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Measuring the growth of structure is a powerful probe for studying the dark sector, especially in light of the $\sigma_8$ tension between primary CMB anisotropy and low-redshift surveys. This paper provides a new measurement of the amplitude of the matter power spectrum, $\sigma_8$, using galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-CMB lensing power spectra of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy Imaging Surveys Emission-Line Galaxies and the $\textit{Planck}$ 2018 CMB lensing map. We create an ELG catalog composed of $27$ million galaxies and with a purity of $85\%$, covering a redshift range $0 < z < 3$, with $z_{\rm mean} = 1.09$. We implement several novel systematic corrections, such as jointly modeling the contribution of imaging systematics and photometric redshift uncertainties to the covariance matrix. We also study the impacts of various dust maps on cosmological parameter inference. We measure the cross-power spectra over $f_{\rm sky} = 0.25$ with a signal-to-background ratio of up to $ 30\sigma$. We find that the choice of dust maps to account for imaging systematics in estimating the ELG overdensity field has a significant impact on the final estimated values of $\sigma_8$ and $\Omega_{\rm M}$, with far-infrared emission-based dust maps preferring $\sigma_8$ to be as low as $0.702 \pm 0.030$, and stellar-reddening-based dust maps preferring as high as $0.719 \pm 0.030$. The highest preferred value is at $\sim 3 \sigma$ tension with the $\textit{Planck}$ primary anisotropy results. These findings indicate a need for tomographic analyses at high redshifts and joint modeling of systematics., Comment: 50 pages, 24 figures (figure data can be obtained at https://zenodo.org/records/13381499)

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Peculiar Velocity Survey aims to measure the peculiar velocities of early and late type galaxies within the DESI footprint using both the Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher relations. Direct measurements of peculiar velocities can significantly improve constraints on the growth rate of structure, reducing uncertainty by a factor of approximately 2.5 at redshift 0.1 compared to the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey's redshift space distortion measurements alone. We assess the quality of stellar velocity dispersion measurements from DESI spectroscopic data. These measurements, along with photometric data from the Legacy Survey, establish the Fundamental Plane relation and determine distances and peculiar velocities of early-type galaxies. During Survey Validation, we obtain spectra for 6698 unique early-type galaxies, up to a photometric redshift of 0.15. 64\% of observed galaxies (4267) have relative velocity dispersion errors below 10\%. This percentage increases to 75\% if we restrict our sample to galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts below 0.1. We use the measured central velocity dispersion, along with photometry from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, to fit the Fundamental Plane parameters using a 3D Gaussian maximum likelihood algorithm that accounts for measurement uncertainties and selection cuts. In addition, we conduct zero-point calibration using the absolute distance measurements to the Coma cluster, leading to a value of the Hubble constant, $H_0 = 76.05 \pm 0.35$(statistical) $\pm 0.49$(systematic FP) $\pm 4.86$(statistical due to calibration) $\mathrm{km \ s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}$. This $H_0$ value is within $2\sigma$ of Planck Cosmic Microwave Background results and within $1\sigma$, of other low redshift distance indicator-based measurements., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Submitted for publication in MNRAS

We explore correlations between the orientations of small galaxy groups, or "multiplets", and the large-scale gravitational tidal field. Using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Y1 survey, we detect the intrinsic alignment (IA) of multiplets to the galaxy-traced matter field out to separations of 100 Mpc/h. Unlike traditional IA measurements of individual galaxies, this estimator is not limited by imaging of galaxy shapes and allows for direct IA detection beyond redshift z = 1. Multiplet alignment is a form of higher-order clustering, for which the scale-dependence traces the underlying tidal field and amplitude is a result of small-scale (< 1 Mpc/h) dynamics. Within samples of bright galaxies (BGS), luminous red galaxies (LRG) and emission-line galaxies (ELG), we find similar scale-dependence regardless of intrinsic luminosity or colour. This is promising for measuring tidal alignment in galaxy samples that typically display no intrinsic alignment. DESI's LRG mock galaxy catalogues created from the AbacusSummit N-body simulations produce a similar alignment signal, though with a 33% lower amplitude at all scales. An analytic model using a non-linear power spectrum (NLA) only matches the signal down to 20 Mpc/h. Our detection demonstrates that galaxy clustering in the non-linear regime of structure formation preserves an interpretable memory of the large-scale tidal field. Multiplet alignment complements traditional two-point measurements by retaining directional information imprinted by tidal forces, and contains additional line-of-sight information compared to weak lensing. This is a more effective estimator than the alignment of individual galaxies in dense, blue, or faint galaxy samples., Comment: For an accessible summary of this paper, see https://cmlamman.github.io/doc/multipletIA_summary.pdf

We present the identification of changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument First Data Release and Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16 at z \leq 0.9. To confirm the CL-AGNs, we utilize spectral flux calibration assessment via an [O\,{\sc iii}]-based calibration, pseudo-photometry examination, and visual inspection. This rigorous selection process allows us to compile a statistical catalog of 561 CL-AGNs, encompassing 527 $\rm H\beta$, 149$\rm H\alpha$, and 129 Mg II CL behaviors. In this sample, we find 1) a 283:278 ratio of turn-on to turn-off CL-AGNs. 2) the critical value for CL events is confirmed around Eddington ratio \sim 0.01. 3) a strong correlation between the change in the luminosity of the broad emission lines (BEL) and variation in the continuum luminosity, with Mg II and $\rm H\beta$ displaying similar responses during CL phases. 4) the Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich diagram for CL-AGNs shows no statistically difference from the general AGN catalog. 5) five CL-AGNs are associated with asymmetrical mid-infrared flares, possibly linked to tidal disruption events. Given the large CL-AGNs and the stochastic sampling of spectra, we propose that some CL events are inherently due to typical AGN variability during low accretion rates, particularly for CL events of the singular BEL. Finally, we introduce a Peculiar CL phase, characterized by a gradual decline over decades in the light curve and the complete disappearance of entire BEL in faint spectra, indicative of a real transition in the accretion disk., Comment: Submitted to ApJS, comments welcome

Post-starburst galaxies (PSBs) are young quiescent galaxies that have recently experienced a rapid decrease in star formation, allowing us to probe the fast-quenching period of galaxy evolution. In this work, we obtained HST WFC3/F110W imaging to measure the sizes of 171 massive ($\mathrm{log(M_{*}/M_{\odot})\sim\,11)}$ spectroscopically identified PSBs at $1

We present ~ 126 new spectroscopically identified members of the GD-1 tidal stream obtained with the 5000-fiber Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We confirm the existence of a ``cocoon'' which is broad (FWHM~2.932deg~460pc) and kinematically hot (velocity dispersion, sigma~5-8km/s) component that surrounds a narrower (FWHM~0.353deg~55pc) and colder (sigma~ 2.2-2.6km/s) thin stream component (based on a median per star velocity precision of 2.7km/s). The cocoon extends over at least a ~ 20deg segment of the stream observed by DESI. The thin and cocoon components have similar mean values of [Fe/H]: -2.54+/- 0.04dex and -2.45+/-0.06dex suggestive of a common origin. The data are consistent with the following scenarios for the origin of the cocoon. The progenitor of the GD-1 stream was an accreted globular cluster (GC) and: (a) the cocoon was produced by pre-accretion tidal stripping of the GC while it was still inside its parent dwarf galaxy; (b) the cocoon is debris from the parent dwarf galaxy; (c) an initially thin GC tidal stream was heated by impacts from dark subhalos in the Milky Way; (d) an initially thin GC stream was heated by a massive Sagittarius dwarf galaxy; or a combination of some these. In the first two cases the velocity dispersion and mean metallicity are consistent with the parent dwarf galaxy having a halo mass of ~0^9\msun. Future DESI spectroscopy and detailed modeling may enable us to distinguish between these possible origins., Comment: Submitted to ApJ, 23 pages, 13 figures 4 tables

We infer the growth of large scale structure over the redshift range $0.4\lesssim z \lesssim 1$ from the cross-correlation of spectroscopically calibrated Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) selected from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) legacy imaging survey with CMB lensing maps reconstructed from the latest Planck and ACT data. We adopt a hybrid effective field theory (HEFT) model that robustly regulates the cosmological information obtainable from smaller scales, such that our cosmological constraints are reliably derived from the (predominantly) linear regime. We perform an extensive set of bandpower- and parameter-level systematics checks to ensure the robustness of our results and to characterize the uniformity of the LRG sample. We demonstrate that our results are stable to a wide range of modeling assumptions, finding excellent agreement with a linear theory analysis performed on a restricted range of scales. From a tomographic analysis of the four LRG photometric redshift bins we find that the rate of structure growth is consistent with $\Lambda$CDM with an overall amplitude that is $\simeq5-7\%$ lower than predicted by primary CMB measurements with modest $(\sim2\sigma)$ statistical significance. From the combined analysis of all four bins and their cross-correlations with Planck we obtain $S_8 = 0.765\pm0.023$, which is less discrepant with primary CMB measurements than previous DESI LRG cross Planck CMB lensing results. From the cross-correlation with ACT we obtain $S_8 = 0.790^{+0.024}_{-0.027}$, while when jointly analyzing Planck and ACT we find $S_8 = 0.775^{+0.019}_{-0.022}$ from our data alone and $\sigma_8 = 0.772^{+0.020}_{-0.023}$ with the addition of BAO data. These constraints are consistent with the latest Planck primary CMB analyses at the $\simeq 1.6-2.2\sigma$ level, and are in excellent agreement with galaxy lensing surveys., Comment: 60 pages, 26 figures, comments welcome

We present a high-significance cross-correlation of CMB lensing maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) with spectroscopically calibrated luminous red galaxies (LRGs) from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We detect this cross-correlation at a significance of 38$\sigma$; combining our measurement with the Planck Public Release 4 (PR4) lensing map, we detect the cross-correlation at 50$\sigma$. Fitting this jointly with the galaxy auto-correlation power spectrum to break the galaxy bias degeneracy with $\sigma_8$, we perform a tomographic analysis in four LRG redshift bins spanning $0.4 \le z \le 1.0$ to constrain the amplitude of matter density fluctuations through the parameter combination $S_8^\times = \sigma_8 \left(\Omega_m / 0.3\right)^{0.4}$. Prior to unblinding, we confirm with extragalactic simulations that foreground biases are negligible and carry out a comprehensive suite of null and consistency tests. Using a hybrid effective field theory (HEFT) model that allows scales as small as $k_{\rm max}=0.6$ $h/{\rm Mpc}$, we obtain a 3.3% constraint on $S_8^\times = \sigma_8 \left(\Omega_m / 0.3\right)^{0.4} = 0.792^{+0.024}_{-0.028}$ from ACT data, as well as constraints on $S_8^\times(z)$ that probe structure formation over cosmic time. Our result is consistent with the early-universe extrapolation from primary CMB anisotropies measured by Planck PR4 within 1.2$\sigma$. Jointly fitting ACT and Planck lensing cross-correlations we obtain a 2.7% constraint of $S_8^\times = 0.776^{+0.019}_{-0.021}$, which is consistent with the Planck early-universe extrapolation within 2.1$\sigma$, with the lowest redshift bin showing the largest difference in mean. The latter may motivate further CMB lensing tomography analyses at $z<0.6$ to assess the impact of potential systematics or the consistency of the $\Lambda$CDM model over cosmic time., Comment: Prepared for submission to JCAP (47 pages, 13 figures)

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Milky Way Survey (DESI MWS) will explore the assembly history of the Milky Way by characterising remnants of ancient dwarf galaxy accretion events and improving constraints on the distribution of dark matter in the outer halo. We present mock catalogues that reproduce the selection criteria of MWS and the format of the final MWS data set. These catalogues can be used to test methods for quantifying the properties of stellar halo substructure and reconstructing the Milky Way's accretion history with the MWS data, including the effects of halo-to-halo variance. The mock catalogues are based on a phase-space kernel expansion technique applied to star particles in the Auriga suite of six high-resolution $\Lambda$CDM magneto-hydrodynamic zoom-in simulations. They include photometric properties (and associated errors) used in DESI target selection and the outputs of the MWS spectral analysis pipeline (radial velocity, metallicity, surface gravity, and temperature). They also include information from the underlying simulation, such as the total gravitational potential and information on the progenitors of accreted halo stars. We discuss how the subset of halo stars observable by MWS in these simulations corresponds to their true content and properties. These mock Milky Ways have rich accretion histories, resulting in a large number of substructures that span the whole stellar halo out to large distances and have substantial overlap in the space of orbital energy and angular momentum., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 31 pages, 27 figues, 7 tables. The mock catalogues are available at https://data.desi.lbl.gov/public/papers/mws/auridesi/v1

Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) uses more than 2.4 million Emission Line Galaxies (ELGs) for 3D large-scale structure (LSS) analyses in its Data Release 1 (DR1). Such large statistics enable thorough research on systematic uncertainties. In this study, we focus on spectroscopic systematics of ELGs. The redshift success rate ($f_{\rm goodz}$) is the relative fraction of secure redshifts among all measurements. It depends on observing conditions, thus introduces non-cosmological variations to the LSS. We, therefore, develop the redshift failure weight ($w_{\rm zfail}$) and a per-fibre correction ($\eta_{\rm zfail}$) to mitigate these dependences. They have minor influences on the galaxy clustering. For ELGs with a secure redshift, there are two subtypes of systematics: 1) catastrophics (large) that only occur in a few samples; 2) redshift uncertainty (small) that exists for all samples. The catastrophics represent 0.26\% of the total DR1 ELGs, composed of the confusion between O\,\textsc{ii} and sky residuals, double objects, total catastrophics and others. We simulate the realistic 0.26\% catastrophics of DR1 ELGs, the hypothetical 1\% catastrophics, and the truncation of the contaminated $1.31

We use the forward modeling pipeline, Obiwan, to study the imaging systematics of the Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) targeted by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We update the Obiwan pipeline, which had previously been developed to simulate the optical images used to target DESI data, to further simulate WISE images in the infrared. This addition makes it possible to simulate the DESI LRGs sample, which utilizes WISE data in the target selection. Deep DESI imaging data combined with a method to account for biases in their shapes is used to define a truth sample of potential LRG targets. We simulate a total of 15 million galaxies to obtain a simulated LRG sample (Obiwan LRGs) that predicts the variations in target density due to imaging properties. We find that the simulations predict the trends with depth observed in the data, including how they depend on the intrinsic brightness of the galaxies. We observe that faint LRGs are the main contributing power of the imaging systematics trend induced by depth. We also find significant trends in the data against Galactic extinction that are not predicted by Obiwan. These trends depend strongly on the particular map of Galactic extinction chosen to test against, implying Large-Scale Structure systematic contamination (e.g. Cosmic-Infrared Background) in the Galactic extinction maps is a likely root cause. We additionally observe that the DESI LRGs sample exhibits a complex dependency on a combination of seeing, depth, and intrinsic galaxy brightness, which is not replicated by Obiwan, suggesting discrepancies between the current simulation settings and the actual observations. The detailed findings we present should be used to guide any observational systematics mitigation treatment for the clustering of the DESI LRG sample., Comment: 46 pages, 26 figures

Recent baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) provide evidence that dark energy (DE) evolves with time, as parameterized by a $w_0 w_a$ equation of state. Cosmologically coupled black holes (BHs) provide a DE source that naturally evolves with time, because BH production tracks cosmic star-formation. Using DESI BAO measurements and priors informed by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, we measure the fraction of baryonic density converted into BHs, assuming that all DE is sourced by BH production. We find that the best-fit DE density tracks each DESI best-fit $w_0w_a$ model within $1\sigma$, except at redshifts $z \lesssim 0.2$, highlighting limitations of the $w_0w_a$ parameterization. Cosmologically coupled BHs produce $H_0 = (69.94 \pm 0.81)~\mathrm{km}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$, in excellent agreement with the Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program, with the same $\chi^2$ as $\Lambda$CDM, and with two fewer parameters than $w_0w_a$. Because cosmologically coupled BH production depletes the baryon density established by primordial nucleosynthesis, these BHs provide a physical explanation for the ``missing baryon problem'' and the anomalously low sum of neutrino masses preferred by DESI. The global evolution of DE is an orthogonal probe of cosmological coupling, complementing constraints on BH mass-growth from elliptical galaxies, stellar binaries, globular clusters, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA merging population, and X-ray binaries. A DE density that correlates with cosmic star-formation: 1) is a natural outcome of cosmological coupling in BH populations; 2) eases tension between early and late-time cosmological probes; and 3) produces time-evolution toward a late-time $\Lambda$CDM cosmology different from Cosmic Microwave Background projections., Comment: JCAP accepted. 12+7 pages, 3 figures

We present the MOST Hosts survey (Multi-Object Spectroscopy of Transient Hosts). The survey is planned to run throughout the five years of operation of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and will generate a spectroscopic catalog of the hosts of most transients observed to date, in particular all the supernovae observed by most public, untargeted, wide-field, optical surveys (PTF/iPTF, SDSS II, ZTF, DECAT, DESIRT). Scientific questions for which the MOST Hosts survey will be useful include Type Ia supernova cosmology, fundamental plane and peculiar velocity measurements, and the understanding of the correlations between transients and their host galaxy properties. Here, we present the first release of the MOST Hosts survey: 21,931 hosts of 20,235 transients. These numbers represent 36% of the final MOST Hosts sample, consisting of 60,212 potential host galaxies of 38,603 transients (a transient can be assigned multiple potential hosts). Of these galaxies, 40% do not appear in the DESI primary target list and therefore require a specific program like MOST Hosts. Of all the transients in the MOST Hosts list, only 26.7% have existing classifications, and so the survey will provide redshifts (and luminosities) for nearly 30,000 transients. A preliminary Hubble diagram and a transient luminosity-duration diagram are shown as examples of future potential uses of the MOST Hosts survey. The survey will also provide a training sample of spectroscopically observed transients for photometry-only classifiers, as we enter an era when most newly observed transients will lack spectroscopic classification. The MOST Hosts DESI survey data will be released through the Wiserep platform on a rolling cadence and updated to match the DESI releases. Dates of future releases and updates are available through the https://mosthosts.desi.lbl.gov website., Comment: Submitted to ApJS

$ $Low density cosmic voids gravitationally lens the cosmic microwave background (CMB), leaving a negative imprint on the CMB convergence $\kappa$. This effect provides insight into the distribution of matter within voids, and can also be used to study the growth of structure. We measure this lensing imprint by cross-correlating the Planck CMB lensing convergence map with voids identified in the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 data set, covering approximately 4,200 deg$^2$ of the sky. We use two distinct void-finding algorithms: a 2D void-finder which operates on the projected galaxy density field in thin redshift shells, and a new code, Voxel, which operates on the full 3D map of galaxy positions. We employ an optimal matched filtering method for cross-correlation, using the MICE N-body simulation both to establish the template for the matched filter and to calibrate detection significances. Using the DES Y3 photometric luminous red galaxy sample, we measure $A_\kappa$, the amplitude of the observed lensing signal relative to the simulation template, obtaining $A_\kappa = 1.03 \pm 0.22$ ($4.6\sigma$ significance) for Voxel and $A_\kappa = 1.02 \pm 0.17$ ($5.9\sigma$ significance) for 2D voids, both consistent with $\Lambda$CDM expectations. We additionally invert the 2D void-finding process to identify superclusters in the projected density field, for which we measure $A_\kappa = 0.87 \pm 0.15$ ($5.9\sigma$ significance). The leading source of noise in our measurements is Planck noise, implying that future data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), South Pole Telescope (SPT) and CMB-S4 will increase sensitivity and allow for more precise measurements., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) are promising probes for clustering measurements at high redshift, $z>2$, a region only covered so far by Lyman-$\alpha$ forest measurements. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of selecting LBGs by exploiting the existence of a strong deficit of flux shortward of the Lyman limit, due to various absorption processes along the line of sight. The target selection relies on deep imaging data from the HSC and CLAUDS surveys in the $g,r,z$ and $u$ bands, respectively, with median depths reaching 27 AB in all bands. The selections were validated by several dedicated spectroscopic observation campaigns with DESI. Visual inspection of spectra has enabled us to develop an automated spectroscopic typing and redshift estimation algorithm specific to LBGs. Based on these data and tools, we assess the efficiency and purity of target selections optimised for different purposes. Selections providing a wide redshift coverage retain $57\%$ of the observed targets after spectroscopic confirmation with DESI, and provide an efficiency for LBGs of $83\pm3\%$, for a purity of the selected LBG sample of $90\pm2\%$. This would deliver a confirmed LBG density of $\sim 620$ deg$^{-2}$ in the range $2.3

We present strong constraints on the spacetime variation of the fine-structure constant $\alpha$ using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). In this pilot work, we utilize $\sim110,000$ galaxies with strong and narrow O III $\lambda\lambda$4959,5007 emission lines to measure the relative variation $\Delta\alpha/\alpha$ in space and time. The O III doublet is arguably the best choice for this purpose owing to its wide wavelength separation between the two lines and its strong emission in many galaxies. Our galaxy sample spans a redshift range of $0

We present a simple, differentiable method for predicting emission line strengths from rest-frame optical continua using an empirically-determined mapping. Extensive work has been done to develop mock galaxy catalogues that include robust predictions for galaxy photometry, but reliably predicting the strengths of emission lines has remained challenging. Our new mapping is a simple neural network implemented using the JAX Python automatic differentiation library. It is trained on Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Early Release data to predict the equivalent widths (EWs) of the eight brightest optical emission lines (including H$\alpha$, H$\beta$, [O II], and [O III]) from a galaxy's rest-frame optical continuum. The predicted EW distributions are consistent with the observed ones when noise is accounted for, and we find Spearman's rank correlation coefficient $\rho_s > 0.87$ between predictions and observations for most lines. Using a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique (UMAP), we show that this is true for galaxies across the full range of observed spectral energy distributions. In addition, we find that adding measurement uncertainties to the predicted line strengths is essential for reproducing the distribution of observed line-ratios in the BPT diagram. Our trained network can easily be incorporated into a differentiable stellar population synthesis pipeline without hindering differentiability or scalability with GPUs. A synthetic catalogue generated with such a pipeline can be used to characterise and account for biases in the spectroscopic training sets used for training and calibration of photo-$z$'s, improving the modelling of systematic incompleteness for the Rubin Observatory LSST and other surveys., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 1 table. Published in MNRAS

Galaxy-galaxy lensing (GGL) and clustering measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Year 1 (DESI Y1) dataset promise to yield unprecedented combined-probe tests of cosmology and the galaxy-halo connection. In such analyses, it is essential to identify and characterise all relevant statistical and systematic errors. In this paper, we forecast the covariances of DESI Y1 GGL+clustering measurements and characterise the systematic bias due to redshift evolution in the lens samples. Focusing on the projected clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing correlations, we compute a Gaussian analytical covariance, using a suite of N-body and log-normal simulations to characterise the effect of the survey footprint. Using the DESI One Percent Survey data, we measure the evolution of galaxy bias parameters for the DESI Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) samples. We find mild evolution in the LRGs in 0.4 < z < 0.8, subdominant compared to the expected statistical errors. For BGS, we find less evolution effects for brighter absolute magnitude cuts, at the cost of reduced sample size. We find that with a fiducial redshift bin width delta z = 0.1, evolution effects on GGL is negligible across all scales, all fiducial selection cuts, all fiducial redshift bins, given DESI Y1 sample size. Galaxy clustering is more sensitive to evolution due to the bias squared scaling. Nevertheless the redshift evolution effect is insignificant for clustering above the 1-halo scale of 0.1Mpc/h. For studies that wish to reliably access smaller scales, additional treatment of redshift evolution is likely needed. This study serves as a reference for GGL and clustering studies using the DESI Y1 sample, Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Strong high-ionization iron coronal lines (CLs) are a rare phenomenon observed in galaxy and quasi-stellar object spectra that are thought to be created as a result of tidal disruption event (TDE) flares. To test whether these CLs are the result of TDE activity, we search for extreme coronal line emitting galaxies (ECLEs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), measure their rate, and compare it to TDE rates from the literature. We detect sufficiently strong CLs in 14 objects, doubling the number previously found in SDSS. Using follow-up spectra from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph, Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mid-infrared observations, and Liverpool Telescope optical photometry, we find that of the seven new objects, only one evolves in a manner consistent with that of the five previously discovered variable ECLEs. Using this new sample of six variable ECLEs, we calculate the galaxy-normalised rate of ECLEs in SDSS to be $R_\mathrm{G}=2.2~^{+1.3}_{-0.8}~(\mathrm{statistical})~^{+0.0}_{-1.3}~(\mathrm{systematic})\times10^{-5}~\mathrm{galaxy}^{-1}~\mathrm{year}^{-1}$. The mass-normalised rate is $R_\mathrm{M}=1.9~^{+1.1}_{-0.7}~(\mathrm{statistical})~^{+0.0}_{-1.1}~(\mathrm{systematic})\times10^{-16}~\mathrm{M_\odot^{-1}}~\mathrm{year}^{-1}$ and the volumetric rate is $R_\mathrm{V}=6.9~^{+5.6}_{-2.1}~(\mathrm{statistical})~^{+0.0}_{-3.9}~(\mathrm{systematic})\times10^{-8}~\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}~\mathrm{year}^{-1}$. Our rates are comparable to TDE rates from the literature, supporting the suggestion that the CLs in variable ECLEs are the product of TDEs., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS. 19 pages, 12 figures

In this investigation, we leverage the combination of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy imaging Surveys Data Release 9 (DESI LS DR9), Survey Validation 3 (SV3), and Year 1 (Y1) data sets to estimate the conditional luminosity and stellar mass functions (CLFs & CSMFs) of galaxies across various halo mass bins and redshift ranges. To support our analysis, we utilize a realistic DESI Mock Galaxy Redshift Survey (MGRS) generated from a high-resolution Jiutian simulation. An extended halo-based group finder is applied to both MGRS catalogs and DESI observation. By comparing the r and z-band luminosity functions (LFs) and stellar mass functions (SMFs) derived using both photometric and spectroscopic data, we quantified the impact of photometric redshift (photo-z) errors on the galaxy LFs and SMFs, especially in the low redshift bin at low luminosity/mass end. By conducting prior evaluations of the group finder using MGRS, we successfully obtain a set of CLF and CSMF measurements from observational data. We find that at low redshift the faint end slopes of CLFs and CSMFs below $10^{9}h^{-2}L_{\odot}$ (or $h^{-2}M_{\odot}$) evince a compelling concordance with the subhalo mass functions. After correcting the cosmic variance effect of our local Universe following arXiv:1809.00523, the faint end slopes of the LFs/SMFs turn out to be also in good agreement with the slope of the halo mass function., Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

We estimate the redshift-dependent, anisotropic clustering signal in DESI's Year 1 Survey created by tidal alignments of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) and a selection-induced galaxy orientation bias. To this end, we measured the correlation between LRG shapes and the tidal field with DESI's Year 1 redshifts, as traced by LRGs and Emission-Line Galaxies (ELGs). We also estimate the galaxy orientation bias of LRGs caused by DESI's aperture-based selection, and find it to increase by a factor of seven between redshifts 0.4 - 1.1 due to redder, fainter galaxies falling closer to DESI's imaging selection cuts. These effects combine to dampen measurements of the quadrupole of the correlation function caused by structure growth on scales of 10 - 80 Mpc/h by about 0.15% for low redshifts (0.4

We search for narrow-line optical emission from dark matter decay by stacking dark-sky spectra from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) at the redshift of nearby galaxies from DESI's Bright Galaxy and Luminous Red Galaxy samples. Our search uses regions separated by 5 to 20 arcsecond from the centers of the galaxies, corresponding to an impact parameter of approximately $50\,\rm kpc$. No unidentified spectral line shows up in the search, and we place a line flux limit of $10^{-19}\,\rm{ergs}/\rm{s}/\rm{cm}^{2}/\rm{arcsec}^{2}$ on emissions in the optical band ($3000\lesssim\lambda\lesssim9000 \,\mathring{\rm A}$), which corresponds to $34$ in AB magnitude in a normal broadband detection. This detection limit suggests that the line surface brightness contributed from all dark matter along the line of sight is two orders of magnitude lower than the measured extragalactic background light (EBL), which rules out the possibility that narrow optical-line emission from dark matter decay is a major source of the EBL.

Emission line galaxies (ELGs) are now the preeminent tracers of large-scale structure at z>0.8 due to their high density and strong emission lines, which enable accurate redshift measurements. However, relatively little is known about ELG evolution and the ELG-halo connection, exposing us to potential modeling systematics in cosmology inference using these sources. In this paper, we propose a physical picture of ELGs and improve ELG-halo connection modeling using a variety of observations and simulated galaxy models. We investigate DESI-selected ELGs in COSMOS data, and infer that ELGs are rapidly star-forming galaxies with a large fraction exhibiting disturbed morphology, implying that many of them are likely to be merger-driven starbursts. We further postulate that the tidal interactions from mergers lead to correlated star formation in central-satellite ELG pairs, a phenomenon dubbed "conformity." We argue for the need to include conformity in the ELG-halo connection using galaxy models such as IllustrisTNG, and by combining observations such as the DESI ELG auto-correlation, ELG cross-correlation with Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs), and ELG-cluster cross-correlation. We also explore the origin of conformity using the UniverseMachine model and elucidate the difference between conformity and the well-known galaxy assembly bias effect., Comment: 25 pages, 20 figures, submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome

We explore the galaxy-halo connection information that is available in low-redshift samples from the early data release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We model the halo occupation distribution (HOD) from z=0.1-0.3 using Survey Validation 3 (SV3; a.k.a., the One-Percent Survey) data of the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS). In addition to more commonly used metrics, we incorporate counts-in-cylinders (CiC) measurements, which drastically tighten HOD constraints. Our analysis is aided by the Python package, galtab, which enables the rapid, precise prediction of CiC for any HOD model available in halotools. This methodology allows our Markov chains to converge with much fewer trial points, and enables even more drastic speedups due to its GPU portability. Our HOD fits constrain characteristic halo masses tightly and provide statistical evidence for assembly bias, especially at lower luminosity thresholds: the HOD of central galaxies in $z\sim0.15$ samples with limiting absolute magnitude $M_r < -20.0$ and $M_r < -20.5$ samples is positively correlated with halo concentration with a significance of 99.9% and 99.5%, respectively. Our models also favor positive central assembly bias for the brighter $M_r < -21.0$ sample at $z\sim0.25$ (94.8% significance), but there is no significant evidence for assembly bias with the same luminosity threshold at $z\sim0.15$. We provide our constraints for each threshold sample's characteristic halo masses, assembly bias, and other HOD parameters. These constraints are expected to be significantly tightened with future DESI data, which will span an area 100 times larger than that of SV3.

We present two galaxy samples, selected from DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (LS) DR9, with approximately 20,000 square degrees of coverage and spectroscopic redshift distributions designed for cross-correlations such as with CMB lensing, galaxy lensing, and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The first sample is identical to the DESI Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) sample, and the second sample is an extended LRG sample with 2-3 times the DESI LRG density. We present the improved photometric redshifts, tomographic binning and their spectroscopic redshift distributions and imaging systematics weights, and magnification bias coefficients. The catalogs and related data products will be made publicly available. The cosmological constraints using this sample and Planck lensing maps are presented in a companion paper. We also make public the new set of general-purpose photometric redshifts trained using DESI spectroscopic redshifts, which are used in this work, for all galaxies in LS DR9., Comment: Matches the journal version. Associated data files: https://data.desi.lbl.gov/public/papers/c3/lrg_xcorr_2023/. General-purpose photo-z catalogs: https://www.legacysurvey.org/dr9/files/#photo-z-sweeps-9-1-photo-z-sweep-brickmin-brickmax-pz-fits

Galactic conformity is the phenomenon in which a galaxy of a certain physical property is correlated with its neighbors of the same property, implying a possible causal relationship. The observed auto correlations of emission line galaxies (ELGs) from the highly complete DESI One-Percent survey exhibit a strong clustering signal on small scales, providing clear evidence for the conformity effect of ELGs. Building upon the original subhalo abundance matching (SHAM) method developed by Gao et al. (2022, 2023), we propose a concise conformity model to improve the ELG-halo connection. In this model, the number of satellite ELGs is boosted by a factor of $\sim 5$ in the halos whose central galaxies are ELGs. We show that the mean ELG satellite number in such central halos is still smaller than 1, and the model does not significantly increase the overall satellite fraction. With this model, we can well recover the ELG auto correlations to the smallest scales explored with the current data (i.e. $r_{\mathrm{p}} > 0.03$ $\mathrm{Mpc}\,h^{-1}$ in real space and at $s > 0.3$ $\mathrm{Mpc}\,h^{-1}$ in redshift space), while the cross correlations between luminous red galaxies (LRGs) and ELGs are nearly unchanged. Although our SHAM model has only 8 parameters, we further verify that it can accurately describe the ELG clustering in the entire redshift range from $z = 0.8$ to $1.6$. We therefore expect that this method can be used to generate high-quality ELG lightcone mocks for DESI., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, accepted by ApJ

In order to address fundamental questions related to the expansion history of the Universe and its primordial nature with the next generation of galaxy experiments, we need to model reliably large-scale structure observables such as the correlation function and the power spectrum. Cosmological $N$-body simulations provide a reference through which we can test our models, but their output suffers from sample variance on large scales. Fortunately, this is the regime where accurate analytic approximations exist. To reduce the variance, which is key to making optimal use of these simulations, we can leverage the accuracy and precision of such analytic descriptions using Control Variates (CV). The power of control variates stems from utilizing inexpensive but highly correlated surrogates of the statistics one wishes to measure. The stronger the correlation between the surrogate and the statistic of interest, the larger the variance reduction delivered by the method. We apply two control variate formulations to mock catalogs generated in anticipation of upcoming data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) to test the robustness of its analysis pipeline. Our CV-reduced measurements offer a factor of 5-10 improvement in the measurement error compared with the raw measurements. We explore the relevant properties of the galaxy samples that dictate this reduction and comment on the improvements we find on some of the derived quantities relevant to Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) analysis. We also provide an optimized package for computing the power spectra and other two-point statistics of an arbitrary galaxy catalog as well as a pipeline for obtaining CV-reduced measurements on any of the AbacusSummit cubic box outputs. We make our scripts publicly available and report a speed improvement of $\sim$10 for a grid size of $N_{\rm mesh} = 256^3$ compared with \texttt{nbodykit}., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, public package (for power spectrum and control variates estimation)

Together with larger spectroscopic surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), the precision of large scale structure studies and thus the constraints on the cosmological parameters are rapidly improving. Therefore, one must build realistic simulations and robust covariance matrices. We build galaxy catalogues by applying a Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) model upon the \textsc{FastPM} simulations, such that the resulting galaxy clustering reproduces high resolution $N$-body simulations. While the resolution and halo finder are different from the reference simulations, we reproduce the reference galaxy two-point clustering measurements -- monopole and quadrupole -- to a precision required by the DESI Year 1 Emission Line Galaxy sample down to non-linear scales, i.e. $k<0.5\,h\mathrm{Mpc}$ or $s>10\,\mathrm{Mpc}/h$. Furthermore, we compute covariance matrices based on the resulting \textsc{FastPM} galaxy clustering -- monopole and quadrupole. We study for the first time the effect of fitting on Fourier conjugate [e.g. power spectrum] on the covariance matrix of the Fourier counterpart [e.g. correlation function]. We estimate the uncertainties of the two parameters of a simple clustering model and observe a maximum variation of 20 per cent for the different covariance matrices. Nevertheless, for most studied scales the scatter is between two to ten per cent Consequently, using the current pipeline we can precisely reproduce the clustering of $N$-body simulations and the resulting covariance matrices provide robust uncertainty estimations against HOD fitting scenarios. We expect our methodology will be useful for the coming DESI data analyses and their extension for other studies., Comment: 21 pages, 18 figures, submitted to MNRAS, Zenodo link https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8185822

Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei (CL AGN) can be generally confirmed by the emergence (turn-on) or disappearance (turn-off) of broad emission lines, associated with a transient timescale (about $100\sim5000$ days) that is much shorter than predicted by traditional accretion disk models. We carry out a systematic CL AGN search by cross-matching the spectra coming from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Following previous studies, we identify CL AGN based on $\rm{H}\alpha $, $\rm{H}\beta$, and Mg\,{\sc ii} at $z\leq0.75$ and Mg\,{\sc ii}, C\,{\sc iii}], and C\,{\sc iv} at $z>0.75$. We present 130 CL AGN based on visual inspection and three selection criteria, including 2 $\rm{H}\alpha$, 45 $\rm{H}\beta$, 38 Mg\,{\sc ii}, 61 C\,{\sc iii}], and 10 C\,{\sc iv} CL AGN. Twenty cases show simultaneous appearances/disappearances of two broad emission lines while three AGN exhibit the concurrent appearance of three broad emission lines. We also present 91 CL AGN candidates with significant flux variation of broad emission lines but remaining strong broad components. In the confirmed CL AGN, 42 cases show additional CL candidate features for different lines. In this paper, we find 1) a 95:35 ratio of a turn-on to turn-off CL AGN; 2) the highest redshift CL AGN ($z=3.56$) ever discovered; 3) an upper limit transition timescale ranging from 244 to 5762 days in the rest-frame; 4) the majority of CL AGN follow the bluer-when-brighter trend. Our results greatly increase the current CL census ($30\sim50\%$) and would be conducive to explore the underlying physical mechanism.

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, consisting of 5020 robotic fiber positioners and associated systems on the Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona, is carrying out a survey to measure the spectra of 40 million galaxies and quasars and produce the largest 3D map of the universe to date. The primary science goal is to use baryon acoustic oscillations to measure the expansion history of the universe and the time evolution of dark energy. A key function of the online control system is to position each fiber on a particular target in the focal plane with an accuracy of 11$\mu$m rms 2-D. This paper describes the set of software programs used to perform this function along with the methods used to validate their performance., Comment: 27 pages, 16 figures

We present new spectroscopic and photometric follow-up observations of the known sample of extreme coronal line emitting galaxies (ECLEs) identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). With these new data, observations of the ECLE sample now span a period of two decades following their initial SDSS detections. We confirm the nonrecurrence of the iron coronal line signatures in five of the seven objects, further supporting their identification as the transient light echoes of tidal disruption events (TDEs). Photometric observations of these objects in optical bands show little overall evolution. In contrast, mid-infrared (MIR) observations show ongoing long-term declines. The remaining two objects had been classified as active galactic nuclei (AGN) with unusually strong coronal lines rather than being TDE related, given the persistence of the coronal lines in earlier follow-up spectra. We confirm this classification, with our spectra continuing to show the presence of strong, unchanged coronal-line features and AGN-like MIR colours and behaviour. We have constructed spectral templates of both subtypes of ECLE to aid in distinguishing the likely origin of newly discovered ECLEs. We highlight the need for higher cadence, and more rapid, follow-up observations of such objects to better constrain their properties and evolution. We also discuss the relationships between ECLEs, TDEs, and other identified transients having significant MIR variability., Comment: This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society following peer review. Note the corrected caption of Figure 1 continued, which in this version correctly refers to 'SDSS J124' rather than the erroneous 'SDSS J1341' in the published version. 29 Pages, 14 Figures

We use angular clustering of luminous red galaxies from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) imaging surveys to constrain the local primordial non-Gaussianity parameter $\fnl$. Our sample comprises over 12 million targets, covering 14,000 square degrees of the sky, with redshifts in the range $0.2< z < 1.35$. We identify Galactic extinction, survey depth, and astronomical seeing as the primary sources of systematic error, and employ linear regression and artificial neural networks to alleviate non-cosmological excess clustering on large scales. Our methods are tested against simulations with and without $\fnl$ and systematics, showing superior performance of the neural network treatment. The neural network with a set of nine imaging property maps passes our systematic null test criteria, and is chosen as the fiducial treatment. Assuming the universality relation, we find $\fnl = 34^{+24(+50)}_{-44(-73)}$ at 68\%(95\%) confidence. We apply a series of robustness tests (e.g., cuts on imaging, declination, or scales used) that show consistency in the obtained constraints. We study how the regression method biases the measured angular power-spectrum and degrades the $\fnl$ constraining power. The use of the nine maps more than doubles the uncertainty compared to using only the three primary maps in the regression. Our results thus motivate the development of more efficient methods that avoid over-correction, protect large-scale clustering information, and preserve constraining power. Additionally, our results encourage further studies of $\fnl$ with DESI spectroscopic samples, where the inclusion of 3D clustering modes should help separate imaging systematics and lessen the degradation in the $\fnl$ uncertainty., Comment: 21 pages, 17 figures, 7 tables (Appendix excluded). Published in MNRAS

We present an approach for accurate estimation of the covariance of 2-point correlation functions that requires fewer mocks than the standard mock-based covariance. This can be achieved by dividing a set of mocks into jackknife regions and fitting the correction term first introduced in Mohammad & Percival (2022), such that the mean of the jackknife covariances corresponds to the one from the mocks. This extends the model beyond the shot-noise limited regime, allowing it to be used for denser samples of galaxies. We test the performance of our fitted jackknife approach, both in terms of accuracy and precision, using lognormal mocks with varying densities and approximate EZmocks mimicking the DESI LRG and ELG samples in the redshift range of z = [0.8, 1.2]. We find that the Mohammad-Percival correction produces a bias in the 2-point correlation function covariance matrix that grows with number density and that our fitted jackknife approach does not. We also study the effect of the covariance on the uncertainty of cosmological parameters by performing a full-shape analysis. We find that our fitted jackknife approach based on 25 mocks is able to recover unbiased and as precise cosmological parameters as the ones obtained from a covariance matrix based on 1000 or 1500 mocks, while the Mohammad-Percival correction produces uncertainties that are twice as large. The number of mocks required to obtain an accurate estimation of the covariance for 2-point correlation function is therefore reduced by a factor of 40-60., Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, accepted to MNRAS

The observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) will significantly increase the numbers of known extremely metal-poor stars by a factor of ~ 10, improving the sample statistics to study the early chemical evolution of the Milky Way and the nature of the first stars. In this paper we report high signal-to-noise follow-up observations of 9 metal-poor stars identified during the DESI commissioning with the Optical System for Imaging and low-Intermediate-Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy (OSIRIS) instrument on the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). The analysis of the data using a well-vetted methodology confirms the quality of the DESI spectra and the performance of the pipelines developed for the data reduction and analysis of DESI data., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8363303

We present an extended validation of semi-analytical, semi-empirical covariance matrices for the two-point correlation function (2PCF) on simulated catalogs representative of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRG) data collected during the initial two months of operations of the Stage-IV ground-based Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We run the pipeline on multiple effective Zel'dovich (EZ) mock galaxy catalogs with the corresponding cuts applied and compare the results with the mock sample covariance to assess the accuracy and its fluctuations. We propose an extension of the previously developed formalism for catalogs processed with standard reconstruction algorithms. We consider methods for comparing covariance matrices in detail, highlighting their interpretation and statistical properties caused by sample variance, in particular, nontrivial expectation values of certain metrics even when the external covariance estimate is perfect. With improved mocks and validation techniques, we confirm a good agreement between our predictions and sample covariance. This allows one to generate covariance matrices for comparable datasets without the need to create numerous mock galaxy catalogs with matching clustering, only requiring 2PCF measurements from the data itself. The code used in this paper is publicly available at https://github.com/oliverphilcox/RascalC., Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure. Published in MNRAS. Code available at https://github.com/oliverphilcox/RascalC, table and figure data available at https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7750637

The One-Percent survey of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument collected ~ 270k emission line galaxies (ELGs) at 0.8 < z < 1.6. The high completeness of the sample allowed the clustering to be measured down to scales never probed before, 0.04 Mpc/h in rp for the projected 2-point correlation function (2PCF) and 0.17 Mpc/h in galaxy pair separation s for the 2PCF monopole and quadrupole. The most striking feature of the measurements is a strong signal at the smallest scales, below 0.2 Mpc/h in rp and 1 Mpc/h in s. We analyze these data in the halo occupation distribution framework. We consider different distributions for central galaxies, a standard power law for satellites with no condition on the presence of a central galaxy and explore several extensions of these models. For all considered models, the mean halo mass of the sample is found to be log10 ~ 11.9. We obtain a satellite mean occupation function which agrees with physically motivated ELG models only if we introduce central-satellite conformity, meaning that the satellite occupation is conditioned by the presence of central galaxies of the same type. To achieve in addition a good modeling of the clustering between 0.1 and 1 Mpc/h in rp, we allow for ELG positioning outside of the halo virial radius and find 0.5% of ELGs residing in the outskirts of halos. Furthermore, the satellite velocity dispersion inside halos is found to be ~ 30% larger than that of the halo dark matter particles. These are the main findings of our work. We investigate assembly bias as a function of halo concentration, local density or local density anisotropies and observe no significant change in our results. We split the data sample in two redshift bins and report no significant evolution with redshift. Lastly, changing the cosmology in the modeling impacts only slightly our results.

We present the probabilistic stellar mass function (pSMF) of galaxies in the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS), observed during the One-Percent Survey. The One-Percent Survey was one of DESI's survey validation programs conducted from April to May 2021, before the start of the main survey. It used the same target selection and similar observing strategy as the main survey and successfully observed the spectra and redshifts of 143,017 galaxies in the $r < 19.5$ magnitude-limited BGS Bright sample and 95,499 galaxies in the fainter surface brightness and color selected BGS Faint sample over $z < 0.6$. We derive pSMFs from posteriors of stellar mass, $M_*$, inferred from DESI photometry and spectroscopy using the Hahn et al. (2022a; arXiv:2202.01809) PRObabilistic Value-Added BGS (PROVABGS) Bayesian SED modeling framework. We use a hierarchical population inference framework that statistically and rigorously propagates the $M_*$ uncertainties. Furthermore, we include correction weights that account for the selection effects and incompleteness of the BGS observations. We present the redshift evolution of the pSMF in BGS as well as the pSMFs of star-forming and quiescent galaxies classified using average specific star formation rates from PROVABGS. Overall, the pSMFs show good agreement with previous stellar mass function measurements in the literature. Our pSMFs showcase the potential and statistical power of BGS, which in its main survey will observe >100$\times$ more galaxies. Moreover, we present the statistical framework for subsequent population statistics measurements using BGS, which will characterize the global galaxy population and scaling relations at low redshifts with unprecedented precision., Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures; data used to generate figures is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8018936; submitted to ApJ

In the current Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey, emission line galaxies (ELGs) and luminous red galaxies (LRGs) are essential for mapping the dark matter distribution at $z \sim 1$. We measure the auto and cross correlation functions of ELGs and LRGs at $0.80.1$ $\mathrm{Mpc}\,h^{-1}$. We can also reproduce the auto correlations of ELGs at $r_{\mathrm{p}}>0.3$ $\mathrm{Mpc}\,h^{-1}$ ($s>1$ $\mathrm{Mpc}\,h^{-1}$) in real (redshift) space. Although our model has only seven parameters, we show that it can be extended to higher redshifts and reproduces the observed auto correlations of ELGs in the whole range of $0.8

We present the first comprehensive Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) analysis of the DESI One-Percent survey Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Quasi-Stellar Object (QSO) samples. We constrain the HOD of each sample and test possible HOD extensions by fitting the redshift-space galaxy 2-point correlation functions in 0.15 < r < 32 Mpc/h in a set of fiducial redshift bins. We use AbacusSummit cubic boxes at Planck 2018 cosmology as model templates and forward model galaxy clustering with the AbacusHOD package. We achieve good fits with a standard HOD model with velocity bias, and we find no evidence for galaxy assembly bias or satellite profile modulation at the current level of statistical uncertainty. For LRGs in 0.4 < z < 0.6, we infer a satellite fraction of fsat = 11+-1%, a mean halo mass of log10 Mh = 13.40+0.02-0.02, and a linear bias of blin = 1.93+0.06-0.04. For LRGs in 0.6 < z < 0.8, we find fsat = 14+-1%, log10 Mh = 13.24+0.02-0.02, and blin = 2.08+0.03-0.03. For QSOs, we infer fsat = 3+8-2%, log10 Mh = 12.65+0.09-0.04, and blin = 2.63+0.37-0.26 in redshift range 0.8 < z < 2.1. Using these fits, we generate a large suite of high-fidelity galaxy mocks. We also study the redshift-evolution of the DESI LRG sample from z = 0.4 up to z = 1.1, revealing significant and interesting trends in mean halo mass, linear bias, and satellite fraction., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome

We perform SubHalo Abundance Matching (SHAM) studies on UNIT simulations with \{$\sigma, V_{\rm ceil}, v_{\rm smear}$\}-SHAM and \{$\sigma, V_{\rm ceil},f_{\rm sat}$\}-SHAM. They are designed to reproduce the clustering on 5--30$\,\hmpc$ of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs), Emission Line Galaxies (ELGs) and Quasi-Stellar Objects (QSOs) at $0.4

We present the one-dimensional Lyman-$\alpha$ forest power spectrum measurement using the first data provided by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). The data sample comprises $26,330$ quasar spectra, at redshift $z > 2.1$, contained in the DESI Early Data Release and the first two months of the main survey. We employ a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) estimator and compare the resulting power spectrum to an alternative likelihood-based method in a companion paper. We investigate methodological and instrumental contaminants associated to the new DESI instrument, applying techniques similar to previous Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) measurements. We use synthetic data based on log-normal approximation to validate and correct our measurement. We compare our resulting power spectrum with previous SDSS and high-resolution measurements. With relatively small number statistics, we successfully perform the FFT measurement, which is already competitive in terms of the scale range. At the end of the DESI survey, we expect a five times larger Lyman-$\alpha$ forest sample than SDSS, providing an unprecedented precise one-dimensional power spectrum measurement., Comment: 23 pages, 23 figures, Journal version

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is currently measuring the spectra of 40\,million galaxies and quasars, the largest such survey ever made to probe the nature of cosmological dark energy. The 4-meter Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory has been adapted for DESI, including the construction of a 3.2-degree diameter prime focus corrector that focuses astronomical light onto a 0.8-meter diameter focal surface with excellent image quality over the DESI bandpass of 360-980nm. The wide-field corrector includes six lenses, as large as 1.1-meters in diameter and as heavy as 237\,kilograms, including two counter-rotating wedged lenses that correct for atmospheric dispersion over Zenith angles from 0 to 60 degrees. The lenses, cells, and barrel assembly all meet precise alignment tolerances on the order of tens of microns. The barrel alignment is maintained throughout a range of observing angles and temperature excursions in the Mayall dome by use of a hexapod, which is itself supported by a new cage, ring, and truss structure. In this paper we describe the design, fabrication, and performance of the new corrector and associated structure, focusing on how they meet DESI requirements. In particular we describe the prescription and specifications of the lenses, design choices and error budgeting of the barrel assembly, stray light mitigations, and integration and test at the Mayall telescope. We conclude with some validation highlights that demonstrate the successful corrector on-sky performance, and list some lessons learned during the multi-year fabrication phase., Comment: 68 pages, 56 figures, 22 tables. Submitted to the Astronomical Journal

We present findings of the detection of Magnesium II (Mg II, {\lambda} = 2796, 2803 {\AA}) absorbers from the early data release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). DESI is projected to obtain spectroscopy of approximately 3 million quasars (QSOs), of which over 99% are anticipated to be at redshifts greater than z > 0.3, such that DESI would be able to observe an associated or intervening Mg II absorber illuminated by the background QSO. We have developed an autonomous supplementary spectral pipeline that detects these systems through an initial line-fitting process and then confirms the line properties using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler. Based upon a visual inspection of the resulting systems, we estimate that this sample has a purity greater than 99%. We have also investigated the completeness of our sample in regard to both the signal-to-noise properties of the input spectra and the rest-frame equivalent width (W0) of the absorber systems. From a parent catalog containing 83,207 quasars, we detect a total of 23,921 Mg II absorption systems following a series of quality cuts. Extrapolating from this occurrence rate of 28.8% implies a catalog at the completion of the five-year DESI survey that will contain over eight hundred thousand Mg II absorbers. The cataloging of these systems will enable significant further research because they carry information regarding circumgalactic medium environments, the distribution of intervening galaxies, and the growth of metallicity across the redshift range 0.3 < z < 2.5., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures

The joint analysis of different cosmological probes, such as galaxy clustering and weak lensing, can potentially yield invaluable insights into the nature of the primordial Universe, dark energy and dark matter. However, the development of high-fidelity theoretical models that cover a wide range of scales and redshifts is a necessary stepping-stone. Here, we present public high-resolution weak lensing maps on the light cone, generated using the $N$-body simulation suite AbacusSummit in the Born approximation, and accompanying weak lensing mock catalogues, tuned via fits to the Early Data Release small-scale clustering measurements of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Available in this release are maps of the cosmic shear, deflection angle and convergence fields at source redshifts ranging from $z = 0.15$ to 2.45 with $\Delta z = 0.05$ as well as CMB convergence maps ($z \approx 1090$) for each of the 25 ${\tt base}$-resolution simulations ($L_{\rm box} = 2000\,h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$, $N_{\rm part} = 6912^3$) as well as for the two ${\tt huge}$ simulations ($L_{\rm box} = 7500\,h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$, $N_{\rm part} = 8640^3$) at the fiducial AbacusSummit cosmology ($Planck$ 2018). The pixel resolution of each map is 0.21 arcmin, corresponding to a HEALPiX $N_{\rm side}$ of 16384. The sky coverage of the ${\tt base}$ simulations is an octant until $z \approx 0.8$ (decreasing to about 1800 deg$^2$ at $z \approx 2.4$), whereas the ${\tt huge}$ simulations offer full-sky coverage until $z \approx 2.2$. Mock lensing source catalogues are sampled matching the ensemble properties of the Kilo-Degree Survey, Dark Energy Survey, and Hyper-Suprime Cam weak lensing datasets. The produced mock catalogues are validated against theoretical predictions for various clustering and lensing statistics such as galaxy clustering multipoles, galaxy-shear and shear-shear, showing excellent agreement., Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures, data available at https://app.globus.org/file-manager?origin_id=3dd6566c-eed2-11ed-ba43-09d6a6f08166&path=%2F

Millions of quasar spectra will be collected by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), leading to a four-fold increase in the number of known quasars. High accuracy quasar classification is essential to tighten constraints on cosmological parameters measured at the highest redshifts DESI observes ($z>2.0$). We present the spectral templates for identification and redshift estimation of quasars in the DESI Year 1 data release. The quasar templates are comprised of two quasar eigenspectra sets, trained on spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The sets are specialized to reconstruct quasar spectral variation observed over separate yet overlapping redshift ranges and, together, are capable of identifying DESI quasars from $0.05 < z <7.0$. The new quasar templates show significant improvement over the previous DESI quasar templates regarding catastrophic failure rates, redshift precision and accuracy, quasar completeness, and the contamination fraction in the final quasar sample., Comment: to be published in Astronomical Journal; 21 pages, 8 figures

The full-shape correlations of the Lyman alpha (Ly$\alpha$) forest contain a wealth of cosmological information through the Alcock-Paczy\'{n}ski effect. However, these measurements are challenging to model without robustly testing and verifying the theoretical framework used for analyzing them. Here, we leverage the accuracy and volume of the $N$-body simulation suite \textsc{AbacusSummit} to generate high-resolution Ly$\alpha$ skewers and quasi-stellar object (QSO) catalogs. One of the main goals of our mocks is to aid in the full-shape Ly$\alpha$ analysis planned by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) team. We provide optical depth skewers for six of the fiducial cosmology base-resolution simulations ($L_{\rm box} = 2\,h^{-1}{\rm Gpc}$, $N = 6912^3$) at $z = 2.5$. We adopt a simple recipe based on the Fluctuating Gunn-Peterson Approximation (FGPA) for constructing these skewers from the matter density in an $N$-body simulation and calibrate it against the 1D and 3D Ly$\alpha$ power spectra extracted from the hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG (TNG; $L_{\rm box} = 205\,h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$, $N = 2500^3$). As an important application, we study the non-linear broadening of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak and show the cross-correlation between DESI-like QSOs and our Ly$\alpha$ forest skewers. We find differences on small scales between the Kaiser approximation prediction and our mock measurements of the Ly$\alpha$$\times$QSO cross-correlation, which would be important to account for in upcoming analyses. The \textsc{AbacusSummit} Ly$\alpha$ forest mocks open up the possibility for improved modelling of cross correlations between Ly$\alpha$ and cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing and Ly$\alpha$ and QSOs, and for forecasts of the 3-point Ly$\alpha$ correlation function. Our catalogues and skewers are publicly available on Globus., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, Globus link: https://app.globus.org/file-manager?origin_id=9ce29982-eed1-11ed-9bb4-c9bb788c490e&path=%2F

We detect the cross-correlation between 2.7 million DESI quasar targets across 14,700 deg$^2$ (180 quasars deg$^{-2}$) and Planck 2018 CMB lensing at $\sim$30$\sigma$. We use the cross-correlation on very large scales to constrain local primordial non-Gaussianity via the scale dependence of quasar bias. The DESI quasar targets lie at an effective redshift of 1.51 and are separated into four imaging regions of varying depth and image quality. We select quasar targets from Legacy Survey DR9 imaging, apply additional flux and photometric redshift cuts to improve the purity and reduce the fraction of unclassified redshifts, and use early DESI spectroscopy of 194,000 quasar targets to determine their redshift distribution and stellar contamination fraction (2.6%). Due to significant excess large-scale power in the quasar autocorrelation, we apply weights to mitigate contamination from imaging systematics such as depth, extinction, and stellar density. We use realistic contaminated mocks to determine the greatest number of systematic modes that we can fit, before we are biased by overfitting and spuriously remove real power. We find that linear regression with one to seven imaging templates removed per region accurately recovers the input cross-power, $f_{\textrm{NL}}$ and linear bias. As in previous analyses, our $f_{\textrm{NL}}$ constraint depends on the linear primordial non-Gaussianity bias parameter, $b_{\phi} = 2(b - p)\delta_c$ assuming universality of the halo mass function. We measure $f_{\textrm{NL}} = -26^{+45}_{-40}$ with $p=1.6$ $(f_{\textrm{NL}} = -18^{+29}_{-27}$ with $p=1.0$), and find that this result is robust under several systematics tests. Future spectroscopic quasar cross-correlations with Planck lensing lensing can tighten the $f_{\textrm{NL}}$ constraints by a factor of 2 if they can remove the excess power on large scales in the quasar auto power spectrum., Comment: 57 pages, 25 figures, updated to match accepted version

We present the first detection of the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) signal obtained using unblinded data collected during the initial two months of operations of the Stage-IV ground-based Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). From a selected sample of 261,291 Luminous Red Galaxies spanning the redshift interval 0.4 < z < 1.1 and covering 1651 square degrees with a 57.9% completeness level, we report a ~5 sigma level BAO detection and the measurement of the BAO location at a precision of 1.7%. Using a Bright Galaxy Sample of 109,523 galaxies in the redshift range 0.1 < z < 0.5, over 3677 square degrees with a 50.0% completeness, we also detect the BAO feature at ~3 sigma significance with a 2.6% precision. These first BAO measurements represent an important milestone, acting as a quality control on the optimal performance of the complex robotically-actuated, fiber-fed DESI spectrograph, as well as an early validation of the DESI spectroscopic pipeline and data management system. Based on these first promising results, we forecast that DESI is on target to achieve a high-significance BAO detection at sub-percent precision with the completed 5-year survey data, meeting the top-level science requirements on BAO measurements. This exquisite level of precision will set new standards in cosmology and confirm DESI as the most competitive BAO experiment for the remainder of this decade., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables. MNRAS, 525, 5406. Author accepted manuscript matching the published version

Accurate quasar classifications and redshift measurements are increasingly important to precision cosmology experiments. Broad absorption line (BAL) features are present in 15-20\% of all quasars, and these features can introduce systematic redshift errors, and in extreme cases produce misclassifications. We quantitatively investigate the impact of BAL features on quasar classifications and redshift measurements with synthetic spectra that were designed to match observations by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey. Over the course of five years, DESI aims to measure spectra for 40 million galaxies and quasars, including nearly three million quasars. Our synthetic quasar spectra match the signal-to-noise ratio and redshift distributions of the first year of DESI observations, and include the same synthetic quasar spectra both with and without BAL features. We demonstrate that masking the locations of the BAL features decreases the redshift errors by about 1\% and reduces the number of catastrophic redshift errors by about 80\%. We conclude that identifying and masking BAL troughs should be a standard part of the redshift determination step for DESI and other large-scale spectroscopic surveys of quasars., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, submitted to MNRAS

We describe the target selection and characteristics of the DESI Peculiar Velocity Survey, the largest survey of peculiar velocities (PVs) using both the fundamental plane (FP) and the Tully-Fisher (TF) relationship planned to date. We detail how we identify suitable early-type galaxies (ETGs) for the FP and suitable late-type galaxies (LTGs) for the TF relation using the photometric data provided by the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey DR9. Subsequently, we provide targets for 373 533 ETGs and 118 637 LTGs within the DESI 5-year footprint. We validate these photometric selections using existing morphological classifications. Furthermore, we demonstrate using survey validation data that DESI is able to measure the spectroscopic properties to sufficient precision to obtain PVs for our targets. Based on realistic DESI fiber assignment simulations and spectroscopic success rates, we predict the final DESI PV Survey will obtain $\sim$133 000 FP-based and $\sim$53 000 TF-based PV measurements over an area of 14 000 $\mathrm{deg^{2}}$. We forecast the ability of using these data to measure the clustering of galaxy positions and PVs from the combined DESI PV and Bright Galaxy Surveys (BGS), which allows for cancellation of cosmic variance at low redshifts. With these forecasts, we anticipate a $4\%$ statistical measurement on the growth rate of structure at $z<0.15$. This is over two times better than achievable with redshifts from the BGS alone. The combined DESI PV and BGS will enable the most precise tests to date of the time and scale dependence of large-scale structure growth at $z<0.15$., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, 14 tables; accepted in MNRAS