Search

In 2022 and 2023, Medtronic recalled implantable defibrillators because they may deliver less than full-energy shocks. The 2022 problem truncates the second phase of the waveform (SCP-T2), resulting in ∼32-J shocks, and is mitigated by downloadable software. The 2023 malfunction truncates the first phase of the waveform, resulting in 0- to 12-J shocks due to a glassed feedthrough problem (GFT-T1) that might be avoided by programming B>AX shock polarity. The purpose of this study was to assess the consequences of GFT-T1 and SCP-T2 shocks in the Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturers and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database and to estimate the incidences of GFT-T1 and SCP-T2. We analyzed MAUDE reports supplemented by Medtronic data; lead failures were excluded. The incidences of SCP-T2 and GFT-T1 were estimated using USA volumes for devices with glassed feedthroughs. One hundred thirty-two devices delivered truncated shocks: 27 (20.5%) were GFT-T1; 103 (78.0%) were SCP-T2; and 2 (1.5%) truncated both phases (BOTH-T1&2). Of 54 ventricular fibrillation (VF) patients, 21 (38.9%) were not defibrillated by truncated shocks: 8 (38.1%) received GFT-T1 shocks, 12 (57.1%) received SCP-T2 shocks, and 1 received a BOTH-T1&2 shock; 2 patients suffered unrelated deaths; 1 was externally rescued; 1 outcome was unknown; the others were defibrillated by subsequent shocks or terminated spontaneously. The majority of patients (79.1%) shocked for ventricular tachycardia (VT) were converted, primarily (94.1%) by SCP-T2 shocks. Estimated incidences of GFT-T1 and SCP-T2 were 0.0078%–0.0088% and 0.1062%–0.1110%. GFT-T1 and SCP-T2 shocks can result in failure to terminate VF/VT, but they may be preventable. Although the incidences of these truncated shocks are very low, heightened surveillance is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to assess the knowledge of patients following their first seizure or blackout of unknown cause. We aimed to compare the advice our cohort of patients recalled against that suggested in the current literature. 5 % of the population will experience a non- febrile seizure in their lifetime. Education and advice for the patient and their family is an important aspect of their care. After reviewing the recommended guidelines from both the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, a questionnaire was developed. From 1st May 2020 to 1st September 2022, a questionnaire was given to eligible patients attending St. James's Hospital for an electroencephalogram (EEG) following their first possible seizure or blackout of unknown cause. The patients were provided with a list of topics and were asked to select which, if any, were discussed with them. A total of 50 eligible adults participated in the study. Driving was the topic most frequently recalled as having been discussed at 66 % followed by family education. It has been recognised that patients remember as little as a fifth of information initially discussed, failing to recall 40–80 % of content within medical encounters and our study supports this. This highlights the need to review the information delivered and how this is achieved as well as using new methods to help increase the retention of this vital information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2021, HVAD System distribution ceased due to observational data demonstrating increased mortality and neurological events compared to another commercial device, and a device malfunction with delay or failure to restart, especially in certain subpopulations. To assess ongoing risk for patients on support following subsequent device recalls, the manufacturer's Intermacs HVAD System 2022 Quarterly Reports were queried to identify mortality and adverse events trends in a contemporary cohort of 3110 primary HVAD implantations since October 2017, stratified by year-of-implant. Mean duration of support was 21 ± 16 months, with 33% alive on original device, 25% transplanted, 6% undergoing device exchange, 4% recovered, and 32% expired. Kaplan–Meier and event-per-patient-year estimates for survival, freedom from device explant, stroke, and pump thrombus were similar across year-of-implant. Following market withdrawal and recent device recalls, there appears to be no increase in mortality, stroke, pump thrombus, or explant for HVAD-supported patients. Quarterly report monitoring is ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthopaedic devices comprise nearly 20% of devices on the market and 12% to 20% of these devices undergo a recall within 10 years. More than 95% of these devices are approved without supporting clinical data through the Food and Drug Administration's 510(k) pathway. The risk of recall of orthopaedic arthroplasty devices approved through the 510(k) pathway has not been previously studied. The FDA 510(k) database was queried for orthopaedic devices approved between January 01, 2008 and December 31, 2018 and subsequently codified to hip and knee arthroplasty devices using product codes. The database included 904 arthroplasty devices during the study period, with hip and knee making up 53.7% (485) and 46.3% (419) of devices, respectively. Information regarding numbers, dates, and reasons for recall were recorded. Cumulative incidence function was conducted to compare the risk of recall between hip and knee arthroplasty. In total, 94 (19.4%) hip and 85 (20.3%) knee devices were recalled. The hazard of recall by 10 years for hip and knee arthroplasty devices was approximately 24%, with no statistical differences between each region. The most common causes of recall were process control and device design, accounting for 29.6% and 26.3% of recalls, respectively, with no significant difference between study groups. The risk of recall for arthroplasty devices is more than that previously understood. Improved postmarket surveillance strategies along with increased physician participation in detecting and reporting device safety issues are necessary to strengthen patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug recalls may impact treatment plans or access to suitable therapies. Thus, they inadvertently affect treatment outcomes. We aimed to examine the impact of recalls on patients' safety using pantoprazole-containing products recall as a case study in terms of the occurrence of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs). This retrospective study used de-identified electronic health records of adult patients who had a prescription for oral proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) including pantoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, or omeprazole from April 2020 through September 2021 from a large tertiary care hospital. The study outcome definition was the prevalence of pDDIs in PPIs users before and after the recall date (March 2021). Changes in the prevalence of pDDIs were modeled using interrupted time-series. The rate ratio of pDDIs in the 12 months before and 6 months after the recall was modeled using negative binomial regression. A total of 1,826 pDDIs were identified, and the median monthly prevalence of pDDI before the recall was 102.5 which increased to 115.5 after the recall. A change in the level of pDDIs occurred immediately after the recall date, followed by a gradual decrease over time. The rate of pDDIs was 69% higher after the recall compared to the baseline (rate ratio 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.75–1.91). Recall of pantoprazole-containing products was associated with a higher rate of pDDIs. However, the prevalence of pDDIs gradually decreased over time. We highlight the importance of planning of recall process and coordinating all potential stakeholders to avoid potential harms. Word count: 1450. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Orthopaedic trauma patient recall of basic elements of injury and treatment course is poor, and likely impacts adherence to the postoperative care plan. • Overall, only 64% of questions regarding details of injury and treatment recommendations were answered correctly. • Only 66% of patients reported adherence to weightbearing and DVT prophylaxis recommendations. Orthopedic trauma patients may have poor recall of their injuries and treatment. This may lead to poor adherence to instructions. The purposes of this project were to quantify recall about injury and treatment information, and to assess adherence to postoperative instructions and satisfaction with care. A prospective cohort of 110 consecutive adult orthopaedic trauma patients treated for acute injury at a Level 1 trauma center were included. All had undergone surgical treatment of fractures of the pelvis or lower extremity. A brief survey to assess patient recall about injury and treatment knowledge, adherence to weightbearing and DVT recommendations and to evaluate patient satisfaction was administered during the first post-hospital clinic visit. Patients correctly answered 64% of recall-oriented questions. 82% and 83% of patients, respectively, reported adherence to their weightbearing restrictions and their DVT prophylaxis regimen, while 66% of patients reported adherence to both. Forty-two percent of non-adherent patients could not remember their weightbearing restrictions, while 78% of non-adherent patients could not remember their DVT prophylaxis regimen. Average patient satisfaction was 4.3 (range 1–5), with 15% of patients indicating neutral sentiment or dissatisfaction with their care. Orthopaedic trauma patients have poor recall, which likely reduces postoperative adherence and may impair patient satisfaction. A postoperative educational protocol focused on improving patient recall may be useful. Level of Evidence: Level 4, prognostic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object recognition memory (ORM) allows identification of previously encountered items and is therefore crucial for remembering episodic information. In rodents, reactivation during recall in the presence of a novel object destabilizes ORM and initiates a Zif268 and protein synthesis-dependent reconsolidation process in the hippocampus that links the memory of this object to the reactivated recognition trace. Hippocampal NMDA receptors (NMDARs) modulate Zif268 expression and protein synthesis and regulate memory stability but their possible involvement in the ORM destabilization/reconsolidation cycle has yet to be analyzed in detail. We found that, in adult male Wistar rats, intra dorsal-CA1 administration of the non-subunit selective NMDAR antagonist AP5, or of the GluN2A subunit-containing NMDAR antagonist TCN201, 5 min after an ORM reactivation session in the presence of a novel object carried out 24 h post-training impaired retention 24 h later. In contrast, pre-reactivation administration of the GluN2B subunit-containing NMDAR antagonist RO25–6981 had no effect on ORM recall or retention but impeded the amnesia caused by Zif268 silencing and protein synthesis inhibition in dorsal CA1. Our results indicate that GluN2B-containing hippocampal NMDARs are necessary for ORM destabilization whereas GluN2A-containing NMDARs are involved in ORM reconsolidation, and suggest that modulation of the relative activity of these receptor subtypes during recall regulates ORM persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soft variants of precision and recall introduced. • Set notation with soft cardinality is applied. • Application 1: evaluation of keyword extraction. • Application 2: evaluation of segmentation result. Precision and recall are classical measures used in machine learning. However, they are based on exact matching. This results in binary classification where the predicted item is either a true or false positive despite inexact matching is often preferred in pattern recognition. To address this problem, we introduce soft variants of precision and recall based on application-specific similarity measure. 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected consciousness, assessed by response to command, occurs in at least 5% of general anaesthetic procedures and perhaps more often in young people. Our primary objective was to establish the incidence of connected consciousness after tracheal intubation in young people aged 18–40 yr. The secondary objectives were to assess the nature of these responses, identify relevant risk factors, and determine their relationship to postoperative outcomes. This was an international, multicentre prospective cohort study using the isolated forearm technique to assess connected consciousness shortly after tracheal intubation. Of 344 enrolled subjects, 338 completed the study (mean age, 30 [standard deviation, 6.3] yr; 232 [69%] female). Responses after intubation occurred in 37/338 subjects (11%). Females (13%, 31/232) responded more often than males (6%, 6/106). In logistic regression, the risk of responsiveness was increased with female sex (odds ratio [OR adjusted ]=2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–7.6; P =0.022) and was decreased with continuous anaesthesia before laryngoscopy (OR adjusted =0.43; 95% CI, 0.20–0.96; P =0.041). Responses were more likely to occur after a command to respond (and not to nonsense, 13 subjects) than after a nonsense statement (and not to command, four subjects, P =0.049). Connected consciousness occured after intubation in 11% of young adults, with females at increased risk. Continuous exposure to anaesthesia between induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation should be considered to reduce the incidence of connected consciousness. Further research is required to understand sex-related differences in the risk of connected consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive or inappropriate fear responses can lead to anxiety-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies have shown that microglial activation occurs after fear conditioning and that microglial inhibition impacts fear memory. However, the role of microglia in fear memory recall remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the activated profiles of microglia after the recall of remote-cued fear memory and the role of activated microglia in the extinction of remote-cued fear in adult male C57BL/6 mice. The results revealed that the expression of the microglia marker Iba1 increased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) at 10 min and 1 h following remote-cued fear recall, which was accompanied by amoeboid morphology. Inhibiting microglial activation through PLX3397 treatment before remote fear recall did not affect recall, reconsolidation, or regular extinction but facilitated recall-extinction and mitigated spontaneous recovery. Moreover, our results demonstrated reduced co-expression of Iba1 and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the mPFC, along with decreases in the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio, p-Akt/Akt ratio, and KLF4 expression after PLX3397 treatment. Our results suggest that microglial activation after remote fear recall impedes fear extinction through the pruning of synapses in the mPFC, accompanied by alterations in the expression of the PI3K/AKT/KLF4 pathway. This finding can help elucidate the mechanism involved in remote fear extinction, contributing to the theoretical foundation for the intervention and treatment of PTSD. • The expression of the microglia marker Iba1 increased in the mPFC following remote-cued fear recall. • Microglial inhibition before remote fear recall facilitated recall-extinction and mitigated spontaneous recovery. • PLX3397 treatment reduced co-expression of Iba1 and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the mPFC. PLX3397 treatment decreased the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio, p-Akt/Akt ratio and KLF4 expression in the mPFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we tested whether processing information in the context of an ancestral survival scenario enhances episodic memory performance in older adults and in stroke patients. In an online study (Experiment 1), healthy young and older adults rated words according to their relevance to an ancestral survival scenario, and subsequent free recall performance was compared to a pleasantness judgment task and a moving scenario task in a within-subject design. The typical survival processing effect was replicated: Recall rates were highest in the survival task, followed by the moving and the pleasantness judgment task. Although older adults showed overall lower recall rates, there was no evidence for differences between the age groups in the condition effects. Experiment 2 was conducted in a neurological rehabilitation clinic with a sample of patients who had suffered from a stroke within the past 5 months. On the group level, Experiment 2 revealed no significant difference in recall rates between the three conditions. However, when accounting for overall memory abilities and executive function, independently measured in standardized neuropsychological tests, patients showed a significant survival processing effect. Furthermore, only patients with high executive function scores benefitted from the scenario tasks, suggesting that intact executive function may be necessary for a mnemonic benefit. Taken together, our results support the idea that the survival processing task – a well-studied task in the field of experimental psychology – may be incorporated into a strategy to compensate for memory dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting students' academic performance is of paramount importance to educational institutions. If students' academic performance is predicted course-wise, semester-wise and year-wise then it will be helpful for students to a great extent. In this research article, we generate twenty nine dataset with the help of students' result analysis. Datasets 1 to 9 is the datasets of students' result in first attempt while datasets 10 to 19 represent datasets of students after passing all courses of semesters and datasets 20 to 29 is overall dataset of students' result analysis. To predict the course-wise, semester-wise and year-wise performance of students, we developed a framework titled as E CSY APPS (E ducational C ourse S emester Y ear-wise A cademic P erformance Prediction S ystem) based on classification techniques and designed algorithm for analyzing students' performance in education sector. This E CSY APPS predicts the course-wise, semester-wise and year-wise grade of students. Fifteen classification algorithms such as Logistic Regression (LR), Naive Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Linear Support Vector Classification (LSVC), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Gradient Boosting (GB), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Bagging, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Stochastic Gradient Descent Classifier (SGDC) are selected and applied on 29 datasets and compared on basis of performance parameters such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). These fifteen classification algorithms are under ten classifiers such as Linear Model, Naive Bayes, Tree, Support Vector Machine, Nearest Neighbors, Ensemble, xgboost, lightgbm, Discriminant Analysis and catboost. If the accuracy of two more classification algorithms for a dataset is same then in that case Precision, Recall, F1-score and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) are compared for deciding the best classification algorithm for the dataset. In this way, best classification algorithm is selected for each of 29 datasets. It is found that classifiers xgboost works best for eleven datasets while ensemble techniques Gradient Boosting and AdaBoost work best for two datasets and six datasets respectively among 29 datasets. Other classification algorithms such as Decision Tree, LightGBM, LDA, and KNN are noted to be best classification algorithm for two, four, three, and two datasets respectively. This framework is tested on new eight datasets related to students' result two methods such as K-Fold Cross-validation and Train-Validation-Test method. The results of this framework on new datasets shows that accuracy obtained on test dataset or validation dataset as compared to the accuracy obtained on old dataset is less than 6%. This framework will be helpful for students as well instructor. For students, it will help them to improve the performance of difficult courses from students'point of view in the examination while faculty can use this framework to improve pedagogical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the etiology and correct diagnoses for long-standing orofacial pain can be very challenging, especially in patients who have both odontogenic and nonodontogenic pain. This case report describes the successful management of a complex case of chronic orofacial pain in a patient with nonodontogenic chronic pain conditions and a maxillary molar tooth with persistent periapical pathology after endodontic treatment. The debilitating orofacial pain began after initial nonsurgical root canal treatment of the maxillary molar 3 years before presenting to our clinic. The initial clinical and radiographic assessment by our multidisciplinary team found that there were potentially both peripheral endodontic pathology and central pain mechanisms contributing to the long-standing pain. The diagnosis was shared with the patient's neurologist, who prescribed gabapentin, a centrally acting analgesic, and partial pain reduction was achieved. The odontogenic component of the orofacial pain was then addressed, by treating the persistent periapical infection and buccal bone fenestration of the roots of the maxillary molar. Treatments included both nonsurgical retreatment and surgical endodontic therapy (including root resection, root-end preparation, and retrofilling), and each significantly improved the patient's ongoing orofacial pain. After the successful endodontic treatments, the patient reported minimal pain and normal oral function. The case report highlights the importance of systematically treating endodontic pathology in a patient with long-standing orofacial pain, with both odontogenic and nonodontogenic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We do not memorize items in our surroundings with equal priority. Previous literature has widely shown that emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral stimuli. However, given emotional stimuli and neutral stimuli often differ in both valence and arousal dimensions, it remains unclear whether the enhancement effects can be attributed to valence, or just to arousal. Importantly, most prior studies relied on a relatively small number of stimuli and non-emotional factors such as word length, imageability and other confounds were hard to control. To address these challenges, we analyzed multiple large databases of recognition memory and free recall tasks from previous research by items with many lexical and semantic covariates included, examining the effects of valence or arousal when controlling for each other. Our results showed a U-shaped relationship between valence and memory performance for both recognition and free recall, and a linear relationship between arousal and memory performance for both tasks. These findings showed that the memory enhancement effects can be attributed to both valence and arousal. We demonstrated these effects with generalizability across many stimuli and controlled for non-emotional factors. Together, these findings disentangle the contribution of valence and arousal in emotional memory enhancement effects and provide insights for current major theories of emotional memory. • Emotional memory enhancement can be attributed to both valence and arousal. • Valence influenced memory quadratically. • Arousal influenced memory linearly. • These effects are generalizable across stimuli and not caused by non-emotional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of osteoarthritis of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is 1 in 40 people over the age of 50. Surgical treatment options for MTPJ arthritis include joint preservation, joint resurfacing, and arthrodesis. Hallux MTPJ implants have evolved over the past several decades, but are associated with various complications. The aim of this study was to examine the MAUDE database to determine reported adverse events for hallux MTPJ implants.Materials and Methods: The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database was reviewed from 2010 to 2018 to review voluntary reported adverse event reports for approved implants within the United States. We recorded the type of adverse event and excluded duplicate reports and those extracted from already published literature.Results: Among 64 reported hallux MTPJ implant adverse events, the most common modes of adverse events were component loosening (34%), infection (14.1%), component fracture (9.4%), inflammation (9.4%), and allergic reaction (7.8%). Regarding implant type, Cartiva SCI had the highest percentage of adverse events (23.4%), followed by Arthrosurface ToeMotion (20.3%), Ascension MGT (12.5%), Arthrosurface HemiCAP® (10.9%), Futura primus (9.4%), and Osteomed Reflexion (6.3%). There was an increase in reported adverse events after 2016. The MAUDE database does not report the total incidence of implant insertion.Conclusion: Our study of the MAUDE database demonstrated that component loosening and infection are the most common modes of adverse events for hallux MTPJ implants. Cartiva accounted for one-fourth of the implant-related adverse events during our study period, followed by ToeMotion, and Ascension MGT implants. Continued reporting of adverse events will improve our understanding on short and long-term complications of various hallux MTPJ implants.Level Of Evidence: Level IV; Case Series from Large Database Analysis; Treatment Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Experimental studies have found that clinician-expressed empathy improves patients' information recall in (advanced) cancer consultations. It remains unclear, however, whether these results are generalizable to clinical care and, if so, what the underlying mechanism is. We aimed to i) determine the relationship between clinician-expressed empathy and patients' information recall in clinical advanced breast cancer consultations; and ii) test whether the relationship between clinician-expressed empathy and recall is mediated by a decrease in patients' anxiety.Methods: Forty-one consultations between oncologists and female patients with advanced breast cancer were audio recorded. Patients' post-consultation information recall and pre- and post-consultation anxiety (0-100) were assessed. Recall was scored according to a self-created questionnaire. Clinician-expressed empathy (0-100) was assessed by observers. Structural Equation Modelling was used for all analyses.Results: Participants remembered 61% of the information discussed. Clinician-expressed empathy significantly increased patients' total information recall (p = .041) and recall of treatment aims/positive effects (p = .028). The mediating role of anxiety could not be established.Conclusion: Although the underlying mechanism remains unclear, clinicians have a powerful tool to improve seriously ill breast cancer patients' recall of information: empathy.Practice Implications: These insights should encourage clinicians to express empathy; practical communication training might prove helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface finish has a significant impact on the properties (e.g., fatigue strength and corrosion resistance) of manufactured products; consequently, industries seek to quantitatively evaluate the surface finish of their products. The surface finish of test specimens, made of the aluminum alloy A L 7075 − T 6 , has been measured with a confocal microscope, where the ensemble of collected experimental data has been analyzed by the following four methods of surface texture quantification: (i) arithmetical mean height S a ; (ii) root mean square height S q ; (iii) maximum height S z ; and (iv) ten-points height S 10 z. This paper addresses automated prediction of surface quality by an artificial neural network (ANN) that has been used to classify the analyzed values of surface textures based on the concept of pattern recognition. The best surface textures are determined by relying on the performance of the ANN model, which depends on the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of the test data. The results show that, for small variations in surface finishing, the test method S 10 z most accurately predicts quality of surface textures, which is followed by the test method S a. • Investigating the status of the surface for controlling the quality of manufacturing processes such that poor surface quality can be reliably detected. • For managing the production process, recall and precision of the AI model could deliver more accurate evaluation. • Other surface texture parameters,(e.g. Sz and S10z) may be capable of delivering a better insight into the surface of a component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional complete denture treatment course requires six appointments, but modified protocol only takes four appointments. This study compared the conventional and modified protocol for complete denture fabrication regarding patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. A total of 24 patients accepted complete denture treatment. According to complete denture treatment protocol, these patients were divided into the conventional group (group C, n = 12) and the modified group (group M, n = 12). Group C used the conventional protocol and required six appointments. Group M used the one-appointment master impression and jaw relation record technique, and it took four appointments. Data of oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14), satisfaction scale and the number of recalls in the first year were collected for the statistical analysis. The mean OHIP-14 scores in group C and group M were 13.79 ± 3.81 and 15.33 ± 5.25, respectively. In terms of satisfaction, the mean scores in group C and group M were 8.33 ± 0.61 points and 8.66 ± 1.13 points, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the group C and M in terms of participant ratings for satisfaction and OHIP-14. At the same time, the results indicated that group M significantly reduced the number of postinsertion visits (P < 0.05). In terms of OHIP-14 and patients' satisfaction, the modified treatment protocol is comparable to the conventional protocol. Based on the number of recalls in the first year, the modified treatment protocol has a better clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the setting of abnormal results on screening mammography, the Mammography Quality Standards Act mandates that patients receive a mailed "recall" lay letter informing them to return for additional follow-up imaging. The language used in this letter should be "easily understood by a lay person." In February 2019, the authors' institution revised the language of its recall lay letter to the sixth grade reading level. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of improved readability on patient follow-up rates.Methods: In this retrospective study, data from all screening mammograms at a single institution with BI-RADS category 0 assessments excluding technical recalls between February 2018 to February 2019 (pre-intervention group) and February 2019 to February 2020 (post-intervention group) were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of patients in each intervention group who returned for their diagnostic follow-up examination within 60 days (the standard recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for follow-up within 60 days.Results: This study included 1,987 patients in the pre-intervention group and 2,211 patients in the post-intervention group. The patient follow-up rate within 60 days increased from 90.1% (1,790 of 1,987) in the pre-intervention group to 93.9% (2,076 of 2,211) in the post-intervention group (P < .001). When controlling for imaging site, patients in the post-intervention group had 1.96-fold increased odds of returning for a diagnostic follow-up examination within 60 days (95% confidence interval, 1.52-2.53).Conclusions: Revising an institution's recall lay letter to a lower reading grade level significantly improved timely patient follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A problem of object detection in location and television images using threshold processing has been examined. The algorithms, that form adaptive local and global thresholds, including those selecting objects based on geometric characteristics, have been analyzed. The detection quality has been evaluated by comparing it with the standard based on ROC curves and Recall-Precision characteristics. For this purpose, Gaussian models have been used, and verification has been performed on real images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent fluctuations in health states can occur as a result of long-term conditions with episodic symptoms or through side effects of cycles of treatment. Fluctuations and associated duration of symptoms can be predictable (eg, side effects of chemotherapy treatment) or unpredictable (eg, relapse in multiple sclerosis). Such recurrent fluctuations in health states can have an important impact on a person's health-related quality of life. When symptoms vary by time of day, day of the week, or during the month, it is challenging to obtain reliable health-related quality of life estimates for use in assessing cost-effectiveness of interventions. The adequacy of the quality of life estimate will be affected by (1) the standard recall period associated with the chosen measure (eg, "health today" EQ-5D, "past 4 weeks" for SF-36/SF-6D) and the way that respondents understand and make judgments about these recall periods, (2) the chosen time points for assessing health-related quality of life in relation to the fluctuations in health, and (3) the assumptions used to interpolate between measurement time points and thus calculate the quality-adjusted life-years. These issues have not received sufficient methodological attention and instead remain poorly accounted for in economic analyses. There is potential for these issues to considerably distort treatment decisions away from the optimal allocation. This article brings together evidence from health economics, psychology, and behavioral economics to explore these challenges in depth; presents the solutions that have been applied to date; and details a methodological research agenda for measuring quality-adjusted life-years in recurrent fluctuating health states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Episodic memory allows us to mentally travel through time. How does the brain convert a simple reminder cue into a full-blown memory of past events and experiences? In this review, we integrate recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience of human memory retrieval, pinpointing the neural chronometry underlying successful recall. Electrophysiological recordings suggest that sensory cues proceed into the medial temporal lobe within the first 500 ms. At this point, a hippocampal process sets in, geared toward internal pattern completion and coordination of cortical memory reinstatement between 500 and 1500 ms. We further highlight the dynamic principles governing the recall process, which include a reversal of perceptual information flows, temporal compression, and theta clocking. Simple reminders can bring back a host of vivid memories, experimentally epitomised in cued-recall paradigms. Electrophysiological recordings have elucidated the chronometry with which sensory cues are converted into retrieved memories. At 500 ms after cue onset, a pattern completion process begins in the hippocampus and triggers the reinstatement of the target memory in the neocortex. Cortical reinstatement unfolds between 500 and 1500 ms and gives rise to the subjective feeling of recollection. Reinstatement is governed by intricate temporal dynamics, including the reversal of perceptual processing streams and clocking by theta rhythms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In accordance with the Mammography Quality Standards Act, recall lay letters should be written using language that is "easily understood by a lay person." The authors hypothesized that the readability of their institution's current recall lay letter may contribute to the misinterpretation of intended time for patient return. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the comprehension of the current recall lay letter statement.Methods: The Flesch-Kincaid grade level was used to assess readability of the lay letter currently used at the authors' institution. A revised statement was formulated. A single paper-based survey presented both current and revised statements and asked questions to probe patients' understanding of expected time to return. Surveys were provided to screening mammography patients at four outpatient imaging centers.Results: The Flesch-Kincaid grade levels of the current and revised statements were 12th and 4th grades, respectively. Five hundred ninety-nine surveys were analyzed. Survey data demonstrated that only 49.6% of all patients understood that the current statement requests return within 1 month specifically with the breast center, compared with 95.2% of patients with the revised statement (P < .001). Of the patients who misunderstood when to follow up with the breast center, about 80% had achieved less than a college degree (P < .001).Conclusions: The grade level of the authors' institution's current lay letter statement is greater than the national recommendation for the average patient, which is between 6th and 8th grade. These data suggest that revising the language of recall statements to the recommended grade level would potentially improve patient understanding and compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heidelberg is among the top three Salmonella enterica serovars associated with human foodborne illness in Canada. Traditional culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing techniques can be time-consuming to identify Salmonella Heidelberg resistant to cephalosporins and fosfomycin. Rapid and accurate detection of such antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg isolates is essential to adopt appropriate control measures. In this study, 15 Salmonella Heidelberg strains isolated from feces of Canadian broiler chickens were characterized by whole genome sequencing. Salmonella Heidelberg genomes had an average coverage of greater than 80-fold, an average of 4,761 protein-coding genes, and all belonged to multilocus sequence type ST15. Genome sequences were compared with genomes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Pathogen Detection database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/), including human outbreak isolates. The Canadian broiler isolates clustered with chicken isolates from the United States and an equine clinical isolate from Ontario, Canada. In agreement with their antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, several chromosomally encoded specific antimicrobial resistance genes including fosA7 and multidrug resistance efflux pump determinants were detected. An AmpC-like β-lactamase gene, blaCMY-2, linked with a quaternary ammonium compound resistance gene, sugE, on a replicon type IncI1 plasmid was detected in all 15 broiler Salmonella Heidelberg isolates. Of the 205,031 published Salmonella genomes screened in silico, 4,954 (2.4%) contained blaCMY-2, 8,143 (4.0%) contained fosA7, and 919 (0.4%) contained both resistance genes. The combination of both resistance genes (fosA7 and blaCMY-2) was detected in 64% of the Heidelberg genomes and in a small proportion of various other serovars. A PCR method was developed to detect Salmonella Heidelberg in pure culture and chicken feces based on specific primers targeting genes conferring fosfomycin (fosA7) and third-generation cephalosporin (blaCMY-2) resistance as well as the Salmonella-specific invA gene and the universal 16S rRNA genes. The PCR assay was specific and sensitive for blaCMY-2 and fosA7 harboring Salmonella Heidelberg. However, some other Salmonella serovars containing these two resistance genes could also be detected by the developed PCR method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recall of microbial-contaminated food products is an important intervention in preventing the transmission of foodborne illness. Here, we summarize the number and nature of foods recalled as a result of microbial contamination, classified by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, for the period 1 January 2000 through 31 December 2017. A total of 10,432 food products were recalled from 2,094 recall events in Canada because of microbial contamination during this period. The meat, meat products and poultry category, followed by fishery and seafood products and nuts and edible seeds, contained the food products most commonly associated with microbial contamination. Most microbial-contaminated food products reported were recalled because of the presence bacterial pathogens. Salmonella contamination was responsible for the largest number of recall events, whereas Listeria monocytogenes contamination accounted for the greatest number of food products recalled because of microbial contamination. L. monocytogenes contamination was also most commonly associated with major food recall events, although records may be inflated because of an invested effort to prevent future L. monocytogenes outbreaks following a 2008 deli meat recall. The findings and data we present in this study will support future surveillance and analysis of microbialcontaminated food recalls in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the occurrence, frequency and duration of co-present phone use, also known as 'phubbing' behavior, during a dyadic conversation and its association with perceived conversation intimacy and distraction. Phubbing was measured by covertly observing students having a 10-min dyadic conversation (N = 100 dyads). Afterwards, participants were approached and asked to complete measures of how intimate they perceived the last 10 min of their conversation, and how distracted they perceived themselves and their conversation partners. Results reveal that phubbing occurred in 62 of the 100 observed conversations. In 30% of these 62 conversations, the phone screen was shared. When phone use occurred, the average frequency was 3.16 times per dyad (SD = 2.5), for a median duration of 99 seconds (SD = 225.2). Relatively few participants could correctly recall the occurrence of phone use during the past 10 min of their conversation. Inconsistent findings were found for the association between phubbing behavior and perceived distraction. The partner's phone use (but not one's own phone use), however, was associated with lower conversation intimacy. • 100 student dyads were covertly observed in a student restaurant. • In 62 dyads, at least one person used a phone during the conversation. • In 30% of conversations in which phones were used, screens were shared. • Recall of phone use was poor – both of oneself and of the partner. • If the partner used a phone, persons perceived less intimacy in the conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and Objectives: Our objective was to identify factors impacting false positive recalls in screening mammography.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our screening mammography database from August 31, 2015 to September 30, 2016, including full field digital mammograms (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammograms. False positive (FP) exams were defined as Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 1 or 2 assessments at diagnostic imaging with 1 year cancer-free follow-up, Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System 3 assessment at diagnostic imaging with 2 years cancer free follow-up, or biopsy with benign pathology. True positives were defined as malignant pathology on biopsy or surgical excision. We evaluated the association of FP recalls with multiple patient-level factors and imaging features.Results: A total of 22,055 screening mammograms were performed, and 1887 patients were recalled (recall rate 8.6%). Recall rate was lower for DBT than full field digital mammograms (8.0% vs 10.6%, p < 0.001). FP results were lower if prior mammograms were available (90.8% vs 95.8%, p = 0.02), and if there was a previous benign breast biopsy (87.6% vs 92.9%, p = 0.01). Mean age for the FP group was lower than the true positive group (56.1 vs 62.9 years, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in FP recalls based on history of high-risk lesions, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, hormone use, breast density, race, or body mass index.Conclusion: FP recalls were significantly less likely with DBT, in older women, in patients with prior mammograms available for comparison, and in patients with histories of benign breast biopsy. This study supports the importance of using DBT in the screening setting and obtaining prior mammograms for comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify predictors of genetic risk recall and examine whether recall influences adoption of skin cancer preventive behaviors among Hispanic individuals. Hispanic participants randomized to intervention arms (n = 463) of a precision prevention trial were provided MC1R risk information (average, higher) and asked to recall their risk after 3 and 9 months. Predictors of recall (correct versus did not recall/misremembered) were determined by backwards stepwise logistic regression. Intervention effects on preventive behaviors were estimated within strata of 3-month recall. Age inversely predicted correct recall in both risk groups (average: OR 3-months(3) = 0.97, 95%CI:0.94–1.01, OR 9-months(9) = 0.96, 95%CI:0.93–0.99; higher: OR 3 = 0.98, 95%CI:0.95–1.01, OR 9 = 0.98, 95%CI:0.95–1.00). Education positively predicted recall among participants at average risk (OR 3 =1.64, 95%CI:1.06–2.63, OR 9 =1.73, 95%CI:1.12–2.81). Darker untanned skin color inversely predicted recall among participants at higher risk (OR 3 =0.68, 95%CI:0.45–0.99, OR 9 =0.74, 95%CI:0.50–1.09). Intervention effects for routine sunscreen use and undergoing a clinical skin exam were stronger among participants at higher risk who correctly recalled at 3 months than those who did not recall/misremembered. Younger age, higher education, and lighter untanned skin color predicted correct recall. Better recall may improve skin cancer prevention outcomes. Additional strategies are needed to boost recall among Hispanic individuals who are older, less educated, and darker-skinned. • First to study recall of low to moderate penetrance genetic risk in Hispanic individuals. • Younger participants in either risk group were more likely to correctly recall. • Higher-educated participants at average risk were more likely to correctly recall. • Darker-skinned participants at higher risk were less likely to correctly recall. • Correct recall group had greater odds of routine sunscreen use, clinical skin exams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our ability to remember the past depends on neural processes set in train in the moment an event is experienced. These processes can be studied by segregating brain activity according to whether an event is later remembered or forgotten. The present review integrates a large number of studies examining this differential brain activity, labeled subsequent memory effect (SME), with the ERP technique, into a functional organization and discusses routes for further research. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest that memory encoding is implemented by multiple processes, typically reflected in three functionally different subcomponents of the ERP SME elicited by study stimuli, which presumably interact with preparatory SME activity preceding the to be encoded event. We argue that ERPs are a valuable method in the SME paradigm because they have a sufficiently high temporal resolution to disclose the subcomponents of encoding-related brain activity. Implications of the proposed functional organization for future studies using the SME procedure in basic and applied settings will be discussed. • Encoding is supported by multiple task-specific systems. • Studies on memory encoding require a strong focus on high temporal resolution as provided by ERPs. • Most commonly three functionally different ERP SMEs are set in train by a study event. • They index early semantic processing, intra-item feature binding and elaboration, respectively. • SMEs can be observed already before a to-be-encoded event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration introduced 11 pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for inclusion on cigarette packages, created in compliance with court recommendations and tailored to increase knowledge of smoking harms. Several highlighted lesser-known risks of smoking. No behavioral studies have yet evaluated how risk content in PWLs impacts viewing patterns, recall, and knowledge of smoking harms. Seventy adults who reported smoking cigarettes daily (62.9% male, 57.1% African American, mean age = 50.3, mean cigarettes per day = 14.4) completed a single-session laboratory study. They were randomized to view a set of four PWLs depicting either lesser-known or well-known risks of smoking while having eye movements recorded, then completed post-exposure recall and knowledge measures. Participants exposed to PWLs depicting lesser-known smoking risks viewed the text of the warning sooner and for longer than the image (p 's <0.05); those exposed to PWLs depicting well-known risks viewed the image longer than text (p <0.001). PWL condition did not affect recall of text or image (p 's >0.1). Those viewing lesser-known (vs. well-known) risks had greater knowledge of smoking causing lesser-known risks of bladder cancer, blindness, bloody urine, cataracts, diabetes, and head and neck cancer (p 's <0.001). Individuals viewing PWLs depicting lesser-known (vs. well-known) smoking risks visually engaged with the PWL text more than image, had similarly high recall of PWL content, and had greater knowledge of lesser-known risks of smoking. Findings suggest including lesser-known risk information on PWLs improves overall knowledge of smoking health risks. • We examined effects of types of risk information in pictorial warning labels. • Warnings with lesser-known risks had greater attention to text (vs. image). • Warning label condition did not affect recall of text or image. • The lesser- (vs. well-known) condition had greater knowledge of lesser-known risks. • Novel warnings increased knowledge of lesser-known smoking risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although process model discovery has been largely investigated over the past two decades, existing process discovery methods are not yet considered fully satisfactory. A particular issue is the difficulty of discovering process models with a good balance among recall (or fitness), precision, generalization, and simplicity, notably for real-world event logs. This article revisits the genetic algorithms-based X-Processes process discovery method, discussing the results of using a fitness function calculated through a harmonic mean that considers the four main metrics of process model quality used in process mining — recall, precision, generalization and simplicity. Although genetic algorithms have been used to discover process models, such methods have limitations, as do other non-genetic algorithm-based methods. X-Processes was tested with two harmonic mean options — one based on recall and precision only and another based on the four quality metrics. X-Processes showed superior effectiveness when compared to state-of-the-art process discovery methods, including one also based on genetic algorithms. The experimental results obtained for both harmonic mean options, using 12 real-world event logs, show that the overall quality of all process models discovered by X-Processes is superior to that of the baseline methods. While its execution time is longer than the other compared process discovery methods, X-Processes emerges as a solution when the need for a higher quality process model outweighs the hunger for agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drivers exposed to adverts on VMSs adhered to a detour instruction on the same VMS. • Despite adhering to the detour instruction 31% failed to recall this instruction. • Conscious attention might not be a prerequisite for compliance with road signs. • Repeated practice with VMS texts may improve drivers' ability to process their content. Road authorities struggle with the question whether variable message signs (VMSs) should exclusively be used for traffic management or could also be used to display traffic-irrelevant messages, such as mottos or commercial advertisements. The current study assesses behavioural responses to a critical route instruction displayed on the same VMS that previously displayed a variety of traffic-irrelevant messages. For this, thirty-two participants were divided between a control group and an experimental group (the advertisements group). In a driving simulator, all were familiarised with the same route by driving a VMS-equipped motorway nine times. For the advertisements group, up to drive 8, this VMS displayed various advertisements. Whereas for the control group it was blank. In the 9th drive, the VMS displayed a critical detour message for all participants. This critical route instruction – informing drivers to take the nearest exit – resulted in compliant driver behaviour in the advertisements group. In addition, they only reduced speed marginally to increase the time to process the VMS text. The control group, on the contrary, displayed a much sharper speed reduction; though the instruction only moderately altered motorway exit behaviour. What is more, the 31% (n = 4) of the advertisements group who complied with the critical route instruction subsequently failed to recall this message (recalling an advertisement instead). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that displaying traffic-irrelevant messages on VMSs might not interfere with traffic management; provided the format of said messages is in accordance with ergonomic VMS guidelines as used in this study. It is proposed that due to repeated exposure to various VMS texts, reading the sign has been practised to the extent that little to no conscious deliberation was required. As a result, recall of what was seen, proved to be an inadequate proxy for assessing driver behaviour. This study shows that conscious attention might not be a prerequisite for compliance. Furthermore, it suggests that continuous variability in objects in the traffic environment may become part of a subconscious monitoring process, as long as they have been sufficiently practised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Taking pictures of HBRs is feasible and useful to assess their quality. • Most cards showed high quality for image, physical condition and legibility. • Most cards fulfill core content criteria yet design criteria were rarely satisfied. • Pictures of HBRs allow comparing recall with HBRs if both data sources are present. • Not all caregivers were able to accurately recall their child's vaccination status. Home-based records (HBRs) (also known as vaccination cards) and caregivers' recall are the main means to ascertain vaccination status; however, data on the quality of HBRs and the validity of recall vaccination data compared to HBRs is scarce. This manuscript presents results from two analyses related to HBRs, one on HBR pictures taken during a vaccination coverage survey, including an assessment of the HBR quality and legibility, and an evaluation of the agreement between caregivers' recall and the vaccination information in the HBRs. Using pictures from 500 randomly selected HBRs collected during the 2016 district-based immunization coverage evaluation survey in Lebanon, two independent researchers assessed the quality of the picture and then of the HBR itself against a pre-defined set of criteria. HBRs were classified into three types: private, public and all others. In addition, caregivers' recall was compared to data found in vaccination HBRs to assess measures of vaccination status agreement for 5713 children for whom both sources of data were available. Over 90% of the 500 HBR pictures reviewed were considered adequate to assess the HBR quality. In the sample, most cards were type 1 (41%), followed by type 2 (34%). Most HBRs met the set criteria for quality in terms of physical condition and legibility, while, among the 28 different types of cards, vaccination cards' content and design met a moderate level of quality. Concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the Kappa statistic showed diverse levels of agreement for vaccination status per vaccine dose between caregivers' recall and vaccination HBRs. This study illustrates that taking pictures of HBRs in a coverage survey is feasible and useful to conduct secondary analyses related to HBRs, such as assessing their quality and comparing recall with HBRs when both sources of data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Patent Classification (IPC) was created for the purpose of sorting inventions and their documents into technical fields covering all areas of technology. Introduced in 1968, the IPC is used by all IP offices worldwide. IPC can be effective for searching patents worldwide under the condition that "each IP office provide IPC with the same quality." The authors conducted an international comparison on IPCs among IP offices, by analyzing patents by JPO, USPTO, EPO, CNIPA, and KIPO, which account for about 80% of the worldwide patent publications. The result shows especially that searching Chinese patents by IPC is difficult for the searchers/examiners in the United States and Japan, and vice versa. In the case that each IP office classifies patents by its own standard apart from other IP offices' standards, the important feature is lost in the process of classification of technical idea described in the patent. It means that even if IP offices share the common international language (like IPC) that everyone deeply comprehends, the key feature of the invention may be lost in translation into the common language. Moreover, in discussion part, a search method without patent classifications has been considered for the future plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current research tested the idea that monetary limit adherence is upregulated by informing players how much money and credits they lost gambling when their limit was reached. In Study 1, players (N = 124) at a local gambling venue gambled on a virtual Electronic Gaming Machine (EGM) with a pre-determined money limit. By way of a pop-up message, some players were informed when their limit had been reached, while other players received additional personalized behavioral feedback about how much money and credits they lost. Limit adherence did not vary by condition. Informatively, half of the participants could not recall the content of the pop-up message. In Study 2 (N = 109), the pop-up message was adjusted to remain on the EGM for 10 s. Additionally, players set their own money limit. Replicating Study 1, personalized behavioral feedback did not improve limit adherence. Again, approximately 50% of players in both conditions could not recall the content of the pop-up message. These results have implications for pop-up messages as a means to convey information to players of EGMs—many players do not read the content of pop-up messages, thus they may not be an effective means for conveying enhanced responsible gambling information. Highlights • Assessed whether limit adherence improves by giving personalized feedback. • In two studies, community gamblers played on a virtual reality slot machine. • Feedback about money and credits lost was presented via pop-up message. • Roughly 50% of players could not recall the content of the personalized feedback. • The utility of personalized feedback is undermined by players' lack of attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and Objectives: To compare outcomes associated with breast cancer screening with digital mammography (DM) alone versus in combination with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in a large representative cohort.Materials and Methods: A total of 325,729 screening mammograms from 247,431 women were analyzed, across two healthcare systems, from June 2015 to September 2017. Patient level demographic, calculated risk levels, and clinical outcomes were extracted from radiology information system and electronic medical records. Multivariable regression modeling adjusting for institution, age, breast density, and first exam was conducted to compare patient characteristics, recall rates, time to biopsy and final diagnosis, clinical outcomes, and diagnostic performance. Participating institutions and the Coordinating Center received Institutional Review Board approval for a waiver of consent to collect and link data and perform analysis.Results: A total of 194,437 (59.7%) screens were DBT versus 131,292 (40.3%) with DM. Women with dense breasts and higher calculated risk were more likely to be screened with DBT. Recall rates were lower for DBT overall (8.83% DBT vs 10.98% DM, adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval = 0.85, 0.83-0.87) and across all age groups, races, and breast densities, and at facilities that used predominantly DBT (8.05%) versus predominantly DM (11.22%), or a combination (10.73%). The most common diagnostic pathway after recall was mammography and ultrasound. Women recalled from DBT were more likely to proceed directly to ultrasound. The median time to biopsy (18 vs 22 days) and final diagnosis (10 vs 13 days) was shorter for DBT. The adjusted cancer rate, cancer detection rate, and specificity were higher for DBT.Conclusion: DBT demonstrated a more efficient screening pathway and improved quality measures with lower recall rates in all patient types, reduced diagnostic mammography and shorter time to biopsy and final diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Professional dancers appear to be the embodied records of works of choreography that have been created, rehearsed and performed. Their precision in recalling extended sequences of movement developed for these works defies the conventional methods used to investigate memory. A distributed cognition view holds that memory will not only be individualistic, but also extended across a dance ensemble. Working closely with the highly skilled dancers of Australian Dance Theatre (ADT), we set out to develop an ecologically valid method that elicited memory recall and lapsing. Dancers were divided into two "teams" with each team asked to choose excerpts for memory recall from the company's extensive repertoire that would challenge individual dancers in the other team. There were 14 trials; 12 involved the dancers recalling dance excerpts on their own (solo condition) and 2 with a partner (duet condition). In the ADT studio, seven dancers recalled (reproduced) as much of the excerpt as possible in the absence of an accompanying soundscape. Recall was extensive, but contained lapses, and these recall failures form the core of the analysis in this study. Four novel types of memory recall were identified: static shapes, isolated movements, partial and full movement sequences; and two strategies for recall: looking for movement by moving and collaborative sketching. Four types of errors were observed: errors of detail, order, omission, and additions. Analysis was conducted through a new method of counting 'choreographic items'. The most detailed recall (73–96%) was for the two duet excerpts with significantly poorer recall of excerpts from complex group sections of a dance. Movement gist was generally retained. The types of recall and types of errors observed pointed to the use of not only procedural memory and chaining but also contextual cues as aids to movement recall. Collaborative elements of recall were observed that suggest the importance of distributed cognition and collective memory within a contemporary dance ensemble. Highlights • Solo and duet recall of extended sequences of contemporary dance by seven professional artists. • Theoretical base of distributed and collaborative cognition. • Co-created method to elicit errors and lapses from otherwise highly accurate memory. • New method for counting "choreographic items". • Most detailed recall was for the two duet excerpts: evidence of collaborative facilitation. • Four novel types of memory recall, two strategies for recall, and four types of errors observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In the past decade, several studies have examined the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on long-term episodic memory formation and retrieval. These studies yielded conflicting results, likely due to differences in stimulation parameters, experimental design and outcome measures. Objectives In this work we aimed to assess the robustness of tDCS effects on long-term episodic memory using a meta-analytical approach. Methods We conducted four meta-analyses to analyse the effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS on memory accuracy and response times. We also used a moderator analysis to examine whether the size of tDCS effects varied as a function of specific stimulation parameters and experimental conditions. Results Although all selected studies reported a significant effect of tDCS in at least one condition in the published paper, the results of the four meta-analyses showed only statistically non-significant close-to-zero effects. A moderator analysis suggested that for anodal tDCS, the duration of the stimulation and the task used to probe memory moderated the effectiveness of tDCS. For cathodal tDCS, site of stimulation was a significant moderator, although this result was based on only a few observations. Conclusions To warrant theoretical advancement and practical implications, more rigorous research is needed to fully understand whether tDCS reliably modulates episodic memory, and the specific circumstances under which this modulation does, and does not, occur. Highlights • We conducted four meta-analyses to assess the effects of tDCS on episodic memory. • We examined the effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS. • We found no effects of tDCS on episodic memory accuracy or response times. • Specific stimulation parameters moderated the effects of tDCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recent recalls of several commonly used elbow arthroplasty implants have prompted interest in the modes by which elbow implants fail and the timing of reports of these failures. Methods We reviewed the adverse event reports to the US Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database from 2012 to 2015 regarding elbow arthroplasty to determine the event date and the type of each adverse event. Results Among 179 total elbow adverse event reports, the most common modes of failure were implant dissociation (23%), loosening (22%), and infection (16%). The most common modes of failure among 58 radial head replacement reports were component dissociation (19%) and linkage screw failure (19%). The percentage distribution of adverse event types differed among different arthroplasty systems and from that reported in published reviews of elbow arthroplasty. Three implant recalls were implemented 2, 5, and 9 years after the first adverse event report in the MAUDE database. For 2 of the recalls, the first reports of the device failures were published 2 and 5 years after the first MAUDE reports. Conclusions The MAUDE database is a publicly funded and publicly available means by which surgeons can identify adverse events for the prostheses they use before such information becomes available through journal publication or recall notification. In this study, MAUDE data revealed a higher relative frequency of mechanical dissociation of elbow implants than what has been represented in the literature. Early identification of these adverse events may help surgeons by informing their implant selection and surgical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The cue-utilization framework of metamemory applies to prospective memory. • An intrinsic manipulation (relatedness) affected prospective metamemory. • An extrinsic manipulation (focality) had no effect on prospective metamemory. • Metamemorial illusions can occur with prospective as well as retrospective memory. Abstract The overwhelming majority of research on metamemory examines retrospective memory – memory for past events. The metamemory of prospective memory – remembering to carry out intentions in the future – is little studied. The cue utilization account is a prominent framework for analyzing retrospective metamemory, here applied to prospective metamemory. This framework predicts that intrinsic cues (e.g., characteristics of the to-be-remembered information) readily impact metamemory whereas extrinsic cues (e.g., features of the general learning environment) have much less impact. The current study examined prospective memory using target-response word pairs. Participants were to remember to interrupt an ongoing task when a target was noticed, and then recall the associated response. Prior to the ongoing task, participants predicted (using judgments-of-learning, JOLs) whether they would notice a given target and whether they would recall the response for that target. This paradigm allows an assessment of metamemory and actual memory for the prospective component (the noticing of the target) and the retrospective component (the retrieval of the response). Four experiments found that prospective-JOLs were affected by an intrinsic cue (target-word association) but not by an extrinsic cue (target focality), as predicted by the cue-utilization account. The same results were found for the retrospective-JOLs. The results provide initial evidence that the cue-utilization framework generalizes to prospective metamemory. These results also revealed two complementary metamemorial illusions: target-response association impacts prospective-JOLs but not actual prospective memory performance, and target focality fails to impact prospective-JOLs but does affect actual prospective memory. This indicates that prospective metamemory may be subject to illusions in ways similar to retrospective metamemory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: • WMC positively correlated with pupillary responses during encoding. • The WMC-pupil encoding relation changed as a function of serial position (E1). • The WMC-pupil encoding relation changed as a function of value manipulation (E2). • Pupil dilation at encoding partly explained the WMC-long term memory relationship. Abstract The present study used pupil dilation as an index of the intensity of attention to determine if variation in attention at encoding partially accounts for the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and long-term memory (LTM). In Experiment 1, participants completed a delayed free recall task while pupil dilation was simultaneously recorded. Results revealed high WMC individuals displayed an increase in pupil dilation across serial positions, whereas low WMC individuals exhibited a decline in pupil dilation. Experiment 2 employed a similar method but manipulated encoding conditions via value–directed remembering. Results demonstrated when later serial positions were labeled as more important, the pupillary response no longer declined for low WMC individuals. Instead, low WMC individuals increased attention across serial positions, with the caveat being that these individuals devoted less attention than high WMC individuals to all items under these conditions. Overall, results support the notion that high WMC individuals outperform low WMC individuals in delayed free recall, which is partly explained by the amount of attention devoted to items at encoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Childhood maltreatment is common and has been increasingly studied in relation to perinatal outcomes. While retrospective self-report is convenient to use in studies assessing the impact of maltreatment on perinatal outcomes, it may be vulnerable to bias. We assessed bias in reporting of maltreatment with respect to women's experiences of adverse perinatal outcomes in a cohort of 230 women enrolled in studies of maternal mental illness. Each woman provided a self-reported history of childhood maltreatment via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire at two time points: 1) the preconception or prenatal period and 2) the postpartum period. While most women's reports of maltreatment agreed, there was less agreement for physical neglect among women experiencing adverse perinatal outcomes. Further, among women who discrepantly reported maltreatment, those experiencing adverse pregnancy outcomes tended to report physical neglect after delivery but not before, and associations between physical neglect measured after delivery and adverse pregnancy outcomes were larger than associations that assessed physical neglect before delivery. There were larger associations between post-delivery measured maltreatment and perinatal outcomes among women who had not previously been pregnant and in those with higher postpartum depressive symptoms. Although additional larger studies in the general population are necessary to replicate these findings, they suggest retrospective reporting of childhood maltreatment, namely physical neglect, may be prone to systematic differential recall bias with respect to perinatal outcomes. Measures of childhood maltreatment reported before delivery may be needed to validly estimate associations between maternal exposure to childhood physical neglect and perinatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Patient and breast care variables extracted from the EMR can predict the likelihood of a screening recall. • Younger women, women with a surgical history of breast cancer, women without prior mammograms, and women without a recent prior screening recall were more likely to be recommended for a screening recall. • Following the feasibility of our model, future work can prospectively test the value of EMR based tools to predict screening recall. Tools to predict a screening mammogram recall at the time of scheduling could improve patient care. We extracted patient demographic and breast care history information within the electronic medical record (EMR) for women undergoing digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) to identify which factors were associated with a screening recall recommendation. In 2018, 21,543 women aged 40 years or greater who underwent screening DBT at our institution were identified. Demographic information and breast care factors were extracted automatically from the EMR. The primary outcome was a screening recall recommendation of BI-RADS 0. A multivariable logistic regression model was built and included age, race, ethnicity groups, family breast cancer history, personal breast cancer history, surgical breast cancer history, recall history, and days since last available screening mammogram. Multiple factors were associated with a recall on the multivariable model: history of breast cancer surgery (OR: 2.298, 95% CI: 1.854, 2.836); prior recall within the last five years (vs no prior, OR: 0.768, 95% CI: 0.687, 0.858); prior screening mammogram within 0–18 months (vs no prior, OR: 0.601, 95% CI: 0.520, 0.691), prior screening mammogram within 18–30 months (vs no prior, OR: 0.676, 95% CI: 0.520, 0.691); and age (normalized OR: 0.723, 95% CI: 0.690, 0.758). It is feasible to predict a DBT screening recall recommendation using patient demographics and breast care factors that can be extracted automatically from the EMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining patients' cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) preferences in the emergency department (ED) is common practice but the stability of these preferences and their recollection by patients has been questioned. Therefore, this study assessed the stability and recall of CPR preferences of older patients at and following ED discharge. This survey-based cohort study was conducted between February and September 2020 at three EDs in Denmark. It consecutively asked mentally competent patients aged 65 years or older who were admitted to hospital through the ED and then one and six months later "In your current state of health, do you wish that physicians should try to intervene if your heart stops beating?" Possible responses were confined to "definitely yes", "definitely no", "uncertain", and "prefer not to answer". In total, 3688 patients admitted to hospital via the ED patients were screened, 1766 were eligible and 491 (27.8%) were included: median age was 76 (IQR 71–82) years, and 257 (52.3%) were men. One third of patients who expressed definite yes or no preferences in ED had changed their preference at one month follow-up. Only 90 (27.4%) and 94 (35.7%) patients recalled their preferences at one and six months follow-up, respectively. In this study, one-in-three older ED patients who initially expressed definite resuscitation preferences had changed their minds at one month follow-up. Preferences were more stable at six months but only a minority were able to recall their preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this experimental research study was to explore how modality and learning style preferences impact non-prescribing, first-year Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) students' recall of vocabulary. Independent t -test results indicated a statistically significant mean difference in short-term recall of pharmacological and psychiatric terms, with learners receiving visual text instruction recalling significantly more vocabulary than learners receiving audio text instruction. A correlation was not found between learning preferences and vocabulary recall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensorimotor changes are well documented following reaches with altered visual feedback of the hand. Specifically, reaches are adapted and proprioceptive estimates of felt hand position shifted in the direction of the visual feedback experienced. While research has examined one's ability to retain reach adaptation, limited attention has been given to the retention of proprioceptive recalibration. This experiment examined retention of proprioceptive recalibration in the form of recall and savings (i.e., faster proprioceptive recalibration on subsequent testing days) over an extended period of time (i.e., four days). As well, we looked to determine the benefits of additional training on short-term retention (i.e., one day) of proprioceptive recalibration. Twenty-four participants trained to reach to a visual target while seeing a cursor that was rotated 30° clockwise relative to their hand on an initial day of testing. Half of the participants then completed additional reach training trials on 4 subsequent testing days (Training group), whereas the second half of participants did not complete additional training until Day 5 (Non-Training group). Participants provided estimates of their felt hand position on all 5 testing days to establish retention of proprioceptive recalibration. Results revealed that proprioceptive recalibration was recalled 24 h after initial training across all participants. Recall of proprioceptive recalibration was not observed on subsequent testing days for the Non-Training group, while recall of proprioceptive recalibration was retained at a similar level across all subsequent testing days for the Training group. Retention of proprioceptive recalibration in the form of savings was observed on Day 5 in the Non-Training group. These results reveal that short-term recall of proprioceptive recalibration does not benefit from additional training. Moreover, the different time scales (i.e., retention in the form of recall seen only at 24 h after initial training versus savings observed 4 days after initial training in the Non-Training group), suggest that distinct processes may underlie recall and savings of proprioceptive recalibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the problems that arise in food classification systems (FCSs), especially when the food product type has different levels or grades of quality. Despite the principal function of these systems being to assist the consumer (to inform, clarify and facilitate choice and purchase), they frequently have the opposite effect. Thus, the main aim of the present research involves providing orientations for the design of effective food classification systems. To address this objective, considering the context of food product consumption (related to heuristic processing), we conducted an experimental study with 720 participants. We analysed the usefulness of heuristic elements by a factorial 2 (category length: short and long) × 3 (visual signs: colours, numbers and images) design in relation to recall and recognition activities. The results showed that the elements used to make the classification more effective for consumers vary depending on whether the user seeks to prioritize the recall or the recognition of product categories. Thus, long categories with images significantly improve recognition, and short categories with colours improve recall. A series of recommendations are provided that can help to enhance FCSs and to make them more intuitive and easier to understand for consumers. Implications with regard to theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating disorder with symptoms such as flashbacks, hyperarousal, and avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event. Exposure therapy, which attempts to extinguish fear responses, is a commonly used treatment for PTSD but relapse following successful exposure therapy is a frequent problem. In rodents, spontaneous recovery (SR), where extinguished fear responses resurface following extinction treatment, is used as a model of fear relapse. Previous studies from our lab showed that chronic nicotine impaired fear extinction and acute nicotine enhanced SR of contextual fear in adult male mice. In addition, we showed that acute nicotine’s effects were specific to SR as acute nicotine did not affect recall of contextual fear conditioning in the absence of extinction. However, effects of chronic nicotine administration on SR are not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated if chronic nicotine administration altered SR or recall of contextual fear in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. Our results showed that chronic nicotine significantly enhanced SR in female mice and significantly decreased SR in males. Chronic nicotine had no effect on recall of contextual fear in males or females. Female sham mice also had significantly less baseline SR than male sham mice. Overall, these results demonstrate sex differences in SR of fear memories and that chronic nicotine modulates these effects on SR but nicotine does not alter recall of contextual fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]