Search

Extreme light confinement down to the atomic scale has been theoretically predicted for ultrathin, Ta-based transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In this work, we demonstrate in free-hanging 2H-TaS2 monolayers and bilayers slow light behaviour with a group velocity ~ $10^{-4}c$ and a lateral confinement ratio up to 300 at large wave vectors of $q = 0.15 \, \text{{\r{A}}}^{-1}$. Quantitative momentum-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) with an unprecedented momentum resolution of $0.0036 \, \text{{\r{A}}}^{-1}$ was used as a nanoscale optical platform. With it, momentum-dispersed, two-dimensional (2D) plasmon resonances were experimentally observed, showing a transition from 2D to 3D Coulomb interaction in the high-momentum regime, equivalent to light confinement volumes of $1\text{-}2 \, \text{nm}^3$. Remarkably, the resonant modes do not enter the electron-hole continuum, predicting even more enhanced optical field confinements for this material at cryogenic temperatures., Comment: Main Text and Supplemenary Information

Top-down Bird's Eye View (BEV) maps are a popular representation for ground robot navigation due to their richness and flexibility for downstream tasks. While recent methods have shown promise for predicting BEV maps from First-Person View (FPV) images, their generalizability is limited to small regions captured by current autonomous vehicle-based datasets. In this context, we show that a more scalable approach towards generalizable map prediction can be enabled by using two large-scale crowd-sourced mapping platforms, Mapillary for FPV images and OpenStreetMap for BEV semantic maps. We introduce Map It Anywhere (MIA), a data engine that enables seamless curation and modeling of labeled map prediction data from existing open-source map platforms. Using our MIA data engine, we display the ease of automatically collecting a dataset of 1.2 million pairs of FPV images & BEV maps encompassing diverse geographies, landscapes, environmental factors, camera models & capture scenarios. We further train a simple camera model-agnostic model on this data for BEV map prediction. Extensive evaluations using established benchmarks and our dataset show that the data curated by MIA enables effective pretraining for generalizable BEV map prediction, with zero-shot performance far exceeding baselines trained on existing datasets by 35%. Our analysis highlights the promise of using large-scale public maps for developing & testing generalizable BEV perception, paving the way for more robust autonomous navigation. Website: https://mapitanywhere.github.io/, Comment: Accepted at the 38th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2024) Track on Datasets and Benchmarks. Website: https://mapitanywhere.github.io/

Exciton-phonon coupling limits the homogeneous emission linewidth of nanocrystals. Hence, a full understanding of it is crucial. In this work, we statistically investigate exciton-phonon coupling by performing single-particle spectroscopy on Zn$_{1-x}$Cd$_{x}$Se/CdS dot-in-rod nanocrystals at cryogenic temperatures ($T\approx 10~\rm{K}$). In situ cation exchange enables us to analyze different band alignments and thereby different charge-carrier distributions. We find that the relative intensities of the longitudinal optical S- and Se-type phonon replicas correlate with the charge-carrier distribution. Our experimental findings are complemented with quantum mechanical calculations within the effective mass approximation that hint at the relevance of surface charges., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures

The paper introduces hidden grid background oriented schlieren for quantitative study and visualization of natural convection heat transfer. In this technique, the refractive index variation, induced by the temperature gradient, is encoded in the recorded signal phase through the distortion of a background pattern. The background (undistorted) pattern is implicit (or hidden) in the light source. Quantitative estimation of the phase map is obtained by windowed Fourier transform. This method offers localized processing of the signal using joint space-frequency representation. The performance of hidden grid background oriented schlieren is practically demonstrated by investigating natural convective flow, a demanding task due to its comparatively small heat transfer.

The paper introduces a method for studying flow dynamics using diffractive optical element based background-oriented schlieren (BOS). Our method relies on fringe demodulation using root multiple signal classification technique which provides high robustness against noise. Further, a graphics processing unit (GPU) based implementation is proposed which offers significant improvement in computational efficiency, and thus enables high speed analysis of flows. The performance of the method is demonstrated via numerical simulations and the practical applicability is also shown by analyzing a diffusion phenomenon in liquids by BOS., Comment: Journal

In this paper, we have worked out a pseudo two dimensional (2D) analytical model for surface potential and drain current of a long channel p-type Dual Material Gate (DMG) Gate All-Around (GAA) nanowire Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET). The model incorporates the effect of drain voltage, gate metal work functions, thickness of oxide and silicon nanowire radius. The model does not assume a fully depleted channel. With the help of this model we have demonstrated the accumulation of charge at the interface of the two gates. The accuracy of the model is tested using the 3D device simulator Silvaco Atlas., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1405.6364

In this paper, we have presented the impact of the gate leakage through thin gate dielectrics (SiO2 and high-\k{appa} gate dielectric) on the subthreshold characteristics of the tunnel field effect transistors (TFET) for a low operating voltage of 0.5 V. Using calibrated two-dimensional simulations it is shown that even for such a low operating voltage, the gate leakage substantially degrades several subthreshold parameters of the TFET such as the off-state current, minimum subthreshold swing and average subthreshold swing. While the drain-offset as well as the short-gate are effective methods for reducing the gate leakage, we show that if the gate tunneling leakage is not considered, even for these two methods, the overall TFET off-state current will be significantly underestimated. Our results demonstrate the need to carefully account for the gate leakage in the design of TFETs just as it is done for the conventional nanoscale MOSFETs.

In this paper we have developed a two dimensional (2D) analytical model for surface potential and drain current for a long channel Dual Material Gate (DMG) Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET). This model includes the effect of drain voltage, gate metal work function, oxide thickness and silicon film thickness, without assuming a fully depleted channel. The proposed model also includes the effect of charge accumulation at the interface of the two gates and the variation in the tunneling volume with the applied gate voltage. The accuracy of the model is tested using two-dimensional numerical simulations. In comparison to the conventional TFET, the proposed model predicts that a DMGTFET provides a higher ON-state current (ION), a better ON-state to OFF-state current (ION/IOFF) ratio and a better sub-threshold slope (SS).

In this letter, we propose a dielectric-modulated Impact-Ionization MOS (DIMOS) transistor based sensor for application in label-free detection of biomolecules. Numerous reports exist on the experimental demonstration of nanogap-embedded FET-based biosensors, but an I-MOS based biosensor has not been reported previously. The concept of a dielectric-modulated I-MOS based biosensor is presented in this letter based on TCAD simulation study. The results indicate a high sensitivity to the presence of biomolecules even at small channel lengths. In addition, a low variability of the sensitivity to the charges on the biomolecule is observed. The high sensitivity, dominance of dielectric-modulation effects and operation at even small channel lengths makes the DIMOS biosensor a promising alternative for CMOS-based sensor applications.

Using calibrated simulations, we report a detailed study of the doping-less tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) on a thin intrinsic silicon film using charge plasma concept. Without the need for any doping, the source and drain regions are formed using the charge plasma concept by choosing appropriate work functions for the source and drain metal electrodes. Our results show that the performance of the doping-less TFET is similar to that of a corresponding doped TFET. The doping-less TFET is expected to be free from problems associated with random dopant fluctuations. Further, fabrication of doping-less TFET does not require high-temperature doping/annealing processes and therefore, cuts down the thermal budget opening up the possibilities for fabricating TFETs on single crystal silicon-on-glass substrates formed by wafer scale epitaxial transfer.

In this paper, we report an alternative approach of implementing a Schottky collector bipolar transistor without doping the ultrathin SOI film. Using different metal work function electrodes, the electrons and holes are induced in an intrinsic silicon film to create the n emitter and the p base regions, respectively. Using two-dimensional device simulation, the performance of the proposed device has been evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the charge plasma based bipolar transistor with Schottky collector exhibits a high current gain and a better cut-off frequency compared to its conventional counterpart.

The trench gate MOSFET has established itself as the most suitable power device for low to medium power applications by offering the lowest possible ON resistance among all MOS devices. The evolution of the trench gate power MOSFET has been discussed in this chapter, starting right from its beginnings to the recent trends. The innovations in the structural improvements to meet the requirements for an efficient operation, the progress in the fabrication technology, the characterization methods and various reliability issues have been emphasized., Comment: Book Chapter

A distinctive approach for forming a lateral Bipolar Charge Plasma Transistor (BCPT) is explored using 2-D simulations. Different metal work-function electrodes are used to induce n- and p-type charge plasma layers on undoped SOI to form the emitter, base and collector regions of a lateral NPN transistor. Electrical characteristics of the proposed device are simulated and compared with that of a conventionally doped lateral bipolar junction transistor with identical dimensions. Our simulation results demonstrate that the BCPT concept will help us realize a superior bipolar transistor in terms of a high current gain compared to a conventional BJT. This BCPT concept is suitable in overcoming doping issues such as dopant activation and high-thermal budgets which are serious issues in ultra thin SOI structures.

In this paper, we propose the application of a Dual Material Gate (DMG) in a Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) to simultaneously optimize the on-current, the off-current and the threshold voltage, and also improve the average subthreshold slope, the nature of the output characteristics and the immunity against the DIBL effects. We demonstrate that if appropriate work-functions are chosen for the gate materials on the source side and the drain side, the tunnel field effect transistor shows a significantly improved performance. We apply the technique of DMG in a Strained Double Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor with a high-k gate dielectric to show an overall improvement in the characteristics of the device along with achieving a good on-current and an excellent average subthreshold slope. The results show that the DMG technique can be applied to TFETs with different channel materials, channel lengths, gate-oxide materials, gate-oxide thicknesses and power supply levels to achieve significant gains in the overall device characteristics.

A novel bipolar transistor structure, namely, a SiC emitter lateral NPM Schottky collector bipolar transistor (SCBT) with a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate is explored using two-dimensional (2-D) simulation. A comprehensive comparison of the proposed structure with its equivalent Si lateral NPN BJT and an SiC emitter lateral NPN HBT is presented. Based on simulation results, the authors demonstrate for the first time that the proposed SiC emitter lateral NPM transistor shows superior performance in terms of high current gain and cut-off frequency, reduced collector resistance, negligible reverse recovery time and suppressed Kirk effect over its equivalent Si lateral NPN BJT and SiC emitter lateral NPN HBT. A simple fabrication process compatible with BiCMOS technology is also discussed.

Design considerations for a below 100 nm channel length SOI MOSFET with electrically induced shallow source/drain junctions are presented. Our simulation results demonstrate that the application of induced source/drain extensions to the SOI MOSFET will successfully control the SCEs and improve the breakdown voltage even for channel lengths less than 50 nm. We conclude that if the side gate length equals the main gate length, the hot electron effect diminishes optimally.

Tunnel Field Effect Transistors (TFET) have extremely low leakage current, exhibit excellent subthreshold swing and are less susceptible to short channel effects. However, TFETs do face certain special challenges, particularly with respect to the process induced variations in (i) the channel length and (ii) the thickness of the silicon thin-film and the gate oxide. This paper, for the first time, studies the impact of the above process variations on the electrical characteristics of a Double Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (DGTFET). Using two dimensional device simulations, we propose the Strained Double Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (SDGTFET) with high-k gate dielectric as a possible solution for effectively compensating the process induced variations in the on-current, threshold voltage and subthreshold-swing improving the reliability of the DGTFET., Comment: Journal Paper

In this paper, we report a new 4H-SiC Lateral Dual Sidewall Schottky (LDSS) rectifier on a highly doped drift layer consisting of a high-barrier sidewall Schottky contact on top of the low-barrier Schottky contact. Using two-dimensional device simulation, the performance of the proposed device has been evaluated in detail by comparing its characteristics with those of the compatible Lateral Conventional Schottky (LCS) and Lateral Trench Sidewall Schottky (LTSS) rectifiers on 4H-SiC. From our simulation results, it is observed that the proposed LDSS rectifier acts as a low-barrier LTSS rectifier under forward bias conditions and as a high-barrier LTSS rectifier under reverse bias conditions making it an ideal rectifier. The LDSS rectifier exhibits an on/off current ratio (at 1 V / -500 V) of 5.5x10e7 for an epitaxial layer doping of 1x10e17 /cm^3. Further, the proposed LDSS structure exhibits a very sharp breakdown similar to that of a PiN diode in spite of using only Schottky junctions in the structure. We have analyzed the reasons for the improved performance of the LDSS., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

We report a new structure, called the Shielded Ohmic Contact (ShOC) rectifier which utilizes trenches filled with a high barrier metal to shield an Ohmic contact during the reverse bias. When the device is forward biased, the Ohmic contact conducts with a low forward drop. However, when reverse biased, the Ohmic contact is completely shielded by the high barrier Schottky contact resulting in a low reverse leakage current. Two dimensional numerical simulation is used to evaluate and explain the superior performance of the proposed ShOC rectifier., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

Tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) devices are attractive as they show good scalability and have very low leakage current. However they suffer from low on-current and high threshold voltage. In order to employ the TFET for circuit applications, these problems need to be tackled. In this paper, a novel lateral strained double-gate TFET (SDGTFET) is presented. Using device simulation, we show that the SDGTFET has a higher on-current, low leakage, low threshold voltage, excellent subthreshold slope, and good short channel effects and also meets important ITRS guidelines., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala

We report a novel method to reduce the collector-emitter offset-voltage of the wide bandgap SiC-P-emitter lateral HBTs using a dual-bandgap emitter. In our approach, the collector-emitter offset-voltage VCE(offset) is reduced drastically by eliminating the built-in potential difference between the emitter-base (EB) junction and collector-base (CB) junction by using a SiC-on-Si P-emitter. We demonstrate that the proposed dualbandgap P-emitter HBT together with the SiGe base and Schottky collector, not only has a very low VCE(offset) but also exhibits high current gain, reduced Kirk effect, excellent transient response and high cutoff frequency. We evaluated the performance of the proposed device in detail using two dimensional device simulation and a possible BiCMOS compatible fabrication procedure is also suggested., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

In this work, we propose a new Stepped Oxide Hetero-Material Trench (SOHMT) power MOSFET with three sections in the trench gate (an N+ poly gate sandwiched between two P+ poly gates) and having different gate oxide thicknesses (increasing from source side to drain side). The different gate oxide thickness serves the purpose of simultaneously achieving (i) a good gate control on the channel charge and (ii) a lesser gate to drain capacitance. As a result, we obtain higher transconductance as well as reduced switching delays, making the proposed device suitable for both RF amplification and high speed switching applications. In addition, the sandwiched gate with different work function gate materials modifies the electric field profile in the channel resulting in an improved breakdown voltage. Using two-dimensional simulations, we have shown that the proposed device structure exhibits about 32% enhancement in breakdown voltage, 25% reduction in switching delays, 20% enhancement in peak transconductance and 10% reduction in figure of merit (product of ON-resistance and gate charge) as compared to the conventional trench gate MOSFET., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

In this paper, we propose a new trench power MOSFET with strained Si channel that provides lower on resistance than the conventional trench MOSFET. Using a 20% Ge mole fraction in the Si1-xGex body with a compositionally graded Si1-xGex buffer in the drift region enables us to create strain in the channel along with graded strain in the accumulation region. As a result, the proposed structure exhibits 40% enhancement in current drivability, 28% reduction in the on-resistance and 72% improvement in peak transconductance at the cost of only 12% reduction in the breakdown voltage when compared to the conventional trench gate MOSFET. Furthermore, the graded strained accumulation region supports the confinement of carriers near the trench sidewalls improving the field distribution in the mesa structure useful for a better damage immunity during inductive switching., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala

In this paper, we demonstrate that the performance of silicon Schottky rectifiers on SOI can be significantly improved using a Lateral Dual Sidewall Schottky (LDSS) concept. Our results based on numerical simulation show that the LDSS structure on SOI has low forward voltage drop and low reverse leakage current while its breakdown voltage is significantly larger than that of a conventional Schottky rectifier., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

For nanoscale CMOS applications, strained-silicon devices have been receiving considerable attention owing to their potential for achieving higher performance and compatibility with conventional silicon processing. In this work, an analytical model for the output current characteristics (I-V) of nanoscale bulk strained-Si/SiGe MOSFETs, suitable for analog circuit simulation, is developed. We demonstrate significant current enhancement due to strain, even in short channel devices, attributed to the velocity overshoot effect. The accuracy of the results obtained using our analytical model is verified using two-dimensional device simulations., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

In this paper, we present the unique features exhibited by modified asymmetrical Double Gate (DG) silicon on insulator (SOI) MOSFET. The proposed structure is similar to that of the asymmetrical DG SOI MOSFET with the exception that the front gate consists of two materials. The resulting modified structure, Dual Material Double Gate (DMDG) SOI MOSFET, exhibits significantly reduced short channel effects when compared with the DG SOI MOSFET. Short channel effects in this structure have been studied by developing an analytical model. The model includes the calculation of the surface potential, electric field, threshold voltage and drain induced barrier lowering. A model for the drain current, transconductance, drain conductance and voltage gain is also discussed. It is seen that short channel effects in this structure are suppressed because of the perceivable step in the surface potential profile, which screens the drain potential. We further demonstrate that the proposed DMDG structure provides a simultaneous increase in the transconductance and a decrease in the drain conductance when compared with the DG structure. The results predicted by the model are compared with those obtained by two-dimensional simulation to verify the accuracy of the proposed analytical model., Comment: Journal Paper

After more than 30 years of validation of Moore's law, the CMOS technology has already entered the nanoscale (sub-100nm) regime and faces strong limitations. The nanowire transistor is one candidate which has the potential to overcome the problems caused by short channel effects in SOI MOSFETs and has gained signifi - cant attention from both device and circuit developers. In addition to the effective suppression of short channel effects due to the improved gate strength, the multi-gate NWFETs show excellent current drive and have the merit that they are compatible with conventional CMOS processes. To simulate these devices, accurate modeling and calculations based on quantum mechanics are necessary to assess their performance limits, since cross-sections of the multigate NWFETs are expected to be a few nanometers wide in their ultimate scaling. In this paper we have explored the use of ATLAS including the Bohm Quantum Potential (BQP) for simulating and studying the shortchannel behaviour of nanowire FETs., Comment: http://www.silvaco.com/tech_lib_TCAD/simulationstandard/latest.html

Basic SiC bipolar transistors have been studied in the past for their applications where high power or high temperature operation is required. However since the current gain in SiC bipolar transistors is very low and therefore, a large base drive is required in high current applications. Therefore, it is important to enhance the current gain of SiC bipolar transistors. Using two dimensional mixed mode device and circuit simulation, for the first time, we report a new Darlington transistor formed using two polytypes 3C-SiC and 4H-SiC having a very high current gain as a result of the heterojunction formation between the emitter and the base of transistor. The reasons for the improved performance are analyzed., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

In this letter we discuss how the short channel behavior in sub 100 nm channel range can be improved by inducing a step surface potential profile at the back gate of an asymmetrical double gate (DG) Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect- Transistor (MOSFET) in which the front gate consists of two materials with different work functions., Comment: Journal Paper

In this paper we report a new PNP Surface Accumulation Layer Transistor (SALTran) on SOI which uses the concept of surface accumulation of holes near the emitter contact to significantly improve the current gain. Using two-dimensional simulation, we have evaluated the performance of the proposed device in detail by comparing its characteristics with those of the previously published conventional PNP lateral bipolar transistor (LBT) structure. From our simulation results it is observed that depending on the choice of the emitter doping and the emitter length, the proposed SALTran exhibits a current gain enhancement of around 20 times that of the compatible lateral bipolar transistor without deteriorating the cut-off frequency. We have discussed the reasons for the improved performance of the SALTran based on our detailed simulation results., Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala/

A new Schottky-gate Bipolar Mode Field Effect Transistor (SBMFET) is proposed and verified by two-dimensional simulation. Unlike in the case of conventional BMFET, which uses deep diffused p+-regions as the gate, the proposed device uses the Schottky gate formed on the silicon planar surface for injecting minority carriers into the drift region. The SBMFET is demonstrated to have improved current gain, identical breakdown voltage and ON-voltage drop when compared to the conventional BMFET. Since the fabrication of the SBMFET is much simpler and obliterates the need for deep thermal diffusion of P+-gates, the SBMFET is expected to be of great practical importance in medium-power high-current switching applications., Comment: Journal Paper

A compact model for the effect of parasitic internal fringe capacitance on threshold voltage in high-K gate dielectric SOI MOSFETs is developed. Our model includes the effects of the gate dielectric permittivity, spacer oxide permittivity, spacer width, gate length and width of MOS structure. A simple expression for parasitic internal fringe capacitance from the bottom edge of the gate electrode is obtained and the charges induced in the source and drain regions due to this capacitance are considered. We demonstrate an increase in surface potential along the channel due to these charges resulting in a decrease in the threshold voltage with increase in gate dielectric permittivity. The accuracy of the results obtained using our analytical model is verified using 2-D device simulations., Comment: Journal Paper

Review on Memristor.

In this paper, we propose a new Extended-p+ Stepped Gate (ESG) thin film SOI LDMOS with an extended-p+ region beneath the source and a stepped gate structure in the drift region of the LDMOS. The hole current generated due to impact ionization is now collected from an n+p+ junction instead of an n+p junction thus delaying the parasitic BJT action. The stepped gate structure enhances RESURF in the drift region, and minimizes the gate-drain capacitance. Based on two-dimensional simulation results, we show that the ESG LDMOS exhibits approximately 63% improvement in breakdown voltage, 38% improvement in on-resistance, 11% improvement in peak transconductance, 18% improvement in switching speed and 63% reduction in gate-drain charge density compared with the conventional LDMOS with a field plate., Comment: Journal Paper

This paper critically examines the leakage current reduction techniques for improving the performance of poly-Si TFTs used in active matrix liquid crystal displays. This is a first comprehensive study in literature on this topic. The review assesses important proposals to circumvent the leakage current problem in poly-Si TFTs and a short evaluation of strengths and weaknesses specific to each method is presented. Also, a new device structure called the Triple Gate poly-Si TFT (TG-TFT) is discussed. The key idea in the operation of this device is to make the dominant conduction mechanism in the channel to be controlled by the accumulation charge density modulation by the gate (ACMG) and not by the gate-induced grain barrier lowering (GIGBL). Using twodimensional and two-carrier device simulation, it is demonstrated that the TG-TFT exhibits a significantly diminished pseudo-subthreshold conduction leading to several orders of magnitude reduction in the OFF state leakage current when compared to a conventional poly-Si TFT. The reasons for the improved performance are explained., Comment: Journal paper

This paper examines the performance degradation of a MOS device fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) due to the undesirable short-channel effects (SCE) as the channel length is scaled to meet the increasing demand for high-speed high-performing ULSI applications. The review assesses recent proposals to circumvent the SCE in SOI MOSFETs and a short evaluation of strengths and weaknesses specific to each attempt is presented. A new device structure called the dual-material gate (DMG) SOI MOSFET is discussed and its efficacy in suppressing SCEs such as drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), channel length modulation (CLM) and hot-carrier effects, all of which affect the reliability of ultra-small geometry MOSFETs, is assessed., Comment: Journal Paper