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Why you should read this article: • To enhance your knowledge of the effects of kidney function impairment on pharmacokinetics • To recognise the factors to consider when prescribing and administering medicines to patients with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease • To understand the nurse’s role in ensuring safe medicines use for patients with impaired kidney function. Due to the increasing incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), nurses in most healthcare settings are likely to care for patients with some degree of impaired kidney function. Impaired kidney function can adversely affect the way the body excretes, absorbs, distributes and metabolises medicines (pharmacokinetics), potentially resulting in a wide range of drug-related complications. This article provides an overview of the effects of impaired kidney function on pharmacokinetics and the importance of accurate drug dose adjustments for patients with related conditions. It also discusses various aspects of medicines use in patients with AKI, the pharmacological management of patients with CKD and the use of immunosuppressive therapy in patients who have had a kidney transplant. The authors consider the role of the nurse in ensuring safe medicines use for patients with impaired kidney function throughout the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of laser absorption spectroscopy as a tool to detect and quantify methane emissions, which are a significant driver of climate change. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that remains in the atmosphere for a shorter time than CO2 but has a much greater warming effect. The article highlights the importance of reducing methane emissions and the role that spectroscopy can play in identifying and addressing sources of methane leaks. It also emphasizes the need for accurate and real-time data to make informed decisions about emissions reduction. Laser absorption spectroscopy is described as a powerful and versatile technology that can be used to detect trace gases and analyze air quality. The article concludes by emphasizing the economic and environmental benefits of reducing methane emissions and the importance of improving leak detection and quantification technologies. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on a new wave energy converter design developed by Portugal's Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering. Topics include the converter's ability to operate effectively in extreme sea conditions, the integration of this technology with floating offshore platforms, and future plans to test and refine the system's performance in harsh weather.

The article delves into Duke University researchers' establishment of the theoretical fundamental threshold for electromagnetic energy absorption in transparent materials of specific thicknesses, validated through transfer matrix calculations and full-wave numerical simulations.

Why you should read this article: • To enhance your understanding of the pharmacology of the side effects of medicines • To identify which medicines and patient groups have an increased risk of adverse drug reactions • To recognise how you could apply your knowledge of pharmacology to prevent adverse effects and maintain patient safety Most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are linked to pharmacology. No medicine has a single physiological effect, and many cause unwanted side effects in addition to their intended action, even when administered at the recommended dose. The higher the number of medicines people take, the higher their risk of ADRs. This article explores the role of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in ADRs and discusses how understanding the way in which the body processes medicines, and the factors that affect these mechanisms, can assist nurses in anticipating and avoiding ADRs. The article also explains how understanding the mode of action before administering medicines to patients can predict and prevent harmful interactions, exaggerated or unwanted side effects and responses at unintended sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUTH Why you should read this article: • To improve your understanding of the mechanisms of medicine absorption • To explore the numerous pharmacokinetic factors that affect medicine absorption • To understand the safety parameters of the prescription and administration of medicines The speed and extent of medicine absorption in the human body are affected by numerous interrelated pharmacokinetic factors. To maximise therapeutic benefit and ensure patient safety, nurses require an optimal understanding of these factors. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society has established four principles of medicines optimisation that healthcare professionals should follow. This article discusses the pharmacokinetic factors that affect medicine absorption. It also examines the four principles of medicines optimisation and how nurses can use these to ensure the safe and effective use of medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Bacillus coagulans (BC30) introduced by public food company Kerry as a probiotic ingredient that improves digestive health and protein absorption.

The task of adequately specifying performance for an indoor anechoic chamber without driving unnecessary costs or specifying contradictory requirements calls for insight that is not always available to the author of the specification. Although there are some articles and books 1-3 that address anechoic chamber design, a concise compendium of reference information and rules of thumb on the subject would be useful. This second part of the series intends to do that, concentrating on the sizing of compact ranges and chambers for near field systems. As was done in part one, simple approximations are used for absorber performance to generate a series of equations that help specify performance and size of facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the second part of a series on the development of commercial adsorbent which focuses on a novel method for improving the success rates of sorbent development. It offers information on commercial adsorbent which is a substance that adsorbs another. Also discussed are ways to apply the method, how to investigate the effect of particle size, and the characteristics of adsorbents and loading method.

The article focuses on the use of analytical tools top investigate the underperformance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) molecular sieve. It says that a case study of molecular sieve deactivation shows that careful analysis is crucial to address the cause of operational problems at the dehydration unit. It states that deep removal of water is done by molecular sieve adsorbents in the dehydration unit (DHU) which is operated in continuous manner and operated at with fixed cycle time.

The article focuses on the terminology guide dealing with chromatography and sample preparation. It mentions that terminology guide encapsulates terms encountered in routine laboratory work around columns, injection techniques, method development, sample preparation tasks, and general usage including collection plate, filtration plate, and absorption. It further mentions that terminology guide would be helpful for novel users of chromatography but can serve as a refresher for old users.

Due to the importance of non-structural devices providing colli-sion energy absorption for an economic crashworthiness design concept, some typical design examples offered by different suppliers are described in part II. In the meantime, more than 800 crashworthy locomotives TRAXX 2 and TRAXX 2E delivered since end of 2004 have achieved an accumulated mileage of more than 450 million km. This service experience gives an ap-propriate basis for an evaluation of the practical suitability of the crashworthiness design realized and the related economic benefits. The article addresses also the question regarding a technically justifiable effort for crash safety. It discusses if the requirements of the European standards on crashworthiness design for railway vehicles are still appropriate, how they can be adapted to the level of active safety achieved in the meantime and finishes with some advices for a potential improvement of standards and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview on the evolution of Stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE). SBSE was first developed for sampling in liquid phase introduced by Pat Sandra's group to overcome the limits of the existing techniques. It is based on sorption whose applications involve the use of thermo desorption and whose main advantages are related to high inertness of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

The article discusses the construction of a high-frequency lowpass filter (LPF) through dot-termination. The aim is to come up with an LPF with quasi-Gaussian absorption, flat passband response, frequency compatibility, and absorptive property for stopband signals. Such properties are ideal for digital transmission systems.

The article offers an overview on the alkylsilane chromatographic sorbents performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the U.S. It discusses an evaluation of shape selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. It also highlights the conclusion that the consistency of molecular features from diametric modeling approaches offers a broader understanding of chromatographic shape-selective processes.

The article focuses on the use of immunosorbents (ISs) for liquid sample preparation. It is stated that ISs are used in a manner similar to solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, one of the most popular approaches to pretreat liquid samples. ISs can be packed into high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column hardware. Further, the ISs accounts the combination of high affinity and high selectivity of the antigen-antibody interaction.

This article describes the use of ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in pharmaceutical analysis of drug substances and drug products with UV absorption detection. The fundamentals and benefits of UHPLC in increasing analysis speed and resolution are reviewed. Its performance (precision, extracolumn dispersion, sensitivity, and column life) in pharmaceutical analysis was assessed. Several case studies on method development of an over-the-counter product, a complex formulation, and a drug substance are presented to illustrate the utility and benefits of UHPLC. Practical issues on system compatibility to existing methods, injection precision, system carryover, and sensitivity for low-UV absorption detection, as well as regulatory aspects on method adjustment and modification, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines the uses of ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in the analysis of drug substances and products with ultraviolet absorption detection. It examines the benefits of UHPLC as well as its performance in terms of speed analysis and resolution. Meanwhile, information on several case studies which illustrate the benefits of UHP are offered, together with the discussion of practical issues on system compatibility for low ultraviolet absorption detection.

Recommends methods and techniques for ensuring humidification absorption in commercial and industrial applications. Absorption distance; Placement in system design; Air temperature; Air velocity and volume.

Describes the procedures for stir-bar sorptive extraction of trace organic compounds from aqueous matrices. Methods for chromatographic separation and detection; Types of extraction; Principles and applications of sorptive extraction.

Introduces the external gas on the core side of the mold to squeeze sink marks. Promotion of the external gas injection techniques; Development of the adoption of external gas technology; Assessment on the external gas molding.

Features absorption technology, which is used for cooling and heating purposes in the United States. Emergence of absorption as an alternative form of cooling; Benefits of natural gas products for building owners; Pros and cons of absorption technology.

The article focuses on the cover of aerated static pile (ASP) composting. It mentions that the cover is advantageous in several ways including maintenance of moisture level by reducing evaporative losses, reduction of odors through in-situ biofiltration or water absorption and reduction in volatile organic compound (VOC) emission. It states that ASP covers are biogenic including wood chips, sawdust and hay.

The article focuses on the crashworthiness and energy-absorbing capacity of composite materials, particularly glass- and carbon-fiber composites. It cites the development of standard test methods in the forms of testing of self-supporting shapes and testing of flat test coupons in quantifying the energy absorption capacity of these materials. It notes that calculating the specific energy absorption (SEA) would allow direct comparison of materials.

The article presents an overview of the IR Spectroscopy Analysis of Disposable Gloves for residues. It says contamination from handling samples with bare hands can occur, and gloves could be a way to prevent that contamination. However, absorption hands attributed to sample contamination from gloves, which can be detected in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectra. The detected residue could be considered as part of the sample, which is damaging.

This article reports that pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method of assessing arterial oxygen saturation, which is a measure of the amount of oxygen made available to the tissues. A pulse oximeter probe is usually placed on the finger, and consists of two light-emitting diodes (LED) and a photocell. The LEDs emit light at 660nm and 940nm, and the photocell detects this after penetration through the tissues. To measure arterial oxygenation, the oximeter must be able to detect pulsatile arterial flow, since this is, of course, the blood on which the measurement needs to be made. Differing absorptions of the two wavelengths depend on whether the haemoglobin is saturated or desaturated.

The article informs that in minerology, dichroism is the phenomenon in which a crystal has two different colors when viewed along different crystal axes (dichroism = "two-colored"). Circular polarized light is useful in spectroscopy because in some circumstances, right-circularly polarized light is absorbed in different amounts than left-circularly polarized light. This differential in absorption of circular polarized light gives rise to dichroism spectroscopy. Chiral molecules rotate the plane of linearly polarized light because they absorb preferentially either left-circularly or right-circularly polarized light.

The article reports watching of heme dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans worms in real time using transient absorption (TA) microscopy. Topics discussed includes using laser beams to measure chromophore, lysosomal-related organelles, and noninvasive method to differentiate various states of heme, which includes oxidised and reduced.

The article discusses the analysis of edible oils by Near infrared spectroscopy and through parameters including iodine value, peroxide value, anisidine value and free fatty acids. Topics discussed include infrared spectrum as a source of information related to edible oils, COOH absorption which is indicative of lipolysis or free fatty acid, and quantitative analysis of samples.

The article reports on an analysis of absorption of wood preservatives using the micro X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) technique. It states that the goal was to assess how deep the copper-based solution has been absorbed into the wood by measuring copper as preservatives utilize copper as an important constituent. It mentions that micro-XRF requires sample preparation and distribution of copper does not show uniform distribution but absorption appears to be dependent on structure of wood.

The article looks at the market potential of curcumin given its health benefits. It discusses the beneficial health effects of curcumin, as well as absorption and metabolism of curcumin, and provides information on the water soluble curcumin formulation CurcuWIN. It reports the results of a study which compared commercially available forms of curcumin, the growing market of curcumin, and the influence of bioavailability and consumer demand on the market potential of curcumin.

The article discusses the increase in size of parts over time and its implication for dimensional stability of polymers. It explains that moisture absorption from the atmosphere causes the dimensional growth of polymers, many of which are hygroscopic, citing the example of nylon. The author discusses the process of water absorption by nylon and its effects on the material's mechanical properties.

The article explores various ways for membrane contactors to reduce the size of carbon capture equipment. Membrane gas absorption (MGA) offers several opportunities for intensifying the carbon dioxide capture process. One of the advantages of using a membrane absorber is the fact that operation is not influenced by the orientation of the absorber which is important in offshore and zero-gravity applications. In a membrane contactor, it is important to select the right mix of absorption liquid and membrane.

The article reports on the study co-authored by researchers at Iowa and Kansas state universities regarding the differences existing in aspirin and sodium salicylate solubility and absorption level for pig treatment. According to the study, differences in aspirin solubility and absorption may affect the dose received by the pig and treatment effectiveness. The research suggests that co-variables such as water quality, equipment type, and management styles must be considered.

This article reports that there is a good chance that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of ductwork could be included in future commercial bids for sorbent injection in order to optimize the efficiency of mercury removal and minimize sorbent expenses. The main importance of the CFD modeling is that it allows for inexpensive testing and comparison of different injection grid arrangements.

This solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a widely used methodology for sample preparation. However, with all of the choices in sorbents and methods, selecting the right SPE methodology has the reputation of being tedious and time-consuming. Researchers aim is to select a SPE methodology for a majority of analytes with two protocols and four sorbents. The choice of sorbents is determined by the nature of the analytes of interest, as well as by the sample matrix. For each of the four sorbents, SPE recovery of the intended analyte collected in the final elution step ranged from 85 to 98 percent. SPE recovery for the neutral analyte, prednisone, in the 100 percent methanol elution step ranged from 82-99 percent.

This article presents information on developments in the field of opthalmology. In California, the Food and Drugs Administration has approved the single-use vial of ISTA Pharmaceuticals Inc.'s hyaluronidase injection ovine sterile solution for use as a spreading agent in the dispersion and absorption of other drugs. The company said it would launch the new vial size and the larger 6,200-USP Units multi-purpose vial early in the first quarter of 2005. OXiGENE Inc., is launching a phase II clinical trial of its lead compound, Combretastatin A4 Prodrug, in patients with myopic macular degeneration under an investigational new drug application submitted to the FDA.

Focuses on a study which compares the patterns of fibronectin adhesion between IOL of different materials. Information on the IOL included in the study; Function of fibronectin adhesion; Description of vitronectin.

Focuses on the strategy used by Photocircuits Corp. for the removal of volatile organic compounds in its printed circuit-board manufacturing plant in New York. Decision to use an activated carbon adsorption system; Effectiveness of the system; Impact of the system on the environment.

Focuses on the phenomenon of two-photon excitation and absorption which helps in the development of high-technology materials, according to a research by University of Arizona scientists in Tucson, Arizona. Requirements of increasing the odds of two-photon absorption; Development of three dimensional microstructures; Polymerization.

Reports on findings indicating the role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in mitochondrial cholesterol transport. Scientists working on a research on the molecular basis of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia; Role of StAR in the disease.

The article discusses the benefits of the highly resonant wireless power transfer (HR-WPT). The orientation of the receiving device and its associated scale equated to the transmitter just minimally impacts the efficiency of the transfer with HR-WPT. The HR-WPT method of transfer has been discovered to show levels of tissue heating and absorption rates that are below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) electric field guidelines.

The article reports on aerogel sponge which can absorb up to 100 times its own weight in oil without water absorption.

The article focuses on a study to determine the Drug Antibody Ratio (DAR) by a method based on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-multi-angle light scattering (MALS),in conjunction with UV absorption and differential refractive index detection. It mentions that DAR is critical in the designing of antibody-drug conjugates that acts as target-directed therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. The study employs the ASTRA 6 software package for the automation of component analysis.

The article offers information on several products related to sound system including, ATH-M50WH Professional Studio Monitor Headphones from Audio-Technica US Inc., ASC-Cooltrap Absorption/Diffusion Modular Sound Panels from ASC-TubeTrap.

The article explores the detection of single-molecule absorption at room temperature. According to Gregory V. Hartland, a nanomaterials spectroscopist at the University of Notre Dame, detection of single-molecule absorption will enable detection of weakly or nonfluorescent molecules. Nano-optics researcher Vahid Sandoghdar of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and his colleagues measured the light transmitted via a single molecule. Michel Orrit and his colleagues used photothermal microscopy to detect single-molecule absorption.

The article focuses on the prediction of Chinese scientists concerning the use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) as superabsorbing and reusable sponges for organic materials. Scientists Anyuan Cao and Dehai Wu note that the properties present in sponges allow the integration of merits in fragile aerogels with conventional soft materials due to flexibility and robustness. It cites that CNTs will pass through chemical vapor deposition and self-assembly for its formation.