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A hydrogeological conceptual model of the source, circulation pathways and temporal variation of a low-enthalpy thermal spring in a fractured limestone setting is derived from a multidisciplinary approach. St. Gorman's Well is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland with a complex and variable temperature profile (maximum of 21.8 °C). Geophysical data from a three-dimensional(3D)audio-magnetotelluric(AMT) survey are combined with time-lapse hydrogeological data and information from a previously published hydrochemical analysis to investigate the operation of this intriguing hydrothermal system. Hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters flow within the fractured limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times but display variability in discharge and temperature. The 3D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface revealed two prominent structures: (1) a NW-aligned faulted contact between two limestone lithologies; and (2) a dissolutionally enhanced, N-aligned, fault of probable Cenozoic age. The intersection of these two structures, which has allowed for karstification of the limestone bedrock, has created conduits facilitating the operation of relatively deep hydrothermal circulation (likely estimated depths between 240 and 1,000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support a hypothesis that the maximum temperature and simultaneous increased discharge observed at St. Gorman's Well each winter is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and recirculation of meteoric waters within a structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10040-021-02393-1.Un modèle conceptuel hydrogéologique de la source, des voies de circulation et de la variation temporelle d’une source thermale à faible enthalpie dans un contexte de calcaire fracturé est dérivé d’une approche multidisciplinaire. St. Gorman’s Well est une source thermale du centre-est de l’Irlande avec un profil de température complexe et variable (maximum de 21.8 °C). Les données géophysiques d’un levé audio-magnétotellurique (AMT) en trois dimensions (3D) sont combinées avec des données hydrogéologiques à intervalles de temps et des informations provenant d’une analyse hydrochimique publiée précédemment pour étudier le fonctionnement de cet intrigant système hydrothermal. L’analyse hydrochimique et les mesures à différentes périodes suggèrent que les eaux thermales s’écoulent à tout moment dans les calcaires fracturés du bassin carbonifère de Dublin, mais présentent une variabilité de débit et de température. Le modèle de résistivité électrique 3D du sous-sol a révélé deux structures importantes: (1) un contact faillé orienté NW entre deux lithologies calcaires; et (2) une faille alignée au Nord, améliorée par dissolution, d’âge cénozoïque probable. L’intersection de ces deux structures, qui a permis la karstification du socle calcaire, a créé des conduits facilitant le fonctionnement d’une circulation hydrothermale relativement profonde (profondeurs estimées vraisemblablement entre 240 et 1,000 m) au sein de la succession calcaire du bassin de Dublin. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’hypothèse selon laquelle la température maximale et l’augmentation simultanée du débit observés à St. Gorman’s Well chaque hiver sont le résultat d’une infiltration, d’un réchauffement et d’une recirculation rapides des eaux météoriques dans un système de circulation hydrothermale structurellement contrôlé.Se deriva un modelo conceptual hidrogeológico de la fuente, las vías de circulación y la variación temporal de un manantial termal de baja entalpía en un entorno de caliza fracturada a partir de un enfoque multidisciplinar. Gorman’s Well es un manantial termal en el centro-este de Irlanda con un perfil de temperatura complejo y variable (máximo de 21.8 °C). Los datos geofísicos de un estudio audio-magnetotelúrico (AMT) tridimensional (3D) se combinan con los datos hidrogeológicos de un lapso de tiempo y la información de un análisis hidroquímico previamente publicado para investigar el funcionamiento de este intrigante sistema hidrotermal. El análisis hidroquímico y las mediciones a intervalos de tiempo sugieren que las aguas termales fluyen dentro de las calizas fracturadas de la cuenca carbonífera de Dublín en todo momento, pero muestran variabilidad en la descarga y la temperatura. El modelo de resistividad eléctrica tridimensional del subsuelo reveló dos estructuras prominentes: (1) un contacto de falla alineado al NW entre dos litologías calcáreas; y (2) una falla de disolución incrementada, alineada al N, de probable edad cenozoica. La intersección de estas dos estructuras, que ha permitido la karstificación del lecho rocoso calcáreo, ha creado conductos que facilitan el funcionamiento de una circulación hidrotermal relativamente profunda (probablemente a profundidades estimadas entre 240 y 1,000 m) dentro de la sucesión calcárea de la cuenca de Dublín. Los resultados de este estudio apoyan la hipótesis de que la temperatura máxima y el aumento simultáneo de la descarga observados en St. Gorman’s Well cada invierno son el resultado de una rápida infiltración, calentamiento y recirculación de aguas meteóricas dentro de un sistema de circulación hidrotermal estructuralmente controlado.通过多学科方法, 建立了裂缝型石灰岩环境中低焓温泉的来源、循环路径和时间变化的水文地质概念模型。圣戈尔曼井是爱尔兰中东部的温泉, 温度分布复杂多变 (最高21.8 °C)。将三维 (3D) 音频-大地电磁 (AMT) 调查的地球物理数据与延时水文地质数据和先前发布的水化学分析信息相结合, 调查了有趣的热液系统运行情况。水化学分析和延时测量表明, 热水一直在石炭系都柏林盆地的裂缝型石灰岩内流动, 但流量和温度有变异性。地下的 3D 电阻率模型揭示了两个突出的结构:(1) 两个石灰岩岩性之间的 NW 向断层接触; 和 (2) 可能新生代的溶蚀增强的和N向的断层。两个结构的交叉点使石灰岩基岩发生岩溶作用, 形成了通道, 促进了都柏林盆地石灰岩序列内相对较深的热液循环 (估计深度可能在 240 至 1,000 m 之间)作用。通过这项研究发现每年冬天在圣戈尔曼井观察到的最高温度和同时增加的排泄量是结构控制的热液循环系统中大气水快速入渗、加热和再循环的结果。.Um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual da fonte, vias de circulação e variação temporal de uma fonte termal de baixa entalpia em um ambiente de calcário fraturado é derivado de uma abordagem multidisciplinar. O poço de St. Gorman é uma fonte termal no centro-leste da Irlanda com um perfil de temperatura complexo e variável (máximo de 21.8°C). Os dados geofísicos de uma pesquisa áudio-magnetotelúrica (AMT) tridimensional (3D) são combinados com dados hidrogeológicos em intervalos de tempo e informações de uma análise hidroquimica publicada anteriormente, para investigar a operação deste intrigante sistema hidrotérmico. A análise hidroquimica e as medições em intervalos de tempo sugerem que as águas termais fluem de dentro dos calcários fraturados da Bacia Carbonifera de Dublin o tempo todo, mas exibem variabilidade na descarga e na temperatura. O modelo de resistividade elétrica 3D da subsuperfície revelou duas estruturas proeminentes: (1) um contato defeituoso alinhado a NO entre duas litologias de calcário; e (2) uma falha dissolucionalmente aumentada, alinhada a N, de provável idade Cenozóica. A intersecção dessas duas estruturas, que permitiu a carstificação da rocha calcária, criou condutos que facilitam a operação de circulação hidrotérmica relativamente profunda (profundidade estimada entre 240 e 1,000 m) dentro da sucessão de calcário da Bacia Dublin. Os resultados desse estudo suportam a hipótese de que a temperatura máxima e o aumento simultâneo da descarga observada no poço de St. Gorman a cada inverno é o resultado da rápida infiltração, aquecimento e recirculação de águas meteóricas dentro de um sistema de circulação hidrotérmica estruturalmente controlado.

This paper examines changes and trends in tributary gifts (pangmul 方物) sent by Chosŏn regular envoys to the Ming Emperor during the 15th and 17th centuries. First, pangmul items sent by the Chosŏn to the Ming were partially inherited from the Koryŏ era. Second, it examines how King Sejong’s 1429 request that the Chosŏn court pay its tribute by means other than gold and silver led the court to offer specialty goods as tribute instead of precious metals. It then moves on to explore how economic scarcity resulting from the Imjin Wars of 1592 led Chosŏn pangmul to be composed mostly of folding fans and stationery items such as paper (kyŏngmyŏnji, paekmyŏnji, and oil paper), inkstones (hwayŏn), ink (chinmuk and yumaemuk) and writing brushes (hwangmopil)–the dynasty’s common, major export goods. After the war, the Chosŏn dynasty regained stability and returned to its pre-war pangmul practices. However, the pangmul were not completely fixed and showed tentative patterns, going back and forth between the practices of the 15th century and the new circumstances of the 17th century. In short, this paper explores how pangmul practices were not completely fixed, and how contingencies such as the war and the changing landscape of manufacturing in 16th-century Korea influenced the composition of Chosŏn pangmul.

Several different approaches have been developed to model the specific characteristics of karst aquifers, taking account of their inherent complex spatial and temporal heterogeneities. This paper sets out the development of a semidistributed modelling approach for applications in an Irish karst context using urban drainage software. The models have proven to be very useful for different studies, with examples given for the ecohydrology of ephemeral karst lakes, extreme groundwater-flood alleviation, karst network investigation, submarine groundwater discharge, and quantification of different recharge and flow components. The limitations of the approach are also highlighted, in particular not being able to simulate diffuse infiltration and flow paths explicitly across the groundwater catchment. Hence, a more distributed, finite-difference modelling approach using MODFLOW Unstructured Grid (USG) with the newly developed Connected Linear Network (CLN) process is then compared against the semidistributed approach on the same karst catchment. Whilst it has proven difficult to achieve the same levels of model performance in simulating the spring flows in the distributed model compared to the semidistributed model, the ability to interrogate the flow paths at any point on the three-dimensional aquifer is demonstrated, which can give new insights into flows (and potential contaminant transport) through such complex systems. The influence of the proximity of highly transmissive conduits on the flow dynamics through the much-lower transmissive matrix cells in which the network is embedded has been particularly investigated.Plusieurs approches différentes ont été développées pour modéliser les caractéristiques spécifiques des aquifères karstiques, prenant en compte leurs hétérogénéités spatiales et temporelles associées à leur complexité intrinsèque. Cet article présente le développement d’une approche de modélisation semi-distribuée appliquée à un contexte karstique irlandais en utilisant un logiciel de drainage urbain. Ces modèles se sont avérés très utiles pour différentes études, avec des exemples appliqués à l’écohydrologie de lacs karstiques éphémères, l’atténuation de crues extrêmes liées aux eaux souterraines, à l’étude du réseau karstique, à la décharge des sources sous-marines et à la quantification des différentes composantes aussi bien de la recharge que du débit. Les limites de cette approche sont aussi mises en évidence, avec en particulier l’incapacité de simuler l’infiltration diffuse et les voies d’écoulement de manière explicite au sein du bassin d’alimentation d’eaux souterraines. Par conséquent, une approche de modélisation plus distribuée aux différences finies utilisant le logiciel MODFLOW avec une grille non structurée (USG) intégrant le processus récemment développé de réseau linéaire connecté (CLN) est ensuite comparée à l’approche semi-distribuée appliquée au même bassin karstique. Alors qu’il s’est avéré difficile d’atteindre les mêmes niveaux de performance du modèle concernant la simulation du débit à la source à l’aide du modèle distribué en comparaison au modèle semi-distribué, la possibilité d’examiner les voies d’écoulement en tout point de l’aquifère en 3D est démontrée, ce qui peut donner de nouvelles connaissances sur les écoulements (et le transport potentiel de contaminants) au sein de tels systèmes complexes. L’influence de la proximité de conduits hautement transmissifs sur les écoulements dynamiques au travers des cellules de transmissivité plus faible de la matrice au sein de laquelle le réseau est intégré, a été particulièrement étudiée.Se han elaborado varios enfoques diferentes para modelar las características específicas de los acuíferos kársticos, teniendo en cuenta sus complejas y propias heterogeneidades espaciales y temporales. En el presente documento se expone la elaboración de un enfoque de modelización semidistribuido para aplicaciones en un contexto kárstico de Irlanda utilizando programas informáticos de drenaje urbano. Los modelos han demostrado ser muy útiles para diferentes estudios, y se dan ejemplos para la ecohidrología de los lagos kársticos efímeros, la mitigación de las inundaciones extremas de aguas subterráneas, la investigación de redes kársticas, la descarga submarina de aguas subterráneas y la cuantificación de diferentes componentes de la recarga y el flujo. También se ponen de relieve las limitaciones del enfoque, en particular el hecho de no poder simular explícitamente la infiltración difusa y las trayectorias de flujo a través de la cuenca de captación de aguas subterráneas. Por lo tanto, un enfoque de modelización de diferencias finitas distribuidas utilizando la red no estructurada (USG) de MODFLOW con el proceso de la Red Lineal Conectada (CLN) recientemente desarrollado se compara entonces con el enfoque semidistribuido en la misma cuenca kárstica. Si bien se ha demostrado que es difícil lograr los mismos niveles de rendimiento del modelo en la simulación de los flujos de manantiales en el modelo distribuido en comparación con el modelo semidistribuido, se demuestra la capacidad de interrogar las trayectorias de los flujos en cualquier punto del acuífero tridimensional, lo que puede dar nuevos conocimientos sobre los flujos (y el transporte de contaminantes potenciales) a través de sistemas tan complejos. Se ha investigado en particular la influencia de la proximidad de conductos altamente transmisivos en la dinámica de los flujos a través de las células de la matriz transmisiva, mucho más bajas, en las que está incorporada la red.鉴于岩溶含水层内在的复杂时空异质性, 已经开发出几种不同的方法来模拟岩溶含水层的特定性质。本文提出了基于城市排水软件的半分布式模型的开发方法, 并在爱尔兰喀斯特环境中应用。该模型已被证明对不同的研究非常有用, 并举例说明了季节性的喀斯特湖的生态水文学, 极端地下水洪涝减缓, 岩溶网络调查, 海底地下水排泄以及不同补给量和流动量的量化。还强调了该方法的局限性, 特别是不能明确模拟整个地下水盆地的扩散入渗和流动路径。因此, 然后将MODFLOW非结构化网格(USG)和新开发的连接线性网络(CLN)过程耦合的分布式有限差分方法与同一个喀斯特流域的半分布式方法进行了比较。尽管已证明分 布式模型模拟的泉流量难以达到与半分布式模型相比相同水平的模型性能, 但仍展示了在三维含水层上任意点处查询流路的能力, 这可以给出分析该类复杂系统流量(以及潜在的污染物传输)的新方法。特别研究了高传输管流的邻近度对通过嵌入网络的传导率低得多单元的流动动力学的影响。.Diversas abordagens diferentes foram desenvolvidas para modelar as características específicas dos aquíferos cársticos, levando em consideração suas complexas heterogeneidades espaciais e temporais inerentes. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem de modelagem semidistribuída para aplicações em um contexto cárstico irlandês usando software de drenagem urbana. Os modelos provaram ser muito úteis para diferentes estudos, com exemplos dados para a ecohidrologia de lagos cársticos efêmeros, alívio de inundações subterrâneas extremas, investigação de rede cárstica, descarga de água subterrânea submarina e quantificação de diferentes componentes de recarga e fluxo. As limitações da abordagem também são destacadas, em particular não ser capaz de simular infiltração difusa e caminhos de fluxo explicitamente através da captação de água subterrânea. Portanto, uma abordagem de modelagem de diferenças finitas, mais distribuída, usando MODFLOW Unstructured Grid (USG) com o processo de Rede Linear Conectada (RLC) recém-desenvolvido é então comparada com a abordagem semidistribuída na mesma bacia cárstica. Embora tenha se mostrado difícil alcançar os mesmos níveis de desempenho do modelo na simulação dos fluxos de nascente no modelo distribuído em comparação com o modelo semidistribuído, a capacidade de interrogar os caminhos de fluxo em qualquer ponto do aquífero tridimensional é demonstrada, o que pode dar novas percepções sobre os fluxos (e o transporte potencial de contaminantes) por meio de tais sistemas complexos. A influência da proximidade de condutos altamente transmissivos na dinâmica do fluxo através das células da matriz transmissiva muito inferior nas quais a rede está inserida foi investigada particularmente.

Nanolayer and nanolayer by nanolayer deposition of nanofilms of Ag and C using cold plasma in sequences (Ag, Ag-C, Ag-Ag-C), on porous paper, were used to design three disposable stochastic sensors for the assay of amyloid polypeptide from whole blood. The nanofilms were modified with α-cyclodextrin. The test developed using the nanofilm-based disposable stochastic sensors is used for early detection of diabetes. The wider linear concentration range (1.00 × 10−6–1.00 ng mL−1) and the lower limit of quantification (1.00 × 10−6ng mL−1) were obtained using the disposable stochastic sensors based on Ag-C and Ag-Ag-C, while the highest sensitivity (3.19 × 104 s−1/μg mL−1) was recorded using the disposable stochastic sensor based on Ag-Ag-C. The screening methods were fully validated using whole blood samples from confirmed patients, when the recovery of the islet amyloid polypeptide was higher than 98.00%.

In November 2018, Butte County, California, was decimated by the Camp Fire, the deadliest wildfire in state history. Over 150,000 acres were destroyed, and at its peak, the fire consumed eighty acres per minute. The speed and intensity of the oncoming flames killed scores of people, and weeks before the fire was contained, first responders began searching through the rubble of 18,804 residences and commercial buildings. As with most mass disasters, conventional identification modalities (e.g., fingerprints, odontology, hardware) were utilized to identify victims. The intensity and duration of the fire severely degraded most of the remains, and these approaches were useful in only 22 of 84 cases. In the past, the remaining cases would have been subjected to conventional DNA analysis, which may have required months to years. Instead, Rapid DNA technology was utilized (in a rented recreational vehicle outside the Sacramento morgue) in the victim identification effort. Sixty‐nine sets of remains were subjected to Rapid DNA Identification and, of these, 62 (89.9%) generated short tandem repeat profiles that were subjected to familial searching; essentially all these profiles were produced within hours of sample receipt. Samples successfully utilized for DNA identification included blood, bone, liver, muscle, soft tissue of unknown origin, and brain. In tandem with processing of 255 family reference samples, 58 victims were identified. This work represents the first use of Rapid DNA Identification in a mass casualty event, and the results support the use of Rapid DNA as an integrated tool with conventional disaster victim identification modalities.

Knowledge about the hydraulic connections between submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and its terrestrial coastal catchment is relevant with regard to the management of marine and coastal waters in karst areas. This study applies different methods and monitoring approaches to trace SGD between the Burren Limestone Plateau and Galway Bay in western Ireland, via an excavated sinkhole shaft and deep conduit. Areas of potential SGD were first delineated based on sea surface temperature anomalies using Landsat satellite images. Two fluorescent dyes and solid wood chips were then used as tracers. Solid wood chips were tested as potential means to circumvent the problem of high dispersion in the sea, impacting on the fluorescent dyes to yield readings below the detection limits. Sampling was conducted at 10 different terrestrial locations and in the sea at Galway Bay. Offshore sampling was conducted in transects over a period of four successive days onboard of a vessel using an automated field fluorometer and a conductivity-temperature-depth sensor. No wood chips were recovered in the sea but both fluorescent dyes were successfully sampled. The estimated travel times are in the order of 100 to 354 m/h, and localised tracer readings correlate well in space and time with low conductivity readings. By confirming hydraulic connections between the two karst features and Galway Bay, the study substantiates the hypothesised importance of Variscan veins with regard to regional groundwater flow in the region.Die Kenntnis hydraulischer Zusammenhänge zwischen untermeerischen Grundwasseraustritten und deren terrestrischen Küsteneinzugsgebieten ist für die Bewirtschaftung der Meeres- und Küstengewässer in Karstgebieten von Bedeutung. Diese Studie wendet verschiedene Methoden und Messansätze an, um untermeerische Grundwasseraustritte zwischen dem Burren Kalkstein Plateau und der Galway Bucht in Westirland über einen ausgegrabenen Dolinen-Schacht und eine tiefe Karströhre zu verfolgen. Meeresbereiche mit potenziellen Grundwasseraustritten wurden zuerst unter Verwendung von Landsat-Satellitenbildern auf Grundlage von Temperaturanomalien an der Meeresoberfläche abgegrenzt. Dann wurden zwei fluoreszierende Farbstoffe und Holzspäne als Tracer verwendet. Die Holzspäne wurden als Mittel zur Umgehung des Problems starker Dispersion im Meer getestet, welche sich potentiell auf die fluoreszierenden Farbstoffe auswirken, und in Messwerten unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze resultieren kann. Die Probenahme wurde an 10 verschiedenen terrestrischen Standorten und im Meer der Galway Bucht durchgeführt. Mit einem automatisierten Feldfluorometer und einer Leitfähigkeits-, Temperatur- und Tiefensonde wurden in den jeweiligen Meeressektoren Messungen über einen Zeitraum von vier aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen an Bord eines Schiffes durchgeführt. Zwar wurden im Meer keine Holzspäne zurückgewonnen, allerdings wurden beide Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe erfolgreich gemessen. Die geschätzten Fließzeiten liegen in der Größenordnung von 100 bis 354 m/h und lokalisierte Tracer-Messwerte korrelieren räumlich und zeitlich gut mit Messwerten geringerer Leitfähigkeit. Die Bestätigung der hydraulischen Verbindungen zwischen dem Kalksteinplateau und der Bucht von Galway bestärkt die Hypothese der Bedeutsamkeit von variszischen Adern für den regionalen Grundwasserfluss.La connaissance des connexions hydrauliques entre les zones de sorties d’eaux souterraines sous-marines et le bassin terrestre côtier attenant est pertinente pour la gestion des eaux marines et côtières en zones karstiques. Cette étude applique différentes approches méthodologiques et de suivi pour tracer la sortie d’eaux souterraines sous-marines entre le plateau calcaire de Burren et la baie de Galway en Irlande de l’Ouest, via une perte et un conduit profond. Les zones de sorties potentielles d’eaux souterraines sous-marines ont été délimitées dans un premier temps sur la base d’anomalies de température des eaux de mer en utilisant des images satellites Landsat. Deux traceurs fluorescents et des copeaux de bois ont été utilisés comme traceurs. Les copeaux de bois ont été utilisés comme moyen potentiel pour contourner les problèmes de dispersion élevée dans la mer, qui impactent les traceurs fluorescents et engendrent des concentrations sous les limites de détections. L’échantillonnage a été menée sur dix sites différents à terre et en mer dans la baie de Galway. L’échantillonnage en mer e a été mené selon des profils sur une période de quatre jours successifs à bord d’un navire muni d’un fluorimètre de terrain automatique et d’un capteur de conductivité-température-profondeur. Aucun copeau de bois n’a été récupéré en mer, mais les deux traceurs fluorescents ont été échantillonnés avec succès. Les temps de séjour estimés sont de l’ordre de 100 à 354 m/h, et les valeurs de traceurs localisées corrèlent bien en espace et en temps avec les basses valeurs de conductivité électrique. En confirmant les connexions hydrauliques entre les deux phénomènes karstiques et la baie de Galway, l’étude corrobore l’hypothèse de l’importance des veines du cycle varisque sur l’organisation des écoulements régionaux d’eau souterraine dans la région.El conocimiento de las conexiones hidráulicas entre la descarga submarina de aguas subterráneas (SGD) y su cuenca costera terrestre es relevante para la gestión de las aguas marinas y costeras en las zonas kársticas. Este estudio aplica diferentes métodos y enfoques de monitoreo para el seguimiento de la SGD entre la meseta de caliza de Burren y la bahía de Galway en el oeste de Irlanda, a través de un pozo excavado y un conducto profundo. Las áreas de SGD potenciales fueron delineadas primero basándose en anomalías de la temperatura de la superficie del mar usando imágenes satelitales Landsat. Dos tintes fluorescentes y astillas de madera maciza se utilizaron como trazadores. Las astillas de madera maciza se probaron como medio potencial para eludir el problema de la alta dispersión en el mar, impactando en los colorantes fluorescentes para obtener lecturas por debajo de los límites de detección. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en 10 lugares terrestres diferentes y en el mar en la Bahía de Galway. El muestreo en alta mar se llevó a cabo en transectas durante un período de cuatro días consecutivos a bordo de un buque utilizando un fluorómetro de campo automatizado y un sensor de conductividad-temperatura-profundidad. No se recuperaron astillas de madera en el mar, pero se tomaron muestras exitosas de ambos tintes fluorescentes. Los tiempos de tránsito estimados son del orden de 100 a 354 m/h, y las lecturas del trazador localizadas se correlacionan bien en el espacio y el tiempo con las lecturas de baja conductividad. Al confirmar las conexiones hidráulicas entre las dos características kársticas y la Bahía de Galway, el estudio corrobora la importancia hipotética de las vetas de Variscan con respecto al flujo regional de agua subterránea en la región.在岩溶地区, 海底地下水排泄(SGD)与其陆地沿海集水区之间水力联系的认识与海洋和沿海水域的管理有关。本研究采用不同的方式和监测方法, 通过开挖的落水洞和深水管道来示踪爱尔兰西部Burren石灰岩高原和Galway湾之间的地下水排泄。首先利用Landsat卫星图像和基于海平面温度异常划定了潜在的SGD区域。然后将两种荧光染料和实木碎片用作示踪剂。测试了实木碎屑作为解决海洋中由于影响荧光染料使产生低于检测极限读数的高弥散问题的潜在手段。在Galway湾的10个不同陆面位置和海洋中进行了采样。使用自动现场荧光计和电导率-温度-深度传感器, 在船上连续四天的时间段内, 进行海洋取样。在海洋中没有回收木屑, 但两种荧光染料均已成功采样。估计的行程时间约为100至354 m/h, 局部示踪剂读数在空间和时间上与低电导率读数相关性很好。通过确定两个喀斯特地貌与Galway湾之间的水力联系, 该研究证实了华力西期脉对于该地区区域地下水流动的假设重要性。.O conhecimento sobre as conexões hidráulicas entre a descarga submarina de águas subterrâneas (DSAS) e sua captação terrestre na costa é relevante no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento de águas marinhas e costeiras em áreas cársticas. Este estudo aplica diferentes métodos e abordagens de monitoramento para rastrear a DSAS entre o platô de calcário de Burren e a baía de Galway, no oeste da Irlanda, por meio de um poço escavado e um conduto profundo. Áreas de potencial DSAS foram primeiramente delineadas com base em anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar usando imagens do satélite Landsat. Dois corantes fluorescentes e lascas de madeira maciça foram então utilizados como marcadores. Lascas de madeira maciça foram testadas como um meio potencial para contornar o problema de alta dispersão no mar, impactando nos corantes fluorescentes para produzir leituras abaixo dos limites de detecção. A amostragem foi realizada em 10 locais terrestres diferentes e no mar na Baía de Galway. A amostragem fora da costa foi realizada em transectos durante um período de quatro dias sucessivos a bordo de uma embarcação usando um fluorômetro de campo automatizado e um sensor de condutividade-temperatura-profundidade. Nenhuma lasca de madeira foi recuperada no mar, mas os dois corantes fluorescentes foram amostrados com sucesso. Os tempos de viagem estimados são da ordem de 100 a 354 m/h, e as leituras localizadas do traçador se correlacionam bem no espaço e no tempo com as leituras de baixa condutividade. Ao confirmar as conexões hidráulicas entre as duas formações cársticas e a Baía de Galway, o estudo confirma a hipótese da importância das veias variscas em relação ao fluxo regional de águas subterrâneas na região.

Food-borne infections are major causes of public health concern in developing and developed countries. During the past decade, the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection has conducted or been involved in multiple investigations that aimed at identifying the sources and strains responsible for food-borne diseases and therefore at improving the understanding, diagnosis, prevention and control of these infections. Investigations were conducted in the Mediterranean area and in sub-Saharan Africa on more than 15 food-borne agents, 17 food products and 14 antibiotic resistance-associated genes. Multiple sources, including unexpected ones, and pathogens, including emerging ones, were involved. Travelling in developing countries and zoonoses are major contributors to food-borne infections, while food-borne transmission of resistance-associated genes is increasingly reported. However, risk factors and pathogens associated with food-borne infections likely remain untapped and must be more extensively investigated, monitored and regularly reassessed. Diagnostic tests based on new technologies and real-time surveillance tools based on microbiology laboratory data are promising approaches to detect known food-borne infections and decipher new ones. Studies of the microbiota and its relationships with dietary patterns are also worth being conducted. Keywords: Africa, bacteria, food, food-borne, fungus, IHU Mediterranée Infection, infections, Mediterranean Basin, virus, zoonosis

This paper reflects critically on the results of a vulnerability assessment process at the household and community scale using a quantitative vulnerabilities and capacities index. It validates a methodology for a social vulnerability assessment at the local scale in 62 villages across four agro-ecological/livelihood zones in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The study finds that the move from vulnerability narratives to numbers improves the comparability and communicational strength of the concept. The depth and nuance of vulnerability, however, can be realised only by a return to narrative. Caution is needed, therefore: the index can be used in conjunction with qualitative assessments, but not instead of them. More substantively, the results show that vulnerability is more a function of historico-political economic factors and cultural ethos than any biophysical changes wrought by climate. The emerging gendered vulnerability picture revealed extremes of poverty and a lack of capacity to cope with contemporary environmental and social stresses.

The number of isolated new microorganisms has dramatically increased after the readaption of culture using the culturomics approach. Each of these microorganisms is deposited in an international strain collection institute, with its name being attributed and published by the scientist who isolated it. The attributed name is of Latin or Latinized origin and chosen on the basis of the geographical location of the sample collection, the institute or geographical region where the project was being performed, the name of a concerned scientist, and characteristics of the sample or the microorganism. Our institution has played an important role in the isolation of new microorganisms, with the first effort reporting 468 new bacterial species (3% of the bacterial species isolated at least once worldwide) and 327 species isolated for the first time from human beings, which in turn resulted in an increase of 30% of the total number of microorganisms isolated. Additionally, more than 100 giant viruses, including seven new species, have been isolated at our institute. In the present work, after recalling the rules of nomenclature, we detail the naming of the new microorganisms chosen at our laboratory. The most common species name was massiliensis, attributed 161 times. We consider it imperative for the cultivators, who have frequently made considerable efforts in the field of microbial culture, to be the ones who name the newly isolated microorganisms, taking into consideration the Latinized nomenclature standards. Keywords: Archaea, Culturomics, Giant virus, Human microbiota, New bacterial species, Taxonogenomics

A study of the quantities of cocaine on banknotes in general circulation was conducted to investigate regional variations across England and Wales. No meaningful support was found for the proposition that there is regionalvariation in the quantities of cocaine in banknotes in general circulation in England and Wales.

Prospective, community-based surveillance systems for measuring birth, death, and population movement rates may have advantages over the 'gold-standard' retrospective household survey in humanitarian contexts. A community-based, monthly surveillance system was established in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in partnership with a local implementing partner and the national ministry of health. Data were collected on the occurrence of births, deaths, arrivals, and departures over the course of one year, and a retrospective survey was conducted at the end of the period to validate the information. Discrepancies between the two approaches were resolved by a third visit to the households with discordant records. The study found that the surveillance system was superior in terms of its specificity and sensitivity in measuring crude mortality and birth rates as compared to the survey, demonstrating the method's potential to measure accurately important population-level health metrics in an insecure setting in a timely, community-acceptable manner.

Background: Rapid advances in mobile technologies and applications and the continued growth in digital network coverage have the potential to transform data collection in low- and middle-income countries. A common perception is that digital data collection (DDC) is faster and quickly adaptable. Objective: The objective of this study was to test whether DDC is faster and more adaptable in a roadside environment. We conducted a reliability study comparing digital versus paper data collection in 3 cities in Ghana, Vietnam, and Indonesia observing road safety risk factors in real time. Methods: Roadside observation of helmet use among motorcycle passengers, seat belt use among 4-wheeler passengers, and speeding was conducted in Accra, Ghana; Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam; and Bandung, Indonesia. Two independent data collection teams were deployed to the same sites on the same dates and times, one using a paper-based data collection tool and the other using a digital tool. All research assistants were trained on paper-based data collection and DDC. A head-to-head analysis was conducted to compare the volume of observations, as well as the prevalence of each risk factor. Correlations (r) for continuous variables and kappa for categorical variables are reported with their level of statistical significance. Results: In Accra, there were 119 observation periods (90-min each) identical by date, time, and location during the helmet and seat belt use risk factor data collection and 118 identical periods observing speeding prevalence. In Bandung, there were 150 observation periods common to digital and paper data collection methods, whereas in HCMC, there were 77 matching observation periods for helmet use, 82 for seat belt use, and 84 for speeding. Data collectors using paper tools were more productive than their DDC counterparts during the study. The highest mean volume per session was recorded for speeding, with Bandung recording over 1000 vehicles on paper (paper: mean 1092 [SD 435]; digital: mean 807 [SD 261]); whereas the lowest volume per session was from HCMC for seat belts (paper: mean 52 [SD 28]; digital: mean 62 [SD 30]). Accra and Bandung showed good-to-high correlation for all 3 risk factors (r=0.52 to 0.96), with higher reliability in speeding and helmet use over seat belt use; HCMC showed high reliability for speeding (r=0.99) but lower reliability for helmet and seat belt use (r=0.08 to 0.32). The reported prevalence of risk factors was comparable in all cities regardless of the data collection method. Conclusions: DDC was convenient and reliable during roadside observational data collection. There was some site-related variability in implementing DDC methods, and generally the productivity was higher using the more familiar paper-based method. Even with low correlations between digital and paper data collection methods, the overall reported population prevalence was similar for all risk factors.

Epidemics such as viral haemorrhagic fevers, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or yet unknown ones have few chances of disappearing. Globalization, worldwide travel, climate change, social conflicts and wars, among others, are likely to favor the emergence of epidemics. Preparedness of hospitals to prevent the spread of these outbreaks is among the prioritized political programmes of many countries. The EuroNHID network has in the past drawn a map of features and equipment of hospitals across Europe to take care of highly contagious patients. We update the data regarding isolation capabilities and recommendations, with an emphasis on Mediterranean countries., peer-reviewed

The Méditerranée Infection institute is internationally recognized for its expertise in infectious diseases and tropical medicine, and is one of the most active research centres for infectious diseases in Europe. Surveillance and research addressing infectious diseases in globally mobile populations is one of the strong components of the research conducted at the institute. A significant amount of clinical, microbiologic and epidemiologic works have been conducted in international travellers, pilgrims participating in large international religious gatherings, economic migrants and homeless migrant people over the last decades by our group. Our strong anchoring in several countries around the Mediterranean Sea and beyond, as well as the pivotal role of Marseille in the EuroTravNet and GeoSentinel international networks that monitor travel-associated diseases, reinforce our leading position in the fields of travel and tropical medicine, mass gathering medicine and homeless health. Keywords: Grand Magal, Hajj, homeless, mass gathering, networks, surveillance, travel

Surveillance of antibiotic resistance has become a public global concern after the rapid worldwide dissemination of several antibiotic resistance genes. Here we report the role of the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection created in 2011 in the identification and description of multidrug-resistant bacteria thanks to collaborations and training of students from the Mediterranean basin and from African countries. Since the creation of the institute, 95 students and researchers have come from 19 different countries from these areas to characterize 6359 bacterial isolates from 7280 samples from humans (64%), animals (28%) and the environment (8%). Most bacterial isolates studied were Gram-negative bacteria (n = 5588; 87.9%), mostly from Algeria (n = 4190), Lebanon (n = 946), Greece (n = 610), Saudi Arabia (n = 299) and Senegal (n = 278). Antibiotic resistance was diversified with the detection and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases and resistance to colistin, vancomycin and methicillin. All those studies led to 97 indexed international scientific papers. Over the last 6 years, our institute has created a huge network of collaborations by training students that plays a major role in the surveillance of resistance to antibiotics in these countries. Keywords: Africa, Antibiotic resistance, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Mediterranean, Multi-drug resistance

Marseille has been exposed to epidemics for two millennia, including plague, cholera and yellow fever. This long-standing exposure to epidemics has given the people of Marseilles a particular expertise in fighting epidemics. Lazarets and other quarantine measures were implemented as a response to preventing the further spread of the disease in the community. The Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection is paving the way today, with its responses built on the region's long history and knowledge of epidemics, infectious diseases and medical microbiology. Keywords: Cholera, epidemics, infectious diseases, Marseille, medical microbiology, plague, The Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, yellow fever

Temporal and spatial patterns of variability in aquatic ecosystems can be complex and difficult to quantify or predict. However, understanding this variability is critical to making a wide range of water quality assessment and management decisions effectively. Here we report on the nature and magnitude of spatial and temporal variation observed in conductivity, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen during a 15-year study of four U.S. stream systems receiving pulp and paper mill effluent discharges. Sampling locations included mainstem sites upstream and downstream of effluent discharge, as well as tributary sites. In all four stream systems, variability in conductivity as measured by the coefficient of variation was typically in the range of 10-50%, and was as low or lower than the variability in nutrient endpoints. The effect of effluent discharge was relatively minor overall, except in some site-specific instances. Some relatively large differences between tributary and mainstem variability were also observed. Flow variation tended to have a more consistent and larger effect on conductivity variation compared to the nutrient endpoints. After removing flow effects, significant relatively complex trends over time were observed at several sites. Changes in variability during the study also were observed. This paper highlights the importance of long-term studies to accurately characterize water quality variability used in water quality management decision-making.

Human mansonellosis is caused by M. perstans, M. ozzardi and M. streptocerca, the three main filarial species in the genus Mansonella. Despite accumulating evidence of a high prevalence in endemic areas, there is currently no filariasis control programme targeting mansonellosis. The health-related impact on people living with these filariae remains unknown, and evidences regarding treatment strategies are scarce. Like other neglected diseases, it mainly affects poor populations living in tropical and subtropical climates. Mansonellosis can be considered one of the most neglected tropical infectious diseases. The objective of this literature review was to draw attention to the gap of knowledge regarding Mansonella spp. taxonomy, the transmission of these arthropod-borne filariasis and the health outcomes of people living with mansonellosis. Keywords: Filariasis, Mansonella perstans, Mansonella ozzardii, Mansonella streptocerca, neglected tropical diseases

Background Studies of sheep mortality or cause-specific mortality, in Ireland or internationally, are relatively scarce but are important in presenting baseline levels and changing trends of endemic disease. This study assessed sheep mortality and cause-specific mortality in 33 sentinel sheep flocks in Ireland. Methods Sentinel flocks were requested to submit carcases of all sheep that died to the regional veterinary laboratories (RVLs) of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine during a calendar year (2016). Postmortem examinations were performed on 1247 submissions to Athlone, Kilkenny and Sligo RVLs. Results The median overall submission rate was 13.8 per cent (range 2.5 per cent–35.8 per cent) per adult female sheep in the flock in January 2016. The median fetal, perinatal, lamb and adult submissions per adult female sheep in the flock in January 2016 were 2.1 per cent (0.0 per cent–15.2 per cent), 3.5 per cent (0.0 per cent–20.0 per cent), 3.0 per cent (0.0 per cent–12.4 per cent) and 2.8 per cent (0.8 per cent–7.1 per cent), respectively. The frequency of detection of categories of postmortem diagnoses in fetuses, perinates, lambs and adults are presented. Conclusions Comparisons with existing passive surveillance findings reflect some differences in the relative frequency of detection of certain categories of disease suggesting that sentinel flock surveillance could usefully supplement existing passive animal disease surveillance activities for ovine disease.

Extending on earlier work, trends in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) from 2003 to 2015 are described for the countries of the UK and the Republic of Ireland using standardised definitions and measures. Based on measures of animal and herd incidence, there remains a stable situation of extremely low prevalence in Scotland and the Low Risk Area of England, and a higher but ongoing reduction in prevalence in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland, there has been a rising bTB trend during 2010-2015, although not to levels experienced during 2002-2004. In the High Risk Area and Edge Area of England during 2010-2015, the rising bTB trends have continued but with some recent evidence of stabilisation. In Wales, prevalence has fallen subsequent to a peak in 2008. The paper considers country-level differences in the light of key policy changes, which are presented in detail. This work is unique, and will assist policymakers when critically evaluating policy options for effective control and eradication. Ongoing updates of this analysis would be useful, providing an evidence base for country-level comparison of bTB trends into the future. The use of multivariable analytical methods should be considered, but will rely on substantial sharing of raw data across the five countries.

Due to recent technological progress, maps have become more popular than ever before. This is especially true for young people, who interact with these technologies on a daily basis. Therefore, it is essential that these potential map users possess sufficient knowledge and skills to process the content of cartographic products. A user study was conducted during which pupils (aged 11-18years) and geography students (>18years) had to solve a number of cartography questions using topographic maps. The data were analyzed statistically, taking into account a number of potentially influencing factors (user characteristics) on the participants' results: age, gender, youth club membership, knowledge about the area, among others. The results show a rising trend in the pupils' scores with increasing age, which can be explained by education in cartography at school. Geography students perform much better, but no influence of any other user characteristics was detected. For pupils, knowledge about the area and gender might be considered as influencing factors. However, the detected influence of gender depends on the scoring system.

A bleached kraft pulp mill in Nova Scotia has discharged effluent wastewater into Boat Harbour, a former tidal estuary within Pictou Landing First Nation since 1967. Fifty years of effluent discharge into Boat Harbour has created >170,000 m3 of unconsolidated sediment, impacted by inorganic and organic contaminants, including metal[loid]s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, and furans. This study aimed to characterize metal(loid)-impacted sediments to inform decisions for a $89 million CAD sediment remediation program. The remediation goals are to return this impacted aquatic site to pre-mill tidal conditions. To understand historical sediment characteristics, spatiotemporal variation covering ~quarter century, of metal(loid) sediment concentrations across 103 Boat Harbour samples from 81 stations and four reference locations, were assessed by reviewing secondary data from 1992 to 2015. Metal(loid) sediment concentrations were compared to current Canadian freshwater and marine sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Seven metal(loid)s, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn, exceeded low effect freshwater and marine SQGs; six, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Zn, exceeded severe effect freshwater SQGs; and four, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn, exceeded severe effect marine SQGs. Metal(loid) concentrations varied widely across three distinct temporal periods. Significantly higher Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn concentrations were measured between 1998 and 2000, compared to earlier, 1992–1996 and more recent 2003–2015 data. Most samples, 69%, were shallow (0–15 cm), leaving deeper horizons under-characterized. Geographic information system (GIS) techniques also revealed inadequate spatial coverage, presenting challenges for remedy decisions regarding vertical and horizontal delineation of contaminants. Review of historical monitoring data revealed that gaps still exist in our understanding of sediment characteristics in Boat Harbour, including spatial, vertical and horizontal, and temporal variation of sediment contamination. To help return Boat Harbour to a tidal estuary, more detailed sampling is required to better characterize these sediments and to establish appropriate reference (background) concentrations to help develop cost-effective remediation approaches for this decades-old problem.

Glucose, as an essential substance directly involved in metabolic processes, is closely related to the occurrence of various diseases such as glucose metabolism disorders and islet cell carcinoma. Therefore, it is crucial to develop sensitive, accurate, rapid, and cost effective methods for frequent and convenient detections of glucose. Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (μPADs) not only satisfying the above requirements but also occupying the advantages of portability and minimal sample consumption, have exhibited great potential in the field of glucose detection. This article reviews and summarizes the most recent improvements in glucose detection in two aspects of colorimetric and electrochemical μPADs. The progressive techniques for fabricating channels on μPADs are also emphasized in this article. With the growth of diabetes and other glucose indication diseases in the underdeveloped and developing countries, low-cost and reliably commercial μPADs for glucose detection will be in unprecedentedly demand.

Groundwater resources are important sources of drinking water in Africa, and they are hugely important in sustaining urban livelihoods and supporting a diverse range of commercial and agricultural activities. Groundwater has an important role in improving health in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). An estimated 250 million people (40% of the total) live in urban centres across SSA. SSA has experienced a rapid expansion in urban populations since the 1950s, with increased population densities as well as expanding geographical coverage. Estimates suggest that the urban population in SSA will double between 2000 and 2030. The quality status of shallow urban groundwater resources is often very poor due to inadequate waste management and source protection, and poses a significant health risk to users, while deeper borehole sources often provide an important source of good quality drinking water. Given the growth in future demand from this finite resource, as well as potential changes in future climate in this region, a detailed understanding of both water quantity and quality is required to use this resource sustainably. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the water quality status, both microbial and chemical, of urban groundwater in SSA across a range of hydrogeological terrains and different groundwater point types. Lower storage basement terrains, which underlie a significant proportion of urban centres in SSA, are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The relationship between mean nitrate concentration and intrinsic aquifer pollution risk is assessed for urban centres across SSA. Current knowledge gaps are identified and future research needs highlighted.Les ressources en eaux souterraines sont des sources importantes d’eau potable en Afrique, et elles sont d’une énorme importance pour les êtres vivants en milieu urbain et pour le soutien d’une gamme diversifiée d’activités commerciales et agricoles. Les eaux souterraines jouent un rôle important en améliorant la santé en Afrique sub-saharienne (ASS). 250 millions de personnes environ (40% du total) vivent dans des centres urbains à travers l’ASS. L’ASS a connu une expansion rapide de ses populations urbaines depuis les années 1950, avec une augmentation à la fois des densités de population et de leur extension géographique. Les estimations prévoient un doublement de la population urbaine de l’ASS entre 2000 et 2030. L’état qualitatif des ressources en eau souterraine urbaines peu profondes est souvent très pauvre du fait de l’insuffisance de la gestion des déchets et de la protection de la ressource, et pose un risque sanitaire significatif pour les utilisateurs, alors que des ressources plus profondes captées par forage fournissent souvent une source importante d’eau potable de bonne qualité. Etant donné la croissance de la demande future de cette ressource limitée, ainsi que le changement climatique potentiel dans cette région dans le futur, une compréhension détaillée de la quantité et la qualité de cette ressource est exigée pour son utilisation durable. Cet article fournit une évaluation complète de l’état qualitatif, à la fois microbien et chimique, des eaux souterraines urbaines en ASS à travers une gamme de contextes hydrogéologiques et de différents types de point d’eaux souterraines. Les terrains du sous-sol de faible emmagasinement, qui sont situés sous une proportion significative de centres urbains en ASS, sont particulièrement vulnérables à la contamination. Le rapport entre la concentration moyenne en nitrate et le risque intrinsèque de pollution des aquifères est évalué pour les centres urbains de l’ASS. Des lacunes actuelles en matière de connaissances sont identifiées et les besoins de recherches futurs sont mis en évidence.Los recursos hídricos subterráneos son una fuente importante de agua potable en África y son sumamente importantes para mantener los medios de subsistencia urbanos y para apoyar una amplia gama de actividades comerciales y agrícolas. El agua subterránea tiene un papel importante en la mejora de la salud en el África Subsahariana (SSA). Se calcula que 250 millones de personas (40% del total) viven en centros urbanos en el África Subsahariana. El SSA ha experimentado una rápida expansión en las poblaciones urbanas desde la década de 1950, con el aumento de la densidad de población, así como la ampliación de la cobertura geográfica. Las estimaciones sugieren que la población urbana en África Subsahariana se duplicará entre 2000 y 2030. El estado de calidad del agua subterránea somera es a menudo muy pobre debido a la gestión inadecuada de los desechos y de la protección de las fuentes, representando un riesgo significativo para los usuarios, mientras que los pozos más profundos proporcionan una fuente importante de agua potable de buena calidad. Dado el crecimiento de la demanda futura de este recurso finito, así como los cambios potenciales en el clima futuro en esta región, una comprensión detallada de su cantidad y calidad es necesaria para utilizar este recurso de manera sostenible. Este artículo ofrece una evaluación integral del estado de la calidad del agua, tanto microbiana como química, del agua subterránea urbana en el SSA a lo largo de una serie de terrenos hidrogeológicos y diferentes tipos de puntos de agua subterránea. Los basamentos de bajo almacenamiento, que subyacen a una proporción significativa de los centros urbanos del África Subsahariana, son particularmente vulnerables a la contaminación. Se evalúa la relación entre la concentración media de nitratos y el riesgo intrínseco de contaminación acuífera para los centros urbanos a través de la SSA. Se identifican las deficiencias actuales de conocimientos y se destacan las necesidades de futuras investigaciones.地下水资源是非洲重要的饮用水源,在维系城市生计和支撑各种商业和农业活动中至关重要。地下水在改善撒哈拉以南非洲民众健康方面发挥着重要作用。在撒哈拉以南非洲,预计有2.5亿人居住在城市地区(占总数的40 %)。自从上世纪50年代,本区域城市人口快速膨胀,密度不断增加,面积不断扩大。估测结果显示,撒哈拉以南非洲的城市人口在2000年至2030年间将翻一番。由于废物管理不当及水源污染,城市浅层地下水源水质常常非常差,对用水者产生很大的健康风险,而较深钻井水源常常提供重要的高质量饮水水源。考虑到此有限水源的基础上将来需求的增长以及本地区将来的气候潜在变化,需要详细了解水量和水质状况,以便可持续利用水源。本文从微生物和化学上综合评价了撒哈拉以南非洲各种水质状况地形及不同地下水水点类型的水质状况。在撒哈拉以南非洲,水存储量低的基岩地形在城市中心占有很大的比例,特别容易受到污染。对整个撒哈拉以南非洲的城市中心平均硝酸盐含量和固有的含水层污染风险之间的关系进行了评价。明确了目前的认识空白,并强调了将来的研究需求。.As águas subterrâneas são fontes importantes de água para consumo na África, e são amplamente importantes para sustentar o modo de vida urbano e dar suporte a uma amplitude diversa de atividades comerciais e agrícolas. As águas subterrâneas têm um papel importante no desenvolvimento da saúde na África subsaariana (ASS). São estimadas 250 milhões de pessoas (40% do total) vivendo nos centros urbanos na ASS. ASS tem vivenciado uma rápida expansão na população urbana desde os anos 50, com aumento das densidades populacionais assim como expansão da cobertura geográfica. As estimativas sugerem que a população urbana na ASS dobrará entre 2000 e 2030. As condições de qualidade dos aquíferos livres em áreas urbanas estão frequentemente muito pobres por causa do gerenciamento de perdas e proteção das fontes inadequados, e apresenta um risco significativo à saúde dos usuários, enquanto poços mais profundos frequentemente fornecem fontes importantes de água potável de boa qualidade. Dado o crescimento na demanda futura desse recurso finito, assim como mudanças potenciais no clima futuro da região, um entendimento detalhado da sua quantidade e qualidade é necessário para o uso sustentável deste recurso. Esse estudo fornece uma avaliação compreensiva das condições de qualidade da água, tanto microbiológica quanto química, das águas subterrâneas urbanas na ASS por uma gama de terrenos hidrogeológicos e diferentes tipos pontuais de águas subterrâneas. Terrenos de menor armazenamento de base, que fundamentam uma porção significante dos centros urbanos da ASS, são particularmente vulneráveis a contaminação. A relação entre a concentração média de nitrato e o risco intrínseco de poluição do aquífero é avaliado para os centros urbanos na ASS. Lacunas do conhecimento atual foram identificadas e destaca-se a necessidade de pesquisas futuras.

Marine litter is one descriptor in the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This study provides the first account of an MSFD indicator (Trends in the amount of litter deposited on coastlines) for the north-western Adriatic. Five beaches were sampled in 2015. Plastic dominated in terms of abundance, followed by paper and other groups. The average density was 0.2 litter items m(-2), but at one beach it raised to 0.57 items m(-2). The major categories were cigarette butts, unrecognizable plastic pieces, bottle caps, and others. The majority of marine litter came from land-based sources: shoreline and recreational activities, smoke-related activities and dumping. Sea-based sources contributed for less. The abundance and distribution of litter seemed to be particularly influenced by beach users, reflecting inadequate disposal practices. The solution to these problems involves implementation and enforcement of local educational and management policies.

This paper analyzes the generation and composition of municipal solid waste in Spanish towns and cities with more than 5000 inhabitants, which altogether account for 87 % of the Spanish population. To do so, the total composition and generation of municipal solid waste fractions were obtained from 135 towns and cities. Homogeneity tests revealed heterogeneity in the proportions of municipal solid waste fractions from one city to another. Statistical analyses identified significant differences in the generation of glass in cities of different sizes and in the generation of all fractions depending on the hydrographic area. Finally, linear regression models and residuals analysis were applied to analyze the effect of different demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic variables on the generation of waste fractions. The conclusions show that more densely populated towns, a hydrographic area, and cities with over 50,000 inhabitants have higher waste generation rates, while certain socioeconomic variables (people/car) decrease that generation. Other socioeconomic variables (foreigners and unemployment) show a positive and null influence on that waste generation, respectively.

For almost a decade, the South African artist Jo Ractliffe (b. 1961 in Cape Town) photographed the impact of prolonged civil wars in both Angola and her native country, documenting the littering of the landscape with military machinery and the impact of gruesome violence on the lives …