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Background: Marijuana use is common among HIV+ individuals, but few studies have examined long-term trends in prevalence and correlates of use.Methods: We evaluated trends (1984-2013) in the annual prevalence of current (past 6-month use) and daily (among current users) marijuana use and determined correlates of use among 2742 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 3172 HIV-seronegative (HIV-) men who have sex with men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios of marijuana use separately for the men who were enrolled before 2001 (early-cohort) and after 2001 (late-cohort).Results: Over the 29 years of the study, the prevalence of current marijuana use declined significantly, whereas daily use among users increased among all men in the early and late-cohorts. A HIV+ status was associated with higher prevalence of marijuana use among the men in the early-cohort (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.42, 1.64, p = <0.0001), but not in the men in the late-cohort (aPR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.03, p = 0.1424). Alcohol use and cigarette smoking were being positively associated with marijuana use.Conclusions: Although the annual prevalence of current marijuana use decreased significantly over time in the MACS, daily use among users increased significantly. Further, among the HIV+ men, our study did not show clinically significant adverse effects of marijuana use on highly active antiretroviral therapy use, CD4+ count, or HIV viral load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV-related stigma is a key contributor to poor HIV-related health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to explore implementing a stigma measure into routine HIV care focusing on the 10-item Medical Monitoring Project measure as a proposed measure. Healthcare providers engaged in HIV-related care in Florida were recruited. Participants completed an interview about their perceptions of measures to assess stigma during clinical care. The analysis followed a directed content approach. Fifteen participants completed the interviews (87% female, 47% non-Hispanic White, case manager 40%). Most providers thought that talking about stigma would be helpful (89%). Three major themes emerged from the analysis: acceptability, subscales of interest, and utility. In acceptability, participants mentioned that assessing stigma could encourage patient-centered care and serve as a conversation starter, but some mentioned not having enough time. Participants thought that the disclosure concerns and negative self-image subscales were most relevant. Some worried they would not have resources for patients or that some issues were beyond their influence. Participants were generally supportive of routinely addressing HIV-related stigma in clinical care, but were concerned that resources, especially to address concerns about disclosure and negative self-image, were not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders are highly prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and represent a potential contributor to functional impairment in activities of daily living. We aimed to determine if (1) Anxiety and depression symptoms were independently associated with impairments in basic self-care, role functioning, and social functioning and (2) PLWH differentially experienced impairments due to mood symptoms compared to those without HIV. Data for this study were obtained from 150 individuals (87 PLWH, 61% male, mean age= 44) via a cross-sectional study on alcohol and HIV-associated brain dysfunction. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms. Higher anxiety symptoms were associated with role functioning impairment, while higher depressive and anxiety symptoms were each associated with social functioning impairment. As depressive symptoms increased, PLWH were 3x more likely to have impairments in role functioning compared to those without HIV. HIV status did not interact with mood symptoms to affect basic self-care or social functioning. Overall, mood symptoms are associated with different types of functional impairment, and improved management of mood symptoms could lead to improved role and social functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with HIV (PWH) report higher rates of cannabis use than the general population. It is unclear how cannabis use among PWH has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the implications for the health and wellbeing of PWH. Objectives: To describe changes in frequency of cannabis use among a sample of PWH during the pandemic, reasons for those changes, and implications of the findings. Methods: The data are cross-sectional and come from questions asked in a follow-up phone survey administered to a prospective cohort of PWH in Florida between May 2020 and March 2021. Participants who used cannabis were asked about changes in their frequency of cannabis use in a quantitative survey and reasons for changes in a qualitative open-ended question. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Among 227 PWH (mean age 50, 50% men, 69% Black/African American, 14% Hispanic/Latino), 13% decreased frequency of cannabis, 11% increased frequency, and 76% reported no change. The most common reasons for increasing frequency of cannabis use were reducing anxiety/stress, trying to relax, coping with grief or reducing symptoms of depression, and reducing boredom during the pandemic. Supply or access issues, health concerns, and having already wanted to reduce cannabis use were common reasons for decreased frequency. Conclusion: Nearly 25% of the sample changed their cannabis use frequency during the pandemic. These findings shed light on the behaviors and motivations of PWH who use cannabis and can inform clinical practice and interventions during public health emergencies and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People living with HIV (PLWH) experience a higher rate of age-related comorbidities at younger ages. Understanding common comorbidities among PLWH and their relationship to one another could be significant in improving aging for PLWH. The goal of the present study is to identify the most common comorbidities among PLWH and the relationship between them using network analysis. We used abstracted electronic medical record (EMR) data of PLWH from the Florida Cohort study, a prospective cohort study conducted in eight cities in Florida, USA. We used International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, ICD-10) code to classify comorbidities and organ systems. Network analysis was conducted to determine the degree and betweenness centrality among comorbidities. We included 756 PLWH with an average age of 46.4 years (SD 11.3) in the analysis. Infectious diseases (A00–B99, 50.8%), mental and behavioural (F01–F99, 47.0%), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic (E00–E88, 45.2%), and circulatory (I00–I99, 39%) disorders were the most prevalent system comorbidities among PLWH. Hypertensive disorder (I10–I1635.8%), dyslipidaemia (E78, 25.7%) and major depressive disorder (F32–F33, 23.9%) were the most common non-infectious conditions affecting PLWH. Viral hepatitis (B15–B19, 17.1%) and syphilis (A15–A53, 12%) were the most common coinfections among PLWH. Hypertension, dyslipidaemia and major depressive disorder were the most central of the comorbidities among PLWH. Comorbidities among PLWH were most prevalent for chronic disease and mental illness. Targeting shared disease risk factors in addition to monitoring known pathological pathways may prevent comorbidities among PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In investigating the correlation between an alcohol biomarker and self-report, we developed a method to estimate the canonical correlation between two high-dimensional random vectors with a small sample size. In reviewing the relevant literature, we found that our method is somewhat similar to an existing method, but that the existing method has been criticized as lacking theoretical grounding in comparison with an alternative approach. We provide theoretical and empirical grounding for our method, and we customize it for our application to produce a novel method, which selects linear combinations that are step functions with a sparse number of steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People living with HIV-infection (PLWH) have higher prevalence and earlier onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared to uninfected populations. It is unclear how alcohol consumption is related to CVD among PLWH.Objectives: To summarize the current literature and strength of evidence regarding alcohol consumption as a risk factor for CVD among PLWH, to generate summary estimates for the effect of alcohol consumption on CVD outcomes, and to make recommendations for clinical practice and future research based on the findings and limitations of existing studies.Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Pubmed/Medline to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 1999 and 1 January 2014. After critical review of the literature, 13 studies were identified. Risk ratios were extracted or calculated and sample size weighted summary estimates were calculated.Results: The prevalence of a CVD diagnosis or event ranged from 5.7-24.0%. The weighted pooled crude effect sizes were 1.75 (95% CI 1.06, 3.17) for general and 1.78 (95% CI 1.09, 2.93) for heavy alcohol use on CVD. The pooled adjusted effect size was 1.37 (95% CI 1.02, 1.84) for heavy alcohol use on CVD. Pooled estimates differed by CVD outcome and alcohol measure; alcohol consumption was most significant for cerebral/ischemic events.Conclusion: HIV clinicians should consider risk factors that are not included in the traditional risk factor framework, particularly heavy alcohol consumption. Neglect of this risk factor may lead to underestimation of risk, and thus under-treatment among PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the association between symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and substance use among 932 people living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida. PLWH completed a 45-minute questionnaire assessing demographics, symptoms of GAD and depression, and use of substances including alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, crack/cocaine, and injection drugs. The GAD-7 measured symptoms of anxiety and participants were categorized as experiencing none/mild anxiety (score 0–9) or moderate/severe symptoms (score ≥10). Adjusted binary logistic regressions assessed the association between moderate-severe GAD symptoms and substance use while controlling for covariates, including depressive symptoms. Approximately one-third (31.4%) of the sample reported experiencing moderate/severe symptoms of GAD. After controlling for covariates, PLWH with moderate/severe symptoms of GAD had greater odds of reporting current cigarette use (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.18–2.45 p = 0.004), past 30-day hazardous alcohol consumption (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.04–2.16, p = 0.028), and past 12-month non-injection crack/cocaine use (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.13–2.69, p = 0.011) compared to PLWH reporting none/mild symptoms. Findings demonstrate that moderate/severe GAD symptoms were common among this sample of PLWH in Florida and were associated with use of cigarettes, crack/cocaine, and hazardous alcohol consumption. Future studies should explore interventions to reduce comorbid anxiety and substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Among people living with HIV (PLWH), alcohol use can have negative impacts beyond HIV-related outcomes. The objectives of this study are to identify the most common alcohol-related consequences among PLWH in Florida and describe factors associated with experiencing more alcohol-related consequences. Methods: Data were collected from PLWH in the Florida Cohort study who drank at least monthly in the past year (n=397). Self-reported consequences were assessed by the 15-item Short Inventory of Problems Revised (SIP-2R). Nonparametric tests and a generalized estimating equation model with inverse probability of exposure weighting were used to evaluate associations between the total SIP-2R score and socio-demographics, mental health, and substance use while controlling for alcohol use. Results: Over half (56%) endorsed at least one consequence and 29% endorsed 5 or more consequences. The most common consequences were doing something they regretted and taking foolish risks (both endorsed by 37% of participants), both in the impulse control domain. After controlling for alcohol use and other covariates, homelessness and injection drug use remained significantly associated with greater SIP-2R scores. Conclusion: PLWH who are experiencing homelessness or injecting drugs could benefit from receiving additional screening for alcohol-related consequences if they report any alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, Florida had the highest rate of new HIV infections and only 56% of persons living with HIV (PLWH) were virally suppressed. In response, we initiated a new HIV cohort in Florida to better understand issues affecting HIV health outcomes. This manuscript will describe the procedures of the Florida Cohort; summarize information regarding enrollment, follow-up, and findings to date; and discuss challenges and lessons learned during the establishment of a multisite cohort of PLWH. Florida Cohort participants were enrolled from eight clinics and community-based organizations geographically diverse counties across Florida. Data were obtained from participant questionnaires, medical records, and state surveillance data. From 2014–2018, 932 PLWH (44% ≥50 years, 64% male, 55% black, 20% Latinx) were enrolled. At baseline, 83% were retained in care and 75% were virally suppressed. Research findings to date have focused on outcomes such as the HIV care continuum, HIV-related comorbidities, alcohol and drug use, and mHealth interventions interest. Strengths included the diversity of the sample and the linkage of participant surveys with existing surveillance data. However, the study had several challenges during planning and follow-up. The lessons learned from this study can be helpful when initiating a new longitudinal cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, Florida ranked 2nd nationally in prevalence and incidence rates of HIV infections in the United States. Due to the high burden of HIV and low viral suppression in Florida, it is of increased importance to study methods of HIV prevention such as preexposure prophylaxis(PrEP) in this state. Our study aimed to examine correlates of PrEP awareness among PLWH in Florida and describe patterns of PrEP awareness/information sources. Using data collected from the Florida Cohort study between 2014 and 2018, 530 PLWH answered items that were hypothesized to be correlated with PrEP awareness. Of our sample, 53.8% were aware of PrEP. Urban location of recruitment, sexual partner's use of PrEP, use of viral suppression as an HIV prevention strategy, and engagement in transactional sex were all significantly associated with higher odds of PrEP awareness. Care providers and HIV/AIDS support groups were the most frequently listed sources of PrEP awareness, sources of future PrEP information, and most trusted sources for PrEP information. Findings from this study could inform future interventions that aim to increase PrEP awareness among PLWH to increase PrEP awareness and uptake among their HIV-negative social and sexual networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women living with HIV (WLWH) often report heavy alcohol use and may experience substantial alcohol-related problems, but it is unclear whether it is necessary to completely quit drinking to reduce such problems To assess whether complete reduction of alcohol use produced significantly greater improvement in alcohol-related problems than a partial reduction of alcohol use (reducing alcohol use to ≤7 or ≤14 drinks per week). We used data from a randomized clinical trial examining the effectiveness of Naltrexone in WLWH who reported heavy drinking (>7 drinks/week) at baseline. The primary outcome (alcohol-related problems) was measured using the Short Inventory of Problems. The primary predictor (drinking status: quit drinking, reduced drinking, continue heavy drinking) was measured using a 30-day timeline followback. The sample consisted of 163 WLWH (50% 50 years or older, 85% Black). WLWH who reported past violence had significantly greater mean SIP scores at baseline (19.9 vs. 10.5, p<.0001). Forty-eight percent of women quit drinking by 7 months and 28% reduced drinking to ≤7 drinks/week; these women had significant reduction in alcohol-related problems compared to those who continued heavy drinking (–8.2 and −4.8 vs. −0.8, p = 0.0003). Quitting and reducing drinking were also associated with statistically significant decreases among the physical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and social subscales of the SIP (p<.05), although a similar pattern, while not statistically significant, exists for the impulse control subscale. While completely quitting drinking produced the greatest improvement, reducing drinking to ≤14 drinks per week can significantly reduce alcohol-related problems in WLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased body mass index (BMI) and HIV are each associated with hypertension. This study tested interactions between BMI and detectable plasma viral load (pVL) on hypertension among 659 persons living with HIV (PLWH). All participants were categorized into four subgroups based on BMI (<25 and ≥25 kg/m2) and pVL (<200 and ≥200 copies/ml). Multiplicative interaction was assessed using logistic regression; addictive interaction was assessed using three measures: Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction (RERI), Attributable Proportion (AP), and Synergy index (S). Compared to the participants with normal BMI and undetectable pVL, those who had increased BMI with an undetectable pVL had an elevated risk of hypertension with OR [95%CI] = 1.80 [1.02, 3.20]; the risk was further increased for those who had increased BMI with detectable pVL with OR [95%CI] = 3.54 [1.71, 7.31]. The multiplicative interaction was significant (p = 0.01). Results from additive interaction indicated RERI [95%CI] =1.89 [0.76, 4.79] and AP [95%CI] = 0.64 [0.32, 0. 95]. The interaction effects of increased BMI and detectable pVL on hypertension on both multiplicative and additive scales suggested that PLWH with increased BMI and detectable pVL should be intensively managed and monitored for hypertension prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Antiretroviral therapy is affording longer lifespans for people living with HIV (PLWH), yet factors such as substance use play an increasing role in morbidity and mortality in this population. Though previous studies have examined substance use differences between age cohorts of PLWH, no study has examined the influence of birth cohort on current substance use patterns. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence of past 12-month self-reported substance use between four birth cohorts, <1970 (M age = 54.1), 1970s (M age = 41.5), 1980s (M age = 31.3 years old), and 1990s (M age = 23.2 years old) of PLWH in Florida. Methods: PLWH (N = 934) recruited from community health clinics in Florida completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographics, health status, and substance use. Multivariate logistic regressions utilizing the <1970 cohort as the referent group examined the relationship between birth cohort and substance use. Results: The 1980s cohort had significantly greater odds of marijuana use compared to the oldest cohort (<1970s), while the three younger cohorts (1970s, 1980s, and 1990s) evidenced a significantly greater odds of ecstasy use compared to the oldest group. Contrastingly, the three younger birth cohorts reported significantly less crack use than the oldest cohort, while the youngest group (1990s) also demonstrated an 80% reduction in injection drug use compared to the oldest group. Conclusion: The older cohort evidenced significantly greater crack and injection drug use, while the younger cohorts evidenced greater marijuana and ecstasy use. Therefore, it is important to develop age-specific substance use interventions among PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-term effects of marijuana on cognition, particularly in the context of HIV is not clear, as extant research shows mixed findings. Objective: To determine associations between current and cumulative exposure to marijuana and changes in cognitive processing speed and flexibility in 788 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 1,132 HIV-seronegative (HIV−) men followed for up to 17 years in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Results: Among HIV+ men only, current daily marijuana use compared to none-use, was significantly associated with a greater annual percentage decline in cognitive processing speed assessed with the Trail Making Test A (TMTA) (β=−0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.88, −0.03, p=0.03)] and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (β= −0.14, 95% CI: −0.28, −0.01, p=0.04). Further, monthly marijuana use was associated with greater annual percentage decline in cognitive flexibility assessed with the Trail Making Test B (TMTB) (β= −0.70, 95% CI: −1.34, −0.05; p=0.03] and cognitive processing speed (SDMT) (β= −0.21, 95% CI: −0.40, −0.01, p=0.03). Among the HIV− men only, each 5-marijuana use-years (equivalent to 5-years of daily marijuana use) was significantly associated with a 0.17 annual percentage decline in cognitive processing speed only (TMTA) (β= −0.18, 95% CI: −0.36, −0.01; p=0.04). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that marijuana use, particularly current use, may be associated with worse cognitive processing speed, but the magnitude of the estimates was not clinically meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use is common among persons living with HIV (PLWH). It is unclear how alcohol consumption changes over time and if these changes are associated with clinical profiles.Objective: We aimed to describe the association between longitudinal patterns of alcohol consumption and the clinical profiles of PLWH.Methods: Data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (n = 1123 women) and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (n = 597 men) from 2004 to 2013 were utilized. Group-based trajectory models were used to assess alcohol consumption patterns across 10 years. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify associations between clinical factors and alcohol consumption. All analyses were stratified by sex.Results: Four trajectories of alcohol use were identified in women and men (women: abstinent 38%, low: 25%, moderate: 30%, heavy: 7%; men: abstinent 16%, low: 69%, moderate: 9%, heavy: 5%). The Framingham Risk Score (women: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.09), years on ART (women: AOR 1.02, CI 1.00-1.05; men: AOR 1.05, CI 1.01-1.09), suboptimal ART adherence (men: AOR 1.23, CI 1.07-1.42), and unsuppressed viral load (women: AOR 1.82, CI 1.56-2.13; men: AOR 1.36, CI 1.17-1.58) were associated with increased odds for moderate drinking. The Framingham Risk Score (women: AOR 1.10, CI 1.07-1.14; men: AOR 1.12, CI 1.06-1.20), suboptimal adherence (women: AOR 1.25, CI 1.04-1.51), and unsuppressed viral load (women: AOR 1.78, CI 1.42-2.24) were associated with increased odds for heavy drinking.Conclusions: Clinicians should consider screening patients for alcohol consumption, particularly if patients have comorbid medical conditions, suboptimal antiretroviral adherence, and/or detectable viral load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the relationships among body mass index (BMI), and HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and the potential mediating effects of inflammatory cytokines. Among the HIV-infected individuals (N = 90) included in this study, obesity was associated with slower processing speed (? = ?.229, standard error (SE) = 2.15,p = .033), compared to participants with a normal BMI, after controlling for psychosocial and HIV clinical factors. Serum concentrations of the interleukin-16 (IL-16) cytokine were significantly associated with slowed processing speed (? = ?.235, SE = 1.62,p = .033) but did not mediate the relationship between obesity and processing speed These findings suggest that obesity may contribute to cognitive processing speed deficits in HIV-infected adults. Elevated concentrations of IL-16 are also associated with slowing, though the results suggest that obesity and IL-16 may exert independent effects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Marijuana use is common among persons living with HIV (PLWH), but studies on its effect on HIV clinical outcomes are limited.Objectives: We determined the association between marijuana use and HIV viral suppression among PLWH.Methods: Data came from five repeated cross-sections (2009-2013) of the Florida Medical Monitoring Project, a population-based sample of PLWH in Florida. Data were obtained via interview and medical record abstraction (MRA). Weighted logistic regression models were used to determine the association between marijuana use (past 12 months) and durable viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA value of ≤ 200 copies/milliliter in all measurements within the past 12 months).Results: Of the 1,902 PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy, completed an interview, and had a linked MRA, 20% reported marijuana use (13% less than daily and 7% daily use) and 73% achieved durable viral suppression. In multivariable analysis, marijuana use was not significantly associated with durable viral suppression in daily [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58, 1.33] or in less than daily [AOR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.37] users as compared to non-users when adjusting for sociodemographic factors, time since HIV diagnosis, depressive symptoms, alcohol, cigarette and other substance use.Conclusion: In this sample of PLWH receiving medical care in Florida, there was no statistically significant association between marijuana use and viral suppression. However, as the limits of the confidence intervals include effects that may be considered to be clinically important, there is a need for additional evidence from other samples and settings that include more marijuana users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]