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The papers collected in this document are derived from a symposium held during the 1990 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archeology. The symposium, part of an increasing effort to make archeology more accessible to the general public, was dedicated solely to archaeology and education, and the papers described programs designed to involve young persons in archeology through schools, museums, and other means. Following introductory remarks by Marley R. Brown, III, the papers include: "Teacher Training Programs in Anthropology: The Multiplier Effect in the Classroom" (Ruth O. Selig); "The Pensacola Model of Public Archeology" (Judith A. Bense); "By Land or by Sea: Archeology Programs for Youths at the Museum of Florida History" (KC Smith); "Project Origins: Archeology for People with Handicaps" (Micheal Faught; James S. Gittings); "Archeology Is More Than a Dig: Educating Children about the Past Saves Sites for the Future" (Carol Ellick); and "A 'Compleat' Curriculum: Historical Archeology on the Undergraduate Level" (Robert L. Schuyler). (DB)

This paper is a brief summary of a large historic research project in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The project aimed to document and analyse the nature of mathematics education from tens of thousands of years ago to the present. Data sources varied from first contact and later records, archaeology, oral histories, language analyses, lived experiences, memoirs, government documents, field studies, and previous research especially doctoral studies. The impacts of colonisation, post-colonial aid and globalisation on mathematics education have been analysed and an understanding of the current status of mathematics education established as neocolonial. Managing neocolonial education policies may minimise the loss of cultural ways of thinking.

This document contains 29 papers presented at the 7th-10th Navajo Studies Conferences, 1994-97. The papers are arranged in five sections: "Aesthetics: Rugs, Baskets, and Rock Art"; "Doing Anthropology"; "Health"; "Economics"; and "Contact between Cultures." The papers are: "The First Navajo Studies Conference: Reflections by the Cofounders" (Charlotte J. Frisbie, David M. Brugge); "Dine Interpretations of Navajo Rug Styles" (Kathleen Tabaha); "The Image Weavers: Contemporary Navajo Pictorial Textiles" (Susan Brown McGreevy); "Rock Art: Comparison of Navajo Realistic Style with Plains Biographical Style" (David M. Brugge); "The Storytellers: Contemporary Navajo Basket Makers" (Susan Brown McGreevy); "Navajos Learning and Doing Archaeology: NNAD's Student Training Program at Northern Arizona University" (Davina R. TwoBears); "Road Project Ethnography: Observations on the Role of the Anthropologist and the Cultural Specialist" (David O. Ortiz); "The Final Stages of a Life History Project" (Charlotte J. Frisbie, Augusta Sandoval); "The Landscape of a Life: Life History and the Archaeological Record" (Karen R. Benally, Paul F. Reed); "The Navajo Uranium Miner Oral History and Photography Project" (Doug Brugge et al); "The Trader and Navajo Culture Change" (Theodore R. Reinhart); "Structural Stabilization at Old Fort Ruin" (Larry L. Baker, Christopher L. Zeller); "Issues of Familial Support in the Management of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus" (Julia Roanhorse); "Lifestyle Changes among the Navajo: A Cause of Diabetes?" (Sonya Yazzie); "'They Need To Use Both Sides'" (Nelson Sims); "'I Have No Relatives': Navajo Narratives of Distress and Therapeutic Transformation" (Elizabeth Lewton, Thomas Csordas); "Family Dynamics in Three Generations of Navajo Women" (Joanne E. McCloskey); "Contemporary Navajo Wage Labor and Income Patterns" (Scott C. Russell); "Extraction or Reciprocation? Conflict over the Navajo Nation's Ponderosa Pine Forests" (Patrick Pynes); "The Silent Crisis: Economic Consequences of Multiple Appropriations of Navajo Weavers' Patterns and Production" (Kathy M'Closkey); "Navajo Land Use in the Early Twentieth Century" (Riitta Laitinen); "Hubbell Trading Post Today: A View of Working in a Trading Post" (Maralyn Yazzie); "Room To Trade: Space and the Navajo Trading Experience" (Laura R. Marcus); "Navajo Weavers as Artists: Individuals and Regional Styles" (Nancy Mahaney); "The Creation of a Usable Past" (Teresa J. Wilkins); "Museum Presentations of American Indians" (Mark Tomas Bahti); "Traditional and Academic Plant Study" (Kenneth J. Pratt); "The Navajo Great Gambler Legend: A Global Phenomenon" (Kathryn Gabriel); and "Atonement or Harmony: An Examination of The Beatitudes in Navajo Thought" (Peter Kakos). (Contains references in most papers, photographs, and contributor profiles.) (SV)

The eight papers in this collection focus on the preservation of both print and nonprint library materials: (1) "Properties and Problems of Modern Papers" (D. J. Priest, United Kingdom); (2) "On the Origin of Papermaking in the Light of Scientific Research on Recent Archaeological Discoveries" (Jixing Pan, China); (3) "Researches in New Conservation Methods in the State Library of the Czech Socialist Republic-Prague and Their Effect" (J. Hanzlova, Czechoslovakia); (4) "On Terminology in the Field of Document Conservation. Some Problems" (Z. P. Dvoriashina, USSR); (5) "The Control of Insects in Libraries and Archives" (M. L. Cox, United Kingdom); (6) "FORMAT--Canada's Computerized Information System for Audiovisual Materials" (Donald Bidd, Canada); (7) "A Strategy for the Preservation of Audiovisual Materials" (Peter C. Mazikana, Zimbabwe); and (8) "Progress in the Preservation of Audiovisual Material" (Helen P. Harrison, United Kingdom). (CGD)

This volume contains twenty-five of the papers presented at the Seventh Algonquian conference. Topics covered in the papers include recently discovered linguistic fragments of Ocanahowan, the Wittiko people, ethno-history and archeology of the Mushuan, color terms in Narragansett, the Christian holidays of the Wabanaki, dialects of the Eastern Ojibwa-Odawa, historic populations of northwestern Ontario, Cree myths, unspecified-subject phenomena in Algonquian, southern New England shamanism, the coding of role information in Ojibwa, physical anthropology in northwestern Ontario, Eastern Abnaki shamanism, the role of warfare among the Southern Algonquians, lexical symbolization and phonological processes in Delaware, a comparison of traditional Cree, acculturated Cree and Euro-Canadian values in children, Montagnais dialectology, the Proto-Algonquian Urheimat, developing an orthography for Micmac, territorial distribution of the Western Woods Cree, Algonquian languages in Indian education, style in social relationships, and the seventeenth-century Wabanaki Sagamores. (CLK)

Currently, the use of technology in education has become more popular. Special attention has been given to the adaptation of computer technology into the teaching-learning process for effective learning and increasing students' achievement. In recent years, it has been realized that there is an immense benefit in applying computer technology in the social studies classroom in the context of the high school. The first purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of application of these technologies in the social studies classroom, specifically it application in the discipline of archaeology. The second purpose is to show the use of different technologies in order to replace the traditional process of archaeological documentation with a digital one. In this contribution it is presented the methodology used for recording archaeological data in the excavation and in the laboratory, which consist on online database system for field recording and photogrammetry as a means of graphical documentation for the development of the excavated trenches. [For the complete volume, "Proceedings of International Conference on Social and Education Sciences (IConSES) (Chicago, Illinois, October 15-18, 2020). Volume 1," see ED626033.]

In this paper we will investigate the way that the technological progress and the Informatics contributed greatly to the field of Archaeology. There will be analyzed the terms of virtual archaeology and virtual reality in archaeology and there will be an extended reference to the applications and the computer graphics that archaeologists could use for their own scientific purposes. It will be attempted to be shown the way that computer graphics can create not only an authentic copy of an archaeological find but can function also as a useful tool of learning for new archaeologists and the broader public that is interested in the ancient past. [For the complete proceedings, see ED557189.]

This paper examines the ancient Greek pentathlon as it was conducted during the Olympic games. The pentathlon was comprised of five sub-exercises: (1) the jump; (2) the discus throw; (3) the javelin throw; (4) the stade run; and (5) wrestling. Using scholarship in the fields of archaeology, ancient poetry and legends, and pictorial evidence such as paintings on vases, the author disputes some of the findings of other scholars on this subject, particularly those of Erich Segal of Yale University. A bibliography accompanies the paper. (JD)

A photojournalism project is described in this paper that integrated the disciplines of photography, archaeology, and ethnology in an examination of prehistoric megalithic monuments in Ireland and their folklore. Following an introduction tracing the history of the monuments and pointing to the maintenance in Ireland of a body of oral tradition concerning many of them, the paper describes the methodology used in the project, which included (1) preliminary research and selection of monuments to be studied, (2) the study of archival folklore material, (3) the collecting of taped folklore interviews, and (4) the photographing of the people who served as folklore sources and of the monuments. Finally, the paper lists the types of monuments often associated with traditional beliefs and reports the most prevalent types of beliefs concerning the monuments, which involve beliefs about fairies, witches, gods, heroes, and kings, as well as fanciful "scientific" speculations about the creation and function of the monuments. Appendixes provide a list of instructions for folklore collectors, excerpts of transcripts from folkloric material collected for the project, and a bibliography of selected relevant publications. (GT)

This paper explored how art history is taught in secondary schools. The author maintained that identifying the origins and evolution of ideas ensures that proposed models of teaching art history adhere to the philosophical base from which they derive. The paper is divided into five sections. In the first part, the author described four categories of historical inquiry: realistic, formal, expressive, and pragmatic, but argued that these are not mutually exclusive. He maintained that student populations, available resources, and educational goals are other factors that must be considered when deciding which model of art-history instruction to use. Section two, Models of Art History Instruction, reported on three approaches to art history instruction: works of art, information, and process. In section three, Art History as an Inquiry Process, differences between teaching art history as information processing or as a process of finding and answering questions are discussed. The Process Model: An Example Derived from Archaeology is the theme of section four. The author chose Native- American rock art to illustrate how such a lesson could be taught. He illustrated ways in which certain art historical practices might proceed in art education classrooms. Five categories are described: reconstruction, description, attribution, interpretation, and explanation. In the summary, the author explained how an instructor using the inquiry process must design questions which will encourage students to invent their own further inquiries. Resource files are necessary in the classroom for this process. (KM)

Just as a contemporary professional person maintains copies of wills, real estate records, and court decrees, so did 15th-century B.C. residents of the ancient city of Nuzi. Such documents, then and now, are generally written by legal scribes. The Hittites of the 14th century B.C. maintained detailed manuals concerning the care and feeding of their horses. A Hittite birth ritual text refers to other texts in its descriptions of how women were to be prepared for giving birth. Considered by modern Egyptologists as among the greatest literary works of all time is Egypt's "The Report about the Dispute of a Man with His Ba," from 2000 B.C. It concerns a man's discussion with his own soul or spirit. The dispute is about the existence of life after death; it is metaphoric, self-referential, and searches for meaning in both life and death. The script is hieratic and phonetic. Recent reinterpretations have cast doubt on the common perception that the scientific inquiry that occurred in Greece was significantly more profound than that ongoing in China at the same time. In addition, analysts now doubt that alphabetic writing produces more logical thinking than does syllabic script, or that writing gives rise to "mentalities" that do not exist in non-literate cultures. It has even been asserted that conceptions of oral/literate dichotomies in thinking arose to distance European culture from Black or Semitic historical influences. Archaeological evidence disputes the belief that cultures outside of or previous to Athenian culture were primarily oral and hence incapable of the same kinds of cultural achievement of societies that used alphabetic phonetic scripts instead of syllabic phonetic scripts. (A photostat of a portion of the "Report about the dispute of a Man with His Ba" is attached.) (SB)

Interest in early means of communication and in the uses and kinds of media that existed in ancient cultures is starting to grow among communication scholars. Conversation analysis of these cultures is obviously impossible, so that the emphasis must rest with material cultural artifacts. Many ancient cultures used non-verbal codes for dyadic communication. These cultures also applied their ingenuity to the problem of extending communications across distance and space, including smoke and whistle languages. The distinguishing characteristics of whistle languages have been identified. Trade and transportation networks were widely utilized for extending communication beyond the limits of smoke and whistling. Record keeping, often in extensive library facilities, was the primary method for extending communication over time. A particularly sophisticated method of record keeping was the "quipu" used by the Incas of Peru, a system of knotted cords that somewhat resembled old mops. Artworks, such as painting on ceramic vessels, provide insight into cultural lifestyles and information, and often pottery shards contained short notes. Incised stones were sometimes used for the same purposes. In short, what may have been characterized as pre-literate cultures actually possessed a vast array of communication media that were innovative, flexible, adaptive and functional. (HB)

This paper explains the method used to locate low-income inner-city participants and describes progress during the first fiscal year of the endeavor. Several educational programs are described briefly. Among them are the archaeological summer camp, 4-H teams' participation in a basketball league, 4-H clubs' in the low-income inner-city target area, a 4-H club conference, and the renovation of Grant Park. A special instructor and basic reading and articulation program, which has as its objective the involvement of low income youth in activities considered interesting and educational, is described in detail. Classes conducted under this program include creative crafts, women's awareness, self awareness, basic reading and articulation, musicology, craft ideas, and others. The program is said to provide a viable means to reach and teach low-income people with great success. A motion film of this program documenting some of the described courses is scheduled for release in the fall of 1974. Success of the programs described is considered to be due to their applicability to both transient and stable life styles. Participation by minority groups in these programs is observed to have increased nine fold. The youth programs offered are held to reflect an applied anthropological approach to ethnic, minority, and majority interests. (Author/AM)

Given the July 1st, 1976 deadline for selection by the Alaska Native corporations of historical, archaeological, and cemetery sites under 14 (h) (1) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the corporations need to know how to protect their resources; what opportunities the Federal and State governments and the professional community can provide to help meet this need; and when such opportunities should be made available. It is important, then, that the Native corporations plan to train Native people as cultural resource managers to: monitor regional development plans; serve as contacts for subregional groups; coordinate the timing and execution of Environmental Impact Statements; set up cultural centers; control trespassers; serve as coordinating contacts for State and Federal agencies involved in preservation; identify professionals as resource people; secure aid in developing Native regional plans. The Federal and State governments and the professional community can respond to this need by providing training programs (Federal and State agency internships, formal course work in related fields, and regional corporation internships) in cultural resources management that initially provide awareness and promote community involvement, preservation knowledge, and self determination. A training program should be developed immediately to insure Native involvement in the decisions relative to preservation. (JC)

The way archaeologists use tools and draw inferences about them to disembed meaning from artworks is examined. The prehistoric rock paintings of the Lower Pecos River (Texas) are used to illustrate these ideas. An overview of this rock art, specifically the Amistad reservoir, is provided. The deductions of archaeologists about the semi-nomadic people who lived in this environment, now southwest Texas and northern Mexico are depicted. A method for conducting an art-historical inquiry of the Lower Pecos pictography is outlined. W. Eugene Kleinbauer's definition of art historical inquiry is delineated, and his perspective is used to discuss the pictographs. Examples of intrinsic and extrinsic art historical questions are presented. An overview of the five basic stages of Lower Pecos pictographs is related, beginning with the oldest style--the Pecos River Style, followed by the Red Linear, Bold Line Geometric, Red Monochrome, and the Historic style. Four techniques/methods of the rock-art paintings are outlined: (1) the vegetal fiber brush; (2) artist's fingers; (3) beeswax crayons; and (4) blowing liquefied paint into the rock surface. Early archaeologists' interpretations are compared with more contemporary theories. The conclusion maintains that enhanced understanding of prehistoric and historic rock art requires a multi-disciplinary inquiry and that curricula in schools must be developed to include such information. (KM)

Useful models and ideas for multicultural and cross-cultural educators at all levels who want to use anthropological concepts and processes in the classroom are provided in eight papers. Papers describe six different projects which (1) involved high school students in the collection and analysis of data about local youth cultures; (2) engaged college students in an introductory anthropology course which conducted a participant-observation study of various small groups; (3) used oral history to teach about the concepts of culture and ethnicity; (4) emphasized direct experience and a hands-on approach in archaeology programs developed for pre-college students; (5) promoted an appreciation of cultural relativity and stereotyping by using obsolete films; and (6) examined the use of non-Western mathematics to improve students' mathematical concepts and skills and their cultural awareness. The last two papers deal with teacher training programs, including the use of the simulation BaFa BaFa and its juvenile version RaFa RaFa to teach about cultural pluralism, and pre-college teacher training programs in multicultural education. (RM)

Although the Iroquois are one of the most thoroughly studied Indian peoples of this continent, many important aspects of their history and culture remain unexplained. For the past 20 years the Conference on Iroquois Research has reported on current research and discussed needs and opportunities for future research. Twenty papers are included in this document. These deal with such subjects as aspects of recent change on the Allegany Reservation, early years of the Seneca nation, etymology of the word "Iroquois," the Onondaga Bowl Game, and acculturation on the Tyendinaga Reserve in Canada. Another paper suggests the Huron and Iroquois may not have had as strong a matrilocal rule of residence in the 17th century as previously believed. Interest by the Tuscaroras to revive their language is also discussed. An ethnohistorical study of Hocheloga made in connection with the restudy of the Dawson site is given, as well as a discussion of some hitherto unreported pottery types in Eastern Ontario and Southern Quebec. Five papers report on archaeological work at the Kelso, Howlett Hill, Garoga, Simmons, and Cornish Sites. Three reports are concerned with other aspects of analysis and interpretation of archaeological data; these deal with pottery analysis in terms of "attributes" rather than types, pottery analysis as a source for inferences on social relationships and organizations among the Straits of Mackinac peoples, and the use of ethnographic data to interpret archaeological data from the Mohr site. The final paper deals with the Anthropology Study Curriculum Project. History and purposes of the Conference on Iroquois Research are also given. (Author/DS)