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Artificial intelligence (AI) is not only disrupting industries and businesses, particularly the ones have fallen behind the adoption, but also significantly impacting public life as well. This calls for government authorities pay attention to public opinions and sentiments towards AI. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge on what the drivers behind the public perception of AI are. Bridging this gap is the rationale of this paper. As the methodological approach, the study conducts an online public perception survey with the residents of Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, and explores the collected survey data through statistical analysis. The analysis reveals that: (a) the public is concerned of AI invading their privacy, but not much concerned of AI becoming more intelligent than humans; (b) the public trusts AI in their lifestyle, but the trust is lower for companies and government deploying AI; (c) the public appreciates the benefits of AI in urban services and disaster management; (d) depending on the local context, public perceptions vary; and (e) the drivers behind the public perception include gender, age, AI knowledge, and AI experience. The findings inform authorities in developing policies to minimise public concerns and maximise AI awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the qualitative dimensions of stigma related to substance use for a sample of women experiencing homelessness in Brisbane, Australia. A secondary thematic analysis of ethnographic research data identified four key themes: (1) "Intersecting stigmas," including experiencing homelessness, mental and physical illness, as well as being a woman who uses drugs; (2) "Perceived stigma" examines the association between homelessness and substance use; (3) Women's experiences of multiple forms of "enacted stigma" related to substance use and homelessness, including violence, predation and victimization, discrimination, and police harassment; and (4) "Negotiating stigma" outlines techniques participants used to manage the stigma attached to substance use and homelessness, such as avoiding substance use themselves, avoiding other people who used drugs, and engaging with other social networks and activities. The paper argues that the framework of "intersectional stigma" can provide insight into the multiple stigmas negotiated by women experiencing homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents potential impacts of climate change on rainwater tanks outcomes such as water savings, reliability and water savings efficiency under two projected climate change scenarios; RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 utilising a case study using rainfall data from four stations within the city of Brisbane, Australia. Historical rainfall data were collected from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology website for the selected stations. Projected daily rainfall data were collected from Australian government data portal for the same stations within Brisbane. Using an earlier developed daily water balance model, eTank potential annual water savings were calculated for several weather and climate change scenarios with varied roof areas and rainwater demandValues of 'Seasonality Index (SI)', a commonly used factor representing rainfall variability within a year, were explored to validate earlier developed relationships between SI and water savings efficiency through rainwater tanks. It is found that in most cases water savings in future periods are expected to decrease and such decrease is not necessarily attributed to the expected decrease in rainfall amounts in future, rather also affected by future reductions in rainwater tank reliability. Linear relationships between potential future water savings and reliabilities for all the stations are found. Relationship between SI and water savings efficiency was established, and it is found that the relationship slightly varies with an earlier developed relationship using historical data. Compared to earlier established relationship, for lower SI values water savings efficiency is expected to become better, while for higher SI values the water savings efficiency is expected to become worse. Also, an increase of roof area from 100 m2 to 200 m2 will cause an average increase of water savings efficiency by 25% and an increase of rainwater usage from 200 L/day to 300 L/day will cause an average increase of water savings efficiency by 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Truancy in adolescence is related to detrimental developmental outcomes over the life-course, including a greater risk for delinquency during adolescence and offending in adulthood. This paper presents results from the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP): a Third Party Policing partnership between schools and police that sought to disrupt the relationship between truancy and delinquency by communicating, in a procedurally fair dialogue, the legal responsibilities of parents to ensure their children attend school. This paper examines the impact of ASEP on antisocial behavior and the modifying effects of ASEP on the relationship between willingness to go to school and antisocial behavior. Methods: ASEP was evaluated under randomized field trial conditions, where 102 truanting young people from a highly disadvantaged urban area in Brisbane, Australia, were randomly assigned to either the ASEP intervention or the business-as-usual condition. Results: Utilizing four waves of survey data collected over a 2-year time period, we found evidence that ASEP was related to decreases in self-reported antisocial behavior throughout the 2 years study. We also find that ASEP lessened the negative relationship between willingness to go to school and self-reported antisocial behavior for those in the experimental condition up to 1 year post random allocation. Conclusions: Partnerships between schools and police that communicate, in a procedurally fair way, parental legal responsibilities for their children to attend school holds promise for increasing a truanting young person's willingness to go to school and reducing their self-reported antisocial behaviour, at least in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great number of urban residents uses public transit network to travel and reach their destination. While the public transit network could perform as a valuable medium for advertising purposes, the share of transit advertising in annual advertising spending is low due to the lack of passengers' profiles. This paper proposes a targeted advertising model in the public transit network regarding the extracted passengers' profiles from smart card data. The model exposes advertisements to groups of passengers in the public transit network regarding their activities and trips. A targeted group includes passengers with similar activities (considering type, location, and time of the activity) and trips (considering spatial and temporal dimensions of the trip). An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method is used to discover activity-trip groups of passengers according to the defined activity and trip similarity measures. An optimization problem is formulated to allocate advertisements to all activity-trip groups aiming at maximizing the coverage and minimizing the cost of the advertisements. Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic-II (NSGA-II) algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. One-day smart card dataset from Brisbane, Australia is used to implement the model and examine the outcomes. Results show that at different cost intervals, solutions with high coverage can be applied to the network targeting all the activity-trip groups of passengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Ecological design used for stormwater management—referred to as Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)—exemplifies how urban environments can benefit from mimicking natural processes to create multifunctional urban spaces. However, for WSUD to be successfully adopted, it must respond to community landscape perceptions and incorporate their preferences into the designs. Objectives: This paper investigates whether members of a local community form mental models of how broader urban systems work and whether these inform how specific WSUD landscapes are perceived. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with residents near a stormwater wetland in Brisbane, Australia, provided data to elicit mental models of the wetland and higher-order schemata of urban systems of which it is seen to be a part. Results: Interviewees perceived the wetland through the lens of four mental models: animal haven, generic water infrastructure, multi-user community space, and pressure valve for urban consolidation. Schemata of broader urban systems manifested in the mental models of the wetland itself. The experience of Millennium Drought, perceived ecosystem demise and urban consolidation policies were important influences. Conclusions: This research contributes to the understanding of cultural sustainability of ecological design. The results suggest that public acceptance of WSUD and ecological design may benefit from (1) site design that shows effort to tackle priority concerns of the local community, and (2) addressing elements of the understanding of broader urban systems that contradict messages about the site. More broadly, the study demonstrates the importance of context for landscape perception research and offers a method to explore it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing evidence of transmigrants' political activism, empirical research is still in its infancy. This paper examined how migrants' political agency was constructed by their emotions, identities and transnational contexts. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with 11 Korean migrants who were residing in Brisbane, the third largest city of Australia, and engaging in home-country politics through self-organized activities. The study found that participants developed a human rights frame to suit their identities and contexts and in turn, the frame shaped their identities and political agency around human rights. The concepts of 'framing' and 'small group development' assisted in understanding interview participants' experiences of negotiating differences in conceptualization and strategization of social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles in this section of the present issue of I Journal of Comparative Physiology i I A i are from speakers at the 2nd Presidential Symposium of the Congress of the International Society for Neuroethology in Brisbane in June 2018. Understanding behavior is critical to understanding neuroscience in the context that behavior is the ultimate phenotype, the final read-out of the nervous system, and a primary target of evolution. For the uninitiated, behavior seems simple - however B , b modern techniques for studying behavior have shown us that the majority of behaviors have many, many degrees of freedom, and that a single behavior can serve multiple functions. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: Cross-sectional studies consistently find that neighborhoods with higher levels of collective efficacy experience fewer social problems. Particularly robust is the relationship between collective efficacy and violent crime, which holds regardless of the socio-structural conditions of neighborhoods. Yet due to the limited availability of neighborhood panel data, the temporal relationship between neighborhood structure, collective efficacy and crime is less well understood. Methods: In this paper, we provide an empirical test of the collective efficacy-crime association over time by bringing together multiple waves of survey and census data and counts of violent crime incident data collected across 148 neighborhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Utilizing three different longitudinal models that make different assumptions about the temporal nature of these relationships, we examine the reciprocal relationships between neighborhood features and collective efficacy with violent crime. We also consider the spatial embeddedness of these neighborhood characteristics and their association with collective efficacy and the concentration of violence longitudinally. Results: Notably, our findings reveal no direct relationship between collective efficacy and violent crime over time. However, we find a strong reciprocal relationship between collective efficacy and disadvantage and between disadvantage and violence, indicating an indirect relationship between collective efficacy and violence. Conclusions: The null direct effects for collective efficacy on crime in a longitudinal design suggest that this relationship may not be as straightforward as presumed in the literature. More longitudinal research is needed to understand the dynamics of disadvantage, collective efficacy, and violence in neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine human bocavirus-1 (HBoV1) infection characteristics in young Australian children. Data were from the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) study, a Brisbane, Australia–based birth cohort of healthy, term, newborns followed prospectively for 2 years. Parents recorded daily symptoms, maintained an illness-burden diary, and collected weekly nasal swabs, which were tested for 17 respiratory viruses, including HBoV1, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Main outcomes measured were infection incidence, risk factors, symptoms, and healthcare use. One hundred fifty-eight children in the ORChID cohort provided 11,126 weekly swabs, of which 157 swabs were HBoV1 positive involving 107 incident episodes. Co-detections were observed in 65/157 (41.4%) HBoV1-positive swabs (or 41/107 [38.3%] infection episodes), principally with rhinovirus. Shedding duration was 1 week in 64.5% of episodes. The incidence of HBoV1 infections in the first 2 years of life was 0.58 episodes per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.71), including 0.38 episodes per child-year (95% CI 0.30–0.49) associated with respiratory symptoms. Recurrent episodes occurred in 18/87 (20.7%) children following their primary infection. In the first 2 years of life, incidence of HBoV1 episodes increased with age, during winter and with childcare attendance. Overall, 64.2% of HBoV1 episodes were symptomatic, with 26.4% having healthcare contact. Viral load estimates were higher when children were symptomatic than when asymptomatic (mean difference = 3.4; 95% CI 1.0–5.7 PCR cycle threshold units). After age 6 months, HBoV1 is detected frequently in the first 2 years of life, especially during winter. Symptoms are usually mild and associated with higher viral loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, decadal prediction has been paid much attention for its potential applications in agriculture, hydrology and for assessing the climate impact on the various aspects of human life. Though the fidelity of decadal prediction specifically the hindcasts experiments through Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) has been examined for many climate variables and at different temporal and spatial scales, the drift in CMIP5 decadal precipitation at a local scale remains unknown. Drift is the long-term time varying systematic bias generated by GCMs while they revert to their equilibrium state from the forced initialized state. This study used seven general circulation models (GCMs) from five different modelling groups to examine the drift in monthly and seasonal mean precipitation from the CMIP5 decadal hindcasts for Brisbane river catchment, Australia. Drifts of individual model's ensemble mean and multi-model ensembles' mean (MMEM) at monthly and seasonal time scales were quantified and examined using four different skill tests. Results revealed that the magnitude of drifts are higher in monthly precipitation than the seasonal mean precipitation. Next, the drift in hindcast precipitation was corrected using mean drift correction method and found that the mean drift correction method is not sufficient to alleviate the drift in CMIP5 decadal precipitation. This suggests further research for an appropriate drift correction method for decadal precipitation. Comparing the drift and skill test results over the entire catchment, this study finds, MMEM showing the lowest drifts and outperformed in all models in skill tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a quantitative assessment of the willingness to pay to avoid water use restrictions taking into account psychological, attitudinal and behavioural influences. We analyse determinants of households' willingness to pay to ensure a continuous water supply in Brisbane, Australia. The results show that in addition to socio-economic variables, attitudinal and behavioural factors—including values, norms, and beliefs—influence residents' valuation. They also underscore the importance of accounting for socio-economic variables and pertinent psychological and behavioural aspects when implementing policies to manage and conserve urban water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redevelopment of a football stadium in Brisbane, Australia provided the opportunity to archaeologically salvage the remains of 397 colonial inhabitants from a cemetery that was in use between 1843 and 1875. No burial registers survived and DNA testing of the remains failed. One person, Eliza Coffey, who burned to death in 1863, has been identified through the forensic analysis of a small piece of textile found in the coffin and extensive archival research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Set in Brisbane–Australia's third city—this study solicits the views of residents regarding the preservation of the iconic Queenslander houses (late nineteenth century–early twentieth century). Through in-depth interviews with twenty participants, we sought to determine whether owner-occupiers of Queenslanders value this heritage and why, whether they are engaged in its protection, and if so, what their motivations are. We found that Queenslanders are valued on multiple levels: as placemaking features, as aesthetic pleasure, and as climatic comfort. While maintaining an older home involves a substantial amount of time and money—available mostly to the middle-class and middle-aged groups—this is viewed as fair considering the benefits of living in a Queenslander. Residents believe that the local government can and should do more to protect what is left of the historical housing stock. However, one portion of the public only cares to preserve the outer shells of heritage homes while extensively renovating and modernising interiors. A concern for heritage is sometimes used as a screen for NIMBYism. As a growing city, Brisbane needs to navigate a fine line between increasing the supply of apartment units and preserving the character of local neighbourhoods, which traditionally have been single-family only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is a serious condition whose risk factors remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of oral health and of dental treatment in the development of MRONJ. Materials and methods: A case-control study was conducted in Brisbane, Australia. Hospital records were used to identify incident cases of MRONJ between January 2010 and March 2017. Cases were individually matched to up to 3 controls according to age, sex, primary disease, and type of antiresorptive therapy. Demographic data, medical histories and public dental records were collected. Associations between oral health, dental treatment, and MRONJ were investigated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Overall, 44 cases were identified and matched to 115 controls (total sample = 159). Only one-third of patients received a dental examination in the year prior to commencing antiresorptive therapy (27% of cases and 34% of controls). After adjusting for potentially confounding variables, non-surgical dental treatment (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.1, 19.1; p < 0.001) and dental extractions (OR = 8.0; 95% CI = 3.0, 21.0, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with development of MRONJ. Conclusions: Current levels of preventative dental care are insufficient to eliminate the need for dental treatment and extractions during antiresorptive therapy, and the consequent increase in risk of MRONJ. Clinical relevance: Optimizing the health of the oral cavity and ongoing preventative dental care must be a priority for patients prior to the initiation of antiresorptive medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is important that guidelines and criteria used to prioritise access to bariatric surgery are informed by the values of the tax-paying public in combination with the expertise of healthcare professionals. Citizens’ juries are increasingly used around the world to engage the public in healthcare decision-making. This study investigated citizens’ juries about prioritising patient access to bariatric surgery in two Australian cities.Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine public priorities for government expenditure on the surgical management of obesity developed through either a one or three-day citizen jury.Subjects/Methods: A three-day jury was held in Brisbane and a one-day jury in Adelaide. Jurors were selected in Brisbane (n = 18) and in Adelaide (n = 12) according to pre-specified criteria. Expert witnesses from various medical disciplines and consumers were cross-examined by jurors.Results: The verdicts of the juries were similar in that both juries agreed bariatric surgery was an important option in the management of obesity and related comorbidities. Recommendations about who should receive treatment differed slightly across the juries. Both juries rejected the use of age as a rationing tool, but managed their objections in different ways. Participants’ experiences of the jury process were positive, but our observations suggested that many variables may influence the nature of the final verdict.Conclusions: Citizen’s juries, even when shorter in duration, can be an effective tool to guide the development of health policy and priorities. However, our study has identified a range of variables that should be considered when designing and running a jury and when interpreting the verdict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brisbane is Australia's third largest city, and capital of the state of Queensland. It has a sprawling urban footprint and impending connections to neighbouring metropolises, said to create a '200 km city'. The governing body of Brisbane controls the largest municipality in Australia, with unrivalled opportunity to influence both urban planning and marketing for the CBD and suburbs. Brisbane is home to over one million people, and its population has grown rapidly over the past decades, doubling in the past 40 years. Brisbane represents the quintessential city with an emerging quest for urbanity, both in brand and physical form. The relationships between the city's urban planning and its branding is not well examined, despite clear entanglement between these two strategies. We use a case-study analysis of both Brisbane City (which is glossed as the Central Business District) and an outer-suburban area, Inala, to interrogate how urban identities and brand are being constructed in relation to their social settings and governance, with particular reference to the importance of city branding and its relationship to planning strategies. The manifestation of branding and relationship to place qualities at the core and on the periphery of Brisbane are examined, with relevance for other rapidly growing, ambitious cities. The focus of Brisbane's push for urbanity is on the city centre, and is not representative of the typical suburban condition, nor of many cities dominated by suburban forms. An analysis of place brand, planning strategies and resident's responses to place, from planning, architectural and anthropological perspectives are offered, as an alternative reading of place brand from the marketing dominated approach usually favoured in branding analysis. We make recommendations to incorporate a more complete version of place in the construction of a 'genuine' urbanity. We argue that the recognition of resident-centred place identity in place branding will produce more socially sustainable places, as well as more authentic city brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Container-inhabiting mosquitoes such as Aedes notoscriptus, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus are potential vectors of a number of arboviruses of significance to human health and domestic animals. To assess the risk of mosquito-borne viruses, residential properties were surveyed for mosquito larvae within the Brisbane area during 2010-2012. A two-stage modeling approach was used to model both the presence/absence of Ae. notoscriptus larvae and abundance of larvae when present. Results indicate the total number of wet containers found on a property is the main driving factor of both presence/absence and abundance of Ae. notoscriptus larvae. The generalized additive modeling approach used indicates more standard logistic regression and odds ratios may overestimate the importance of common covariates. The two-stage modeling also potentially allows for predictions of Ae. notoscriptus abundance and common risk indices that are not possible using traditional logistic regression. Factors influencing the number of wet containers are explored with a view toward risk mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the association between urban form and walking for transport in Brisbane, Australia based on both panel and cross-sectional data. Cross-sectional data are used to determine whether urban form was associated with walking for transport in 2011. Panel data are used to evaluate whether changes in the built environment altered walking behaviour between 2009 and 2011. Results from the cross-sectional data suggest that individuals are significantly more likely to be walkers if they live in an area with a well-connected street network and an accessible train station. The longitudinal analysis confirms these relationships; there also was however, a significant impact of travel attitudes and perceptions on walking behaviour. The findings suggest that the built environment continues to be an important factor to encourage walking; however, interventions are also required to change social norms in order to increase the receptiveness for and participation in walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An objective index for flood monitoring is pragmatic tool for flood early warning systems. This study investigates a novel Flood Index ( I) based on Effective Precipitation ( P) for quantifying floods in Brisbane and Lockyer Valley. Using daily precipitation ( P) data as an input, the I was determined by calculating P using exponentially-decaying time-reduction function considering gradual depletion of water resources over the passage of time and comparing and normalizing the P per day with the means and standard deviations of yearly maximums in the hydrological period. Start of flood was identified for I ≥0, severity ( I) assessed by running-sum on consecutively positive I, duration ( D) as number of days with positive I and peak danger ( I) as maximum I. The ability of I for flood warning was verified with river height and discharge rates. The most severe flood was recoded in January 1974 in Brisbane ( I =118, I =4.4, D = 104 days) with return period ( T) =106.2 years. Next was the December 2010-January 2011 event ( I =61.8 , I =2.6, D = 89 days) with T = 53 years. For Lockyer Valley, December 2010-January 2011 was the most severe ( T = 104.4 years). Consequently, we advocate the practicality of the daily I for flood risk assessments where severity, peak danger, duration or return periods are to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]