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Two papers are included in this report. "Control and Feedback in the Environment of a Computer Tutor" investigates some control and feedback properties of a tutorial environment comprised of a student, his computer tutor, and the designer of the computer tutor. Three classes of computer tutor are described: rigid, generative, and knowledgeable. These classes are distinguished by an increase of the interactions among tutor and student and a decrease of the control of the tutor over the tutorial environment. Full partnership between tutor and student could be achieved with the help of programs that understand natural language. "Review in CAI: The Problem and an Implemented Solution" discusses review of material, which is made necessary by human memory loss. The computer tutor that incorporates review is built around performance programs that know what the student is to learn, generator programs that generate problems the student must learn to solve, and extensive diagnostic programs that guide the tutor in his interaction with the student. Borrowing compiler-writing techniques, a multi-level system for review has been implemented that avoids extra coding and repetition of material in identical form. (Author/JK)

The field of computer applications in education, characterized by continuous change in technology and nomenclature, is documented by diverse information sources. This paper names methods of organizing information on computer-based instructional systems and lists sources under literature surveys and reviews, conferences and symposia (1965-68, U.S.A.), publishers, and professional organizations. Interactive uses of computers for instruction include drill strategy, author-controlled tutorial, and "dialogue" tutorial; simulation and gaming; information handling, computation and display (scholarly aids); computer aids for instructional management; and computer-based tools for the author and researcher. The variety of lessons, systems, and languages for computer-based instruction depends on instructional objectives and on records of student performance. (TI)

In spite of the lack of specific and properly defined goals and plans about the use of computers for their development, some non-industrialized countries have made substantial advances in this computer usage. In these countries, the number of computers installed ranges from zero to roughly 1 per 200,000 inhabitants. The distribution of these systems among areas of application (business and commercial engineering and scientific, education and training, military and defense), is fairly similar to that observed in advanced countries. The majority of the developing countries have installed computers of varying capacities in some of their higher learning institutions, which is acting as a triggering factor for more and better computer installations. The upper bracket of the industrial, commercial and services enterprises of a substantial part of these countries have installed computer systems. The use of automatic data processing systems has initiated a revolution in management attitudes and techniques. There is, in almost all of the developing countries a strong tendency to increase the use of computers in government operations. (Author)

During the past decade, the scope of information science has been evolving into a broader but better defined area of specialization. In this paper several of the definitions of information science which have been suggested by various professional groups are discussed. The educational objectives of information science are identified, and the curricula necessary to achieve these objectives are outlined. The paper discusses the changing nature of the library's role in information science and the impact of computers on the field of information science in general. A list of references is appended. (JY)

Some of the major results of future goals of an automatic program synthesis project are described in the two papers that comprise this document. The first paper gives a detailed algorithm for synthesizing a computer program from a trace of its behavior. Since the algorithm involves a search, the length of time required to do the synthesis of nontrivial programs can be quite large. Techniques are given for preprocessing the trace information to reduce enumeration, for pruning the search using a failure memory technique, and for utilizing multiple traces to the best advantage. The results of numerous tests are given to demonstrate the value of the techniques. The other paper gives a brief overview of the automatic programming system within which the above algorithm is being used. This system is still under development. (Author/CH)

The proceedings contain papers given by the members of the chapter who come from both the University and Business environments. Some operational indexing, bibliographic, SDI and Retrospective Search Systems which include CAN/SDI, Compendex, TEXT-PAC, SIS II & III, KWOC and FAMULUS are discussed. Also included are papers on two projects conducted by the Computing Science department of the University of Alberta; the one project is an on-line thesaurus and the second an Information Retrieval Laboratory. Other papers are about the computerized circulation system at the University of Calgary's library, the Marc project at the University of Saskatchewan and the problems of design and coding questionnaires. (Author)

This second volume of a two-volume report on a fully automatic high quality translation (FAHQT) contains relevant papers contributed by specialists on the topic of machine translation. The papers presented here cover such topics as syntactical analysis in transformational grammar and in machine translation, lexical features in translation and paraphrasing, requirements for machine translation, current status of hardware and software as it affects FAHQT, bilingual computer dictionaries, and the shape of the dictionary for machine translation. Volume 1 (FL 002 936) includes papers as well as specific consideration of the FAHQT inquiry. (VM)

The primary aim of these five technical papers is to indicate aspects of proof theory which may be of use in the study of non-numerical computing. The three main papers are entitled: "Checking of Computer Programs;""Consistency Proofs and Programs for Translators;" and "Experiments with Computers on the Complexity of Non-numerical computations." The author shows that many theorems on computability in traditional metamathematics are of little use to the computer scientist because they do not lead to feasible algorithms. He also suggests alternative approaches to proof theory which would be of greater applicability. (MM)

The large-scale development of Time-Shared, Interactive, Computer-Controlled, Information Television (TICCIT) at Brigham Young University is described in this paper. The TICCIT project was designed to provide a market success example for computer-assisted instruction, particularly for junior or community colleges. The project incorporated a combination of computer terminals and television consoles that were able to provide the learner with a complete instructional system. This paper discusses the relationships between the general elements of the system: design, training, courseware, and management. The system is unique because it incorporates industrial techniques to a large instructional system. (MC)

The paper has four main sections. The first is concerned with the characteristics and structure of satellite networks. The second discusses pressures within education that are causing the development of various types of networks and also identifies studies in which networking needs for educational sectors and services are defined. The third section examines the current status of educational networking for educational radio and television, instructional television fixed services, inter- and intra-State educational communication networks, computer networks, cable television for education, and continuing and proposed educational experiments using NASA's Applications Technology Satellites. The fourth describes possible satellite-based educational telecommunication services and three alternatives for implementing educational satellite systems. The paper concludes with some remarks concerning public policy aspects of future educational satellite system development. (Author/JK)

A Symposium was held in May of 1972 to assist in the resolution of the varied problems effecting the advance of educational technology. Most of the papers presented at the symposium dealt with the current situation of various aspects of computer assisted instruction (CAI) throughout Canada. Other papers covered CAI centralization, minicomputers, co-operative research projects, educational games, educational management simulations, logic instruction, program design, language standards, group use of CAI, teacher-authored instruction, and "do-it-yourself programing." The concluding speaker noted that a very small amount of hard data was presented in the papers and emphasized that the fate of CAI will be determined by cost-benefit analysis. (MC)

This paper represents a careful study of published works on computer security and access control in computer systems. The study includes a selective annotated bibliography of some eighty-five important published results in the field and, based on these papers, analyzes the state of the art. In annotating these works, the authors try to be objective, indicating the strong as well as the weak points. In addition, they attempt to show how one piece of work is related to or influenced by another, since research works seldom evolve without interaction. Because a number of outstanding works on computer security and access control in computer systems are classified or unpublished, this collection is not exhaustive. The annotated material is organized into four sections of which the sections on computer security and access control in computer systems are emphasized. In addition, to provide some background and broad understanding of the issues of computer security, they have included several bibliographies, some articles on the business and management overview, and several works on social and legal implications. (A related document is LI004415.) (Author/DH)

One hundred and fifty papers deal with the current range of concerns in the emergent field of environmental design research and emphasize the relating of research to practice. The papers focus on (1) original research in the social and behavioral sciences with direct relevance to environmental design, planning, and management; and (2) new methods and approaches (including computer-based techniques) for dealing with complex environmental problems. The papers are grouped under (1) man-environment relations, (2) environmental quality -- specification and evaluation, (3) design -- the generation and exploration of solutions, (4) design communications -- methods and media, and (5) design research and education. (Author/MLF)

The small college computer center's problems--sources and types of service, programing support and faculty development, administrative and academic interfaces, computer science and computer center interfaces, computer center policies, orientation and organization and services of users and groups--are generally individual, and any given problem will have many alternative solutions. This report of a symposium on small college computer centers presents papers and addresses which are oriented around this theme, with each set of papers being presented according to one of the problems listed above. In addition, the symposium's program, an introduction to the symposium, and its keynote address are included. (Author/SH)

Proposals for the use of the computer in the humanities often ask more of the machine than it can reasonably yield, and the enthusiastic generation of data for dictionary projects may well overburden the editors who must eventually cope with it. Procedures in lexicography are not well enough defined for a substantial burden to be placed on the logical capabilities of the computer. Most data collection must still be left in the hands of human readers, though editing of the data may be carried on with the use of on-line devices in which man interacts with machine. The use of the computer in the final stages of producing a dictionary, however, may yield important results in speeding production and in making available a reservoir of data for other purposes. This paper will be published as part of a "Festschrift" for Hans Kurath later this year. (Author/FB)

In August, 1967, a conference was held at the University of Oregon to identify, forecast, and discuss the evolving requirements of educational information systems. The general purpose of the conference was stated as follows: if chaos is to be avoided in educational systems by the mid 1970's, intensive research development efforts in the field of educational system requirements must be mounted. While much has been written about systems requirements, the educational community is in need of a summarizing statement regarding what has been done and what most needs to be done regarding educational information system requirements in the next one to two decades. The general purpose of the conference was to produce a statement, representing the thinking of a select group of educators and information science specialists representing the several sectors of education. The papers in this volume constitute the beginnings of such a statement which has since served as a basis for further dialogue throughout the country and abroad. (Author/CJ)

This paper is concerned with the application of information engineering approaches to the design of large general purpose educational systems. The subject is developed through a brief discussion of such topics as (1) design objectives of future educational systems, (2) an information processing model of the educational process, (3) a basic configuration of a general purpose information system for education, and (4) the state of art of information technology relevant to such a system. The paper concludes with a description of one educational system under study. (RP)

The question at hand is: Can a computer program be copyrighted, patented, or protected as a trade secret? All three protective methods are examined, with special attention paid to the advantages and disadvantages of each pertinent to computer program protection. The scope of the protection and relevant case law are considered. The paper concludes that laws relative to the protection of computer programs are in a state of flux for two reasons: (1) the uniqueness of the computer and its programs in light of the currently accepted protection methods; and (2) the lack of case law in point. (TL)

Past problems encountered in the use of computers are discussed. They include: (1) computing and data storage costs; (2) machine speed and capacity limitations; and (3) the limited number of languages and Input/Output devices available to facilitate man/machine communication. The improvements in all of these areas are explained. The problems which remain, it was contended, lie in the area of communication. For example, the desires and demands of a programmer and a psychologist and the expectations of the computer are not in concert. Data rates for all three are discussed in order to emphasize the magnitude of the discrepancy between what men and machines can do. The paper concludes with the modest hope that soon a machine can be made to communicate only with the scope and clarity of an intelligent man. (TL)

This paper proposes computer assistance in the synthesis operation of vocational counseling. The goal of vocational counseling is to match the client with a vocation in which he will be both satisfied and satisfactory. The computer would, through its rapid scanning and computation, produce probabilities of satisfactoriness based on (1) the individual's unique pattern of vocational abilities, and (2) individual differences in ability requirements of various occupational environments. Probabilities of satisfaction would be based on (1) the individual's vocational needs, and (2) information on the reinforcer characteristics of various occupational environments. These four lists of potential jobs would result: those in which the client would be (1) satisfied and satisfactory, (2) satisfied and unsatisfactory, suggesting training, (3) unsatisfied but satisfactory, and (4) unsatisfied and unsatisfactory. The computer could also be used in individualizing assessment techniques which provide the banks of data on which the probabilities are constructed. The advantages would be time saving, increased motivation, simultaneous prediction, clarification of reliability, and the greater amount of information at the counselor's disposal. (BP)

An overview is provided of the Experimental Time-Sharing System (ETSS). Few manufacturers of small-scale and medium-scale computers offer operating systems capable of supporting both terminal-oriented time-sharing and multiprogramed batch processing. ETSS was developed to demonstrate that a powerful, general purpose operating system of this type is feasible on a smaller computer and that it can provide highly flexible and cost-effective computer services. Developed for an educational application, the system can be tailored to meet a wide range of application requirements and can support a mix of terminal-oriented, time-sharing, fast response process control and one or more batch streams. Described in this paper are the organization of the operating system and its major components, with detailed attention being given to task scheduling and memory management. (Author)

A three-year project involving 4,000 students from 15 schools for deaf students supported the development and evaluation of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) for the hearing-impaired. Activities ranged from evaluations of specific curriculums to theoretical studies of language use by the deaf. The project demonstrated that CAI can benefit deaf students, that it can support relevant research in deaf education, and that it is economically feasible. In addition, the outcomes of the project made it clear that CAI can be used for other purposes. These include: 1) the development of symbolic representations of the learner so that specific instructional treatments can be prescribed to maximize educational outcomes; 2) the creation of teaching strategies which respond to wrong answers, allow multiple responses, and permit student control; 3) the identification of the specific cognitive skills of deaf students, and 4) the specification of the economic and technological feasibility of CAI. (LB)

Recent developments in computer technology are reducing the limitations of computers as mass communication devices. The growth of remote teleprocessing is one important step. Computers can now interact with users via terminals which may be hundreds of miles from the actual mainframe machine. Many terminals can be in operation at once, so that many users may communicate with the central processing unit (CPU) simultaneously. Furthermore, computer languages are being developed which are peculiarly suited to such remote teleprocessing, and which permit communication in language closely resembling conversational English. The user can also ask supplemental questions and receive individualized answers. Thus, the computer's information is becoming available to any user who has access to electricity. Finally, costs are being sharply reduced by organizational systems like commercial time-sharing or establishment of user consortiums. Currently, work is going forward on a device which will make the transistor seem as bulky as the tube. This and other developments make the future of computers in mass communications enormous. (Author/JK)