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The article offers news briefs on issues related to political, economic and business risks in Uruguay as of April 2007. The country's relations with the U.S. was seen to have helped its cause in trade negotiations with Brazil. Uruguay Economy Minister Danilo Astori claimed that the government is preparing to issue $256 million Japanese yen-denominated samurai bonds. Tensions arose between Uruguay and Argentina over the construction of paper mills close to the border.

Hedmark County (Norway) and Dalarna County (Sweden) are both rural, with the border being remote from regional centres. The total population of less than half a million inhabitants spans across almost 58 800 km², with an economic output of USD 22 billion. Efforts to support collaboration at the border focus on the sector of tourism that both share, and which would be facilitated by the construction of one airport to serve both sides. As most science and technology-related assets are located far from the border, the region does not seem to have the relevant conditions for a broad cross-border regional innovation policy since urban centres are perhaps better served by looking towards other locations rather than this border. On the border, efforts for innovation in other forms, such as in marketing and organisational methods in tourism, are more relevant. This case study is part of the project Regions and Innovation: Collaborating Across Borders. A summary of this working paper appears in a report of the same name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores close economic relations in the Asia-Pacific region and the contribution of China to the region's economic growth. Particular focus is given to the emergence of China as a key economic power, as well as establishment of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area. Topics discussed include foreign direct investment flow from China to ASEAN, impact of China's economic growth on the global economy, and the boundary dispute between China and the Philippines.

The article presents an overview of the economic attributes and characteristics of the cross-border area of Finland and Sweden. It offers information on cost differences of the economies of both countries as well as the factors that drive the cross-border investments. Moreover, details of the economic status an performance of both countries are also stated

The article presents the barriers for co-operation associated with actors in cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. It mentions that there are possibilities on sourcing for technology developments to forest industries and support to small and medium business enterprises between Innovation Centre Hedmark and Teknikdalen in Dalarna. The competition in tourist promotion and small size operators in the tourism sector act as barriers for cross-border co-operation.

Signs indicate that Russia will sustain its large-scale exercises, particularly the strategic military exercises like I Zapad i 2017, I Vostok i 2018, and I Tsentr i 2019 that rotate yearly between Russia's geographic military districts.[4] Russia's armed forces are likely to increase the complexity of these exercises, maintaining and honing the ability to rapidly mass and deploy conventional forces with little warning. NATO has created its own hybrid analysis branch focused largely on Russia, signed a watershed joint declaration to boost NATO-EU cooperation against hybrid threats in 2018 and, alongside the EU, supported the establishment in Helsinki of a multinational European Centre of Excellence (COE) for Countering Hybrid Threats in 2016. The Baltic states, for instance, routinely publicise reports on Russian interference and subversive efforts in their countries while also making efforts to reduce their dependence on energy imports from Russia.[6] On the military front, the US and its NATO Allies have made important strides by adapting their force posture to better cope with Russian conventional and hybrid threats. While the Baltic states present a different context from Russia's last land grab in Crimea, and the likelihood of a Russian incursion into NATO territory is low, the US and NATO must be prepared for any contingency. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents SWOT analysis for innovation policy in the cross-border area of Hedmark County in Nortway and Dalarna, Sweden in 2013. It mentions that connections between the central towns of two counties are made difficult due to the lack of public transport, limited infrastructure and distance. It states that the two regions have a common specialisation in forestry and tourism at the border.

The article offers information on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the cross-border innovation policy of Helsinki, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia. The strengths include the strong ties of both countries in terms of economy, politics and culture while weaknesses include cultural differences in public administration and absence of innovation support strategy. Opportunities include the border's proximity to Russia and threats include less visibility of the border globally.

The article offers information on the role of Dark Web in criminal activity. Topics discussed include the use of advanced technology and Internet by criminals in the operations, exploitation of border and bounderies by cybercriminals which served as a challenge for law enforcement, and results of studies on Tor network and search engines.

This publication presents information on Poland, officially known as the Republic of Poland. It covers a geographical map of Poland, discussions on the political and economic conditions of the country as of February 2012, political and economic outlook for 2012-2016, and economic data and charts. The publication also provides basic data on Poland, including land area, population, language, and government officials.

This publication presents information on Chile, officially known as the Republic of Chile. It covers a geographical map of Chile, discussions on the political and economic conditions of the country as of December 2011, political and economic outlook for 2012-2016, and economic data and charts. The publication also provides basic data on Chile, including land area, population, language, and government officials.

Presents information on the political and economic condition in the U.S. for the year 2005-2006. Political and economic condition as of April 2005; Information on the congressional elections which will be held in November 2006; Outlook for economic policy trend.

The article discusses the immigration reform legislation in the U.S. and other related issues of interest to Congress. It highlights the initiatives and strategies to secure and protect U.S. borders and for the interior enforcement of immigration laws. The strategic elements to reduce illegal immigration are explained including employment eligibility verification and worksite enforcement, visa security, temporary/permanent admissions, legalization of unauthorized aliens and naturalization.

The article presents key economic characteristics of the cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. It mentions that Hedmark accounts for 2.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of Norway and 2.5% of the GDP of Sweden in 2009. It states that the employment rates for the two counties are the same and exceed the 75% target of EU, with unemployment rates diverge little from national averages.

The article discusses the effectiveness and relevance of the policy mix for co-operation in the Bothnian Arc cross-border between Finland and Sweden in 2013. It highlights the support of innovation co-operation by the Bothnian Arc Association, but by a collection of European Territorial Cooperation Programme (Interreg)-funded projects instead of the implementation of a shared strategy. It explores the existence of some mutual exchange of information and externally funded projects' collection.

The article provides an overview of cross-border initiatives of the Bothnian Arc cross-border between Finland and Sweden. It discusses the innovation initiatives in the Bothnian Arc that takes the form of time-bound projects financed by international sources, primarily the European Territorial Co-operation programmes. It explores the co-operation between the Luleå University of Technology and the University of Oulu in cross-border projects, which include the joint Nordic Mining School.

The article provides an overview of funding for cross-border co-operation of the Bothnian Arc cross-border between Finland and Sweden. It explores the 12 cross-border committees in Nordic countries, which include the Bothnian Arc Association, that Nordic Council of Ministers co-funded. It discusses the implementation of projects association with innovation support under the European Union Territorial Co-operation (Interreg) programme that increases the functionality of the Bothnian Arc.

The article provides an overview of multi-level governance and institutionalism of the Bothnian Arc cross-border between Finland and Sweden in 2013. It explores the establishment of the non-profit organization Bothnian Arc Association by municipalities and the Northern Ostrobothnia region. It highlights regional and national policy documents which include generic interest to innovation's international dimension, but is not translated to aligned or joint policy for cross-border efforts.

The article presents an overview on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the cross-border innovation policy of Bothnian Arc. The strengths include the strong performance of its innovation assets, higher education mobilization, and cross-border research. Meanwhile, the opportunities include the region's geostrategic significance, the recognition of the area as technology hub in the north, and funding awareness.

The article presents an overview of the functionality and significance of the cross-border area of Helsinki, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia. It offers information on the mobility trends of both countries, including the tourists and workers. Moreover, the other topics discussed include the accession of Estonia to the European Union, the trade between the two countries and the ownership of companies.

The article offers information on the spatial attributes and definition of the cross-border area of Helsinki, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia. It mentions the two major cities and capital regions of the cross-border area, their economic characteristics and the cost differences of their economies and investments. Moreover, maps showing the micro-perspective of the cross-border region of both countries are also mentioned.

The article presents an overview of the economic attributes and characteristics of the cross-border area of Helskinki, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia. It offers information on cost differences of the economies of both countries as well as the factors that drive the cross-border investments. Moreover, details of the economic status an performance of both cities are also stated.

The article focuses on the report "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress" released by the U.S. Congressional Research Service as of March 14, 2014. Topics discussed include approach of China towards territorial disputes, relations between the U.S. and China, and the U.S. Congress decision on whether the country should enter into a U.S-Chinese Incidents-at-Sea (INCSEA) agreement.

The article provides an overview on the obstacles to peace and independence in the Central Asian region. It is said that co-mingled ethnic groups, convoluted borders, and emerging national identities pose a threat to the stability of the region. It notes the failure of the region's borders to reflect ethnic distributions which contribute to regional tensions. Other issues facing Central Asian states are enumerated, including water-sharing, border delineation, and trade and transit.

The article discusses the Arctic-related issues that the U.S. Congress needs to be aware of and consider as of July 5, 2013. It highlights the impact of climate change and loss of Arctic sea ice on the region. Planned territorial claims of Arctic coastal countries U.S., Canada, Russia, Norway and Denmark are discussed. The melting of Arctic ice opens the region to commercial sea transportation. Several factors affecting sea transportation in the region are discussed.

The article presents an overview of China's modernization of its naval forces as of July 5, 2013. It highlights the date when China began upgrading its navy and the elements of the country's naval modernization effort. The limitations and weaknesses of China's naval modernization efforts are highlighted. China's goals for its naval modernization initiative are discussed including capabilities for Taiwan scenarios and asserting its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

The article discusses Arctic-related issues that are of interest to the U.S. Congress. Opportunities for transport, extraction of potential oil and gas resources, and expanded tourism and fishing are described as the consequences of projected ice-free seasons in the Arctic by the late 2030s. Territorial claims on the Arctic are being prepared by Arctic coastal states such as Russia, Canada, Denmark and Norway. Negotiations between the U.S. and Canada over a binational boundary in the Beaufort Sea are also discussed.

The Fourth Amendment requires that a search or seizure conducted by a governmental agent be reasonable and supported by probable cause. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fourth Amendment to include a presumptive warrant requirement on all searches and seizures conducted by the government. Any violation of these requirements could result in the suppression of any information derived therefrom. The Supreme Court, however, has also recognized situations that render obtaining a warrant impractical or against the publics interest and has accordingly crafted various exceptions to the warrant and probable cause requirements of the Fourth Amendment. Few exceptions to the presumptive warrant and probable cause requirements are more firmly rooted than the border search exception. Derived from the sovereign right to stop and examine persons and property crossing into the country, border searches allow customs officials the flexibility to inspect incoming individuals and their belongings and to interdict incoming contraband without having to inform a magistrate before the search. Border searches can also occur in places other than the actual physical border. Two different legal concepts authorize such searches: (1) searches at the functional equivalent of the border; and (2) extended border searches. These concepts allow federal officers to conduct border searches even in situations when it is not feasible to conduct the search at the actual point of entry (e.g., examining a person upon arrival at a U.S. airport rather than during a mid-flight crossing into the country). Courts have determined that border searches usually fall into two categoriesroutine and non-routinethough this analysis may no longer apply to searches of vehicles or personal property. Generally, the distinction between routine and non-routine turns on the level of intrusiveness. Routine border searches are reasonable simply by virtue of the fact that they occur at the border and consist of only a limited intrusion, while non-routine searches generally require reasonable suspicion and vary in technique and intrusiveness. This report first outlines the statutes authorizing certain federal officers to conduct warrantless searches: 19 U.S.C. 482 for customs officials and Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) 287 (codified in 8 U.S.C. 1357) for immigration officers. It then addresses the scope of the governments constitutional authority to search and seize persons and property at the border. It also describes the varying levels of suspicion generally required for each type of border search as interpreted by the courts. Finally, this report lists several bills before the 111th Congress that address border searches: two of which, H.R. 239 (the Securing our Borders and our Data Act of 2009) and H.R. 1726 (the Border Security Search Accountability Act of 2009), address border searches of laptops and other electronic storage devices. H.R. 1900 would provide emergency deployments of federal officers to the border and would authorize funds to local law enforcement to stem the illegal trafficking of firearms into Mexico. S. 205, H.R. 495, and H.R. 1448 would also authorize funds for Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives agents to interdict the illegal trafficking of firearms to Mexico. This report does not address interior searches and seizures performed by immigration personnel since they are not traditional border searches. Related Bills: H.R.239 H.R.1726 H.R.1900 S.205 H.R.495 H.R.1448 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Border Patrol (USBP) within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is charged with securing our nation's borders between official ports of entry (POE). As the USBP discharges its mission it encounters unauthorized aliens from around the world attempting to illegally enter the United States. In fiscal year (FY) 2004, USBP agents apprehended 1.16 million people attempting to enter the country illegally between official POE; 93% of these aliens were Mexican nationals. Because the vast majority of people apprehended each year by the USBP are Mexican nationals, the agency categorizes aliens as Mexicans or Other Than Mexicans (OTM). Over the past three years, OTM apprehensions have more than tripled nationwide and have been concentrated along the South Texas border. The reasons for this dramatic increase, and its geographical concentration in Texas, are not altogether clear. The number of people entering the country illegally between POE, and the concomitant proliferation of human and drug smuggling networks, can present risks to national security due to the ever-present threat of terrorism. Terrorists and terrorist organizations could leverage these illicit networks to smuggle a person or weapon of mass destruction into the United States, while the large number of aliens attempting to enter the country illegally could potentially provide cover for the terrorists. Additionally, the proceeds from these smuggling networks could potentially be used to finance terrorism. The issue of OTM apprehensions has received publicity recently for many of these reasons, which were highlighted during congressional testimony by DHS then-Deputy Secretary Admiral James Loy when he stated that AlQaeda is considering infiltrating the Southwest border due to a belief that "illegal entry is more advantageous than legal entry for operational security reasons." OTMs apprehended along the Southwest border by the USBP between official POE cannot be returned to Mexico because Mexico will not accept them. Instead, they must be returned to their countries of origin, or third countries that will accept them, by the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO) within Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). However, DRO does not have enough detention beds to accommodate every OTM that is apprehended. As a result of this, the majority of OTMs apprehended by the USBP are released into the interior of the United States with notices to appear before an immigration judge. Most of these released OTMs fail to show up for their hearings and are not ultimately removed. In order to address the increasing number of OTMs being apprehended and circumvent the regular removal process, the USBP is currently expanding its Expedited Removal (ER) program. Issues for Congress include the potential for terrorist infiltration, the lack of detention bed-space that causes OTMs to be released into the interior of the country, and how best to deploy DHS resources to address the growing number of OTMs entering into the country illegally. This report will be updated as necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on border and transportation security (BTS) in the U.S. in 2004. Requirements of border security; Federal agencies responsible in the implementation of BTS measures; Responsibilities of the U.S. Homeland Security in the enactment of BTS; Information resources for BTS policy options.

The United States now has a unified inspections operation at the borders; a single inspector is charged with examining people, animals, plants, goods, and cargo upon entry to the country. The transfer of these functions to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) marks a significant policy shift for all of these functions, clarifying that -- although there are important commercial, economic, health, humanitarian, and immigration responsibilities -- ensuring the security of our borders is the top priority. The decision by DHS officials to further integrate the inspection duties so that there is "one face at the border" now means that Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspectors are essentially interchangeable and responsible for all primary inspections. A range of legal, administrative, and policy issues have emerged with unified border inspections. The bills implementing the 9/11 Commission recommendations (S. 2845, H.R. 10, S. 2774/H.R. 5040 and H.R. 5024) have various provisions affecting border inspections. CBP inspectors are charged with enforcing a host of laws. Immigration law requires the inspection of all aliens who seek entry into the United States, and every person is inspected to determine citizenship status and admissibility. All goods being imported into the United States are subject to a customs inspection, but an actual physical inspection of all goods is not required. There also are laws that subject animals and plants to border inspections. This report provides a discussion of these various laws and the procedural differences in what constitutes an "inspection." Border inspections conducted each year number in the hundreds of millions. Prior to the creation of CBP, the Department of Justice's immigration inspectors did most passenger inspections -- peaking at 534 million in FY2000 -- since all foreign nationals seeking entry into the United States must be inspected. In terms of customs inspections, approximately 22.6% of rail containers; 5.2% of sea containers; and 15.1% of trucks entering the United States were physically inspected. Unlike customs and immigration inspections data, animal and plant health inspections data enumerate only those passengers referred to secondary inspections for the purpose of an agricultural inspection. There were 44 million animal and plant inspections in FY2002. Border inspections are funded through a combination of federal discretionary appropriations and user fees. In FY2004, CBP was given budget authority of $2,496 million for border security, inspections, and trade facilitation at ports of entry. Historic funding data for inspections are not comparable across the "legacy" agencies as the budget data often included activities in addition to the inspection functions. Some argue that this reorganization of border inspections has been long needed and is resulting in a more streamlined and efficient set of procedures at the border with a clear, single, chain of command. Others warn that the different types of inspections are quite complex in their own right and that the reorganization is exacerbating the conflicting priorities at the border, ultimately resulting in many more people and goods being sent to secondary inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the driving force for the establishment of the cross-border of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. It mentions that the launch of the cross-border area dates from the institutional TRUST project in 2008-2012, the European Territorial Cooperation Programme-funded project. The initial focus was the removal of border barriers impeding the mobility of firms and people, which is significant to the tourism industry.

The article presents the vision for the establishment of the cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. According to the Hedmark-Dalarna Border Committee, the vision is for an innovative cross-border partnership and collaboration which reinforces that competitiveness and attractiveness in the region. It states that both counties are in charge in prioritising regional development funds and designing regional development plans.

The article presents the spatial definition of the cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. It mentions that the two rural counties are separated by a mountain range with their main centres, Falun and Borlänge on the Swedish side and Hamar on the Norwegian side, are small towns situated at some distance of capital cities. The distance between the main centres and the mountain range explain the poor transport connections of the two counties.

A table of contents for the issue is presented.

The article presents an overview of the creation of the cross-border area of Helskinki, Finland and Tallinn, Estonia. It offers information on the significance of the cooperation of both countries. Moreover, the other topics discussed include the importance of branding in boosting tourism and investment, innovation assets and implications of the Baltic Sea cross-border link on the cross-border flows.

The article presents innovation policies and instruments for the Bothnian Arc cross- border between Finland and Sweden. It suggests that cross-border area actors should see the concrete outcomes of the innovation-based co-operation that the cross-border governance tools facilitated. It mentions that more resources from set of partners, specially private funds, should contribute to the Bothnian Arc Action Plan.

The article presents an untapped potential to promote cross-border innovation of the Bothnian Arc cross-border between Finland and Sweden. It explores the development of structural cross-border initiatives that depend on the alignment of national/regional initiatives on both sides of the border. It highlights the joint funding programmes for projects in research and development (R&D) in areas of shared interest, drawing lessons from the Wood Material Science and Engineering Research Programme.

The article presents an overview of the economic and political relationship of Bothnian Arc, the cross-border area implemented by Sweden and Finland to achieve its aim to become the north's dynamic hub. It offers information on the implications of global warming on the cross-border area, its international relations with other countries in both sides of the area, and the opportunities for the development of innovation.

The article reports on the outlook of the Pacific Island countries for 2006-2007. Many political problems in the Pacific Islands have rooted from colonial decision on national boundaries or other errors. The recent trips of China in the region have accompanied funding initiatives. Inflows of aids from donor countries may result to corruption among political leaders and internal tensions due to its uneven distribution.

The article presents untapped potential for promoting synergies in the cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. It mentions that supporting the tourism sector through economies of scale and improved accessibility is a relevant goal, but complemented through distinctive health, green and sports offer. It states that actors from timber and construction industries have mentioned some co-operation potential.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses the collaboration efforts between the bordering counties of Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden.

The article presents initiatives and policy instruments in the cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. The TRUST 2008-12 project was aimed to offer an exchange platform for regional authorities in defining the goals of the cross-border partnership with the nurture of Hedmark-Dalarna co-operation. It states that some direct concrete collaboration occurs among higher education institutions instead in university networks as a result of direct partnerships.

The article offers information on the funding for the Border Committee of the cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden which comes from the Nordic Council of Ministers and regional owners.

The article presents the multi-level governance and institutionalisation in cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. It mentions that the Hedmark-Dalarna Border Committee that was established in 2012 is in charge of action plan and co-ordinating vision for cross-border co-operation. It states that most policy budgets and instruments are the national level's responsibility in both counties.

The article presents the role of key actors in the establishment and evolution in cross-border area of counties Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden. Skistar, a Swedish firm operating the ski resorts in two counties, plays a crucial role to join the interests of the two communities across the border. Teknikdalen in Dalarna and Innovation Centre Hedmark facilitate business networks and offer support for accessing funding and business coaching services.

A chart is presented depicting the functional region for innovation of the bordering counties of Hedmark in Norway and Dalarna in Sweden, which include regional settlement patterns, internal accessibility and flows and industrial and knowledge specialisations.

The article offers updates for the Bothnian Arc cross-border between Finland and Sweden in 2013. The University of Oulu in Finland joins the 1 European Territorial Co-operation (Interreg) projects, focusing on the fields of chemistry, establishment of research platforms and mobility. The Bothnian Academy project was developed by research and development (R&D) actors and higher education institutions (HEIs) that aims to build a co-operative forum for innovation and research.