Russian Far East). Radiocarbon dating placed the start of peat formation at ∼11.7 ky B.P. The principle carriers of magnetization were found to be magnetite, to a lesser extent hematite and, possibly, greigite. The relative paleointensity values obtained through calculations are in good agreement with the literature data. Intervals with negative inclinations of the magnetization vector were identified in peats, which most likely correspond to geomagnetic excursions in the Holocene. The research constrained the duration of the geomagnetic excursions, as well as the geomagnetic field intensity behavior not typical for such variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deltas and coastal plains worldwide developed under the influence of relative sea level rise (RSLR) during the Holocene. In the Netherlands, Holocene RSLR results from both regional sea-level rise and regional subsidence patterns, mainly caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA: Scandinavian forebulge collapse) and longer-term North Sea Basin tectono-sedimentary subsidence. Past coastal and inland water levels are preserved in geological indicators marking the gradual drowning of an area, for example basal peats. Such geological water-level indicators have been used in the Netherlands for varying types of research. However, uniform overviews of these data exist only for smaller local subsets and not for the entire Netherlands. In this paper we present a data set of 712 Holocene water-level indicators from the Dutch coastal plain that are relevant for studying RSLR and regional subsidence, compiled in HOLSEA workbook format. This format was expanded to allow for registering basal-peat type geological indicators, documenting Dutch-setting specific parameters and accompanying uncertainties, to assess indicative meaning, and to appropriately correct the raw vertical positions of the indicators. Overall, our new, internally consistent, expanded documentation provided for the water-level indicators encourages users to choose the information relevant for their research and report RSLR uncertainties transparently. From the indicators, 59 % was collected in 1950–2000, mainly in academic studies and survey mapping campaigns; 37 % was collected in 2000–2020 in academic studies and archaeological surveying projects, 4 % was newly collected (this study), the latter mainly in previously under sampled central and northern Netherlands regions. Prominent regional differences exist in the vertical position and abundance of the indicators. Older indicators in our data set are mostly located in the deeper seaward area of the Netherlands. These indicators correspond well with previous transgression reconstructions, that are partly based on the same data. The younger, landwards set of indicators in the Rhine-Meuse central and Flevoland regions corresponds with the transgression phase reaching further inland, from 8000 cal. BP onwards. Northern indicators of Middle Holocene age (8–5 ka cal. BP), in general lie 2–3 meters lower compared to those in the south. For younger data this difference is less, showing spatial and temporal variation in RSLR throughout the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palaeofauna of the Quaternary is mostly known from the mammals' record, while the herpetofauna is less represented. In the same way, in northeastern Argentina reptile fossils records are scarce, usually represented by preliminary communications. This paper focuses on the study of herpetofauna remains from the Isla El Disparito archaeological site. The faunal materials collected at the site revealed an increase in taxonomic diversity related to the Quaternary herpetofauna in the IED site, with over 50% of the bone remains represented by anurans and at least six recognized squamates taxa. The purpose of this study is to properly identify these new records of herpetofauna remains from northeastern Argentina during the Holocene as well as to provide a dichotomous key of postcranial remains for identifying extant squamates taxa in other Quaternary sites from Argentina. The identified squamate assemblage includes the lizard Ophiodes sp., the snake families Typhlopidae, Dipsadidae, Viperidae and undetermined colubroids, along with anuran bone remains (Anura indet. and ?Hylidae). Additionally, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the herpetological assemblage in Argentina, providing insights into the composition of South American squamates during the Quaternary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the future of education, especially the future changes in education and the people that will occupy the field. What kind of people are we educating for the future? To answer this question, I will analyze the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of people-yet-to-come by taking into account the new perception and explanation of time and space as well as the context of the Anthropocene. In the empirical part, interviews with experts from non-educational fields are used to discuss time and space in education. Statements about the new features of people in the future reveal the picture of the future of education in the eyes of the experts and its correspondence to theoretical considerations and prognoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea-level rise was a key factor changing environments during the Early Holocene in Northwest Europe. It affected Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities by inundating large areas in the current North Sea, commonly referred to as Doggerland. In this paper we present novel inundation models for the southern North Sea providing visualisations of lateral inundation driven by sea-level rise and relate it to frequency analysis of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites. These improve on previous studies that relied on bathymetric data, which includes post-inundation overprints of Holocene sedimentation and erosion, and thus significantly underestimates the timing of inundation in some areas. We constructed a paleoDEM (a composite elevation grid of the top of the Pleistocene) for the eastern part of the southern North Sea; and sea level surfaces that combine relative sea-level curves from glacio-isostatic adjustment models optimised for Britain and southern Scandinavia respectively. We corrected our paleoDEMs for tectonic background basin subsidence, and in the inundation modelling account for pre-compaction elevation of peat in coastal areas. We evaluated the impact of these model components on our results and describe the possible inundation history of Doggerland. We suggest earlier inundation than predicted by previous models, showing significant area loss around 10.5–10 ka cal BP. Palaeogeographic changes are compared with archaeological radiocarbon data using a dates-as-data approach. Composite Kernel Density Estimate and permutation tested Summed Probability Distributions are used as a proxy for the visibility, nature and intensity of human activity. Results indicate key periods of growth and decline recorded in the dataset, as well as regional differences in growth rate, some correlating with inundation phases. Chiefly, we find elevated growth rates around 10.5–10 ka in northwest Germany and the Netherlands, contemporaneous with the abovementioned phase of extensive area loss, and moreover, with changes in culture and practices on Early Mesolithic sites. However, the spatiotemporal distribution of archaeological data is significantly influenced by accessibility and preservation of sediments of a certain age. We discuss the importance of inundation modelling and sediment data in understanding how landscape taphonomy affects archaeological patterning, especially in dates-as-data approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an exploratory study on the taxonomic diversity of pre-Hispanic archaeofaunas in the South-Central Andes (SCA; western South America) from the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary to the Late-Holocene. The SCA is a complex of diverse environments and has undergone distinct climate events for the last 13,000 years, such as the occurrence of warmer and drier conditions in the Middle-Holocene. The South-Central Andean area was part of the larger Andes interaction area, which was a primary center for animal and plant domestication and the emergence of agro-pastoralist economies. Since subsistence was key to these processes, the SCA provides a relevant case study on the interactions among environment, foodways and sociocultural evolution. Taxonomic diversity was used here as a proxy for diet breadth. A total of 268 archaeofaunal assemblages were sampled from the zooarchaeological literature. Reviewed variables included the cultural chronology and spatial coordinates of the assemblages, as well as the presence and abundance of taxa at the family rank. Taxonomic diversity covered two dimensions: composition (families present in each assemblage) and structure (quantitative relationships among taxa), which was measured through richness (NTAXA), ubiquity and relative abundance (NISP based rank-order). Despite the uneven distribution of samples, the analyses revealed the following trends: (1) a moderate relationship between NTAXA and distance from coastline for most of the Holocene; (2) a potential decrease in assemblage richness for coastal ecoregions during the Late-Holocene; and (3) a generalized increase in the relative abundance of Camelidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty remains over local‐scale responses of ecotonal Amazonian forests to middle Holocene drying due to the scarcity, and coarse spatial resolution, of lacustrine pollen records. This paper examines the palaeoecological potential of soil phytoliths, stable carbon isotopes and charcoal for capturing local‐scale ecotonal responses of different types of Bolivian Amazonian forest to middle Holocene climate change. Soil pits 1 m deep were dug at ecotones between rainforest, dry forest, Chaco woodland and savannah, and sampled at 5–10 cm resolution. Both phytolith and stable carbon isotope records indicate stability of dry forest–savannah ecotones over the last ca. 6000 years, despite middle Holocene drought, revealing the dominance of edaphic factors over climate in controlling this type of ecotone. In contrast, δ13C data reveal that rainforest–savannah ecotones were more responsive to climate change, with rainforest likely replaced by drought‐tolerant dry forest or savannah vegetation during the mid‐Holocene, consistent with regional‐scale lacustrine pollen records. However, such shifts are not apparent in most of our phytolith records due to insufficient taxonomic resolution in differentiating rainforest from dry forest. Charcoal data show that ecotonal dry forests experienced greater fire activity than rainforests and that recent high fire activity at all forest sites is unprecedented since at least the middle Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mundo de Antes is the property of Revista Mundo de Antes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)