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A flat-field correction method is proposed for multiple measured hyperspectral microscopy imaging in this paper. As the most crucial preprocessing process in quantitative microscopic analysis, flat-field correction solves the uneven illumination caused by vignetting in microscopic images, and guarantees the precision of spatial and spectral information in hyperspectral microscopic imaging. In order to carry out flat-field correction and extract uneven illumination among groups of hyperspectral microscopic data containing hundreds of bands simultaneously, two properties of vignetting have been exploited: i) low-rank property is reflected by little information contained in vignetting; ii) local smoothness can be observed as a gradual change in brightness of vignetting, which is typically equivalent to the sparseness in spatial frequency domain. Combining the two properties above, a novel Low Rank Smooth Flat-field Correction (LRSFC) model modified from common orthogonal basis extraction is proposed, while an optimization is solved based on alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM), obtaining a unique flat-field term with low-rank and smooth properties. Qualitative and quantitative experimental assessments indicate that LRSFC does not add extra cell texture to the extracted flat-field term, whose performance appears prior to other state-of-the-art flat-field correction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The performance of free-space laser communication (FSLC) is greatly decreased by horizontal atmospheric turbulence. Adaptive optics is used to overcome horizontal turbulence. This study investigated the effect of the 3 dB bandwidth of an adaptive optics system (AOS) on FSLC performance by using power-in-bucket (PIB) method, which considers the effect of receiving aperture and then, can accurately evaluate of the effect of system bandwidth on the communication performance. A 9 km horizontal maritime link experiment was performed through adaptive correction to validate the theoretical analysis. Results indicate that the effect of system bandwidth can be accurately evaluated using PIB method. This work provides a basis for designing and evaluating AOSs for FSLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction matrix significantly affects the correction accuracy of wavefront correctors. For diffractive liquid crystal wavefront correctors (LCWFCs), the diffraction wavefront error must be taken into account to improve the accuracy of the interaction matrix. In this paper, a tunable Zernike polynomial coefficient method is demonstrated that decreases the effect of the diffraction wavefront error on the interaction matrix. Moreover, to eliminate the effect of the random error, a least squares method is combined with the tunable coefficient method. Experimental results show that, with the combined method, the error of the interaction matrix is decreased by a factor of 2.5 compared to that when the least squares method is used alone. Furthermore, an open loop adaptive correction experiment was performed and a considerable improvement of the image resolution was obtained by the novel method. Therefore, this method is very useful for liquid crystal adaptive optics systems to acquire the high correction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptive optics system (AOS) has been used to eliminate the effect of atmospheric turbulence for free-space optical communications. The AOSs are designed based on the statistical average performance of the turbulence. In reality, the amplitude of turbulence changes drastically, and the AOS cannot always detect and correct the aberrations appropriately. To prevent the amplitude of turbulence from exceeding the designed range of the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SH WFS), the combination of the wavefront sensorless and SH WFS methods is proposed to extend the detection range. First, the control scheme is demonstrated, and the numerical simulation is performed. Then, the validation experiments are performed with static and dynamic turbulence. Results show that the proposed method is valid and that the effective communication time is greatly lengthened. • Turbulence amplitude often exceeds the detection range of adaptive optics systems. • Strong turbulence is detected with the combination of SPGD and wavefront sensor. • Wavefront sensor may detect the turbulence with the correlativity more than 0.81. • Communication BER is reduced from 10 − 1 to 10 − 6 with proposed correction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isoplanatic patch of the human eye is a key parameter for the adaptive optics system (AOS) designed for retinal imaging. The field of view (FOV) usually sets to the same size as the isoplanatic patch to obtain high resolution images. However, it has only been measured at a specific wavelength. Here we investigate the wavelength dependence of this important parameter. An optical setup is initially designed and established in a laboratory to measure the isoplanatic patch at various wavelengths (655 nm, 730 nm and 808 nm). We established the Navarro wide-angle eye model in Zemax software to further validate our results, which suggested high consistency between the two. The isoplanatic patch as a function of wavelength was obtained within the range of visible to near-infrared, which can be expressed as: θ =0.0028 λ − 0 . 74 . This work is beneficial for the AOS design for retinal imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) applied in Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (S–H WFS) makes the wavefront sensing more efficient for adaptive optics (AO). However when the brightness of the observed target changes in large ranges in a few minutes, a fixed electron multiplying (EM) gain may not be optimum. Thus an auto-gain-control (AGC) method based on the spots image of the S–H WFS is proposed. The designed control value is the average value of the maximum signals of all the light spots in a frame. It has been demonstrated in the experiments that the control value is sensitive to the change of the target brightness, and is stable in the presence of detecting noises and turbulence influence. The goal value for control is predetermined based on the linear relation of the signal with the EM gain and the number of photons collected in sub-apertures. The conditions of the self-protection of the EMCCD are also considered for the goal value. Simulations and experiments indicate that the proposed control method is efficient, and keeps the sensing in a high SNR which reaches the upper SNR limit when sensing with EMCCD. The self-protection of the EMCCD is avoided during the whole sensing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eigenmode method is proposed to estimate the correction performance of atmospheric turbulence based on a deformable mirror (DM). On the basis of the eigenmode, a formula that describes the relationship among residual error, eigenmode N , and turbulence strength D/r 0 (D , telescope aperture, r 0 , atmospheric coherence length) is derived. The eigenmode and the Zernike polynomial methods are compared, too. An experiment is conducted, and results validate the theoretical equations. Hence, the correction performance of atmospheric turbulence may be estimated with the eigenmode method. This result is helpful for conveniently designing and evaluating the adaptive optics system used for turbulence correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]