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The article discusses the papers and photographs of composer and conceptual photographer Cosmos Andrew Sarchiapone which dealt with the intersecting worlds of theater, music, art and film in 1970s New York City. Topics include the contents of the Cosmos Papers which includes artworks and scores for plays, and the documentations of key personalities of the 1970s New York underground.

Three events occurred in the second half of 1946 in three adjoining US States (NJ, NY, and PA) which marked the birth of Hydrosilylation Technology. They occurred before the landmark 1957 JACS paper and the 1958 issued US patent by Speier et al. and before Chalk and Harrod named the reaction. First, on 27 June 1946, Mackenzie et al., of Montclair Research Corp., applied for a patent to prepare addition compounds of hydridosilanes and unsaturated organic compounds. Then, on 9 October 1946, Wagner and Strother of Union Carbide Corp. applied for a patent on a process to produce organic compounds of silicon with Si–C bonds by reacting a hydridosilane and an alkene or alkyne in the presence of a catalyst metal of the platinum group. Finally, Sommer et al., submitted a paper on peroxide-catalyzed hydrosilylation to JACS on 17 December 1946. It was published in January 1947. The landmark patent interference § and priority § case law associated with the Mackenzie et al. and Wagner et al., applications is well known to patent attorneys. This presentation will retrace the origins of hydrosilylation and report events (1946–1960) in the history of the reaction that are most probably unknown to most authors and presenters of hydrosilylation investigations. George Wagner's contribution to the birth of this technology is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the early twentieth century, Park Row was synonymous with New York newspapers. Of the newspapers that left Park Row, the New York Times was notable for having established a geographic landmark that was identified with the newspaper. In fact, by 1906, Times Square had replaced Park Row as a place for New Yorkers to get election night news or to celebrate New Year's Eve. Nevertheless, Times Square did not remain associated with its newspaper namesake, and today a successor to the "zipper" is the last physical reminder of the paper's presence in this area of New York City. Drawing on the Archives of the New York Times Company, this article traces the history of Times Square from the construction of Times Tower through the twentieth century as the Times lost its identity as the neighborhood's namesake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the history of New York City’s Greenmarket program, a municipal farmers market program designed to bring fresh local food to New Yorkers as well as to prevent the loss of regional farmland to increasing suburbanization. In the 38 years since it was established, Greenmarket has expanded from a single location with 7 vendors to 195 vendors selling at fifty-three markets across all five boroughs. This paper traces tensions created by the program’s growth, its shifting place in the city’s food retail environment, and its current renewed commitment to the original goals. Drawing on primary documents, New York Times articles, and other popular press, this paper presents a comprehensive history of NYC’s Greenmarket, describes its unique position in New York City, and ability to serve as a model for other cities’ food planning efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses an 1836 broadside from an evening of theater to benefit the cause of the Texas Revolution, held January 7, 1936 at the American Theatre in New York City, owned and managed by actor Thomas Sowerby Hamblin. It notes that the broadside, held at the Special Collections Department of the M. D. Anderson Library at the University of Houston, was given as a gift to Texas Governor James V. Allred by New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia to mark the Texas Centennial celebrations of 1936. The author notes that the evening included performances of the plays "Venice Preserved" and "Bone Squash Diavolo."

The article discusses the alleged blacklisting of U.S. author and former member of the Communist Party Howard Fast during the 1950s. It examines the author's arguments regarding the consequences of blacklisting upon Fast's professional career. It explores the 1947 decision by the Board of Superintendents of New York City (NYC) to recommend that Fast's novel, "Citizen Tom Paine," be removed from city secondary schools. The author also discusses the reaction of U.S. textbook publishers such as Macmillan and Harcourt, Brace. It also discusses the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and book banning censorship in the U.S. The author asserts that Fast's literary career and reputation were not mended until Fast publicly renounced the Communist Party in 1957.

A bridge across the Hudson River opposite Manhattan Island was a dream that started in the early 19th century. Many giants of civil engineering, including Gustav Lindenthal and Othmar Ammann, were involved in planning such a bridge but it was not until 1931 that Ammann’s George Washington Bridge crossed the river. This paper covers the period from 1805 to 1935. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book Direct Action, Deliberation and Diffusion: Collective Action After the WTO Protests in Seattle argues that the process of diffusion is dependent on social processes in the receiving context. The most important in social movements is an egalitarian and reflexive deliberation among diverse actors. The book traces the direct action tactics associated with the Seattle protests against the World Trade Organization in 1999 and how these spread to activists in Toronto and New York City. It shows how the structure of the political field, racial and class inequalities, identity boundaries, and organizational and conversational dynamics limited deliberation among activists, and thus limited the diffusion of the Seattle tactics. By constraining the spread of the Seattle tactics, this slowed the global justice movement's wave of protest. In this paper, I explore the application of and implications of this model of protest tactic diffusion to the recent Idle No More mobilizations. Le livre Direct Action, Deliberation and Diffusion: Collective Action After the WTO Protests in Seattle fait valoir que le processus de diffusion dépend de processus sociaux dans le contexte de réception. Le plus important pour les movements sociaux est une délibération égalitaire et réflexive entre divers acteurs. Le livre retrace les tactiques d'action directe associés aux manifestations de Seattle contre l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce en 1999 et comment ils se propagent à des militants de Toronto et de New York. Il montre comment la délibération de la structure des inégalités le domaine politique, raciales et de classe, les limites de l'identité et de la dynamique de l'organisation et de la conversation limitée parmi les militants, et donc limiter la diffusion de la tactique de Seattle. En limitant la propagation de la tactique de Seattle, ce ralentissement de la vague de protestation du mouvement altermondialiste. Dans cet article, j'explore l'application et implications de ce modèle de diffusion protestation de tactique pour les dernières Idle No More mobilisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illuminates what it was like for African Americans dining at majority-white restaurants in New York City before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Primary sources include: records of the Committee on Civil Rights in East Manhattan (the CCREM, an organization that investigated New York restaurant and housing sector discrimination in the 1950s), the personal papers of the CCREM’s secretary, contemporaneous newspaper accounts of restaurant discrimination, and 1950s travel guides for African Americans. This article argues that unlike southern cities, where Jim Crow laws clearly demarcated color lines in public accommodations, color lines in New York City restaurants were more ambiguous. Although African Americans were frequently discriminated against in New York restaurants, they were seldom refused service outright. Rather, the discrimination they experienced was more oblique—though no less benign—than in the South. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While Jewish ritual circumcision continues to be a controversial issue in Europe and the US, metzitzah b'peh, the addendum to brit milah, which requires the mohel (ritual peritomist) to orally suck blood from the wound immediately following the excision of the foreskin, remains a divisive topic. While medical historians have studied European outbreaks of infectious disease following metzitzah b'peh, no one has assessed the response of the nineteenth century New York Jewry. This paper analyses how this nascent community responded to the thorough report by the New York Board of Health following an alleged and discredited outbreak of syphilis attributed to metzitzah b'peh in 1873, especially in the context of nineteenth century immigration, popular perception of syphilis and American medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Jewish ritual circumcision continues to be a controversial issue in Europe and the US, metzitzah b'peh, the addendum to brit milah, which requires the mohel (ritual peritomist) to orally suck blood from the wound immediately following the excision of the foreskin, remains a divisive topic. While medical historians have studied European outbreaks of infectious disease following metzitzah b'peh, no one has assessed the response of the nineteenth century New York Jewry. This paper analyses how this nascent community responded to the thorough report by the New York Board of Health following an alleged and discredited outbreak of syphilis attributed to metzitzah b'peh in 1873, especially in the context of nineteenth century immigration, popular perception of syphilis and American medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soon after its founding in the politically tumultuous late 1960s, the Health Policy Advisory Center (Health/PAC) and its Health/ PAC Bulletin became the strategic hub of an intense urban social movement around health care equality in New York City. I discuss its early formation, its intellectual influences, and the analytical framework that it devised to interpret power relations in municipal health care. I also describe Health/PAC's interpretation of health activism, focusing in particular on a protracted struggle regarding Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx. Over the years, the organization's stance toward community-oriented health politics evolved considerably, from enthusiastically promoting its potential to later confronting its limits. I conclude with a discussion of Health/PAC's major theoretical contributions, often taken for granted today, and its book American Health Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Italian North Americans have two kitchens in their homes: one on the first floor, and a second in the basement. While this set-up is pervasive in cities across North America, homes with two kitchens are uncommon in Italy. This article explores the significance of the basement kitchen in first-generation Italian homes in Canada and the United States. Examining homes of various typologies in and around Toronto, Montreal and New York, purchased by Italian immigrants between 1950 and 1980, this paper argues that for Italian women the basement kitchen is a liberating space, free from the constraints of formality and traditional room divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henry Bergh founded and became president of the first animal protection organization in the United States, the American Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in New York City in April 1866, the same month in which his efforts to secure modern animal welfare legislation at the state level -- also a first -- were realized. From then until his death in 1888, Bergh steered his organization and the movement through the streets, the slaughterhouses, the courts, and the halls of that city and the nation. As this article shows, his critics were never far behind. Through a combination of media reportage, annual reports, and correspondence, this article weighs the impact of satire and ridicule directed toward Bergh and the animal protection movement alongside his efforts to reposition such coverage and in some cases to benefit from it. In doing so, it positions Bergh and the animal protection movement relative to issues of frame alignment, leadership, and performance in the context of a rapidly changing media landscape, the negotiation of which was central to the movement's success or failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented concerning how African Americans practiced freedom in antebellum New York City and the impact of counterfeit money circulating in New York City. It examines the difficulties associated with abolition in New York City, how African Americans negotiated with white Americans in commerce, and the power dynamics of commerce between the two groups. It also discusses the social aspects of the U.S. monetary system.

As the East's premiere socialist daily newspaper in English, The New York Call represented an important if struggling slice of a rich print culture that spread the socialist creed and sustained the faithful. This article uses the prism of The Call to consider functions of social movement media that, in contrast to mainstream media, promote collective action instead of products. It raises the question of whether the notion of a successful social-movement journal in the mass media market is oxymoronic. Besides considering The Call's contributions to the socialist movement, it analyzes the challenges the socialist daily faced in the capitalist-driven mass media market; examines the relationship between he Call and the mainstream press; and probes its relationship to the socialist movement, which it not only reflected but also shaped. The article concludes he Call provided a robust challenge to hegemony and played an important role as a forum for socialist discourse and as a record of New York's labor and socialist movements. Its inability to thrive, however, reflects divisions among socialists and labor as well as financial problems and governmental repression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented that discusses the settlement house movement from the Progressive Era to the modern welfare state that characterized the U.S. government initiative known as the Great Society in the 1960s, particularly focusing on New York City's Henry Street Settlement. The article discusses the Henry Street Settlement and the changing demographics and economic conditions of the Lower East Side of New York City, the role of social reformer Lillian D. Wald in the settlement movement, and the concept of the Americanization of immigrants.

Julia de Burgos was a regular contributor to the Spanish-language weekly Pueblos Hispanos published in New York City during the 1940s. Early twentieth-century Hispanic newspapers played an important role in the development of the Puerto Rican community in New York. De Burgos' writing for the paper reveals that it helped to organize the community around political causes. It was created in defense of the community and facilitated the development of institutions serving Latinos. Her essays convey her interest and understanding of the development of transnational and fluid identities that were not bound to the geographical borders of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first tourists to New York City arrived in the early 1820s as an outgrowth of the ''Fashionable Tour.'' New York was at first only modestly prepared, offering second-class hotels and limited summertime entertainment. However, rising numbers of tourists led to a steady growth in both accommodations and entertainment as these moneyed travelers began to make an impact. By the Panic of 1837, tourists played a vital role in keeping hotels filled and theaters and museums operational. The long-term impact of this early tourism would be crucial to the development of New York City as the country's center of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns itself with the reception of Rous’ 1911 discovery of what later came to be known as the Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV). Rous made his discovery at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research which had been primarily established to conduct research into infectious diseases. Rous’ chance discovery of a chicken tumor led him to a series of conjectures about cancer causation and about whether cancer could have an extrinsic cause. Rous’ finding was received with some skepticism by the scientific community that held that cancer was not infectious and favored explanations which located the origins of cancer in the inner mechanism of the cell. After 4 years of unsuccessful effort to isolate and further determine the virus Rous felt compelled to discontinue his work on cancer viruses. When 55 years later, the significance of Rous’s discovery was attested by the award of the Nobel Prize, it opened up debates about the issues of delayed recognition and scientific reputation. This article also considers why Rous’ hypothesis of a viral origin of cancer could not be incorporated into the existing body of knowledge about cancer before the 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Northeast Historical Archaeology is the property of Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although rarely considered within the existing scholarship on social movements, even a cursory analysis of protest activity suggests that movements regularly invoke historical citations (whether consciously or not) while working to clarify aims and mobilize constituencies. In order to make sense of this process, and to account for the variations that arise among the different citation modalities favored by movements on opposite ends of the political spectrum, I draw upon the theoretical contributions of Marxist cultural critic Walter Benjamin and, in particular, on his exploration of 'wish images' and 'dialectical images,' their attributes, and their interrelationship. According to Benjamin, such images summoned the past either to project visions of future happiness (as with the wish image) or to deposit the witness before a moment of decisive, present-tense reckoning. After outlining the role of historical citation in social movements and in the broader cultural field through which these movements find expression, I analyze two recent protest events – the 'Unite the Right' rally in Charlottesville, VA, in which wish images were actively deployed, and the 2017 Women's Strike in New York City, where a dialectical image arose from the constellated nodes of the march's route – to consider the relationship between citation modality and protest outcome. Following from this analysis, and in keeping with the unapologetically partisan nature of my investigation, I conclude by advancing some strategic recommendations for movements seeking – as Benjamin once enjoined – to 'improve our position in the struggle against Fascism.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Co-herencia is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on infanticide and infant abandonment in antebellum New York City. Topics discussed include criminalization of infanticide in antebellum New York City; economic, social, and legal struggles confronting many working-class women in New York City; and history of women, and complex relationships between local and neighborhood women in New York City.

The author discusses the history of street trees in Boston, Massachusetts and New York City. She mentions the early use of trees as landmarks on the streets, the growing appreciation of urban beautification, and the incorporation of tree planting in urban planning efforts in both cities.

In the 1980s, visible homelessness became one of the most pressing problems in New York City. While most New Yorkers expressed sympathy for the homeless, many of them also resisted efforts to site shelters and service facilities in their neighborhoods. But far from being simply a case of NIMBY (not-in-my-back-yard) sentiment, protests over the placement of these facilities arose in the context of decades-long neighborhood movements against urban disinvestment and the beginning of gentrification in some New York City neighborhoods. I argue that understanding this history is crucial to parsing the complex politics of anti-homeless facility protests in the 1980s and to understanding the rise of "quality of life" policies that would govern many neoliberal urban spaces by the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-Semitic beliefs that associated Jews, especially New York Jews, with the news media helped create the idea of a “liberal news media.” Anti-Semites around the world have linked Jews with “control” of the news media since the nineteenth century. In the postwar United States, anti-Semitic critiques of the news media were closely linked with Cold War–era anticommunism, Christian conservatism, and reaction to the civil rights movement by white conservatives. Anti-Semites of the postwar period were usually fervent Christian anticommunists who believed that Jews secretly manipulated and masterminded the news in order to promote the civil rights movement, destroy the Christian United States, and pave the way for communist world government. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A new dataset created from the first 18,000 savings accounts opened (from 1850 to 1858) at the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank in New York City is described. The bank was founded by Irish Americans, and most of its depositors in its first decade of operations were recent Irish immigrants. The data offer a unique window on both savings behavior by the poor and not-so-poor in antebellum New York and on how emigrants who came primarily from rural parts of Ireland adapted to urban life. They also contain much that is new on the regional origins of mid-nineteenth century Irish immigrants and on their settlement patterns in New York. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1904 art benefit exhibition entitled "Comparative Exhibition of Native and Foreign Paintings by the Modern Masters of Two Continents," sponsored by the Society of Art Collectors, held at the American Fine Arts Society building in New York City, and created to raise funds for the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. The catalog indicted the works were by artists including Alexander Wyant, Jean-François Millet, George Fuller, Anton Mauve, and George Inness, Charles-François Daubigny

A literary criticism is presented on essays by the 20th century African American author Ralph Ellison, including "Harlem Is Nowhere," "An Extravagance of Laughter” and “New York, 1936.” Particular focus is given to the geography within Ellison's depiction of the 20th century African American migration known as the Great Migration from the Southern States to the Northern States, including to New York City, New York. Ellison's perspective on African American laughter is discussed.

Radiocephalic fistula for hemodialysis is the most effective vascular access since it was developed at the Bronx Veterans Administration Hospital in New York City by Kenneth Charles Appell in February 1965. The first fourteen cases were published in a classic paper (N Engl J Med 1966;275: 1089-1092). Some aspects of the biography of Dr. Appell, together with the history of the development of radiocephalic fistula are described in this historical vignette. Dr Appell, age 82, is currently living in New York's Hudson Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities were fundamental to the rise of the black power movement in the late 1960s, but, as Brian D. Goldstein uncovers, the built environment also served as a crucial medium through which black power proponents imagined the future that would follow from racial self-determination. As the case of Harlem shows, activist architects and planners and their community partners crafted an urban vision that valued existing African American residents and preserved their vibrant neighborhoods. In doing so, they not only offered a rebuke to modernist city building, with its emphasis on clearance and redevelopment, but they also played a thus-far-overlooked role in crafting a new, postmodern urbanism in its place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Latin American community in New York City during the early 20th century and argues that Spanish-speaking New Yorkers utilized representations of boxer Paulino Uzcudun in an effort to promote the unification of Spanish-speaking as a sort of colony within New York City without regard to national origin. It discusses the significant immigration of Spaniards to New York City, demographic change and cultural development in New York City during the early 20th century, and the popularity of Spanish culture in New York City.

Nineteenth century American prisons were paradoxical institutions. Porous and impermeable, transparent and opaque, open to public view and occluded from sight; prisons clearly functioned as containers for raw coercion even as they were paraded as paragons of democratic transparency. How did New York State navigate between these countervailing positions and how did officials explicate the difference between them? In this essay I focus on the representation of institutional violence as a problematic of governance, I consider its impact on the development and transformation of public authority and track the role of state actors in navigating the scandals, crises and opportunities it engendered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1961 New York City (NYC) brokered more than ten "affiliation" agreements between private academic medical centers (AMCs) and 18 of the City's 21 public hospitals, to fix crises in both sectors. For nearly 50 years NYC poured millions of dollars into the AMCs to run the public hospitals, giving private institutions enormous power and advantage in deciding how to spend the money; thus placing the delivery of healthcare to the public primarily in the hands of the private sector. This article examines the Columbia University/Harlem Hospital affiliation in the 1960s. It brings the discussion to 2010 when the Health and Hospitals Corporation dissolved the relationship after years of mismanagement, carelessness and tragedy; and entered a corporate phase of privatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decade after decade, New York’s elected officials have deliberately raised false expectations about their ability to build a Second Avenue subway line. As a result, the city and state have wasted resources, eliminated critical transit infrastructure, and nearly ruined the nation’s most important transit system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a personal narrative of the experiences of a New York City actor working Off-Off-Broadway at the Theater Genesis in the East Village with playwright, director, and actor Sam Shepard. Topics include experimental theater in the 1960s, the 1964 plays "The Rock Garden" and "Cowboys," and director Ralph Cook.

While the film industry has standardized exhibition and consumption practices to some extent, as exemplified in the multiplex model, some diversity remains within this field of cultural production. Microcinema provides one such variation or, as many practitioners would assert, a reaction against mainstream exhibition, and to a lesser degree institutional practices. This article discusses the transient but persistent nature of microcinema. It also provides a much-needed historical analysis of the transition from previous alternative film exhibition venues, like the art house, to the contemporary practice of microcinema, given that film history has largely neglected and underdocumented this significant yet ephemeral phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the history of the Rialto Theater in Times Square from the onset of the Depression to the American entry into World War II. Drawing on recent discussions of the local turn in film history, it argues for a more sustained engagement with thesociocultural contexts specific to the history of metropolitan film exhibition and reception. By taking the Rialto of the 1930s as a case study, the essay demonstrates both the challenges and potential for the adaptation of the methods of local film history to the metropolitan scene. It situates the Rialto within the local economy of the Times Square entertainment district as well as within a number of the concerns central to the city's economic recovery, including the politics and negotiation of public space, the policing of amusement and pleasure, and the integration of commerce and infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can a historic house museum speak to communities experiencing complex urban change and social ills in the twenty-first century? Weeksville Heritage Center (WHC), a post-emancipation site based in residential Brooklyn, interprets a free black, intentional, land-owning community, which established its own schools, churches, and anti-slavery organizations, and operated as a safe space for African Americans in the greater New York area throughout the nineteenth century. The museum is a direct result of more than a generation of community activism begun in the late 1960s to reclaim a forgotten history. WHC radically attempts to redefine ideas of freedom and emancipation in contemporary and self-determined ways. Drawing on Weeksville's histories, WHC explores interpretations that highlight agency, independence, and activism and that resonate with contemporary concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]