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The article reports that nobody is looking into the faces of those serving in the military as they parse in bloodless reports and pork-driven congressional hearings the base closing recommendations of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his Pentagon team. Thousands of other Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine wives will endure similar situations in the coming months as they learn how Washington's decisions about base closures and realignments will affect them. The U.S. Congress, in reviewing Rumsfeld's grand design, has paid dangerously little attention to what impact all the moving of military people from Europe, the Pacific and within the U.S.--along with support civilians--will have on the inclination of young people to join and stay in America's military.

The article reports that shares in paper companies in Europe are going low due to credit downgrades, increasing energy and raw materials costs, and oversupply across the globe. Major paper and packaging companies in Europe such as Stora Enso, UPM-Kymenne, and Svenska Cellulosa AB have been laying off staff and closing mills to adjust to the oversupply. As the share prices go down, some investors see it as an opportunity to invest and purchase cheap shares.

International Paper said on Monday that it had agreed to acquire Weyerhaeuser's packaging business for $6 billion to become North America's largest maker of corrugated boxes. The paper and packaging industry in North America and Europe has been consolidating and reducing production capacity in an effort to tackle soaring raw material costs and dwindling demand for paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

International Paper's quarterly profit slid 31 percent, hit by one-time charges and higher costs, and the company warned that weaker demand resulting from the global slowdown would hurt results for the rest of the year. Falling demand for its paper and packaging products in North America and declining prices for pulp in both North America and Europe will combine to lower fourth-quarter results, the company said. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports that the commercial paper market in the U.S. has grown for the eighth straight week to 1.3 trillion U.S. dollars. The gain is largely attributed to activities of European banks in the market. Crane Data revealed that majority of taxable money-market mutual funds have yields of less than 0.1 percent.

Reports on the planned merger of the Stora AB and Enso Oyj. paper companies in Europe. Value of the sales of Stora and Enso; Reference to the name of the merged company; Principal owners of the merged company; Discussion on the terms of the merger.

Reports European Union's investigation into the European paper manufacturers to inquire their alleged involvement in manipulating the prices. Names of the companies raided by the European Union.

Reports that shares of paper companies in the United States and Europe have dropped. Statistics on drop; Comments from analyst Hubert de Marliave. INSET: Beaten to a pulp..

Reports that Bunzl PLC is selling its German and Italian fine-paper businesses to NV Koninklijke KNP for $96.7 million. What Bunzl manufactures.

Reports that Bunzl P.L.C. agreed to sell its German and Italian fine-paper businesses to Koninklijke KNP BT N.V. for approximately $103 million. Reasons for sale; Names of units.

The article reports that European banks are issuing much less commercial paper to secure short-term funding and issuing fewer loans. Over a two-month period outstanding commercial paper from Banco Santander SA and Millenium BCP has declined by about $1 billion apiece. In addition, bank deposits that might otherwise be available for loans have begun piling up at the European Central Bank.

The article discusses signs of improving credit conditions. Demand for commercial paper issued by both U.S. and European banks has increased substantially, while the three-month dollar Libor has fallen to a record low. However, some banks are hoarding funds received for commercial paper, thus undermining government efforts to promote liquidity.

The article reports on Stora Enso Oyj and UPM-Kymmene Corp., two of Europe's largest paper producers, which announced programs to reduce capacity and release 3,000 employees in an effort to improve profits. The actions come after a long period of weak prices and overcapacity in the paper industry. Stora Enso Oyj disclosed it will close unprofitable assets that produce tons of paper and board and sawn goods. UPM-Kymmene Corp., the world's largest producer of magazine paper, said it will stop its least competitive pulp and paper businesses.

Looks at Kimberly-Clark's plans to reduce some of the company's combined European work force by 15 percent. Reason for staff cuts; Reference made to Scott Paper Company; Merger between Kimberly-Clark and Scott Paper; Comments from William Steele, an analyst.

Reports on the desire of Internet by European publishers. Enlisting of America Online to get Internet by German publishing giant Bertelsmann.

The article discusses how U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta's belief that stronger partnerships and alliances with allies abroad will help offset the impact of reductions in the U.S. defense budget is belied by military cutbacks in European nations such as Germany and Great Britain.

The article reports that the government of Switzerland has been conducting criminal investigations to track down the source of a leak to the Zurich-based newspaper SonntagsBlick of what it reported was a secret document citing clandestine Central Intelligence Agency prisons in Eastern Europe.

The article reports on the sales decline of paper business Sappi Fine Paper's products in Europe in 2013 and mentions the increase of pulp prices.

Presents information on the European Synod held in Milan, Italy in October 1999. Statement from Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini of Milan; Challenges faced by the Catholic Church; Signs of secularized and fatigued European Church.

This article reports that the European educators and students are complaining that the recent shift toward administering the Test of English as a Foreign Language exclusively in an online format is hurting thousands of foreign students who want to take the important examination. The test is a gateway to study in the United States and other English-speaking countries because universities use the test, known as the Toefl, to evaluate the English-language proficiency of foreign applicants. In October, however, the Educational Testing Service, the nonprofit organization that owns and administers the test, began phasing out the paper test, offering an Internet-based version instead in Canada, France, Germany, and Italy. Lonnie R. Johnson, executive director of the Austrian-American Educational Commission, which manages the Fulbright Program in Austria, said that administering the test in France and Germany has been especially problematic. Arnaud Roujou de Boubé, executive director of the FrancoAmerican Commission for Educational Exchange, remarked that the decision to introduce the new version of the test in the fall, the most busy test-taking time of the year.

The article discusses anti-American sentiment around the world. Though many nations have shown open animosity towards America during the George W. Bush presidential administration, some countries, like India, have a more sympathetic view. The dislike for America by European countries stems from the view that Europeans are mostly modern and secular, while many Americans are drenched in religiosity and traditionalism, according to Dutch historian Rob Kroes, whose paper "European Anti-Americanism: What's New?" is analyzed.

Reports on the acquisition of Raisio Chemicals by paper manufacturer Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. in Europe.

Reports that the European Commission, the European Union's executive arm, is launching a drive to discuss all the scientific and ethical questions concerning genetic engineering of crops. Topic of the skepticism of Europeans about genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms; How the consultation will culminate in a policy paper setting out a strategic plan for biotechnology in Europe.

The article reports that DuPont Titanium Technologies has increased the price of its titanium dioxide (TiO2) products in North America, Europe and Africa. It mentions that the company is the largest manufacturer of titanium dioxide and serves customers in the coatings, paper and plastics industries. It states that the company has its plants in Florida.

Examines the implications of the use of the euro as of January 1, 1999. Symbolic and practical implications for the world; Impact on Western Europe and the United States; Value of the euro; Stocks and bonds that are expected to be priced in euros; Extent of the challenge to the US dollar; Euro available in paper currency by 2002; Euro expected to encourage more trade.

The article discusses why the U.S. Federal Reserve is unlikely to raise interest rates soon. A sovereign debt crisis in Europe has produced several adverse consequences for the U.S. economy including falling stock prices, higher borrowing costs between banks, and reduced activity in the commercial-paper market. Futures prices indicate investors have lowered their expectations for interest-rate hikes by July, 2011.

THE European Commission, angered over what it sees as unfair Chinese trade policies, this week imposed what it said were the ''first ever antisubsidy tariffs against imports from China.'' The commission said China was ''significantly subsidizing its coated fine-paper industry by giving cheap loans, allocating land below market value and granting various tax incentives,'' and announced duties of up to 12 percent on imports of high-quality paper used for magazines and brochures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addresses issues surrounding the death of Gennady M. Danilenko, a Russian law professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, in June 2001. Information on Danilenko; Allegations of being a drug addict and smuggler; Events that led to his death.

The article discusses the difficulty European banks are experiencing in obtaining loans. Recently introduced restrictions on money market funds coupled with concerns stemming from a European debt crisis have made creditors wary about lending to banks. Rates banks pay for interbank loans and commercial-paper funding have both risen.

The article reports that investors are awaiting an announcement by the U.S. Federal Reserve that they will cut the overnight interest rate on September 18, 2007. Problems with mortgage defaults in the U.S. have lead to issues in asset-backed commercial paper, essentially causing commercial credit to become harder to get and cost companies higher interest, both in the U.S. and Europe.

The article reports on the response of U.S. graduate schools to the three-year undergraduate degrees being established in Europe under the Bologna Process, aimed at creating a standardized European Higher Education Area. The results of a survey by the Institute of International Education into the proportion of U.S. graduate programs that accept the degrees as equivalent to four-year degrees from the United States are discussed.

The article focuses on the preponderance of pigs in the history books of schools in America. Sixteenth-century buccaneers are reported to be named after the boucans or grills, on which they smoked the meat of stolen pigs. Swine, brought to America from Europe by early settlers, were the cause of fights over personal property between British colonists and their American Indian neighbors. Upton Sinclair's muckraking novel The Jungle, about the Chicago stockyards,resulted in the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. In the early 19th century, Cincinnati was the world's pork-processing capital and gained as a commercial center. Further, pigs were are alleged to be prominent at a prominent moment in Cincinnati's economic history. Indeed, it was there that assembly-line production models were pioneered as meatpackers made the butchering process more efficient by dividing it into discrete tasks-an approach that attracted the attention of the young Henry Ford. Furthermore, students take a midterm exam and write research papers on the history of pigs. They are divided into competing teams for special projects like designing a hypothetical exhibit on pigs for Cincinnati's history museum.

So Greece has officially defaulted on its debt to private lenders. It was an ''orderly'' default, negotiated rather than simply announced, which I guess is a good thing. Still, the story is far from over. Even with this debt relief, Greece -- like other European nations forced to impose austerity in a depressed economy -- seems doomed to many more years of suffering. And that's a tale that needs telling. For the past two years, the Greek story has, as one recent paper on economic policy put it, been ''interpreted as a parable of the risks of fiscal profligacy.'' Not a day goes by without some politician or pundit intoning, with the air of a man conveying great wisdom, that we must slash government spending right away or find ourselves turning into Greece, Greece I tell you. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British auditor for newspaper sales said on Wednesday that an unusual distribution arrangement operated by The Wall Street Journal Europe appeared to comply with its reporting standards, saying an investigation had turned up ''no clear evidence'' of violations. Under a program, an educational consulting firm had bought 12,000 copies of the paper for 1 euro cent each. Payments were then made to the firm by The Journal through third parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BRUSSELS -- Amid a debt crisis that threatens to engulf the global economy, the European Union this week will try again to address a serious flaw in the construction of the euro: the lack of fiscal rules tough enough to provide a foundation for the currency. While steering far clear of transferring actual authority over national budgets here, the revamped rules, scheduled for a vote Wednesday in the European Parliament, are described as tougher, more credible and more sophisticated than the original set, on paper at least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a paper presented by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the International Labor Office which revealed the increasing risk of entrenched unemployment in the Group of 20 industrial and developing nations due to slow economic activity.

THE debt crisis in Europe has finally, and officially, washed up on American shores. Last week, the mighty Federal Reserve moved to help European banks that have been having trouble finding people who are willing to lend them money. Some of these banks are growing desperate for dollars. Fearing the worst, investors are pulling back, refusing to roll over the banks' commercial paper, those short-term i.o.u.'s that are the lifeblood of commerce. Others are refusing to renew certificates of deposit. European banks need this money, in dollars, to extend loans to American companies and to pay their own debts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WITH the iPad 2 and the Kindle both blazing best sellers, the future looks a lot brighter for the pixelated word than the printed one. Refusing to go out without a fight, though, that old hidebound paper product known as the book is moving backward instead of forward, playing up its allure as desirable object and less as a democratic info-pack. Looking at the demand for old editions of classics and the robust art-book industry, one thinks back to late-15th-century Europe, when printed books were a luxury often sold without covers so buyers could have them bound as richly as they liked -- more like buying a sofa than the collected Plutarch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses European and European Union (E.U.) studies as an academic field. Particular focus is given to the discipline's popularity for college and graduate students in European higher education and its potential to prepare students for political careers within the E.U. as well as provide them with a broad, liberal-arts based education. Topics explored include E.U. public policy, the training and education of civil servants, and the Bologna Process. The article also offers information regarding the emergence of Romani studies, or the study of Romani peoples, as a scholarly field.

ONCE upon a time, a young man went for a walk. It was December 1933, and an 18-year-old Englishman named Patrick Leigh Fermor put on a pair of hobnail boots and a secondhand greatcoat, gathered up his rucksack and left London on a ship bound for Rotterdam, where he planned to travel 1,400 miles to Istanbul -- on foot. He had virtually no money; at best, he'd arrive in, say, Munich to find his mother had sent him $:5. But what he did have was an outgoing nature, a sense of adventure, an affinity for languages and a broad network of friends of friends. ''If I lived on bread and cheese and apples,'' he later wrote, ''jogging along on fifty pounds a year like Lord Durham with a few noughts knocked off, there would even be some cash left over for papers and pencils and an occasional mug of beer. A new life! Freedom! Something to write about!'' [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

HONG KONG -- Spreading problems in Europe's sovereign debt markets pose potential challenges for China, which has been stepping up its investments in European government bonds and relies on Europe as its biggest export market. The turmoil that Europe's difficulty has caused in financial markets already appears to have caused tens of billions of dollars in paper losses in China's foreign exchange reserves. And the problems may complicate the timing of an expected Chinese move to break the informal peg of the Chinese renminbi to the dollar, Chinese and Western economists and bankers said on Thursday. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Whether he likes it or not, Jean-Claude Trichet is not just the president of the European Central Bank. Mr. Trichet, 67, is also the de facto president of Europe, at least for the 16 nations that rely on the euro as their common currency. On paper, the European Union has just established a new president in Brussels, and the central bank's sole responsibility is to keep inflation in check. Moreover, the bank, based here, has almost no formal policy tools to help an ailing member country like Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on a forecast that the growth of the corporate bond markets in Europe is expected to extend in 2010. The trend is said to be stimulated by firms seeking to capitalize on the continuing demand for credit to refinance their debt. Additional bonds are anticipated to be sold by banks as governments discontinue their funding programs aimed at supporting the banks through the worst of the financial crisis. HSBC global debt syndicate head Bryan Pascoe cited the factors that drive the increase, including redemptions in bank paper.

Seven European finance leaders have called for far-reaching curbs on bonuses for bankers in a strongly worded draft paper to be presented at a meeting on Friday of G-20 ministers in London. Citing the ''insatiable greed'' of some financial players and their ''destructive irresponsibility,'' the draft calls for the G-20 to impose a policy that would prohibit guaranteeing bonuses for more than a year and would require that bonuses be spread over several years. ''Bonuses should reflect the individual's and bank's true performances over time,'' the draft said. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on the move by some of the largest banks in the world to increase their investments in the government-guaranteed bank bond market. The move is said to have unintentionally make government-guaranteed paper more attractive that government debt. It is inferred that government-guaranteed bonds offer low risk and high reward, which make it attractive to treasury departments of banks. Euro-zone banks had purchased 106 billion euro of sovereign bonds in the first quarter of 2008.

The article deals with the statements of European business leaders about the financial crisis in 2009. They mentioned that there will be more job losses and stressed that the European Central Bank (ECB) must work on more monetary stimulus. The European Union business leaders also stated that the bloc could result to 4.5 million job losses in 2009. BusinessEurope hopes that ECB would begin purchasing commercial paper.

The article discusses the cap-and-trade system or emissions trading, which is an approach used by some countries to act against global warming. The system uses financial incentives to encourage companies to lower the amount of carbon dioxide they emit, as regulated by a governing body, such as the European Union which oversees pulp- and paper-making, concrete, glass- and steel-producing sectors, electric utilities and oil refineries in Europe.

The article concerns China's latest record monthly trade surplus in 2007. It is inferred that the country's trade surplus will ensure continued debate over trade and currency policies at economic summits with its trading partners, the U.S. and Europe. Merchandise exports from China increased by 22.3% to $107.7 billion in October. The slowdown to the cumulative impact of currency appreciation and Chinese tax changes have been attributed by economists to industries such as paper and metal processing.