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Buildings are often located near ambient air pollution sources such as wildfire or heavy traffic areas. While windows in buildings are intermittently open for free cooling or natural ventilation, increased leakage area can lead to elevated human exposure to air pollutants of outdoor origin. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of paper filter windows in reducing exposure to outdoor air pollution and improving indoor air quality. The physical properties of paper windows as filtration media were experimentally determined, based on which multi-zone indoor air quality and ventilation analysis (CONTAM) simulations were performed for a full-scale building. The results show that the outdoor-indoor air exchange rate of a building can increase about 100% when conventional windows are replaced with paper filter windows. Even with the increased air exchange rate, the infiltration of outdoor particles into the building was reduced about 57–77% for the particle size range of 7–300 nm. These findings imply that paper windows have potential benefits for controlling both outdoor originated pollutants and indoor-generated pollutants with minimal energy inputs, especially in cities and communities impacted by urban air pollution and wildfires. [Display omitted] • We studied removal of outdoor particles due to paper filter windows in buildings. • Paper windows reduced indoor concentrations of outdoor particles up to 77%. • Due to paper windows, air exchange rate of the building increased about 100%. • Paper windows reduced indoor-generated pollutants (e.g., CO 2) by 35–45%. Synopsis: This study investigates filtration and ventilation performances of paper filter windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the hydrogen production and energy conversion from automobile shredder residues (ASRs) and paper mill sludge (PMS) co-gasified in a full-scale fluidized bed gasification plant. The results obtained from full-scale tests provided important information on the feasible assessment of ASRs-to-energy and the selection of alternative technologies for ASRs. Based on the analysis results of produced gas composition, H 2 , CO, and CH 4 composition produced from paper-mill sludge gasified were 4.17%–6.01%, 3.08%–4.32%, 1.71%–2.4%, respectively. Another C 2 gas composition ranged from 2.9% to 3.59%. The heating value of produced gas ranged between 1.64 MJ/Nm3 and 2.18 MJ/Nm3. In the case of 10% ASR addition, the heating value of produced gas was slightly increased to 1.84 MJ/Nm3-2.34 MJ/Nm3. The dioxin emission concentration of flue gas was approximately 0.064 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. It can comply with Taiwan regulation thresholds. The dioxin leaching concentrations of residues derived from gasification were also in compliance with regulation limits by the TCLP test. Meanwhile, in the case of 10% ASRs addition, the dioxin equivalence concentration of gasified residue was nearly 0.002 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. It was far below the current regulation standard limit. In summary, the results of this research have proved the performance of ASRs-to-energy by co-gasified with paper mill sludge using a full-scale gasification plant. The results obtained from this research also provided the information for selecting ASRs alternative technologies and operating full-scale gasifiers in the future. [Display omitted] • This study has confirmed the feasibility of co-gasification of calcium-rich PMS and chlorine-rich ASRs. • Adding 5%–15% of ASRs can maintain the regular operation of the full-scale commercial gasifier. • The synthesis gas has a composition of 4.91 vol% H 2 and 2.06 vol% CO, with a LHV of 1.93 MJ/Nm3. • The HCl emission could comply with regulation thresholds in co-gasification. • Dioxin reformation reduced significantly in co-gasification of PMS and ASRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic ozonation processes with continuous-flow reactors were used for pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • The pulp and paper wastewater is treated effectively by catalytic ozonation with continuous-flow reactor. • The porous ceramsite catalytic ozonation can be used for continuous-flow process. • The porous ceramsite catalyst is continuously and stably operated for 30 days. • The lowest E EO value is reached at the O 3 dosage of 15 g/L. • The degraded or transformed organic pollutants present in PPMW by O 3 alone system and catalytic ozonation system were identified. The pollutants in wastewater can be degraded effectively by heterogeneous catalytic ozonation due to the production of hydroxyl radical (•OH) with strong oxidation power. For the natures of low weight, large specific surface area, excellent physical strength and stable chemical characteristics, the porous ceramsite was chosen for catalytic ozonation of wastewater in the present study, and the practical application parameters of the system were investigated for the actual pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPMW) in the continuous-flow reactor including temperatures, feeding flow rate, O 3 flow rate and O 3 dosage. The optimum experimental conditions were obtained (T = 25 ℃, feeding flow rate = 0.25 L/min, O 3 flow rate = 0.5 L/min, O 3 dosage = 15 g/L) for the process of catalytic ozonation. The results show that the effluent concentration of COD decreases from about 200 mg/L to 10 mg/L, namely the removal efficiency is about 95 %. The stability of the catalyst over time was tested in the continuous-flow reactor for 48 days, confirming that the porous ceramsite exhibits good performance in 30 days. The reusability of the catalyst was studied after the used catalyst was washed with Milli-Q water and ethanol, exhibiting good catalytic activity of the regenerated catalyst in three cycles. The fluorescent excitation-emission matrix (EEM), UV–vis analysis and GC–MS analysis were used for analyzing the organic pollutants in raw PPMW and after treatment. These results indicate that the process of catalytic ozonation with porous ceramsite has a high treatment efficiency on PPMW, and the continuous-flow reactor can be more practically used for a full-scale community PPMW application at a mill level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rewritable paper (RP) which takes advantages of stimuli-responsive color-changing materials/smart materials and can be used multiple times has been demonstrated to hold potential to reduce human waste of paper and alleviate the increasingly severe environmental issues. To make the RP closer to the way that people are accustomed to reading and more practical for daily life, interest and effort toward smart materials with clearly visible or naked-eye color-switching properties are particularly important. In this review, depending upon the stimulation protocol, five types of stimuli (thermo-, water-related-, light-, stress-, and electric-field-) smart chromogenic materials and systems with visible color switching applied in light absorptive display for RP are focused on. In each section, different stimulus-chromic molecules and their corresponding systems are discussed to explore the design concepts, methodologies, working mechanisms, and pros and cons of various chromogenic materials used in light absorptive RP. In addition, the challenges and prospects are sketched to provide strategies to explore more smart materials for high-performance RP and its relative techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical approaches to water desalination show promise for processing brackish water, but continued progress relies on developing scalable electrode architectures with competitive capacity and uptake dynamics for ion capture. Binder-free, device-ready carbon nanofoam papers (CNFPs) are one such candidate, where intermingled nanoscale networks of conductive carbon and pores balance the transport of electrons and ions throughout the electrified interior. Microwave-assisted electroless deposition of conformal nanoscale manganese oxide (MnO x) at the CNFP surface amplifies the ion-capture capacity to technologically relevant levels via faradaic pseudocapacitance. We take advantage of the design flexibility of these electrode architectures to vary CNFP pore size (5 to >100 nm) and thickness (100–300 μm), and then characterize the resulting MnO x @CNFP electrode series for their respective desalination performance in 20 mM NaCl using automated recirculating-batch protocols. The combination of CNFP conductivity and facile ion/electrolyte transport through the pore network with the faradaic ion-capture capability of the MnO x coating enables effective desalination. Using 0.3 mm-thick electrodes and MnO x loadings over 16 mg cm−2, we obtain desalination productivity of 6.8 L m−2 at 4.4 L m−2 h−1 for 90 % salt removal at only 0.13 Wh L−1 energy consumption. [Display omitted] • Well-plumbed/wired electrode architectures deliver superior desalination performance. • Areal ion-capture capacity is a more critical performance benchmark vs gravimetric. • Computer-controlled recirculating-batch testing enables practical evaluation. • Throughput productivity and capacity reported at standard concentration reduction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsions consisting of nanochitin/nanocellulose and cinnamon essential oil were synthesized and utilized as a water-based coating for filter paper, resulting in improved oxygen barrier and vapor barrier characteristics. The incorporation of cinnamon essential oil within Pickering emulsion facilitated a delayed release of the oil, thereby imparting antibacterial properties against E. coli on the coated filter paper. Moreover, the Pickering emulsion coating technique not only formed a uniform film that covered the fibers and pores of the filter paper, which enhanced the oxygen barrier properties (oxygen permeability reached 0.00285 ± 1.69967E-5 cm3/m2·d·Pa, 0.02937 ± 1.71335E-14 cm3/m2·d·Pa and 0.2283 ± 4.18994E-14 cm3/m2·d·Pa for DEChN, ChNC and CNC treated sample, respectively), but also reduced filter hydrophilicity performance (contact angles of DEChN, ChNC and CNC coated samples increased from 10.93 ± 0.89° to 81.10 ± 0.89°, 65.57 ± 1.09° and 58.93 ± 0.95°, respectively) and water vapor barrier performance (moisture permeability of DEChN, ChNC and CNC coated samples increased from 2530.9346 ± 20.3587 g/m2·day to 90.2211 ± 11.3913 g/m2·day, 153.547 ± 3.9448 g/m2·day and 350.5407 ± 0.24364 g/m2·day, respectively) of the filter paper. This work investigated the coating performance of nanochitin/nanocellulose based Pickering emulsion, and would provide a green route for preparing all biomass-base packing materials. [Display omitted] • Nano-chitin/cellulose can stabilize cinnamon essential oil-based Pickering emulsion. • Pickering emulsions possess water-based coating for paper-based packaging. • Pickering emulsion coating leads antibacterial, barrier and hydrophobic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of global climate change has drawn people's attention to the issue of carbon emissions. Reducing the use of petroleum-derived materials and increasing the use of biodegradable materials is a current focus of research, especially in the packaging materials industry. This study focused on the use of environmentally friendly plastics and waste paper as the main materials for packaging films. Poly(butylene succinate- co -lactate) (PBSL) was modified with maleic anhydride (MA) to form a biobased compatibilizer (MPBSL), which was then blended with a mixture (WPS) of waste-paper powder (WP) and silica aerogel powder (SP) to form the designed composite (MPBSL/WPS). The modification of PBSL with MA improved interfacial adhesion between PBSL and WPS. The structure, thermal, and mechanical properties, water vapor/oxygen barrier, toxicity, freshness, and biodegradability of MPBSL/WPS films were evaluated. Compared with the PBSL/WP film, the MPBSL/WPS film exhibited increased tensile strength at break of 4–13.5 MPa, increased initial decomposition loss at 5 wt% of 14–35 °C, and decreased water/oxygen permeabilities of 18–105 cm3/m2·d·Pa. In the water absorption test, the MPBSL/WPS film displayed about 2–6 % lower water absorption than that of the PBSL/WP film. In the cytocompatibility test, both MPBSL/WPS and PBSL/WP membrane were nontoxic. In addition, compared with PBSL/WP film and the control, the MPBSL/WPS film significantly reduced moisture loss, extended the shelf life, and prevented microbial growth in vegetable and meat preservation tests. Both MPBSL/WPS and PBSL/WP films were biodegradable in a 60-day soil biodegradation test; the degradation rate was 50 % when the WP or WPS content was 40 wt%. Our findings indicate that the composites would be suitable for environmentally sustainable packaging materials. [Display omitted] • An environmentally friendly PBSL/WPS film for packing material is successfully fabricated. • Increase of recycling waste paper and PBSL utilization can reduce carbon emissions. • MPBSL/WPS films have comparable properties to pure PBSL. • A formula of MPBSL/WPS products are sustainable and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Plasmonic filter paper was prepared via electroless immobilization Ag NPs on filter paper. • The fluid flow in cellulose fiber could concentrate and separate analyte on the SERS substrate. • The plasmonic filter paper were used for preconcentration, separation and detection of Sudan dye in chili powder. We proposed a triple functional SERS substrate by immobilized Ag nanoparticles on the surface of filter paper. The high dense Ag nanoparticles were distributed on the SERS substrate via in-situ growth process. By optimizing the parameter in preparation process, the optimal filter paper SERS substrate was fabricated by using 30 mM of AgNO 3 with 20 S growth time. Due to capillary-effect wicking of cellulose fiber, the paper SERS substrate provide simple, fast and pump-free function for transferring analyte onto sharp tip through development of fluid. The fluid flow also brings target concentrate effect within the tip area. Furthermore, the separation feasibility was obtained during the development process of fluid. The preconcentrated effects not only enhanced the SERS signal of analyte, but also improve the fluorescence visible effect. The filter paper SERS substrate was successfully used for separating, concentrating and detecting Sudan dye from chili product, the detection limit could achieve 10−6 M. This study developed a portable, cost-effective and eco-friendly SERS substrate for separating and detecting trace chemical in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several lignocellulosic wastes are generated in the pulp and paper industry (PPI), such as small wood chips (pinchips) and paper sludge, presenting a high cellulose content suitable to be converted into biofuels or bio-products in a forest biorefinery scheme. In this work, two schemes of biorefinery were proposed for their valorization, processing small eucalyptus wood pinchips in two different strategies: (i) autohydrolysis at 230ºC, and (ii) autohydrolysis at 195ºC followed by organosolv process (47.7% ethanol-water, 198ºC for 60 min). More than 95% of cellulose was recovered in both schemes. In the combined process, 76% of delignification was achieved and 78% of xylan was solubilized as xylooligosaccharides. To reduce operational cost of lignocellulosic biomass-to-ethanol fermentation, the mixture of the treated eucalyptus pinchips from two processes with sludge was also proposed to increase the initial glucan content and to supply a rich source of nitrogen (present in the sludge). For that, two experimental designs were carried out for ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Ethanol from SSF assays using sludge as co-substrate at 0.6 g of sludge/g of treated wood pinchips and 16 FPU/g of pretreated solids allowed to obtain 59 g/L (90% of conversion) and 46 g/L (96% of conversion) when blended with the wood from autohydrolysis and with the wood from autohydrolysis followed by organosolv, respectively. Overall, this study shows an alternative process valorization of biomasses derived from PPI for production of advanced biofuels and bio-products (such as xylooligosaccharides and lignin) contributing to achieving a circular economy. • Multi-waste valorization approach was proposed to produce biofuel and bioproducts. • Autohydrolysis and organosolv processes allowed > 90% glucan recoveries. • Higher than 40 g/L of ethanol and 90% of yield were obtained in both schemes developed. • Blending with sludge improve ethanol production from pretreated eucalyptus wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower-limb strength measures can enhance falls risk assessment but due to the lack of clinically applicable methods, such measures are not included in current screening. The enhanced paper grip test (EPGT) is a simple-to-use and cost-effective test that could fill this gap. However, its outcome measure (EPGT force) has not yet been directly linked to the risk of falling. Is the EPGT a good candidate for falls risk screening in older people in the community? Seventy-one older people living independently in the community were recruited for this prospective observational study (median age 69 y, range 65y-79y). Lower-limb and whole-body strength were assessed at baseline using the EPGT and a standardised hand-grip method respectively. Incident falls were recorded monthly for a year through follow-up telephone conversations. The capacity of individual strength measures to predict falls and to enhance an established falls risk assessment tool (FRAT) commonly used by UK's national health service (NHS) was assessed using binomial logistic regression. The analysis was repeated for the subset of participants without history of falling at baseline (prediction of first-ever falls). Increased EPGT force and increased symmetry in strength between limbs were significantly associated with reduced risk of falling. Compared to the NHS-FRAT, the EPGT correctly classified more people (73% vs 69%), it achieved higher sensitivity (56% vs 26%) and higher negative predictive value (76% vs 68%). Complementing the NHS-FRAT with the EPGT produced a more comprehensive model that correctly classified 91% of participants and achieved 98% specificity, 81% sensitivity, 89% negative and 96% positive predictive value. Replacing the EPGT with hand-grip strength consistently undermined prediction accuracy. The EPGT remained highly accurate when focused on the prediction of first-ever falls. The EPGT can substantially enhance falls screening in the community. These results can also inform effective personalised strength exercise interventions. • The enhanced paper grip test (EPGT) accurately predicted the risk of falling. • The EPGT can enhance community screening for falls (recurrent and first-ever). • Higher EPGT force is significantly associated with reduced risk of falling. • Higher strength asymmetry between limbs also decreases the risk of falling. • These results can guide effective personalised strength exercise interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pen-on-paper pain drawing are an easily administered self-reported measure that enables patients to report the spatial distribution of their pain. The digitalization of pain drawings has facilitated the extraction of quantitative metrics, such as pain extent and location. This study aimed to assess the reliability of pen-on-paper pain drawing analysis conducted by an automated pain-spot recognition algorithm using various scanning procedures. One hundred pain drawings, completed by patients experiencing somatic pain, were repeatedly scanned using diverse technologies and devices. Seven datasets were created, enabling reliability assessments including inter-device, inter-scanner, inter-mobile, inter-software, intra- and inter-operator. Subsequently, the automated pain-spot recognition algorithm estimated pain extent and location values for each digitized pain drawing. The relative reliability of pain extent analysis was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient, while absolute reliability was evaluated through the standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change. The reliability of pain location analysis was computed using the Jaccard similarity index. The reliability analysis of pain extent consistently yielded intraclass correlation coefficient values above 0.90 for all scanning procedures, with standard error of measurement ranging from 0.03% to 0.13% and minimum detectable change from 0.08% to 0.38%. The mean Jaccard index scores across all dataset comparisons exceeded 0.90. The analysis of pen-on-paper pain drawings demonstrated excellent reliability, suggesting that the automated pain-spot recognition algorithm is unaffected by scanning procedures. These findings support the algorithm's applicability in both research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, practical application for the industrial-scale hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process is established using sustainable Cu 2 CoSnS 4 embedded in paper-working electrodes. The Cu 2 CoSnS 4 is produced using a solvent-free solid-phase approach. The effect of a wide pH range of electrolytes on working electrodes for hydrogen evolution reactions is also investigated. The Cu 2 CoSnS 4 embedded paper-working electrodes exhibit goodelectrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction with low overpotential values of 233, 310, and 261 mV vs RHE at 10 mA/cm 2 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 ,1 M KOH, and 1 M PBS, respectively. These designed electrodes exhibit high double-layer capacitance and electrochemical surface area for a wide pH range. In acidic, alkaline and neutral environments, the catalyst-embedded paper electrodes explicit high turnover frequencies of 2.15 s−1, 2.75 s−1, and 2.11 s−1, respectively. The temperature-dependent hydrogen evolution reaction is studied to calculate the activation energy of the cathodic electrode. Utilising chrono-amperometry for about 118 h in an acidic media, which shows that electrodes have a high degree of stability. In comparison to other previously reported work on catalyst-embedded electrodes, the Cu 2 CoSnS 4 embedded paper-working electrodes offer excellentpotential for HER activity across a wide pH range and are suitable for industrial application. • Cu 2 CoSnS 4 embedded paper working electrodes are developed for hydrogen generation. • The electrodes exhibit universal pH hydrogen evolution reaction. • Electrodes shows excellent stability upto 40hr for continuous hydrogen generation. • The electrode displays good stability at current density more than 200 mA/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of real-world situations take the form of repeated principal-agent problems with binary evaluation. I evaluate the principal's optimal evaluation effort and quality threshold for acceptance in the setting of dynamic agency with binary evaluation, focusing specifically on the evaluation by a top academic journal of papers submitted by economists. In the baseline model, the journal should statistically discriminate in favour of high-status economists, by setting an acceptance threshold that declines with their prior estimate of the economist's quality, while evaluation effort should likely increase with perceived author quality, as this provides incentives for authors to exert more effort, which is particularly valuable from the highest-quality authors. However, if a first good publication is more valuable than subsequent publications by the same economist, acceptance thresholds will tend to increase after publication success, relative to the threshold that would have followed a rejection. • Considers repeated principal-agent problem with binary evaluation. • Specifically, evaluation by a top academic journal of papers submitted by economists. • Journal should statistically discriminate in favour of high-status economists. • Acceptance threshold declines with prior estimate of economist's quality. • But threshold could increase after publication if first publication is most valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O and gelatin in the alum-glue solution play devastating and relatively beneficial roles in paper durability respectively. • A 23 full factorial experiment was performed to explore the effects of KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O (denoted as alum), gelatin (denoted as glue), and water contents on rates of paper degradation and color changes, by measuring rates of changes in DP [ k Δ(1/DP)], lightness and b* (k ΔL and k Δb) respectively. • Alum is mainly responsible for lightness decrease of the treated papers,. • Glue content (gelatin) plays a primary role in paper yellowing. In the traditional Chinese conservation mounting process, it is well acknowledged that the alum-glue solution, composed of potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O], gelatin, and water, is commonly used for paper sizing. In this study, its adverse effects when prepared in different ratios on the contemporary Xuan paper are explored, demonstrating certain negative influences on material properties and paper durability. We primarily characterized an extra-pure Xuan paper as a reference sample. Then, a 23 full factorial experiment was designed and performed to explore the effects of the three factors, i.e., KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O (denoted as alum), animal glue or gelatin (denoted as glue), and water contents on rates of paper degradation [ k Δ(1/DP)] and color changes (k ΔL and k Δb). The results show that the unsized extra-pure Xuan paper sample has good stability due to appreciable alkaline reserve, weakly alkalinity, and no presence of transition metals. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrate the presence of sizing. Given that the alum-glue solution has been widely used in paper conservation, the results in this study demonstrate the devastating role of KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O and the protective effects of gelatin on durability of treated papers, verified by the DP-related data. Additionally, it was found that the presence of alum is mainly responsible for the lightness decrease of the treated papers, and animal glue plays a primary role in paper yellowing. The findings in this research can deepen our understanding of the rate of paper degradation and color changes for the Xuan paper treated with the alum-glue solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-type gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays the role of structural support, mass transport, electron and heat transfer in the fuel cell. The deformation and fracture behavior of paper-type GDL directly determines its physical characteristics. In this paper, we obtained the distribution function of fiber length among intersections using statistical analysis. Based on the bending theory and fracture analysis, the deformation model and the maximum allowable pressure criterion of paper-type GDL are established. The deformation modulus is related to the modulus and the initial volume fraction of carbon fiber, with an ideal value of 1.4 MPa. The tensile fracture is the main form of fiber fracture. The maximum allowable pressure is related to the expected fracture probability, the strength and the initial volume fraction of carbon fiber. The residual strain increases and the deformation modulus decreases with load range, which means that the strength of the paper-type GDL is weakened when residual strain occurs. [Display omitted] • The fiber length between intersections obeys exponential distribution function. • The compression deformation model of paper-type GDL is established. • The maximum allowable pressure criterion for the paper-type GDL is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible inkjet-printed antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is designed on a synthetic paper substrate with an area of 35 × 40 mm2 to provide frequency bands for many popular wireless applications. Simulation and measurement are used to study the performances, including the frequency bands, radiation patterns, peak gains and efficiency, of the antenna in two severely bending conditions with a curvature radius of 20 mm in the forward and backward directions. The antenna printed in photo papers material could not be fully flexible due to cracks introduced to the coating material on the surface of the photo paper. Hence, the resin coated material was only suitable for curved devices. The synthetic paper material used in this paper does not have a resin coating, therefore, the antenna does not lose its flexibility and can be bent in both the forward and backward directions without any cracks. Results show that bending in these two conditions has insignificant effects on the performances of the antenna. With a curvature radius of 20 mm in the forward direction, the measured peak gain and efficiency of the antenna are in the ranges from −3 to +2 dBi and 40% to 60%, respectively. The results together with the low cost make the antenna most suitable for many flexible 5G communications devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This updated report on stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is part of a series of consensus-based white papers previously published addressing patient safety. Since the first white papers were published, SRS and SBRT technology and procedures have progressed significantly such that these procedures are now more commonly used. The complexity and submillimeter accuracy, and delivery of a higher dose per fraction requires an emphasis on best practices for technical, dosimetric, and quality assurance. Therefore, quality and patient safety considerations for these techniques remain an important area of focus. The American Society for Radiation Oncology convened a task force to assess the original SRS/SBRT white paper and update content where appropriate. Recommendations were created using a consensus-building methodology and task force members indicated their level of agreement based on a 5-point Likert scale, from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." A prespecified threshold of ≥75% of raters who select "strongly agree" or "agree" indicated consensus. This white paper builds on the previous version and uses of other guidance documents to broadly address SRS and SBRT delivery, primarily focusing on processes related to quality and safety. SRS and SBRT require a team-based approach, staffed by appropriately trained and credentialed specialists as well as significant personnel resources, specialized technology, and implementation time. A thorough feasibility analysis of resources is required to achieve the clinical and technical goals and thoroughly discussed with all personnel before undertaking new disease sites. A comprehensive quality assurance program must be developed, using established treatment guidelines, to ensure SRS and SBRT are performed in a safe and effective manner. Patient safety in SRS/SBRT is everyone's responsibility and professional organizations, regulators, vendors, and end-users must demonstrate a clear commitment to working together to ensure the highest levels of safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli-responsive phosphorescence materials with dynamic color-changing properties are highly promising for advanced information security. Herein, we demonstrate a novel strategy that effectively induces tunable dynamic phosphorescence color from carbon dots (CDs) on papers via surface ionization engineering for multimode encryption and information storage. Alkali-induced phenolic hydroxyl ionization on CDs can boost intersystem crossing rates, while surface-ionized groups with negative charges significantly passivate the surface defects and reduce non-radiative transitions, which can activate surface state-related blue phosphorescence emission. Combined with the carbon core state-related yellow-green phosphorescence, excitation/time-dependent phosphorescence color-changing from yellow-green to blue are realized from alkali (Na 2 CO 3) treated CDs on paper. Furthermore, benefiting from the transition from NaHCO 3 to Na 2 CO 3 under thermal treatment, dynamic color-changing phosphorescence can also be activated by thermally stimulating NaHCO 3 -treated CDs on paper. Finally, multi-stimuli (alkali or thermal) and multi-modal dynamic phosphorescent colors from a single CDs system are realized for the first time. Based on these unique features, multimode encryption and smart 3D codes with anti-counterfeiting and monitoring functions for medicine during transport or storage are demonstrated by combining an inkjet printing technique using CD inks. Multistimuli and excitation-dependent dynamic phosphorescence colors from a single CD system were realized for the first time for dynamic multimode encryption. Dynamic phosphorescence colors can be modulated from the dual phosphorescent centers of CDs in the surface triplet state and the carbon core-related triplet state, where the surface triplet state can be activated by external stimuli (alkali or thermal). [Display omitted] • A new surface ionization-activated RTP from CDs surface state strategy is proposed. • Multistimuli- and excitation/time-dependent RTP color variations from single CDs system are realized for the first time. • Smart 3D codes with monitoring function for medicine are developed for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste and waste paper are the two largest components of municipal solid waste, and many previous studies found that their co-digestion improved methane yield. This study investigated the anaerobic co-digestion of 0–100% food waste with paper food packages on lab-scale with feedstock-to-inoculum (F/I) ratios from 0.5 to 6 (based on volatile solids, VS) and total solids contents from 8% to 28%. In addition to methane yield, volumetric productivity and process economics were also used to evaluate the operating parameters. Results showed that the highest cumulative methane yield of around 530 L/kg-VS feed was obtained from 100% food waste at F/I ratios of 0.5, 1, and 2; the highest volumetric methane productivity of 44.2 L/L work was achieved with 25% food waste at an F/I ratio of 6; and the highest annual net profit was obtained from 75% food waste at an F/I ratio of 2, which also achieved the highest internal rate of return (20.7%) and the shortest payback period (5 years). Addition of waste paper packages to food waste could enhance the digester stability, and it is beneficial to allow certain amount of paper packages and tissues to be collected together with food waste during the initial source separation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text summarization in medical domain is one of the most crucial chores as it deals with the critical human information. Consequently the proper summarization and key point extraction from medical deeds using pre-trained Language models is now the key figure to be focused on for the researchers. But due to the considerable amount of real-world data and enormous amount of memory requirement to train the Large Language Models (LLMs), research on these models become challenging. To overcome these challenges multiple prompting and tuning techniques are being used. In this paper, effectiveness of prompt engineering and parameter efficient fine tuning is being studied to summarize the Hospital Discharge Summary (HDS) papers effectively, so that these models can accurately interprete medical terminologies and contexts, generate brief but compact summaries, and draw out concentrated themes, which opens new approaches for the application of LLMs in healthcare and making HDS more patient-friendly. In this research LLaMA 2 (Large Language Model Meta AI) has been considered as the base model. Also, the model has been fine-tuned using QLoRA (Quantized Low Rank Adapters), which can bring down the memory usage of LLMs without compromising the data quality. This study explores the way to use LLMs on HDS datasets without the hassle of memory usage using QLoRA, into electronic health record systems to further streamline the handling and retrieval of healthcare information. • Presents a method to summarize HDS by parameter-efficient fine-tuning to a LLM. • It utilizes QLoRA fine-tuning on the LLAMA 2 to minimize the memory requirements. • A comparative analysis of prompt engineering and parameter-efficient fine-tuning is performed. • The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated using BLEU and ROGUE-L scores. • Medical professionals have conducted a quality assessment of the summarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study considers 49,881 papers published between 2011 and 2020 in three prestigious journals: Nature, Science , and PNAS. • We compare three handling time indicators (EHT, PHT, and THT) of papers published in these three journals. • This analysis finds significant negative associations between all handling time indicators and both impact and attention, except for a non-significant correlation between PHT and attention. • Heterogeneity analyses indicate that these relationships are affected by the journal, subject, and affiliation. The time required for peer review is a crucial factor for researchers when deciding where to submit their manuscripts, as it is also considered an important predictor of paper impact. This paper analyses the handling time of academic papers at the individual paper level, focusing on three key indicators: editorial handling time, processing handling time, and total handling time. Unlike previous studies that primarily examined the simple correlation between handling time and academic impact of academic papers, this paper uses a negative binomial regression model to analyse the data while controlling for various factors related to total citations. Further, we explore the relationship between handling time and social attention. The dataset used in this study comprises 49,881 papers classified as 'articles' and published between 2011 and 2020 in three prestigious journals: Nature, Science , and PNAS. Our main findings reveal significant negative associations between the three measures of handling time and both impact and attention, except that processing handling time and attention have a significant positive relationship. Additionally, heterogeneity analyses indicate that these relationships are affected by the journal, subject, and affiliation. This empirical analysis of handling time's effect on academic impact and social attention expands upon the insights gained from previous research and may stimulate changes in some journal editorial policies to accelerate publishing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A framework combining machine learning models and SHAP to interpret how peer review improves the research impact. • The importance of key linguistic, sentiment, and peer review features from peer review reports in determining the scientific significance of papers. • Valuable insights for authors to improve the quality of work and increase academic influence by paying closer attention to peer review characteristics. • Textual features of peer review reports play an important role in predicting post-publication scientific impact. Peer review is crucial in improving the quality and reliability of scientific research. However, the mechanisms through which peer review practices ensure papers become top-cited papers (TCPs) after publication are not well understood. In this study, by collecting a data set containing 13, 066 papers published between 2016 and 2020 from Nature communications with open peer review reports, we aim to examine how textual features embedded within the peer review reports of papers that reflect the reviewers' emotions may predict the papers to be TCPs. We compiled a list of 15 textual features and classified them into three categories: peer review features, linguistic features, and sentiment features. We then chose the XGBoost machine learning model with the best performance in predicting TCPs, and utilized the explainable artificial intelligence techniques SHAP to interpret the role of feature importance on the prediction results. The distribution of feature importance ranking results demonstrates that sentiment features play a crucial role in determining papers' potential to be highly cited. This conclusion still holds, even when the ranking of the feature importance changes in the subgroup analysis of dividing the samples into four disciplines (biological sciences, health sciences, physical sciences, and earth and environmental sciences), as well as two groups based on whether reviewers' identities were revealed. This research emphasizes the textual features retrieved from peer review reports that play role in improving manuscript quality can predict the post-publication research impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labeled data are fed to learning models of classification tasks to help them learn to classify unlabeled data. Massive papers are hinged by citations to a few influential papers, much smaller than the total size, which, if labeled, would cause the spread of label information to the most of the papers. We utilized the co-reference relationship between papers since the references cited by a paper dataset usually cannot be contained by the dataset. We stated the problem of optimal paper labeling as the problem of picking a given fraction of nodes from a co-reference network to maximize the number of their neighbors, which is a submodular maximization problem with a cardinality constraint, NP-hard for general networks. We approximately solved it by picking nodes according to the ranks of specific network centralities. We further proved that labeling papers according to the rank of degree, the lowest-complexity centrality, can give a near-optimal solution with specific constraints on the maximum degree of co-reference network and labeling proportion. Experimental results show that our method brings a significant improvement in the accuracy of classification. • A model-agnostic optimization objective is proposed to improve paper classification accuracy. • The optimization objective is maximizing a paper set's neighborhood in a co-reference network. • Labeling high-centrality nodes is a labor-saving and approximative way to the maximizing problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various valuable illuminated paper manuscripts in museums and libraries suffer from fungal deterioration. The treatment and protection of illuminated paper manuscripts from fungal damage is an important process. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate different fungicides against fungi isolated from historical illuminated paper manuscript dated back to the Mamluk period (1250–1516 AD). Fungi isolated from infected historical illuminated paper manuscripts were identified and their cellulolytic enzyme activity was performed. The identified fungi were A. fumigatus , A. niger , A. flavus , Alternaria alternate , and Trichoderma sp. Isolate (4-1), identified as Aspergillus flavus, possessed the highest cellulase activity. This isolate was tested against the following fungicides: azoxystrobin, boscalid, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, and thiophanate-methyl at concentrations from 1 to 200 ppm, nanoparticles of TiO 2 and SiO 2 at concentrations of 0.5%, and 1% and mixtures of fungicides [difenoconazole + propiconazole (1:1)] at 100 and 200 ppm and [boscalid + pyraclostrobin (2:1)] at 150 and 300 ppm. The disc diffusion method (DDM) was used to evaluate the efficiency of the prepared individual and mixed fungicides against Aspergillus flavus (4-1) isolate. The results of this study revealed that treatments with individual difenoconazole at 200 ppm exhibited the best antifungal activity, followed by the propiconazole fungicide. Further research is needed to evaluate the in vitro practical application of these fungicides with infected illuminated paper samples with Aspergillus flavus agents in the field. [Display omitted] • Illuminated manuscript components and improper conditions promote fungal growth. • Aspergillus flavus gave the highest cellulase activity among the fungi isolated. • Aspergillus flavus was tested against some chemical fungicides and nanoparticles. • Disc diffusion method and statistical analysis were used in the evaluation process. • Difenoconazole at 200 ppm exhibited the best antifungal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing environmentally friendly barrier coatings as an alternative to petroleum-based polymer packaging is a challenge. Cellulose nanofibres (CNF) films have exhibited great potential as water and gas barrier layers. Recycled paper was multi-layer coated with three commercial CNF (mechanical (M-CNF), TEMPO (T-CNF) and carboxymethylated (C-CNF)) using two metering systems (wound rod and blade micrometer) and two drying methods (tension-free contact drying and air drying). The coatability and rheological behaviour of the CNF suspensions were analysed. The gas, water and grease barrier properties of the CNF coated papers were determined and compared with the results of paper coated with cationic starch. The three CNF suspensions and the starch suspension were successfully coated using both metering systems. In the multi-layer coating, air drying yielded higher coat weights than contact drying, and the difference was more noticeable in M-CNF and T-CNF coated samples. A lack of uniformity observed in CNF coatings increased with the number of coating layers. M-CNF coated samples had a whitish surface with a uniform appearance, but coating was insufficiently compact to provide barrier properties. T-CNF coating exhibited a cracked surface and consequently provided no barrier properties. Drying stresses caused breakage of T-CNF coating, which could be explained by the drop in apparent viscosity at much lower rheological shear stresses in the T-CNF suspension. C-CNF showed successful coatability and provided barrier properties to paper with both metering systems and drying methods. Air permeance decreased considerably and the water wettability of the paper decreased by 60% compared to the reference paper, even with a single coating layer (about 1 g·m−2). In addition, a greaseproof paper (grease resistance >1800 s and kit no >10) was obtained with multi-layer C-CNF coating. Although water vapour permeability at 90 % RH and 20 °C decreased slightly with a single layer of CNF coating, higher amounts of CNF did not improve this parameter. • Evaluation of CNF coatability in metering and drying systems employed in papermaking • Air stream drying led higher CNF coat weights in multi-layer application. • Cracked coating under drying stresses was related to rheological behaviour of CNF. • Carboxymethylated CNF can be used as pre-coating to improve paper barrier properties in papermaking. • A greaseproof paper by multi-layer carboxylated CNFs coating could achieved [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Paper mill sludge ash (pm SA) was used as catalysts to activate PMS. • Aerobic calcination was conducive to the exposure/formation of octahedral FeIII. • The O O bond fracture was the root pathway for FeIV O production. • The release of solid calcium in pm SA could inhibit the active decay of FeIV O. • The pm SA could effectively degrade similar pollutants in near-neutral water. The excellent performance of high-valent iron-oxo species (FeIV O) in the degradation of pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) had attracted much attention. However, the generation and reaction mechanisms were still unclear. In this study, iron-rich paper mill sludge was used as a raw material for the first time to prepare iron-based catalysts with abundant octahedral FeIII sites (Fe oct III). The results showed that the highest content of Fe oct III was found in the paper mill sludge ash obtained by aerobic calcination at 800 °C (pm SA800), and the pm SA800 could exhibit excellent catalytic activity (0.4785 min−1) and stability during the oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation process. The characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicated that the Fe oct III was the dominant active site for FeIV O production. PMS tended to be adsorbed on two adjacent Fe oct III sites to form a [Fe oct III-OSO 2 OO(H)-Fe oct III] complex with a two-site adsorption configuration. Subsequently, the O O and O H bonds in [Fe oct III-OSO 2 OO(H)-Fe oct III] broken by absorbing energy, generating FeIV O. It's worth noting that the Ca species of pm SA800 effectively stabilized the pH of the reaction solution, which ensured the stable and continuous production of FeIV O. This work provides a new idea and insight for preparing catalysts that could produce FeIV O active species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste paper and tyre are typical solid wastes with distinct composition. Their pyrolysis could generate varied volatiles that may interact with each other or with resulting char. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of waste paper and tyre was investigated at 400 and 600 ºC, with the focus on understanding the interaction of the volatiles on evolution of the products. The results show that the interaction of the volatiles at 400 ºC forms more gaseous products like CO and CO 2 , while the interactions of the heavier organics at 600 ºC forms more oil (49.3% vs 42.6%). The interaction of the volatiles also affects the generation of sulfur-containing organics and diminishes the paper-derived aldehydes and ketones or the heavy organics with the π-conjugated structures in the oil. In addition, the volatile-char interactions exist and form the char of higher carbon content through promoting carbonization and deoxygenation reactions, generating char of higher thermal stability and higher hydrophilicity via tailoring functional group, pore structures and morphologies of the char. [Display omitted] • Interaction of volatiles in co-pyrolysis of waste paper and tyre exists. • Co-pyrolysis promotes formation of gases at 400 ℃ while oil at 600 ℃ via condensation. • Paper-derived intermediates capture CH x * /H* radicals, minimizing CH 4 /H 2 formation. • Volatiles interactions interfere formation of S-containing organics and aldehydes/ketones. • Co-pyrolysis affects composition, stability, functionality and morphologies of char. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Waste tissue paper is utilized as a solar absorber and vapor generator. • Excellent evaporation rate of 1.58 Kg m−2h−1 and photothermal efficiency of 82 %. • Salts and organic dye water purification ability were also analyzed. • Offering flexibility and salt rejection capability. • Prototype solar still has been constructed to show the practical application. The lack of water is becoming a severe threat to society. An advanced free source-based technology called Solar thermal interfacial evaporation (STE) has been developed to address this issue. This renewable-based technique is a sophisticated water purification method that is both environmentally benign and cost-effective. In this study, we have converted the waste tissue paper into a highly stable solar thermal evaporator, which brings a high evaporation rate of 1.58 Kg m−2h−1 under one sun illumination. The device shows an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of 82 %, delivering a high freshwater conversion. Moreover, the device's purification ability was tested with salt water, and dye water solution demonstrated excellent purifying properties. For long-term practical usage of the device, the device brings excellent flexibility and compressibility. A prototype solar still was constructed to demonstrate the device's real-time application behaviour under direct solar illumination. Nearly 160 ml of freshwater was collected from the solar still having an area of ∼ 0.06 m2 under varying natural solar illumination with an average radiation of 416.66 W m−2 under 4 h. CCS STE may become an ideal choice for solar steam-generating applications because of its minimalistic design, high efficiency, waste material, widespread availability, and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, an increasing focus has been placed on the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions, underscoring the significance of the sustainable energy-conservation industry as a prominent and consequential field of development. As an energy-intensive procedure within the papermaking sector, the process of pulp-fiber beating necessitates an imperative exploration of alternative approaches aimed at mitigating energy consumption. This study has synthesized renewable cationic cellulose nanoparticles (CCNPs) extracted from the parenchymal cells of maize stalk pith. The objective is to demonstrate their viability as a reinforcing additive for paper sheets, thereby reducing the reliance on conventional beating processes. The results showed that CCNPs were prone to augment the physical strength of bleached papers, compared with unbleached papers. The inclusion of 9% CCNPs led to a remarkable 163.5% and 140.0% increase in tear and tensile indexes for bleached Eucalyptus paper, respectively. Incorporating CCNPs into non-refined paper yields physical traits akin to wood pulp paper beaten over 40 °SR. The CCNP-strengthened handsheets exhibited superior tensile and tear index in comparison to commercial dry strength additives such as cationic starch (CS) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM). Additionally, at 80 μg/ml concentration, E-B-9 displayed significant bactericidal effectiveness, achieving an impressive 97% reduction in Escherichia coli. This notable outcome is attributed to the presence of quaternary ammonium salt moieties in the formulation. This investigation introduces a promising approach where in the utilization of CCNP as an innovative multifunctional agent for paper holds the potential to enhance paper performance and concurrently reduce production costs. [Display omitted] ● The agro-waste CCNP acted well as a paper multifunctional addictive. ● The CCNPs promoted physical strengths of the paper from non-refined wood pulps. ● 9% CCNP-added sheet has mechanical properties akin to that from the 40°SR paper. ● 80 μg/ml of the bleached hardwood showed 97% bactericidal efficacy against E. coli. ● The improvement of CCNPs applied to bleached pulps is superior to unbleached pulps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A versatile SERS chip based on CMOF-enforced carbon paper was firstly constructed. • CMOF provided a pre-concentration effect for increasing sensitivity and stability. • Uniform electrodeposition of Au NPs can be contributed to superior reproducibility. • The SERS chip showed low LOD, wide linear range and good reusability for diazepam. • Diazepam in aquatic products was recognized with excellent practical applicability. Herein, a versatile surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform was firstly constructed by integrating conductive metal organic framework (CMOF) with controlled electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) on flexible carbon paper (CP-CMOF@Au) for sensitively recognizing diazepam (DZP) in aquatic products. The CMOF not only provided a pre-concentration effect for boosting sensitivity, but also dramatically improved the intrinsic electrical conductivity contributing to homogeneous distribution of Au NPs and forming SERS-active "hot spot" with superior stability and reproducibility. Based on CP-CMOF@Au chip, DZP can be sensitively detected with low limit of detection of 0.64 ng mL−1 and wide linear detection range from 0.001 to 10 μg mL−1. Also, DZP in aquatic products can be collected and recognized using multiple approaches (drip coating, soaking and wiping) with excellent reusability and satisfactory recovery of 85.8–103.3%. This method would provide an ingenious SERS strategy for rapidly monitoring DZP in aquatic products with good practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based composite materials exhibit a marked tendency towards thinner and lighter profiles in the context of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Carbon fiber paper (CFP) has excellent electrical conductivity and Lightweight base characteristics. However, its single electrical loss characteristic and uncontrollable EMI shielding performance are limited in application. Therefore, we prepared CFP@ graphene oxide (GO)/ZIF-67 composites by chemical bonding and in-situ polymerization, and then prepared CFP@rGO/Co/C composites with integrated structure and function by heat treatment. Layer-by-layer assembly technology was employed to develop composite materials with tunable EMI shielding performance. The composite material has excellent high conductivity (2475.86 S/m) and excellent EMI shielding performance (average X-band EMI efficiency (SE)38.46 dB, absolute shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) = 14388.56 dB cm2 g−1). Through the layer-by-layer assembly technology, the EMI SE performance of the 7-layer assembled material reached 85.83 dB, and the EMI SSE/t reached 32110.51 dB cm2 g−1. Through simulation verification, the EMI shielding performance of the materials is compared, and ideas for EMI material design are provided. In addition, the material also has excellent Joule heating performance, fast electrothermal response and good temperature controllability. The material exhibits remarkable resilience against harsh environmental conditions, including strong acids, bases, organic reagents, ultrasonic waves, combustive processes, and extremely low temperatures. Despite these severe treatments, its performance remains above 90 % intact. This study proposes a magnetic-dielectric synergistic, performance-adjustable CFP-based shielding material, which has great application potential in the future wearable, defense, and aerospace fields. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Facile and scalable self-assembly of perylene diimide polymer with carbon paper. • Effective facilitation of carrier separation by π-π built-in electric field. • Narrowed band gap and low VB due to the VB tail states induced by π-π interactions. • Enhanced photocatalytic water oxidation activity of the PDIP/CP photocatalyst sheet. • Suitability of the PDIP/CP photocatalyst sheet for large-scale applications. Photocatalytic water splitting is a highly promising future energy technology. In contrast to the extensive work on particulate photocatalysts, there is still a lack of sufficient investigation for regularized photocatalysts. Here, from perylene diimide polymer (PDIP) and commercial carbon paper (CP), we develop a self-assembled PDIP/CP photocatalyst sheet that is easily scalable and can be used for photocatalytic water oxidation. Driven by strong interfacial π-π interactions, the PDIP spontaneously adsorbs onto the CP, which leads to a narrowed band gap, down-shifted VB edge, and enhanced separation of the photogenerated charge carriers of the PDIP. Under visible light, the PDIP/CP photocatalyst sheet shows significantly enhanced photocatalytic water oxidation activity (4 h cumulative oxygen evolution is 1.7 times higher than that of the powder-suspended system) and considerable cycling stability. The PDIP/CP photocatalyst sheet has the potential for large-scale device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the pyrolysis of cellulose-based paper templates infiltrated with a suitable polymer precursor, ceramic composites exhibiting a paper-like structure can be conveniently prepared. Such polymer-derived ceramic papers (PDCPs) unite the unique morphology of regular cellulose papers with the properties of the ceramic system utilized. Here, two paper templates, made from eucalyptus and cotton, respectively, were infiltrated with two polysilazane-based polymer precursors modified with either Fe, Ni, or Pd and converted into multi-phasic ceramic papers. In addition to the type of paper template, precursor composition, and transition metal used, the present study aims to rationalize the influence of pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere on the morphology, microstructure, and phase composition of the ceramic papers generated. For this purpose, scanning electron microscopy, SEM, and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, (S)TEM, in conjunction with EDS analyses were used to elucidate the microstructural features of the ceramic composites in great detail. It is shown that the transition metals precipitate as nanosized metallic particles and silicides in the case of Pd and Ni, while the introduction of Fe features oxide and carbide phases in addition to that. Moreover, the metals catalyze both the graphitization of the cellulose fibers and, at higher temperatures, the generation of whisker-like Si-based nanostructures composed of either SiC or Si 3 N 4 , depending on the processing atmosphere used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Starch paste was destroyed more easily than the paper fibers under UV-A irradiation. • Paper coated with high concentration of paste could cause fiber breakage due to the photodegradation of paste. • Paper coated with low concentration of paste could damage both the paste and paper fibers. • It's important to keep an appropriate concentration of starch paste to improve the irradiation stability of paste-restored paper artifacts. Starch paste has been the main adhesive of choice for paper conservation until now. Studies evaluating the properties of paste-coated paper under UVA irradiation conditions are limited but necessary to enable conservators for a proper choice of materials in terms of durability. In this paper, SEM, FTIR, Raman, and measurements of mechanical properties were used to investigate the aging features of UVA-irradiated paste-coated paper. The increased macro and micro physical and chemical changes with increasing UVA exposure time indicated the degradation of paste and paper polymers. The pH and spectroscopic analyses indicated that the carboxyl groups, which led to the acidity of the sample, were slowly produced with increasing irradiation, and the pH of the paste was lower than that of the paper samples when exposed for the same amount of time. The change in crystallinity also affected the degradation rate of paste-coated papers. SEM observations showed that the paste was destroyed more easily than the paper fibers, a higher concentration of paste caused the paper fibers to break, and a lower concentration of paste damaged both the paste and paper fibers. The present study suggests that an appropriate concentration of paste coated on the paper surface could improve the irradiation stability of paper samples for paste-restored paper artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BC/ZnO nanocomposite strengthens paper and improves aging resistance. • The nanocomposite imparts antifungal properties to paper. • The nanocomposite helps in deacidification of paper. Paper, commonly used as an information carrier, can become acidified and brittle over time. In this study, 0.3 % bacterial cellulose (BC) composite with 1.0% zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was prepared and used to coat brittle book paper for deacidification and consolidation. The BC/ZnO nanocomposite was characterized using zeta potential, micro morphology, elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectra, Fourier transform infrared, and thermogravimetric analyses. The results indicated that the composite exhibited good stability. ZnO nanoparticles were bonded to the hydroxyl groups on BC, enhancing the thermal stability of BC. The composite was uniformly sprayed on the paper surface, and the mechanical properties, color difference, readability, pH, and micromorphology of the paper samples were examined before and after the treatment. The BC/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited good deacidification and consolidation effects on paper samples with low impact on the original paper appearance. Moreover, the BC/ZnO nanocomposite showed a good inhibitory effect on fungi growth on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adding kaolin reduces the volatility and leachability of heavy metals. • Xerogel with high porosity was successfully synthesized for heavy metal adsorption. • Silica-alumina xerogel can effectively adsorb heavy metals in pyrolysis gas. • Heavy metal species can form ionic or covalent bonds with kaolinite. It is of great significance to reduce the secondary risk of heavy metals during the pyrolysis of paper sludge. This study used kaolin and alumina-silica-based xerogels to control heavy metals released during sludge pyrolysis. Pyrolyzing a mixture of sludge and 7% kaolin at 400 °C achieved high retention rates for Cu (95.85%), Zn (95.97%), Pb (97.15%), Cd (84.23%), and Cr (84.05%) when the pyrolysis tail gas was treated with 9 g of xerogel. The addition of kaolin facilitated the transformation of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr from the unstable fraction to the stable fraction in pyrolysis biochar, reducing their leachability. The xerogels also played a crucial role in adsorbing and stabilizing the heavy metals. The results of thermodynamic equilibrium calculations showed that Pb(g), PbS(g), PbCl 2 (g), PbCl(g), Zn(g), ZnCl 2 (g), and Cd(g) were the main gaseous products of Zn, Pb, and Cd during paper sludge pyrolysis. The Pb atoms in PbCl 2 and PbS, and the Zn atoms in ZnCl 2 bond with the oxygen atoms on the kaolin surface by covalent bonds, while the Cl atoms in PbCl and the Pb atoms of elemental lead form ionic bonds with H and O atoms on the kaolinite surface, respectively. These experimental and simulation results offer new ideas for controlling heavy metals during sludge pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and scalable approach to modify electrodes with achieving excellent performance and low-cost is urgently needed for direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs). A carbon paper (CP) electrode with porous carbon nanosheets is successfully fabricated by electrochemical exfoliation to enhance the charge transfer and increase reaction sites in DLFCs. After in-situ electrochemical exfoliation for 4 min, the carbon fiber surface becomes porous and rough to enlarge specific surface area and produce abundant defects for the electrode, greatly increasing reaction active sites. In addition, massive oxygen functional groups are introduced to significantly improve the reaction kinetics and wettability of the electrode. The exfoliated CP shows superior electrocatalytic activity with minimum overpotential and highest reduction reaction rate, benefitting from the larger specific surface area, abundant defects, and superhydrophilic property. Moreover, the exfoliated CP without catalysts is directly used as the cathode for a membraneless DLFC with sodium persulfate as an oxidant to yield outstanding performance. The peak power density of the DLFC with the exfoliated CP is 188.6 mW cm−2, 93.4% higher than that with the pristine CP. Results show that a feasible way to acquire excellent cell performance and low cost is obtained by electrochemically exfoliated CP electrode for DLFCs. [Display omitted] • An effective method to modify cathode is proposed for low-cost DLFCs. • Carbon fiber surface becomes porous and rough to enlarge specific surface area. • Abundant defects and oxygen functional groups are introduced. • Electrochemical exfoliation enhances charge transfer and increases active sites. • The exfoliated cathode without catalysts yield the outstanding cell performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the procedures for activation of WP. • Activating WP with K 2 C 2 O 4 , H 3 PO 4 or ZnCl 2 forms products of distinct nature. • H 3 PO 4 /ZnCl 2 catalyzes formed more bio-oil but less gas, and K 2 C 2 O 4 is opposite. • K 2 C 2 O 4 and ZnCl 2 are more effective than H 3 PO 4 for creating pores from WP. • ZnCl 2 creates abundant macropores via converting fibers in WP to graphitic crystals. • K 2 C 2 O 4 shows lower environmental impact than ZnCl 2 in activating WP. Waste paper (WP) is rich in cellulose, which can be activated to produce porous carbon, bio-oil, and combustible gases. During chemical activation of WP, the use of varied chemical agents not only generates activated carbon of distinct pore structure but also bio-oil/gases of different property. In this study, the activation of WP with varied chemical agents was conducted. The distinct characteristics of activated carbon and also bio-oil/gases were correlated with the different nature of the used chemical agents. The results indicated that H 3 PO 4 and ZnCl 2 catalyzed polymerization reactions for producing more bio-oil while less gases owing to their Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites. K 2 C 2 O 4 showed high activity for cracking/gasification reactions, forming bio-oil with higher abundance of organics with smaller π-conjugated structures. In addition, ZnCl 2 could create a very coarse porous structure with abundant macropores via destroying fiber structure in WP and promoting the growth of graphitic crystals. In comparison, K 2 C 2 O 4 hindered the aromatization and facilitated the formation of amorphous activated carbon. K 2 C 2 O 4 and ZnCl 2 were much more effective than H 3 PO 4 for creating micropores and mesopores from WP, the derived activated carbon showed superior performances as the electrode of supercapacitor and adsorbent for adsorption of oxytetracycline from aqueous solution. In addition, K 2 C 2 O 4 as activating agent showed lower environmental impact than ZnCl 2 in terms of energy consumption, environmental pollution and the greenhouse effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-pyrolysis of homogeneous polypropylene plastic and paper wastes. • Analysis of physicochemical characteristics, and synergetic effects. • Energy analysis of mixed municipal waste conversion. Co-pyrolyzing mixed wastes of the different physicochemical kinds is often a challenge. This study reports the co-pyrolysis of homogeneous polypropylene plastic and paper wastes, highlighting their characteristics, synergetic effects, and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters using robust thermal gravimetric analysis technique. Results show that 20% paper in the blend improved the bulky density, fuel ratio from 0.09 to 0.13, maximum degradation temperature from 369.55 to 447.88 °C and thermal stability from 381.60 to 393.82 °C. The average activation energies of the blend from Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Friedman and Coats-Redfern were 148.73 ± 7.87, 133.98 ± 11.59 and 143.74 ± 13.83 kJ/mol, respectively, lower than at least one of the homogenous wastes. All the enthalpy and Gibbs free energy values were positive, thus, endothermic non-spontaneous pyrolysis. In addition, average enthalpies for the mixed sample were lower than homogeneous polypropylene (from 159.57 ± 11.86, 153.74 ± 16.07 and 181.27 ± 28.90 to 143.60 ± 24.42, 128.86 ± 34.61 and 138.61 ± 41.32 kJ/mol, respectively) in all models, respectively. The entropy values for all samples were negative. They decreased with increasing conversion rates for mixed waste samples, indicating ease to reach thermodynamic equilibrium during pyrolysis. There is an insignificant difference between the experimental and the calculated TGA/DTG curves, signifying meagre synergetic effects. In addition, the 3D surface response for the conversion rate against temperature and heating rate showed closeness in results between the homogeneous and mixed waste. The results of this study are vital in handling municipal solid waste without any need for isolation during the conversion process to valuable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel method for synthesizing hierarchical porous zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures by thermally decomposing green-synthesized hydrozincite. The hydrozincite was prepared at room temperature using zinc acetate dihydrate and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) in cellulose printing papers as the precipitating agent. The resulting ZnO particles exhibit a distinctive flower-like morphology, consisting of porous nanosheets composed of interconnected nanoparticles. The average crystallite size of the hierarchically structured zinc oxide nanoparticles, as determined via X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement method, was found to be 18.8 nm when calcined at 500 °C. However, with increasing calcination temperature to 600, 700, and 800 °C, the average crystallite size also increased to 24.3, 30.4, and 47.2 nm, respectively. The ZnO synthesized at temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to both the ZnO synthesized at 800 °C and commercial ZnO. This enhanced performance can be primarily attributed to the nanosized ZnO particles, which provide a substantial surface area, high accessibility of active sites, and fast charge transfer kinetics. In terms of photocatalytic activity, all the samples show HER improvement under the UV light irradiation, attributed to the generation of photoexcited charge carriers. The ZnO synthesized at 800 °C and the commercial ZnO exhibit greater enhancements in photocatalytic activity compared to the other samples. This implies that larger solid particles with fewer nanopores result in a greater exposed surface area for UV-light absorption. The hierarchically structured ZnO nanoparticles demonstrate promising electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activities, as well as stability, opening up potential applications in various fields, including energy conversion and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel photoelectrochemical ultraviolet detection technologies based on semiconductor/electrolyte heterojunctions have attracted significant attention due to their cost-effective fabrication and self-powered characteristic. In this study, ZnO films were deposited on three-dimensional carbon fiber paper (3D CFP) using a one-step sputtering method, resulting in the preparation of 3D ZnO/CFP composites as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) type photodetectors (PDs). The fabricated device demonstrates outstanding photoelectrochemical performance, showcasing a remarkable responsivity of approximately 31.76 mA/W, a detectivity of 3.06 × 1012 jones, and a rapid photoresponse time of 76.51/48.51 ms. Furthermore, the device exhibits exceptional photoresponse stability during cycling tests. The unique structure of 3D CFP, composed of intertwined carbon fiber in three dimensions, offers an enlarged specific surface area and efficient carrier transport pathways for the photoanode in self-powered PEC-PDs. This characteristic facilitates effective electrolyte diffusion throughout the entire film, as well as efficient transport of photo-generated charge carriers, thereby significantly enhancing the overall performance of the PEC-PDs. This study affirms the effectiveness of the synergistic interaction between 3D CFP and ZnO film for advanced UV photodetectors, demonstrating both mass production viability and promise for the future of photoelectrochemical detection technology. [Display omitted] • Preparation of three-dimensional ZnO/CFP composites as photoanodes for self-powered UV photodetectors by one-step sputtering. • The 3D ZnO/CFP photochemical photodetector has a remarkable response rate and outstanding photoresponse stability. • Demonstration of the effectiveness of synergy between 3D CFP and ZnO films for advanced UV photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor mental health is considered a major health challenge globally, not least for young people, who will form families within forthcoming years. Research related to childbirth and parenthood transition has focused on how to promote good mental health by preventing mental illness. We discuss how a salutogenetic approach to mental health in parenthood transition is beneficial, and specifically how the component of meaningfulness in Sense of Coherence (SoC), could be investigated to optimize good mental health during parenthood transition. In more recent understandings of meaningfulness , ideas from existential philosophy and psychology have been included. We discuss how, from an existential psychological perspective, open and explorative questioning of life conditions and dilemmas may help to regain one's footing and get in touch with one's driving force – meaningfulness. Such questioning implies that someone, a professional or a friend, actively and relationally helps explore existential aspects of life. We believe that investigating and asking research questions pointing at optimizing a salutogenetic perspective, specifically focusing on the component of meaningfulness and its embedded existential aspects of life, could lead to new knowledge on how to promote good mental health in maternity care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy, however, its incidence has been increasing worldwide, including among older adults. The care of older patients with anal cancer requires a multidisciplinary and comprehensive team approach to ensure improved outcomes and maintenance of quality of life, and the geriatric assessment should be a key component in the evaluation of every older patient with anal cancer. Despite older adults representing a large proportion of patients with anal cancer, they were underrepresented in trials that defined currently accepted standard therapies, including definitive chemoradiotherapy. Nonetheless, data from retrospective studies suggest that fit older patients with anal cancer should receive standard treatment similarly to their younger counterparts. This review describes the current knowledge regarding the management of anal cancer in older adults, including geriatric assessment, localized, recurrent/persistent, and metastatic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care delivery shifted and adapted with the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Stroke care was negatively affected across the care continuum and may lead to poor community living outcomes in those who survived a stroke during the ongoing pandemic. For instance, delays in seeking care, changes in length of stays, and shifts in discharge patterns were observed during the pandemic. Those seeking care were younger and had more severe neurologic effects from stroke. Increased strain was placed on caregivers and public health efforts, and community-wide lockdowns, albeit necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19, had detrimental effects on treatment and recommendations to support community living outcomes. The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Stroke Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group Health and Wellness Task Force convened to (1) discuss international experiences in stroke care and rehabilitation and (2) review recently published literature on stroke care and outcomes during the pandemic. Based on the findings in the literature, the task force proposes recommendations and interdisciplinary approaches at the (1) institutional and societal level; (2) health care delivery level; and (3) individual and interpersonal level spanning across the care continuum and into the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on a synopsis of a critically appraised paper discussing the potential benefits of eccentric resistance training for enhancing strength and power, but not gait, in patients with neurological conditions. Topics discussed include the findings of the study regarding the effects of eccentric resistance training, its limitations in improving gait function, and the implications for therapeutic interventions in this patient population.

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