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Background Otomycosis is a common ear problem in countries with hot and humid climate. Emergence of new fungal species is a possibility particularly in patients with chronic illness or who receives antibiotics either systemically or topically. Aim To identify the otomycotic species, which are responsible for developing the otomycosis. Methods A descriptive study was carried out in 63 patients who were clinically diagnosed with otomycosis. Swabs were taken from the fungal debris to identify the causative agent and to determine the effective antifungals against it. Results Aspergillus species were the most common agents and were found in 47 patients (74.6%), represented by A. fumigatus (36.5%), A. niger (27%), A. flavus (6.5%), and A. terreus (4.8%). Ketoconazole (90%) and miconazole (76%) were the most effective antifungals against the species obtained from cultures, whereas fluconazole was the least effective. Conclusions Although there is no change in the mycology of otomycosis, there is still a significant variability in the isolated species and in their sensitivity to antifungal drugs. Ketoconazole exhibited broad spectrum effect against fungal isolates in this study, whereas fluconazole was the least efficacious.

Stakeholders’ nonmaterial desires, needs, and values often critically influence the success of conservation projects. These considerations are challenging to articulate and characterize, resulting in their limited uptake in management and policy. We devised an interview protocol designed to enhance understanding of cultural ecosystem services (CES). The protocol begins with discussion of ecosystem-related activities (e.g., recreation, hunting) and management and then addresses CES, prompting for values encompassing concepts identified in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) and explored in other CES research. We piloted the protocol in Hawaii and British Columbia. In each location, we interviewed 30 individuals from diverse backgrounds. We analyzed results from the 2 locations to determine the effectiveness of the interview protocol in elucidating nonmaterial values. The qualitative and spatial components of the protocol helped characterize cultural, social, and ethical values associated with ecosystems in multiple ways. Maps and situational, or vignette-like, questions helped respondents articulate difficult-to-discuss values. Open-ended prompts allowed respondents to express a diversity of ecosystem-related values and proved sufficiently flexible for interviewees to communicate values for which the protocol did not explicitly probe. Finally, the results suggest that certain values, those mentioned frequently throughout the interview, are particularly salient for particular populations. The protocol can provide efficient, contextual, and place-based data on the importance of particular ecosystem attributes for human well-being. Qualitative data are complementary to quantitative and spatial assessments in the comprehensive representation of people's values pertaining to ecosystems, and this protocol may assist in incorporating values frequently overlooked in decision making processes. Un Protocolo para Obtener Valores No Materiales por medio de un Marco de Servicios Ambientales Culturales Resumen Los deseos, necesidades y valores no materiales de los accionistas influyen frecuentemente sobre el exito de los proyectos de conservacion. Estas consideraciones son dificiles de articular y caracterizar, lo que resulta en entendimiento limitado en el manejo y la politica. Concebimos un protocolo de entrevista disenado para mejorar el entendimiento de los servicios ambientales culturales (SAC). El protocolo inicia con la discusion de actividades relacionadas con ecosistemas (p. ej.: recreacion, caceria) y manejo; despues senala a los SAC, dando pie a los valores que encierran conceptos identificados en la Evaluacion Ambiental del Milenio (2005) y explorado en otras investigaciones sobre SAC. Hicimos pruebas piloto del protocolo en Hawai y Columbia Britanica. En cada localidad entrevistamos a 30 individuos de diversos entornos. Analizamos los resultados de las dos localidades para determinar la efectividad del protocolo de entrevista en la obtencion de valores no materiales. Los componentes cualitativos y espaciales del protocolo nos ayudaron a caracterizar los valores culturales, sociales y eticos asociados con el ecosistema de multiples maneras. Los mapas y las preguntas de situacion, o de tipo vineta, ayudaron a los encuestados a articular valores dificiles de discutir. Las preguntas abiertas permitieron a los encuestados expresar una diversidad de valores ambientales y demostraron ser suficientemente flexibles para que los encuestados comunicaran valores que el protocolo no buscaba explicitamente. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren que ciertos valores, aquellos mencionados frecuentemente en la entrevista, son particularmente prominentes para poblaciones particulares. El protocolo puede proporcionar datos eficientes, contextuales y basados en lugar sobre la importancia de atributos ambientales particulares para el bienestar humano. Los datos cualitativos son complementarios para las evaluaciones cuantitativas y espaciales en la representacion comprensiva de los valores de los valores que pertenecen a los ecosistemas. Este protocolo puede ayudar a incorporar valores frecuentemente ignorados en el proceso de toma de decisiones.

What does the proclamation of the Anthropocene – an epoch in which the human is said to have become a geological agent and who’s had irreversible impact upon our planet (Kolbert, 2014; Klein, 2014) – mean for media and cultural studies? ­Reflecting on the crisis of human and nonhuman life as manifested in ongoing multispecies extinction, this contribution discusses how media and cultural studies can engage with the ‘geological turn’ (Ellsworth and Kruse, 2013). It also considers whether it makes sense to practice media and cultural studies from the ­perspective of deep, i.e. geological, time. Zylinska argues that this ‘naturecultural’ mode of thinking can be traced back to Raymond Williams’s idea of culture as ‘transformation of substance at a biological level’ (1997). Yet the Anthropocene may open up media and cultural studies to new ways of engaging with nature and culture, by raising questions about issues of distribution, environment and the privileging of the human as the central point of ethics (Zylinska 2015). At the same time, in its attention to both matter and ­discourse, media and cultural studies can help rein in some of the rhetorical excesses of the Anthropocene debate. Through its hermeneutic tools, it can also challenge an uncritical and moralistic focus on materiality that ‘the geological turn’ at times implies.

Background Respect for patients’ autonomy is usually considered to be an important ethical principle in Western countries; privacy is one of the implications of such respect. Healthcare professionals frequently encounter ethical dilemmas during their practice. The past few decades have seen an increased use of courts to resolve intractable ethical dilemmas across both the developed and the developing world. However, Chinese and American bioethics differ largely due to the influence of Chinese Confucianism and Western religions, respectively, and there is a dearth of comparative studies that explore cases of ethical dilemmas between China and the United States. Methods This paper discusses four typical cases with significant social impact. First, it compares two cases concerning patient privacy: the “Shihezi University Hospital Case”, in which a patient was used as a clinical teaching object without her permission, and the “New York-Presbyterian Hospital Case”, in which the hospital allowed the filming of a patient’s treatment without his consent. Second, it compares two cases regarding patient autonomy and potentially life-saving medical procedures: the “Case of Ms. L”, concerning a cohabitant’s refusal to sign a consent form for a pregnant woman’s caesarean, and the “Case of Mrs. V”, concerning a hospital’s insistence upon a blood transfusion for a dissenting patient. This paper introduces the supporting and opposing views for each case and discusses their social impact. It then compares and analyses the differences between China and the United States from cultural and legislative perspectives. Conclusions Ethical dilemmas have often occurred in China due to the late development of bioethics. However, the presence of bioethics earlier in the US than in China has not spared the US of ethical dilemmas. This paper highlights lessons and inspiration from the cases for healthcare professionals and introduces readers to the role and weight of privacy and autonomy in China and in the US from the perspectives of different cultures, religions and laws.

This paper argues for an approach within the medical humanities that draws on the theoretical legacy of cultural materialism as a framework for reading cultural practices and their relationship to the social and economic order. It revisits the origins and development of cultural materialism in cultural studies and literary studies between the 1970s and 1990s and considers how, with adaptation, this methodology might facilitate ideological criticism focused on material formations of health, disease, and the human body. I outline three key characteristics of a medico-cultural materialist approach along these lines: a) interdisciplinary work on a broad range of medical and cultural sources, including those drawn from “popular” forms of culture; b) the combination of historicist analysis with scrutiny of present-day contexts; c) analyses which engage with political economy perspectives and/or the work of medical sociology in this area. The subsequent sections of the paper employ a medico-cultural materialist approach to examine conjectural understandings of, and empirical investigations into, the capacity of transfused human blood to rejuvenate the ageing body. I trace textual faultlines that expose the structures of power which inform the movement of blood between bodies in “medical gothic” fictions from the nineteenth-century fin-de-siècle, including Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s “Good Lady Ducayne” (1896) and Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897). I conclude with a critique of biomedical innovations in blood rejuvenation in the era of medical neoliberalism, before considering the potential applications of medico-cultural materialism to other topics within the field of the medical humanities.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo indagar la singular forma de sociabilidad intelectual que el pensador argentino José Ingenieros puso en práctica con sus hechos, y sobre la cual asimismo re exionó discursivamente en sus escritos. La metodo- logía que utilizaremos para llevarlo a cabo será el análisis de textos del propio autor, así como de diversos comentaristas sobre su obra. Así, arribaremos a la conclusión de que dicha forma de sociabilidad se sustentó en un modo particular de intervenir simultáneamente tanto en la esfera cientí ca como en la política y en la cultural.Palabras clave: José Ingenieros - intelectual - ciencia - cultura - política Abstract is paper has the goal of analysing the speci c form of intellectual sociability that the Argentinean thinker José Ingenieros put in practice through his acts, and upon which he re ected in his writings. We will methodologically do so by examining the author’s own papers, together with various secondary literature on his works. In this way, we will arrive to the conclusion that his form of sociability was founded on a particular way of simultaneously intervening in the scienti c sphere as much as in the cultural and the political ones. Key words: José Ingenieros - intellectual - science - culture - politics. Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a forma singular de sociabilidade intelectual que o pensador argentino José Ingenieros implementou com seus fatos, e em que discursivamente também é re etida em seus escritos. a meto- dología que vai usar para realizá-lo será a análise de texto do autor, bem como vários comentadores de sua obra. Assim, chegamos à conclusão de que esta forma de sociabilidade foi baseada em uma forma particular de intervenção simulta- neamente, tanto no âmbito cientí co e na política e cultural. Palavras chaves: José Ingenieros, intelectual - ciência - cultura – políticaCómo referenciar este artículo: Fraga, E. (2017). José Ingenieros, intelectual. Entre la ciencia, la cultura y la política. Pensamiento Americano, 10(18), 65-78.

This paper is an attempt to broaden economic discourse by importing insights into human behavior not just from psychology, but also from sociology and anthropology. Whereas the concept of the decision-maker in standard economics is the rational actor and, in early work in behavioral economics, the quasi-rational actor influenced by the context of the moment of decision-making, in some recent work in behavioral economics the decision-maker could be called the enculturated actor. This actor's preferences, perception, and cognition are subject to two deep social influences: (a) the social contexts to which he has become exposed and, especially, accustomed; and (b) the cultural mental models—including categories, identities, narratives, and worldviews—that he uses to process information. The paper traces how these factors shape individual behavior through the endogenous determination of preferences and the lenses through which individuals see the world—their perception and interpretation of situations. The paper offers a tentative taxonomy of the social determinants of behavior and describes the results of controlled and natural experiments that only a broader view of these determinants can plausibly explain. The perspective suggests more realistic models of human behavior for explaining outcomes and designing policies.

This paper places America's “war on drugs” in perspective in order to develop a new metaphor for control of drug misuse. A brief and focused history of America's experience with substance use and substance use policy over the past several hundred years provides background and a framework to compare the current Pharmacological Revolution with America's Nineteenth Century Industrial Revolution. The paper concludes with cautions about growing challenges and provides suggestions for navigating this revolution and reducing its negative impact on individuals and society.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden ausgewahlte Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie vorgestellt, die fruhe kulturelle und sportliche Karrieren sowie die schulischen Bildungsverlaufe und -orientierungen von Jugendlichen an Gymnasien mit entsprechenden Profilen und die Relevanz von Peerkulturen fur diese dualen Bildungskarrieren untersucht. Nach einer Einfuhrung in den sehr uberschaubaren Stand der Forschung zu diesem Thema und der Vorstellung der theoretischen Bezugsgrosen sowie des Forschungsdesigns der Studie werden die Resultate einer sinngenetischen Typenbildung zur unterschiedlichen Bedeutung von Peers fur diese dualen Bildungskarrieren dargestellt und an zentralen Fallen konkretisiert. Abschliesend werden die wichtigsten Befunde zusammengefasst und auf den Forschungsstand bezogen. Schlagworter: Duale Bildungskarrieren, Fruhe kulturelle und sportliche Karrieren, Peerkulturen, Eliteschulen des Sports, Gymnasien mit asthetischen Profilen ----- Early cultural and sporting careers of young people and the role of peer cultures Abstract This paper presents results from the first phase of a qualitative longitudinal study that examines early cultural and sporting careers of young people as well as their educational pathways at secondary schools (German “Gymnasien”) with special profiles in these fields. It focuses on the relevance of peer cultures to dual educational careers. The first part addresses the lack of research and presents the relevant theoretical points of reference as well as the design of the study. The core of the paper is the sense-genetic typology of the ways peer cultures has become relevant for career development, as exemplified by short case studies. A conclusion summarizes the results and relates them to the current state of research. Keywords: Dual educational careers, Early cultural and sporting careers, Peer cultures, Elite sport schools, Secondary schools with aesthetic profiles ----- Bibliographie: Kruger, Heinz-Hermann/Kesler, Catharina: Fruhe kulturelle und sportliche Karrieren von Jugendlichen und der Stellenwert von Peerkulturen, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 4-2014, S. 467-480. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v9i4.17293

TheEnglish language day by day is becoming ever increasingly important in theworld. Music in foreign language education can be seen as a helpful method thatspontaneously livens the learning atmosphere. In this paper, we are arguing for(the use of) songs that stir and inspire “social change” and that are an“authentic” part of pop culture as being an effective means of teachingEnglish. We recommend that the songs used in this paper be for intermediate andadvanced-level students and/or high school students in grade 9 and above. Theresearcher behind this paper had 18 years of experience teaching English inevery sort of institution within the Turkish National Ministry of Education aswell as five years of experience of teaching Turkish abroad. The researcher aimsto show—through examples—the benefits of using this all-stirring and inspiringprotest music in the English language classroom alongside the opportunitywithin for students to study a county’s social movements. Students’ renewedenthusiasm as well as what language instruction gains through this enlivenedclassroom is also defended., İngilizcedili dünyada günden güne daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Ders esnasındakullanılan müzik, öğrenme atmosferini aniden renklendiren bir metod şeklinialabilir. Makalemizde sosyal değişimlere de sebep olabilen şarkı türlerininsınıflarda uygulanmasının genel olarak öğretmenlerin otantik materyalkullanımına olan bakış açılarını da etkileyeceğini düşünüyoruz. Makalemizdekibütün şarkıları “intermediate’ den advanced” düzeyine kadar olan ve dokuzuncusınıfdan büyük öğrenci grupları için önermekteyiz. 18 yıl Türkiye Milli EğitimBakanlığına ait her türlü eğitim öğretim kurumunda İngilizce öğretmenliğitecrübesine ve beş yıl yurtdışında yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi tecrübesinesahip araştırmacı, sosyal değişimi teşvik eden, buna ilham veren müzikşarkılarının ingilizce sınıflarında kullanılmasıyla beraber oluşan faydalarıörnekleriyle göstermektedir. Sınıflarda oluşacak bu renkliliğin de öğrencilertarafından ilginç bulunacağı ve dil öğretimine katkı sağlayacağısavunulmaktadır.

This paper aims attention at the relationship among the notions of ideology, unconscious and culture. It is intended to take a step towards the correlation among these notions in order to realize the marks that refer to the porosity and opacity of the practices and rituals that are part of a culture and that are also present in the process of the interpellation of the subject, producing illusions that place the subject in the center and as the origin of what they say. In this sense, we are interested in thinking over the possible interpellation of the subject by the culture, which related to ideology works naturalizing senses, creating effects of evidence and truth. KEYWORDS: Culture. Ideology. Unconscious. Sense. Interpellation., Este artigo está centrado na relação entre as noções de ideologia, inconsciente e cultura. Objetiva-se dar um passo em direção à relação entre essas noções a fim de perceber as marcas que remetem à porosidade e à opacidade das práticas e rituais que fazem parte da cultura e que estão presentes no processo de interpelação do sujeito, produzindo ilusões que colocam o sujeito no centro e origem do que diz. Nesta direção, interessa-nos pensar sobre a possível interpelação do sujeito pela cultura, a qual relacionada à ideologia funciona naturalizando sentidos, criando efeitos de evidência e verdade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cultura. Ideologia. Inconsciente. Sentido. Interpelação. ABSTRACTThis paper aims attention at the relationship among the notions of ideology, unconscious and culture. It is intended to take a step towards the correlation among these notions in order to realize the marks that refer to the porosity and opacity of the practices and rituals that are part of a culture and that are also present in the process of the interpellation of the subject, producing illusions that place the subject in the center and as the origin of what they say. In this sense, we are interested in thinking over the possible interpellation of the subject by the culture, which related to ideology works naturalizing senses, creating effects of evidence and truth. KEYWORDS: Culture. Ideology. Unconscious. Sense. Interpellation.

Quando un libro per l’infanzia viaggia dal sistema letterario di partenza a quello di arrivo, non si traduce soltanto il testo scritto, ma anche altri elementi, come quelli paratestuali, subiscono un adattamento al fine di rendere un’opera più accettabile dai lettori di arrivo. Infatti, l’inserimento di un libro in una particolare collana (nella sua funzione di paratesto) rende un’opera più facilmente identificabile – agli adulti – grazie a convenzioni editoriali specifiche, come ad esempio l’età consigliata, lo stile e le dimensioni. Questi sono gli elementi che guidano gli acquirenti adulti e possono essere decisivi nel rendere un libro per bambini un successo oppure un flop editoriale.Dato che tali convenzioni editoriali generalmente appartengono a un sistema letterario specifico, e, pertanto, possono variare da cultura a cultura, lo studio degli elementi paratestuali in traduzione sta diventando sempre più cruciale, aprendo di fatto nuove opportunità di ricerca. Per tale motivo, il presente articolo effettua uno studio editoriale del processo di traduzione e adattamento del paratesto. In particolare, si analizza prima l’adattamento del paratesto negli albi illustrati (collane, copertine e titoli, quarta di copertina, e layout), effettuato al fine di rispettare le convenzioni culturali del sistema di arrivo, utilizzando come caso di studio gli albi illustrati dell’autore e illustratore finlandese Mauri Kunnas e le relative traduzioni in italiano. In seguito, l’articolo offre una discussione da un punto di vista diacronico su come è cambiata la politica editoriale della casa editrice italiana delle opere analizzate negli ultimi tre decenni. Infine, l’articolo analizzerà le diverse figure coinvolte nel processo traduttivo, dimostrando che, nonostante i libri per bambini siano opere polifoniche, il paratesto rimane chiaramente l’area dove la voce dell’editore è più facilmente udibile rispetto a quella del traduttore. When children’s books travel from the source literary system to the target one, not only is the written text translated or adapted but also other elements, such as the paratextual ones, are often deeply affected in order to make a work acceptable by the target audience. Indeed, the insertion of a book in a particular series (in its function as paratext) renders the work more easily identifiable – to adults – with specific editorial conventions of the literary production for children such as the age recommendation, the written style, and the layout. These are the elements which guide adult buyers and may be decisive to a children’s book editorial success or failure.Since such editorial conventions usually belong to a specific literary system and therefore may vary from culture to culture, the study of paratextual elements in translation is becoming more and more significant and it is opening up new research opportunities. For this reason, this paper conducts an editorial study of how paratext is translated and adapted during the translation process. In particular, this paper firstly looks at how the paratext in picturebooks (series, covers and the titles, the back covers and the blurbs, as well as the size of the book itself) is adapted in order to meet cultural standards of the target literary system. Picturebooks written and illustrated by the Finnish author and illustrator, Mauri Kunnas, will be used as a case study together with the relevant translations into Italian. Secondly, the paper opens a discussion from a diachronic perspective of how the Italian publisher’s view has developed in the last three decades. Finally, the paper will reveal the different actors involved in the translation process showing that, although translations of children’s books are polyphonic works, the paratext clearly remains the area where the editor’s voice is more audible compared to the translator’s one.

This paper describes some epistemic cultural considerations which shape the uses of psychology. I argue the study of mind is bound by the metaphysical background of the given locale and era in which it is practiced. The epistemic setting in which psychology takes place will shape what is worth observing, how it is to be studied, how the data is to be interpreted, and the nature of the ultimate explanatory units. I argue epistemic constraints shape the praxes that arise from structural study of the mind. In order to illustrate this notion of epistemic cultural constraint, I discuss Soviet Psychology and provide a contrast between practical uses of psychoanalysis in India, Egypt, and rural Ghana. In response to these conceptual and practical epistemic limitations, psychology could adapt methods drawn from history and anthropology towards an interdisciplinary psychology.

There is a plethora of research assessesing the effect of background music on task performance; however, these results have largely been inconclusive and divided. Music is a powerful medium that possesses a lot of positive benefits. This paper addresses the gaps in the existing literature and attempts to explore the effect of background music on adolescents’ performance in a reading comprehension task. It also examines the role of culture in the said effect of performance, by assessing whether one’s own culture leads to a better performance when compared to both silence and music from a different culture. To this end, an experimental study was conducted on 34 adolescents between the ages of 13–14 (M = 13.50, SD = 0.50). The results indicate that a strong positive effect is achieved on task performance when background music is present, especially one that identifies with the participants’ cultural background.

This paper analyses the linguistic changes arising from the formation of workers’ culture during the Industrial Revolution, as well as the effects of the pastoral work of the Anglican church, and its reflection on the Victorian literature produced by Charlotte Brontë. Specifically, this analysis is based on the parallelism established by this novelist between the values ​​that lie behind the concepts of unionism and solidarity and her fight against the social conventions concerning marriage, as reflected in the novel Shirley. In fact, the human values ​​that derive from these concepts were an inspiration that Brontë uses to provide cohesion and coherence to the plot of the novel within a narrative framework in which she minimizes the class difference between two young women: Caroline and Shirley. Brontë thereby shows that this class difference is not an obstacle for both women to share and feel the positive effects of these values within a social context dominated by social conventions regarding marriage. Key Words: democracy, culture, Luddites, unionism and solidarity. Este artículo analiza los cambios lingüísticos derivados de la formación de la cultura del proletariado durante la Revolución Industrial, así como los efectos de la labor pastoral de la iglesia anglicana, y su reflejo en la literatura victoriana producida por Charlotte Brontë. Concretamente, este análisis se basa en el paralelismo establecido por esta novelista entre los valores que subyacen en los sustantivos sindicalismo y solidaridad y su lucha contra las convenciones sociales con respecto al matrimonio, tal como se refleja en la novela Shirley. De hecho, los valores humanos que derivan de estos conceptos fueron una inspiración que Brontë utiliza para dotar de cohesión y coherencia a la trama de la novela, dentro de un marco narrativo en el que minimiza la diferencia de clase entre dos mujeres jóvenes: Caroline y Shirley. De este modo, Brontë muestra que esta diferencia de clase no es un obstáculo para que ambas mujeres compartan y sientan los efectos positivos de estos valores en un contexto social dominado por las convenciones sociales relacionadas con el matrimonio. Palabras Clave: democracia, cultura, luditas, sindicalismo y solidaridad

Skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals are essential to support businesses and the economy. Businesses increasingly require more qualified IT professionals, be they male or female. In South Africa, the number of women professionals participating in the IT industry is less than 20%. A number of factors influence women’s IT career choices, such as previous programming exposure, parents, teachers and role models. Research suggests that there are gender differences in preferences and beliefs that may affect career choices, including cultural influences. The role of culture in women’s IT career decisions has not been extensively explored in South Africa. The aim of this exploratory study was to determine if the factor, Culture influences women’s IT career choices in South Africa. An on-line survey was conducted amongst women IT professionals in South Africa to determine the factors that influenced their IT career choices. The data from the survey were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis. The results, specifically relating to the factor Culture, are reported in this paper. The findings indicate that the factor Culture plays an important role when women make IT career choices as well as when females decide to remain in an IT career. The study found that culture does play a significant role in IT career decisions for different ethnic groups in South Africa. The findings suggest that efforts must be made to educate young women in computational thinking and expose them to the many career opportunities available for women in the IT industry.

Kuningan adalah salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Jawa Barat, dengan ibukotanya Kuningan. Di lihat dari posisi geografis Kuningan terletak di bagian timur Jawa Barat berada pada lintasan jalan regional yang menghubungkan Cirebon dengan wilayah Priangan T imur dan sebagai jalan alteratif jalur tengah yang menghubungkan Bandung-Majalengka dengan Jawa Tengah. B eberapa Kawasan di wilayah Kuningan banyak di temukan sebaran pen inggalan arkeologis Islam berup a makam-makam kuna yang perlu di ungkap. Makam tersebut merupakan makam para tokoh-tokoh penyebar Islam lokal maupun dari luar Kuningan pada masa Islamisasi di kawasan tersebut. Data diperoleh berdasarkan hasil penelitian arkeologi Islam di kawasan Luragung, dan Garawangi Kabupaten Kuningan, Provinsi Jawa Barat yang dilakukan pada tahun 2013 dan 2014. Penelitian melalui metode survei permukaan yang dilengkapi studi kepustakaan berupa buku-buku, laporan penelitian, artikel dan ditambah data hasil wawancara. Berkaitan dengan keberadaan stuktur makam permasalahan yang akan dikaji adalah identitas tokoh yang dimakamkan, bentuk jirat, nisan, dan ragam hias nisan. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah mengungkap budaya masa lalu masyarakat Kuningan pada masa masuk dan berkembangnya Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nisan pada makam makam kuna di wilayah Kuningan selain memakai nisan batu tegak (menhir), juga terdapat bentuk nisan pipih polos dan nisan pipih berhias. Melalui bentuk nisan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat Kuningan masa lalu mendapat pengaruh budaya Jawa Tengah (Demak) dan Jawa Timur (Troloyo). Faktor yang mempengaruhi budaya masyarakat Kuningan masa lalu berkaitan dengan Islamisasi di kawasan tersebut. Kata Kunci : Budaya , Islam, Makam, Jirat, Nisan ------- ABSTRACT Kuningan is one of the districts in West Java Province, with the capital city is Kuningan. Geographically the position of Kuningan is located in the eastern part of West Java is on track Cirebon regional road that connected the region of Priangan Timur and an alternative road in center lane road to connects Bandung-Java with Central Java. In some areas in the Kuningan District , there were many archaeological remains found spread out of Islam in the form of ancient tombs that needs to be disclosed. The tomb is the tomb of the Muslim leaders spreader locally or from outside the Kuningan during the Islamization in this region. Data obtained based on the results of lslam archaeological research in the Luragung area, and Garawangi Kuningan District, West Java Province conducted in 2013 and 2014. Research through the preliminary survey methods that include the study of literature in the form of books, research reports, articles and interview data. Related to the structure of the tomb, the issues to be studied is the identity of the buried figure, shape tomb, tombstone, headstone and ornaments. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the culture of past societies in Kuningan when the entry and development of Islam. The results showed the headstone on the grave of ancient tombs in the Kuningan area, besides shape headstone upright stone (menhir), there is also a form of plain flat headstone and gravestone decorated flat. Through the tombstone shape can be concluded that the Kuningan public in the past received cultural influences in Central Java (Demak) and East Java (Troloyo). Affecting factors in Kuningan cultural in the past were related to the islamization in this region . Keywords : Culture, Islam, Tomb, Sepulcher, Gravestones

Talking about Greece nowadays does not only mean becoming aware of the immense cultural, social, and linguistic heritage which characterizes the country, but also accepting the huge change which is affecting the nation. The paper focuses on the international cinematographic account on Greece in order to explore the spectrum of non-Greek visions concerning Greek life, history, culture, and traditions. The work is aimed – through the analysis of both American and Italian movies – at outlining stereotypes and authentic elements of the foreign movie industry’s representation of “Greekness”, browsing some of its most typical leitmotifs. In this respect, noteworthy examples are: the ancient myth; the brutality of war; the cultural misappropriation; the tourism business. The article deals with these issues in an attempt to define possible future developments and points for reflection.

Background: Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem in some parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to investigate the reasons and factors of consumption. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on articles for the past thirty years (1989-2019). We reviewed and selected 400 abstracts of original articles from PubMed databases by the search strategy, and reviewed one by one. Among these, 45 abstracts were selected, in which the patterns of use, the reasons for using, and the determinants and predictors were described. Eleven papers were selected based on the results and related to the research objectives. The results of these articles were evaluated precisely word by word and phrase by phrase with content analysis method and inductive approach. Results: The reasons for the use of smokeless tobacco fell in two main themes: socio-cultural structure; and, beliefs, each contained Sub-themes such as "culture and living conditions", "laws", "family and peer relationships", "beliefs related to psychological" and "beliefs related to physical influences", "beliefs", "The role of harm perceptions ". Conclusion: There was a difference between beliefs, cultures and social conditions among the people about using of smokeless tobacco and the association of these factors is investigated in future studies. We also suggest for the prevention and control of smokeless tobacco use, cultural norms and beliefs will need to address adequately.

EnglishTaking into account the main objections posed to Michel Foucault´s ethical problematization, in the present paper we propose to reconstruct two topics that contribute to think it´s affirmative dimension: culture and the “combat of forms”. Both culture as an object of critique and possible transformation, and the forms as historical substitutes for universals, ideals, and transcendentals, constitute constant references in Foucault´s thought that, in the light of the explanations and theorical-methodological specifications provided by his lasts enquiries, allow to clarify the connection between the genealogy´s critical strand with the affirmative orientation of the art of living. Proposing the truth-power bond as a characteristic disposition of our culture, and specifying a polemical constitution of ethos which shows an indefectible bond with the configurations of the life in common, we will indicate the contributions and the questions that emerge to go on thinking (from) Foucault´s ethical problematization. portuguesTeniendo en cuenta las principales objeciones que se le han planteado a la problematizacion etica de Michel Foucault, en el presente trabajo proponemos reconstruir dos motivos para pensar su dimension afirmativa: la cultura y el “combate de las formas”. La cultura como objeto de critica y transformacion posible y las formas como relevo historico de los universales, ideales y trascendentales, son referencias constantes en el pensamiento de Foucault que, recuperadas a la luz de los planteos y aportes teorico-metodologicos de sus ultimas indagaciones, permiten reunir la faz critica de la genealogia con la orientacion propositiva del arte de vivir. Planteando la relacion entre verdad y poder como disposicion caracteristica de nuestra cultura y precisando una constitucion polemica del ethos que enlaza indefectiblemente con las configuraciones de la vida en comun, indicaremos los aportes e inquietudes que se abren para continuar pensando la problematizacion etica de (y a partir de) Foucault.

espanolLa mayor parte de la comunidad nikkei de Lima se compone de descendientes de okinawenses. Como consecuencia, el arte, la gastronomia y los ritos propios de Okinawa son caracteristicas culturales que forman parte de la vida de los miembros de la comunidad. Pese a que la lengua originaria de Okinawa (uchinaguchi) se encuentra en peligro de extincion, la presente investigacion demuestra que la practica de estas caracteristicas culturales, tanto en los hogares de los participantes como en eventos y talleres comunitarios, genera la trasmision y recepcion de palabras uchinaguchi (“uchinaguismos”) en la comunidad nikkei de Lima. EnglishThe largest part of Lima’s Nikkei community is composed of Okinawan descendants. Therefore, the arts, gastronomy, and rites of Okinawa are cultural characteristics that are part of the lives of the members of this community. Although the native language of Okinawa (Uchinaguchi) is in danger of extinction, this paper exhibits that the practice of these cultural characteristics, at home and in community events and workshops, generates the transmission and reception of Uchinaguchi words (“uchinaguisms”) in Lima’s Nikkei community.

This paper provides my personal experience as a COVID‐19 survivor during and postrecovery periods. The stigma that my children and I underwent exposed us to the fragility of a social system that we struggle with all through our life to remain a part of. My story revealed a strong symbiotic relationship between the disease (COVID‐19) and the patient's low acceptance in society, primarily attributed to misinformation and xenophobia around the COVID‐19. This autoethnography speaks for several other COVID survivors who met with the same fate of being discriminated against and stigmatized. As a COVID patient and survivor, the traumatic experience was creating a fear psychosis in me, the effect of which I presume will stay beyond COVID‐19. This condition of a syndemic seems to linger and negatively affect my outlook toward society. If COVID survivors develop a syndemic condition in a pandemic situation, it will require significant efforts to reserve it or sometimes even become irreversible.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo analiza la relación hombre-tierra-cultura, una triada que resulta inseparable cuando de comunidades indígenas se trata. La correspondencia refiere una estrecha conexión que frente a cualquier forma de irrupción amenaza la pervivencia de los grupos ancestrales. La temática referida se abordó a partir de los métodos estructuralista y dialéctico, por cuanto permite establecer una relación de causa-efecto, esto es, el problema visto desde sus causas y también en su contexto, para el caso, el despojo territorial llegando a su más inmediata consecuencia: la pérdida de la cultura generada por el desarraigo. La discusión cierra con la afirmación de que no es posible la restitución cultural. ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the man-earth-culture relationship, a triad that is inseparable when it comes to indigenous communities. Correspondence refers to a close connection that in the face of any form of irruption threatens the survival of ancestral groups. The aforementioned theme was approached from the structuralist and dialectical methods, insofar as it allows establishing a cause-effect relationship, that is, the problem seen from its causes and also in its context, for that matter, the territorial dispossession reaching its more immediate consequence, the loss of the culture generated by uprooting, and closes the discussion with the affirmation that cultural restitution is not possible.

Cet article propose d’analyser deux cas de relations interculturelles de création dans la scène latino-américaine contemporaine à partir des concepts de Culture et de décolonisation selon Manuela Carneiro da Cunha et Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Pour situer l’analyse, le cas de création du spectacle Bororó de Eugenio Gomez et de Henrry Ibargüen Murillo en Colombie, et le cas de la relation développée entre Marlui Miranda et le peuple Paiter Suruí, en Amazonie brésilienne, serviront d’exemple pour avancer vers la proposition d’une relation de partenariat créatif. L’introduction du concept de partenariat dans les relations interculturelles de création permet de concevoir des échanges non hiérarchisés entre différentes expressions scéniques. Dans ce type d’échange chaque créateur participant trouve une place valorisante dans la création (qui devient une oeuvre commune) et les différences entre les formes et les traditions en contact sont potentialisées, ouvrant ainsi des possibilités esthétiques pour avancer vers une décolonisation de l’imaginaire. This paper proposes to analyze two cases of intercultural relationships of contemporary creations in the Latino-American context, from the concepts of culture and decolonization according to Manuela Carneiro da Cunha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. To situate the analysis, the case of the performance Bororó created by Eugenio Gomez and Henrry Ibargüen Murillo in Colombia, and the case of the relationship that Marlui Miranda and the Paiter Suruí's people developed, in the Brazilian Amazon, will serve as an example to move towards the proposal of a relationship of creative partnership. The introduction of the partnership concept in the relationships of intercultural creation makes it possible to conceive non-hierarchical exchanges between different scenic expressions. In this type of relationship each participant finds a rewarding place in the creation (which becomes a common work) and the differences between forms and traditions in contact are potentiated, thus opening up aesthetic possibilities to advance towards a decolonization of the imaginary.

[EN] The village of Allariz is a small heritage jewel of the Galician territory. Unlike what has happened to other Galician villages, its historic centre, crossed by the river Arnoia, has remained unchanged throughout history. We can see traces of its medieval past as a royal residence, its stately magnificence or its transformation in a protoindustrial city, with multiple tanneries on the bank of the river. Despite its declaration as a Historic-Artistic Site in 1971, the village and its surroundings were being abandoned at the end of the last century. In the following decade, after an enormous neighbours demands, the local government approved the Special Plan for the Historic District. The creation of a Restoration Department and a workshop, allowed for the recovery of equipment and public spaces, which was the key for win the European urban and regional planning Award. The objective of this paper will be to analyze the different plans carried out over the last years that have permitted the recovery of its historical aspect and its natural perimeter, so that at present, the town’s heritage has become its economic engine., [ES] La villa de Allariz es una pequeña joya patrimonial del pueblo gallego. Al contrario de lo que pasó con otras villas gallegas, su casco histórico, bañado por las aguas del río Arnoia, permaneció inalterado a lo largo del tiempo. En él se pueden apreciar huellas de su pasado medieval como residencia real, su esplendor señorial o su reconversión en ciudad protoindustrial, con múltiples curtidurías en los márgenes del río. A pesar de su declaración como Conjunto Histórico-Artístico en 1971, la villa y su entorno se encontraban a finales de los años ochenta del siglo pasado en un estado de total abandono. En la década siguiente, después de una enorme presión vecinal, el gobierno municipal aprobó el Plan Especial del Casco Histórico. La creación de una oficina de rehabilitación y una escuela-taller, permitió la recuperación de equipamientos y espacios públicos, lo que le valió el Premio Europeo de Urbanismo en 1994. El objetivo de mi ponencia será analizar los distintos planes llevados a cabo en las últimas décadas que permitieron recuperar su aspecto histórico y su perímetro natural, de forma que en la actualidad la ciudad emplea su patrimonio como motor económico.

This paper explores the pathways that underlie the diffusion of women's participation in the labor force across generations. I exploit a severe exoge-nous shock to the sex ratio, World War I in France, which generated a large inflow of women in the labor force after the war. I show that this shock to female labor transmitted to subsequent generations until today. Three mechanisms of intergenerational transmission account for this result: parental transmission, transmission through marriage, and transmission through local social interactions. Beyond behaviors, the war also permanently altered beliefs toward the role of women in the labor force. (JEL J16, J22, N34, Z13)

Osnovni je cilj rada ispitati odabrane elemente multikulturalističke politike priznavanja vodeći računa o međuodnosu kulturno-identitetskih i strukturnih aspekata društvene prakse. U tu se svrhu: 1) predstavljaju ključni koncepti multikulturalističke teorijske pozicije; 2) razmatra se Bourdieuov koncept habitusa, koji upućuje na ograničenja i društvenu deriviranost subjektivnih dispozicija; 3) propituje se odnos pojmova habitusa i identiteta i 4) zahtjevi za priznanjem manjinskih identiteta povezuju se sa zahtjevima za redistribucijom unutar teorijskog okvira N. Fraser. Analiza pokazuje da je oblikovanje postojećih identiteta u smjeru fluidnijih i debinariziranih identitetskih obrazaca važan element za svrsishodno aktiviranje i politiziranje manjinskih identiteta. Taj se proces treba temeljiti na svijesti o strukturalnim limitima svake refleksivne rekonstrukcije identiteta., The main aim of the paper is to examine selected elements of the multiculturalist politics of recognition, while considering the interrelations of cultural-identity and structural aspects of social practice. For that purpose: 1) key concepts of the multiculturalist theoretical position are presented; 2) Bourdieu’s concept of habitus is discussed, which points to confinements and social derivatedness of subjective dispositions; 3) the relationship between the notions of habitus and identity is questioned and 4) the demands for recognizing minority identitites are associated with the demands for redistribution within the theoretical framework of N. Fraser. The analysis revealed that the shaping of existing identities towards more fluid and debinarized identity patterns is an important element for purposeful activating and politicizing of minority identities. This process needs to be based on the awareness of structural limits found in all reflexive reconstructions of identity.

Purpose The Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit for Carers (ASCOT-Carer), developed in England, measures the effects of long-term care (LTC) services and carer support on informal carers’ quality of life (QoL). Translations of the ASCOT-Carer into other languages are useful for national and cross-national studies. The aim of this paper was to report on the translation and cultural adaptation of the original English ASCOT-Carer into German, to assess its content validity and to test for its construct validity (convergent and discriminative/known-group validity). Methods Translation and cultural adaptation followed the ISPOR TCA guidelines. As part of the translation and adaptation process, five cognitive debriefing interviews with informal carers were used for evaluating linguistic and content validity. In addition, a sample of 344 informal carers of older adults, who received home care services in Austria, was used for hypothesis testing as suggested by the COSMIN checklist to assess convergent and discriminative/known-group validity as part of construct validity. Results Cognitive interviews provided evidence that questions and response options of the German ASCOT-Carer were understood as intended. Associations between ASCOT-Carer scores/domains and related outcome measures (convergent validity) and expected groups of informal carers and the care service users they care for (discriminative validity) supported construct validity of the translated instrument. Conclusion The German ASCOT-Carer instrument meets the required standards for content and construct validity which supports its usefulness for (cross-)national studies on LTC-service-related QoL-outcomes in informal carers. Research is encouraged to assess further measurement properties of the translated instrument.

L’objectif de cet article est de proposer quelques réflexions sur la transmission d’une culture minorée en contexte scolaire. Ces réflexions s’appuient sur une enquête exploratoire menée auprès d’élèves de 3ème cycle de Calandretas, les écoles associatives pratiquant l’enseignement immersif en langue occitane. Le but est de comprendre les représentations sociales de la culture occitane en circulation chez les élèves et leurs liens avec les mécanismes de transmission culturelle. Dans une première partie, je fais un point sur les concepts de culture, langue et patrimoine et sur la nécessité d’articuler ces trois notions pour analyser la dynamique sociolinguistique de la langue occitane. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la description de l’enquête et à la discussion des résultats. This paper aims to propose some reflections about the transmission of an endangered culture in a scholar context. Those reflections are based on an exploratory survey conduct with school students between 9 and 11 years old from Calandretas primary schools. Calandretas are associative schools teaching Occitan language through immersion. The goal is to understand social representations of Occitan culture which circulate in the students population, and their connections with cultural transmission mechanisms. In the first part, I am doing a small summary about the concepts of culture, language and heritage, and about the necessity to link these notions to analyse the sociolinguistic dynamic of Occitan language. The second part is dedicated to the description of the investigation protocol and the discussion of the results L’objectiu d’aquel article e de prepausar qualques reflexions sus la transmission d’una cultura minorizada dins un contèxte escolar. Las reflexions s’apièjan sus una enquèsta exploratòria menada al prèp d’escolans del cicle 3 de Calandretas, las escòlas que practican l’ensenhament immersiu en lenga occitana. La tòca es de comprene las representacions socialas de la cultura occitana demest los escolans e lor ligam amb los mecanismes de transmission culturala. Dins una primièira part, fau lo ponch suls concèptes de cultura, lenga e patrimòni e sus la necessitat d’articular aquestas tres nocions per analisar la dinamica sociolingüistica de la lenga occitana. La segonda part se consacra a l’enquèsta e a la discussion de las resultas.

Kulturno naslijeđe Bosne i Hercegovine u svim svojim vidovima i u bilo kojem vremenskom intervalu svjedoči o složenosti života na ovom tlu. U radu su predstavljeni tokovi pisane riječi i stvaranja biblioteka u Bosni i Hercegovini. Vidjet ćemo da se upravo u domenu pisma i knjige, bolje nego u bilo kojem drugom mediju, raspoznaje prisustvo pojedinih utjecajnih sfera, kao i originalni stvaralački duh ljudi ove zemlje. U našoj zemlji u srednjem vijeku su se koristila četiri sistema pisma. To su bili grčko i latinsko pismo te glagoljica i ćirilica. Razlog tome je susret različitih civilizacija koje su se ovdje i razvijale, a ovakav primjer korištenja različitih pisama u maloj regiji je jedinstven u svijetu. Preko pisma i knjiga dolazimo do nastanka i prvih biblioteka u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kao što su knjige jedan od bitnih elemenata za širenje pismenosti, tako su i biblioteke jedno od najvažnijih sredstava da se omogući to širenje i da knjiga dođe do čitaoca. Biblioteke i bibliotekarstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini prolazili su kroz razne faze, ali su ostajali vjerni svojoj funkciji kroz stoljeća – razvoju kulture i masovnog obrazovanja i nauke. Biblioteke su bile i ostale stub civilizacije., The cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina in all its aspects and in any time or period testifies to the complexity of life on this ground. The paper presents the flow of the written word and creation of the libraries in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We will see that exactly in the domain of writing systems and books, better than in any other medium, the presence of certain influential sphere, as well as the original creative spirit of the people of this country is recognized. In our country, four writing systems were used in the Middle Ages. These were Greek and Latin writing systems, as well as Glagolitic and Cyrillic script. The reason for this curiosity is encounter of different civilizations that have also evolved here. Also, this kind of example of use of different writing systems in a small region is unique. Through the writing systems and books, we come to occurrence of the first libraries in the Bosnia and Herzegovina. As well as the books are one of the essential elements for spreading literacy, libraries are one of the most important means to facilitate that expansion and that book can reach their readers. Libraries and library science in Bosnia and Herzegovina have passed through various phases but they have stayed true to their function throughout the centuries, to the development of culture, to the mass education and to the science. Libraries were and still are the pillar of civilization.

Le présent article entend dresser un état des lieux de la place et du statut de la culture dans l’enseignement du français à Chypre, du XIXe siècle au XXe siècle. Si la situation antérieure au XIXe siècle ne fournit que quelques rares éléments sur la question, en raison d’un manque de documentation et surtout du marasme dû à la domination ottomane, on assiste dès le début du XIXe siècle à un renouveau de la présence française sur l’île qui ira en se renforçant. Après un survol historique de la place occupée par le français du XIIe au XXe siècle, le statut de la culture dans l’enseignement du français est examiné, à travers les manuels utilisés par les diverses institutions du temps. It is the intention of this article to present an overview of the place and status of culture in the teaching of French in Cyprus, focusing on the nineteenth and the twentieth Centuries. While the situation prior to the nineteenth century provides only some rare glimpses of the issue, mainly because of a lack of documentation and especially due to the doldrums of the Ottoman rule, one witnesses an ever increasing renewal of the French presence on the island from the beginning of the nineteenth century. After an historical overview of the place occupied by the French language from the twelfth to the twentieth century, the paper focuses on the status of culture in the teaching of the language, particularly through the textbooks used by the various institutions of the time.