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As the second-largest and a fast-growing economy, China has played important roles in promoting globalization and impacting the environment. They explore the effect of China's Central Inspection of Environmental Protection (CIEP), a campaign-style governance approach, on China's legislation process related to the conservation of nature. The second paper by Chen et al. (2021) empirically examines how European Union-China (EU-China) trade affects intra-EU trade. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The energy conservation and low carbon action plan in the Top-10 000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises Program (T10000P) was an important policy underpinning for achieving the constrained targets of energy consumption and carbon emission reduction during the 12th Five Year Plan period, and is a representative large-scale national energy saving and emission reduction policy with Chinese characteristics. Green technology innovation (GTI) is an important driving force for green development and enterprises are the main participants of GTI. In view of the fact that T10000P is an exogenous shock and based on the green patent panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2004 to 2018, this paper employed the difference-in-differences (DID) method and the count data model to examine the impact of T10000P on GTI at the micro level. Moreover, this paper designed an intermediary effect model to study the mediating role of local governments in the process of T10000P affecting corporate GTI and conducted the triple difference model to study the heterogeneity of T10000P on corporate GTI. The study showed that: ① T10000P significantly promoted corporate GTI. ②Considering the excessive discretization and zero inflation of the data, the regression results of the count data model further supported the conclusion.③The conclusion was still robust after a series of robustness tests such as variable index change, placebo test, and post-matching regression. ④ The assessment constraint of T10000P on local governments affected the subsidies to the top-10 000 enterprises, which promoted their GTI level. ⑤ The GTI effect of T10000P had dynamic characteristics in time, marginal characteristics in innovation level, and heterogeneous characteristics in cooperate property rights: the effects were significant during the policy implementation period, but not significant when the policy phased out. Compared with the regions with low urban innovation index, the promotion effect of T10000P on cooperate GTI was more significant in the regions with high urban innovation index. Compared with private enterprises, the promotion effect of T10000P policy on cooperate GTI was more significant in state-owned enterprises. Based on these conclusions, policy design should be optimized to actively guide enterprises to improve the level of GTI. The green-oriented assessment system for local government should be improved. The environmental regulation and innovation incentive policies should be implemented according to enterprises' conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper collects eight years of data from 2007 to 2014 from seven major types of registered seaport enterprise s in Shandong Province in China, by using the production function method to calculate seaport enterprise s' capacity utilization performance, and further analyze and compare difference between different types of seaport enterprise s. In terms of capacity utilization distribution, the current overcapacity phenomenon is more concentrated in large and medium-sized state-owned seaport enterprise s. In the new round of de-capacity progress, state-owned seaport enterprise s will face greater pressure. In the 13th Five Year Plan period, actively and properly handle this overcapacity issue existing in seaport enterprise swill be significant for economy to maintain a medium and high growth speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economy in the past 10 years has developed rapidly and achieved great success, but at the same time, environmental problems have been deteriorating, seriously hindering the country's regional sustainable development. This paper proposes a common-weights DEA model based on "the priority of choosing common weights" to assess the environmental performance of 30 provinces from 2006 to 2015 and analyzes regional development in combination with China's economic division. This paper also introduces the biennial Malmquist Productivity Index (BMPI) to study environmental productivity levels during the 11th and 12th Five Year Plans (FYP) from a time series perspective. The results present a large gap in regional environmental efficiency, mainly manifested by the fact that the eastern and northeastern regions' environmental condition is obviously better than that of the central and western regions. BMPI analysis indicates that the overall environmental performances during the 11th and 12th FYPs did not improve significantly, with a clear imbalance in the western region, implying that its development potential is huge. On this basis, we offer some suggestions for improving the environmental performance of different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 14th Five Year Plan, China clearly proposes to develop the automobile strategic industry, reduce the carbon emission intensity, and formulates the carbon emission peak plan by 2030. As the automobile is the most frequently used vehicle, weight reduction can achieve the purpose of energy-saving and emission reduction and help to achieve the peak of carbon emissions as soon as possible. The lightweight automobile steel is the research hotspot in the future, and the lightweight steel has attracted much attention in the automobile manufacturing industry. Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel, with its high strength, good oxidation resistance at high temperatures, good fatigue performance, high elongation, and good energy absorption during a collision, etc., has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of automotive steel. It is found that the addition of micro-alloyed/alloyed elements to Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel is of great significance to improve its properties. In this paper, the effects of micro-alloyed elements (Nb and V) and alloy elements (Si, Cr, and Cu) on the microstructure, properties, and κ-carbide of Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel were reviewed. The main ways of improving the properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel by micro-alloyed/alloyed elements were summarized and the existing problems were analyzed to provide a reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the efficiency of a set of environmental measures introduced by China's 11th Five-Year Plan in 2006, using a rich and unique data set assembled from the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the State Environmental Protection Agency. By exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in regulatory stringency generated by the regulatory system across China's provinces, we find evidence that pollution-intensive cities reduced their SO2 emissions substantially, whereas cities with a strong state-owned enterprise (SOE) presence did not. We interpret the results as pointing to evidence of Chinese SOEs' ongoing soft budget constraints. The findings are robust to the inclusion of different fixed effects and other key determinants of pollution. Moreover, we investigate the main factors underlying regulatory non-compliance: the overlapping (or not) of "Two Control Zone" (Special Policy Zone, Coastal) cities wherein environmental (growth) policies are prioritized; the existence of turning points below (above) which growth and reductions in pollution substitute for (complement) each other; the size and extent of industrial concentration, which determines the possibilities of firms negotiating with the local authorities; and finally, the regulation-induced adoption of cleaner technologies by polluting firms, which enhance productivity and lower SO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the relationship between economic development and land urbanization is significant not only for China but also for other developing countries. This paper investigates the causal relationship between land urbanization quality and economic growth in China on a regional level in order to explore such relationship. Panel data from 2003 to 2012 of 35 major cities were employed in the analysis. According to the Seventh Five-Year Plan, we divided these cities into three groups, namely, Eastern China, Central China and Western China, based on their geographic position and economic development. By using the VECM methodology, panel fully modified ordinary least square and the Granger method; we intend to highlight the type of causality between land urbanization quality and economic growth. The empirical results show that (1) long-run causality from land urbanization quality to economic growth exists on a national scale, with the largest effects observed in the Western region, followed by the Central region, and the Eastern region, which is ranked last; (2) economic growth positively affects land urbanization quality, although this effect diminishes over time in all three regions; and (3) mutual short-run causality is found in all regions, in addition to Central China. This study placed more emphasis on the quality and efficiency of land use in urban areas. Furthermore, we propose that the transformation of the local government's performance evaluation mechanism, inter-regional coordination, and cross-regional operation can contribute to land urbanization quality and that, more importantly, Central China is the region that requires the greatest policy support from the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been increasing continuously over the past few decades in China and there is a pressing need to replace the fossil fuel‐based economy with an efficient low‐carbon system, tailor‐made to future requirements. China is starting an energy transition with the aim of building an energy system for the future. China has made tremendous progress in increasing the amount of renewable energy and reducing the cost of renewable energy over the last 20 years. According to the 14th 5 year plan, China aims to incorporate 20% of renewable energy to the primary energy mix and attain 27% reduction in CO2 emissions. Bioenergy crops constitute a significant proportion of biomass‐based bioenergy and have recently been promoted by the Chinese Government to help overcome food and fuel conflict. Steps are being taken to promote bioenergy crops on marginal lands in China, and various regions across the country with soil marginality have been evaluated for bioenergy crop cultivation. The present paper reviews the status of bioenergy in China and the potential status of marginal lands from different regions of China. It also elaborates on some of the policies, subsidies and incentives allocated by the Chinese Government for the promotion of biomass‐based energy. Land management and plant improvement strategies were discussed, which are effective in making marginal lands suitable for bioenergy crop cultivation. Managing planting strategies, intercropping and crop rotation are effective management practices used in China for the utilization of marginal lands. A national investigation is desirable for creating an inventory of technical and economic potential of biomass feedstocks that could be planted on marginal lands. This would assist with highlighting the pros and cons of using marginal lands for bioenergy production and effective policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing aluminum demand under the clean energy and low-carbon transformation background increases the fuzziness of relationships between economic growth and aluminum use or aluminum related carbon emissions. To figure this out, this paper established an aluminum use and carbon emissions integrated decoupling model within the framework of anthropogenic aluminum cycle. A material flow analysis (MFA) during 2000–2020 for China's aluminum cycle was firstly conducted to quantify both aluminum flow and carbon emissions in each aluminum life-cycle process. Then, this paper evaluated and decomposed the decoupling index of aluminum use-economy and carbon emission-economy via the LMDI decomposition model. Results show that: (1) secondary aluminum has not become effective supplement for primary aluminum in China; (2) the expansive negative decoupling state was the most prevalent state. The decoupling effects of carbon emission were better than that of aluminum use; (3) technology improvement was an important impactor to decoupling process but didn't offset the growth in aluminum consumption or carbon emissions at most of the time. The government and industry organizers should implement active countermeasures to stimulate aluminum companies developing technology to improve aluminum use efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. [Display omitted] • Secondary aluminum supply was limited because the scrapping period of BC and TE department did not come. • Promoting aluminum recycling and remelting are the key to decarbonize the aluminum industry. • The decoupling effects of carbon emission were better than that of aluminum use. • Technology improvement had rebound effect in aluminum consumption before the 13th Five Year Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making environmental regulation (ER) in line with local development reality is the key to promoting regional coordinated development. Current research mainly concentrates on the overall effect of ER or the policy effect of some specific regulations. In reality, the ERs are not always one-size-fits-all, and the evaluation of the biased ER's effect is mostly overlooked. This paper takes the biased energy-saving policy (BESP) of 13th Five Year Plan as an example and identifies the impact of the BESP on enterprises' total factor productivity (TFP) based on a Difference-in-Difference model. Our results suggest that the BESP has significant promotion on the enterprises' TFP. When considering the heterogeneity of enterprise and industrial characteristics, it can be found that large-scale, state-owned enterprises as well as enterprises with capital-intensive show more significant promotion effect from the BESP. Moreover, enterprises in high-energy consumption and low-tech industries also reveal more significant policy effect. Further, the results of the mechanism analysis indicate that the BESP promotes the enterprises' TFP mainly through enhancing technical-focused investment preference and narrowing technical gap within the industry. Our research fills the gap in the study of biased ER, which provides a new orientation for realizing the carbon neutrality goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the pathways through which social protection policies in China and India can address the key challenges facing poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged groups under rapid transformation in both countries. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews the main social protection policies in China and India and analyzes the challenges that they are facing. This analysis is based on an evaluation of poverty and food security trends in both countries among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups followed by an overview of major experiences and gaps in social protection policies in the two emerging Asian giants. Findings – Improving the coverage and targeting of social protection systems is vital, and will require a multi-faceted reform portfolio that promotes more integrated and horizontally equitable systems. Emphasis should be placed on developing productive, cross-sectoral social protection programs that combine short-term social safety support with long-term tools to enhance productivity, paying special attention to nutrition, health, and human capital development. More efficient coverage and targeting should bridge the rural and urban divide and be grounded in transparent criteria and procedures that govern program implementation at all levels of the government. As both countries become more urbanized, social protection programs need to give equal attention to emerging food insecurity and nutrition issues within urban areas without detracting from food security and nutrition efforts in rural areas. Originality/value – Faced with a sizable population of undernourished and poor people, India and China have applied rather different approaches to address food insecurity. The originality and value of this paper lie in an in-depth parallel analysis of how China and India can better use their social protection systems to address food insecurity and undernutrition among poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the causes of China's energy transition since 1978 when the economic reform policy was launched. We aim to determine if increasing capital intensity in the Chinese economy is driving a shift in the energy mix towards modern energy sources, such as solar electricity. The empirical investigation is based on national level time series data from 1978 to 2015. The results of a Granger Causality test show that increasing capital intensity causes transition to modern energy in the long run, but not vice versa. The impulse-response analysis, based on the Johanson cointegration and vector error correction model (VECM), verifies that capital intensity determines energy transition in the long-run and the adjustment period to an exogenous shock from capital intensity is around five years. This is in line with China's National Five-year Plans which often introduce major shifts in energy and industrial policy. We conclude China's energy transition is driven by capital deepening and biased technical change towards capital-intensive modern energy in the long run. The rate of change is increased by exogenous investment shocks partly as a result of policy initiatives introduced by China's Five Year Plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its tremendous success, the Chinese Economy is still characterized and controlled by a recurring process of 5 year planning. This comprehensive National planning program occurs at all levels of the Chinese government, educational system and state owned companies. This paper reports on a study that was made in preparation for the 13th 5 year Plan for the Smart City component of the upcoming city of Tianjin. The objective of this study was to identify problems in informatization, automation and centralization of command and control, so that these could be solved as part of the 5 year plan. The study followed a three-stage mixed-method approach. First, questionnaires were used to assess the sate of development of the smart city features in the different departments of the city government. Second, the study organized thematic joint development groups consisting of expert representatives from different city's departments and units. Third, results of questionnaires and thematic joint development discussions were analyzed in departmental focus groups to clarify and specify the problems and assess proposed solutions and viability of those solutions. This paper analyses the findings of this three-stage process and offers a classification of the identified problems, an integrative conceptual representation of these and a discussion of the importance of this identification in the overall planning process. The results and discussion are of particular importance in China for the next round of 5 year planning that will take place in 2020. However the meaning of the findings of this applied research process are transferable to any smart city planning process all over the world as the majority of the issues discussed are generic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power industry in China is the foremost emitter of carbon, necessitating a clean transition in its power generation segment for successful decarbonization. Identifying and quantitative analysis the critical factors that shape the transition and their operational mechanisms will help achieve a secure low-carbon transformation of the energy system. Nonetheless, the body of extensive research in this particular field remains notably limited. To bridge this gap, this paper initiates by developing a comprehensive mechanism framework (REEP) for the transition towards cleaner power generation including Resource endowment (abbreviated as R), Electricity market (abbreviated as E), Economic development (abbreviated as E) and Policy implementation (abbreviated as P) four fields. This framework is based on monthly power generation data derived from four categories of power generation sources at the provincial level in China, spanning the years 2014–2019. It dynamically and quantitative elucidates the multifaceted impacts of various influencing factors on the evolution of the power generation structure. Based on the REEP framework, we observe the power generation structure evolution trends. The study's findings underscore the significance of resource endowment as a paramount internal factor influencing the clean evolution of the power generation structure, while economic development emerges as a pivotal external driving force propelling its transformation. Despite wind and solar power generation accounting for a relatively small proportion at the end of the 14th Five Year Plan period, it is imperative for China to continue promoting the extensive development of renewable energy. While we should coordinate national power transmission and distribution on the foundation of incentivizing technological innovation in emission reduction and the development of energy storage technology. This approach is essential to comprehensively advance the low-carbon and stable development of the energy system, ultimately facilitating the realization of the dual-carbon goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the goal of a 10% reduction of SO2 emissions in China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) as a case study, this paper analyses how environmental goals are used in a large country with multi-level governments and insufficient rule of law. After the central government set up the goal, the mitigation burden was shared among local governments, and mechanisms were designed to enhance their commitment to the goal. This paper found that in the 11th Five-Year Plan, both the central and local governments were much more committed to SO2 mitigation than previously, which could help to explain China's recent significant reduction of SO2 emissions. The case indicates that goals can effectively plan and manage environmental protection and other national government agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

China is the largest CO2 emitter in the world and announced that carbon peak and neutral targets will be achieved before 2030 and 2060, respectively. A retrospective analysis of past CO2 emissions and their drivers is important for the actions of peaking CO2 emissions before 2030 in China. CO2 emissions from energy use (coal, oil, and natural gas) and cement production from 2000 to 2020 were calculated first, and their drivers were decomposed into economic and population growth, energy intensity, and emission coefficient by logarithmic mean Divisa index (LMDI) analysis in this study. China's CO2 emissions increased nearly threefold from 3385 in 2000 to 10,788 million tonnes (Mt) in 2020, with a decline from 2013 to 2016. Coal was the major emission sector contributing more than 70% in most years, while natural gas emissions increased nearly 13 times from 53 to 723 Mt in the two decades, although its contribution only accounted for 6.7% in 2020. Economic growth was the major positive driver, while energy intensity reduction was the major negative driver of the emission increments by year and by the Five Year Plan (FYP). Emission coefficient reduction gradually became important due to its negative effect, especially in the 13th FYP, which offset ~ 30% of the emissions induced by economic growth. The projections of CO2 emissions in 2025, 2030, and 2035 could be 11,596 ± 582, 11,774 ± 621, and 11,401 ± 672 Mt, respectively, suggesting that China's carbon emissions could peak around 2030 with an increment of ~ 1000 Mt on the 2020 levels. Under the sustainable growth of the economy and population, it is possible to reduce the carbon peak value or achieve peak time earlier through the additional reduction of energy intensity and emission coefficient by technological progress and energy alternatives such as non-fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning for science and technology was a global phenomenon in the mid-twentieth century. A few countries drew up comprehensive five-year plans adapting from the Soviet model: China and India were two new developing countries to do so. In this paper we examine the early efforts at national planning for science and technology as seen in the Chinese twelve-year science and technology plan (1956-1967) and the five-year (1974-1979) science and technology plan of India. These are two historically distinct moments globally and two separate attempts specifically. What tie them together are the goals both sought to accomplish: of science- and technology-led industrialization and development, many times in comparison and sometimes in competition with each other. We show that these two incomplete exercises show us the complex histories of institutions and processes that confirm state-led faith in and engagement with science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China, as a fast growing fossil-fuel-based economy, experiences increasing levels of air pollution. To tackle air pollution, China has taken the first steps by setting emission-reduction targets for nitrogen oxides (NO) and sulphur dioxide (SO) in the 11th and 12th Five Year Plans. This paper uses two models-the Energy-Environment-Economy Model at the Global level (E3MG) and the global Chemistry Transport Model pTOMCAT-to test the effects of these policies. If the policy targets are met, then the maximum values of 32 % and 45 % reductions below 'business as usual' in the monthly mean NO and SO concentrations, respectively, will be achieved in 2015. However, a decrease in NO concentrations in some highly polluted areas of East, North-East and South-East China can lead to up to a 10% increase in the monthly mean concentrations in surface ozone in 2015. Our study demonstrates an urgent need for the more detailed analysis of the impacts and designs of air pollution reduction guidelines for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its reform and opening, the Chinese economy has witnessed unprecedented development. This long-term high-speed development has significantly impacted the environment. In the process of energy development and consumption, the environment has been severely polluted, and greenhouse emissions have increased. This has resulted in environmental imbalances such as global climate change, rising sea levels, and extreme weather. Using annual energy consumption (EC), economic growth (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China from 1981 to 2021, this study employed the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the parameters of the nonlinear MS-VAR model. Cointegration tests, regimes analysis methods, and impulse response function analysis methods were adopted to explore the differences or similarities in the dynamics of the three under various regimes. The research results are as following. (i) The cointegration test findings demonstrate a long-term equilibrium relationship among EC, economic growth, and CO2 emissions. (ii) Regime analyses exhibit that there are three regimes: "low-level regime," "medium-level regime," and "high-level regime." The three regimes have a mutual transfer transmission mechanism that exhibits nonlinear properties. (iii) Impulse response function analyses show that external EC and GDP shocks favorably impact the other two variables in all three regimes. EC in all three regimes is negatively impacted by external CO2 shocks. Moreover, in the "low-level regime," the relationship between CO2 and GDP has an inverted U-curve, whereas in the other two regimes, the relationship has a negative association. This study can help China formulate reasonable and effective CO2 emissions reduction and energy policies and successfully achieve the emissions reduction goal of the 14th Five Year Plan as well as dual carbon goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author discusses aspects of China's energy future consisting oil, natural gas and nuclear power sectors. He comments on the issues related to the country's energy sector development which include the objective of energy policy, energy source endowment in relation to population size, and the locations of energy sources and consuming market. It notes that China's 6th Five Year Plan of 1981-1985 is the pillar of its energy policy.

Abstract: With a population of over 1.3 billion people, demand for renewable energy is expected to grow to a USD $12 billion market in the near term. Under Renewable Energy Law (REL) in February 2005 in the People''s Republic of China (PRC) passed by the National Congress, renewable energy projects will be able to receive a range of financial incentives starting in 2006, which will more than double the PRC current renewable energy generation from 7% to 15% by 2020. Most of the increase will be in hydroelectric generated power. Nonetheless, the nation and especially the provinces are moving rapidly to develop a wide range of renewable energy generation including solar, wind, geothermal and run of the river. Because China practices “social capitalism” as expressed in it''s recurrent Five Year National Plans since 1999, the national government and all the provinces have programs, unlike many western and industrialized nations, to “plan” and provide for infrastructures. This paper concerns only the energy infrastructure sector and renewable energy generation in particular. The planning process includes financial incentives and investments which are a major part of the Chinese law focused on “encouraging foreign investment industries”. The key part of the law is to guarantee long-term power purchase agreements with state owned and controlled “utilities”. In short, China may have gotten the economics of the energy sector correct in its concern for planning and finance. The paper develops these energy infrastructure ideas along with the legal and financial requirements as “lessons” learned from the USA and especially California. These lessons now apply to China and allow it to learn from the American mistakes. Empirical data will be drawn from work done in China that examine the renewable energy generation and infrastructures and hence allow the RPC and its Provinces to “leap frog ”the mistakes of other developed nations. Further lessons will be learned from provinces and related infrastructures in China, such as water, transportation, environment, waste and telecommunications. More significantly, the USA and western industrialized nations may now learn from the Chinese. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

How to control industrial air pollution is an urgent policy problem to be solved. Through efficiency evaluation, we can test the implementation effect of the policy, to provide decision support for industrial development. China's provincial industrial system consists of production stage and emission reduction stage. Taking the number of industrial waste gas treatment facilities as a carry-over variable (i.e., connecting multiple periods), this study establishes a dynamic two-stage, slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model considering shared inputs to evaluate the operating efficiency of China's provincial industrial systems from 2011 to 2019. The results show that (1) The industrial waste gas treatment facilities (carry-over variables) have a significant impact on the overall efficiency and stage efficiency of the industrial system; (2) The average overall efficiency and average stage efficiency of the provincial industrial system have improved during 2011-2019, but they are still inefficient, and the inefficiency has certain geographical characteristics; (3) During the 12th Five Year Plan period (2011-2015), the average efficiency of the emission reduction stage was higher than that of the production stage, but the situation reversed during the 13th Five Year Plan period (2016-2019). This study is of great significance to policy makers of industrial air pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) was one of the major circular economy construction demonstration programs in the 12th Five-Year Plan issued by the China State Council in 2012. It comprised of 7 major tasks to transform traditionally high resource and energy intensive production into high efficiency and low pollutant production. By 2017, 129 industrial parks had been approved for IPRT by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). This paper presents a thorough review on IPRT content, policies, and practices, with some lessons and suggestions for further development. Six types of projects were supported by national funds, which included industrial chain extension and complementary projects; water conversion and recycling projects; energy saving projects; pollution prevention projects; platform construction projects; and infrastructure construction sharing projects. Case studies show success for each case. However, deficiencies in industrial development, management, policy-making, and information sharing also emerged. Two suggestions were put forward. First, investment should be diverted from traditional industries to new industries. Past cases have shown that traditional industries have a greater risk of obsolescence. Failure in one park has already created a cascading effect on other enterprises in the park. Secondly, the government-led model should be transformed into a government and market co-led model. The government could establish more effective incentive and restraint mechanisms to attract participation from enterprises and/or social capital. Information sharing platforms, for example, benefit enterprises by increasing awareness for circular economy projects to both private and public actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to evolve from an export-based economic model towards a different model where domestic consumption plays a larger role is what has driven the Chinese government to design new social policies to give households greater confidence and boost consumption levels. The 13th Five-Year Plan 2016-2020 includes measures to expand the coverage of the pension system, health insurance, and unemployment insurance, and also provides for a new raise to the minimum wage. However, there are still significant challenges to come and high expectations for how these programs will develop. This paper analyzes the impact of the reforms adopted up until now and examines the scope of the initiatives set forth in the 13th Five-Year Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the Hydropower-Silicon-Photovoltaic (HSPV) industrial chain in China. The Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Index in the 13th Five Year Plan of China (ECER-135) is calculated based on the software eBalancev4.7 (eB) and eFootprint (eF). The total environmental impact index of ECER-135 of the HSPV industrial chain is 2.61E-06. The uncertainty result of the comprehensive index is 15.21% and the uncertainty of the inventory data is no more than 30%. The Energy Payback Time (EPBT) of the HSPV industrial chain is calculated as 1.68 years, accounting for only 5.60% of the operating cycle of the PV station. There are 7 impact category indexes of ECER-135, which are Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Primary Energy Demand (PED), CO 2 , SO 2 , Ammonia Nitrogen Content (NH 3 –N), NO x and Industrial Water Use (IWU). Considering the contribution of characteristic indexes to ECER-135, the contribution of PED index accounts for 22.93% of ECER-135, which is the major factor to environmental impact, and it is followed by COD, which accounts for 18.40%. Considering the contribution of each stage to ECER-135, PV module manufacturing, BOS manufacturing and SoG-Si manufacturing stages have significantly contributed to ECER-135, in which the PV module manufacturing stage has the greatest contribution to ECER-135, accounting for 97.63%, which is the main stage of impact on the environment. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the highest sensitivity is copper wire consumption, which is 47.83%. It is followed by aluminum consumption during the BOS manufacturing and the PV module manufacturing, which are 41.70% and 29.75% respectively. Finally, compared the total environmental impact of the HSPV industrial chain and the Thermalpower-Silicon-Photovoltaic (TSPV) industrial chain, the results reveal that the HSPV industrial chain has the energy-saving and emission reduction benefits of 2.89E-06, whose comprehensive indexes account for 47.39% of that of the TSPV industrial chain, proving that the HSPV industrial chain has significant energy saving and emission reduction benefits in all indexes. The EPBT of the HSPV industrial chain is only 38.17% of that of the TSPV industrial chain. • Conducting a life cycle assessment of Hydropower-Silicon-Photovoltaic(HSPV). • The contribution, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of HSPV were conducted. • Serving as to put forward corresponding improvement measures. • The results of Thermalpower-Silicon-Photovoltaic(TSPV) and HSPV were Compared. • The Energy Payback Time of HSPV is only 38.17% of that of TSPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States prevailed in the last century by asserting the Americas as its stronghold and projecting hard, soft, and smart power worldwide. If China is to become a superpower in the twenty-first century, what kind of principles will it stand for? In this essay, a piece of the puzzle is put in place by the Sino-Brazilian Principles, a synthesis of Brazil's and China's core bilateral values, distilled from their legal systems and govemment-to-govemment agreements of the last forty years. After engaging in Africa, China has presented itself as a commercial alternative to the United States in Latin America. The way Brazil and China deal with one another is set to form a precedent for other CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) nations, influence the success or failure of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), and affect the balance of power in the Americas and Asia. This premise leads to the second part of the paper, focused on the Brazilian and Chinese legal frameworks for budget systems. On the one hand, analyzing a country's budget is an established way to foresee the goals and needs of its government, on the other, little has been written about the budget systems of emerging economies from a comparative law perspective. In 2015, two emerging giants are poised to start anew financially: Brazil, with the Pluriannual Plan 2016-2019, and China, with the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan 2016-2020. In spite of all the inspired guessing about South-South partnerships, the future of the developing world is not in the stars; it is in the budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency is one of the most effective means of curbing energy consumption and associated pollutant emissions. However, energy-saving opportunities at negative net costs, or an energy-efficiency gap, widely exist and they defy an entirely rational explanation. This paper examines the significant overperformance of energy-intensive firms against their assigned energy-conservation goals in a national program in China's 11th Five-Year plan (2006-2010). Higher energy prices can be only partially responsible for more active energy saving. Behavioral constraints are explained to cause the bounded rationality of firms on energy-efficiency investment. As our theoretical and empirical studies show, energy-conservation goals could overcome such behavioral constraints to accelerate the commercialization of energy-efficiency technologies, reduce uncertainty and hesitancy of relevant investment, facilitate the enrichment of information, and concentrate the attention of firms on energy conservation. We conclude that goal-setting could provide an effective complementary policy instrument in dealing with energy conservation in China and possibly in other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the litho-stratigraphic reservoir has been the key area that contributes to China petroleum exploration and increase of oil reserves and production, with proved reserves accounting for 80%. In this study, lithologic reservoir formation model of three types of slope basin, three types of sag basin and three types of their combination have been constructed through typical reservoir analysis, new experimental analysis technique application, physical simulation of hydrocarbon reservoir accumulation mechanism, formation and distribution models of oil and gas reservoirs of six basins that distributed in eastern, middle and western of China. This paper not only reveals the formation mechanism and major controlling factors of lithologic reservoirs, but also creates a method of evaluating giant oil and gas province. Main controlling factors and accumulation rules of two main types of stratigraphic reservoirs which are lithologic pinchout type and weathering crust karst type are discussed,and their evaluation methods are established. litho-stratigraphic reservoirs enrichment rules of four types of basin are further understood, the specified evaluation and delicate exploration technique are formed and the exploration direction of Thirteenth Five-Year Plan is defined.The research in this paper has supported evaluation and selection of oil and gas pools, promoting litho-stratigraphic reservoir exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste gas composes an important part of air and environment pollution. In the past 20 years, in particular since the Eleventh Five--Year Plan, the emission quantity of China's industrial waste gas has steadily decreased. It is very important to analyze what caused the decrease of the emission. This paper accordingly modifies the traditional method of decomposition analysis, thinking that the changes in the total emission come from three sources: scale effect, structural effect, and technique effect. It then measures its relative contribution to air pollutants reduction. Finally, some policy suggestion and relative thinking is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: China''s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) announces a shift to a new development model and a new green governance approach. Can we indeed identify a specific Chinese transition mode in moving from a monolithic economic growth path to a sincere green development model? To understand China''s environmental management transition and address this question we assess whether and to what extent China has been shifting course in resource use and limiting environmental pollution. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development of environmental management in China based on existing sources of information. Four major environmental challenges are identified for the future environmental management of the biggest emerging economy in the world. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy conservation (EC) has been taken as basic state policy in China for more than 20 years and China achieves 3.9% annual energy saving from 1980 to 2005. In 2006 China Central Government firstly set up a binding target of reducing GDP energy intensity by 20% in its 11th Five-Year-Plan (FYP). At the end of 2010, 19.1% reduction in energy intensity has been achieved, which is 95% of the target and means 608 million tons stand coal equivalence (sce) saved, 1510 million tons CO2 emission reduced, 300 billion RMB¥ saving in energy bill and vast saving in infrastructure investment. This paper is systematical review and prospective analysis on energy policy issue in China. Review on policy evolution and progress of EC and Emission Reduction (ER) in China during the 11th FYP periods is presented in detail. Outlook of energy demand and supply into 2050 is presented and the roadmap to realize sustainable energy development is drafted to set the framing constraints for China''s energy policy options. Rationality and feasibility analysis on newly formulated 12th FYP EC and ER target is also addressed. Then lessons from the 11th FYP periods are drawn and factors underlying and limiting the policy formulation and implementation are discussed in details to probe the policy predicament and solutions. Finally policy suggestions are proposed for long-term successful implementation of EC and ER in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, based on clustering methodology, analyzes the administrative measures taken by Hebei Province to complete the mission of energy conservation in industry since the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. Such measures include three aspects: a series of regulations and projects related to industrial energy conservation implemented by relevant government departments; province-wide conferences specifically about industrial energy conservation held many times; but joint between the provincial government and the key enterprises built to supervise their fulfillment of the objective of industrial energy conservation. This analysis exposes that the remarkable effects of industrial energy conservation of Hebei Province are paid off by vast cost of administrative decision cost, executive cost and organizing cost. To lower the administrative cost of industrial energy conservation, long-term mechanism concerning policies in industry, tax, finance and science & technology should be established. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper starts from the importance of energy-saving buildings and the current situation and countermeasures of energy-saving buildings in Wuhan city circle during the “eleventh five-year” period. Then point out the treatment of energy-saving buildings should combine several aspects during the “twelfth five-year” period, such as architectural design, construction, development and application of energy -saving technologies and building energy management, and make the Wuhan city circle truly green building pilot demonstration area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

China's 13th Five-Year Plan (FYP) is the first chance for the Xi-Li administration, which assumed leadership at the 18th Party Congress, to solidify a new course. Notably, ICT is the highest priority sector in the 13th FYP. This article highlights the ascent of the Internet in China's national strategy. It illustrates why and how ICT development--accelerated by the spread of high-speed Internet--is tasked to underpin China's rise as a global power and its internal transformation. More important, drawing on the geopolitical economy approach that emphasizes the economic roles of states in sustaining and animating the capitalist world order on the one hand, and the digital capitalism literature that deems the political economy of ICT as an increasingly primary dimension of global capitalism on the other, this article sets up a conceptual framework for interpreting this key policy document and China's ICT policy in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the effects of China’s energy saving and emissions reduction (ESER) policy implemented during the 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) on energy efficiency of the manufacturing sector, this article evaluates and compares the environmental-adjusted energy productivity of 15 energy-intensive industries during the 10th and 11th FYPs using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. The results indicate that four of the 15 studied industries had achieved significant energy productivity improvements during the 11th FYP than that in the 10th FYP, which can mainly be attributed to the effective implementations of relevant ESER policies. In contrast, energy productivity of the rest 11 industries acquired relatively minor improvements during the whole decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not all Chinese cities are alike, and these differences are reflected in the challenges posed by urbanisation and the corresponding responses cities undertake, including the formulation of mandated five-year plans. These plans emerge from and contribute to a larger discursive process by which planners and other actors frame an understanding of the key issues that cities need to address. This research undertakes a content analysis of the 11th five-year plans of 286 major cities in China, leading to the identification of a set of key words permeating those texts. A cluster analysis is then conducted based on those key words describing principal tasks outlined in the five-year plans. Seven distinct clusters of cities emerge and an additional analysis using socioeconomic data from the China City Statistical Yearbook identifies the defining characteristics of each cluster and prototypical cities within them (Jilin, Liuzhou, Zhuzhou, Nanping, Xinyu, Chengde and Mianyang). Finally, by comparing the present socioeconomic profile and prospective development issues of each cluster, implications for national urban planning strategies in China are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

30多年来,中国思想解放、改革开放的伟大实践推动着哲学社会科学的创新取得了五大成就, 开启了理论创新的时代。“十二五” 时期, 中国哲学社会科学研究将步入系统创新的新阶段, 将从个别观点、个别结论的创新转换到基础理论、理论体系和方法论的创新; 从单一学科、单一视野的创新转换到综合创新、交叉创新和新学科群的崛起; 从无序竞争转换到有序推进。作为创新型国家建设的重要内容, 哲学社会科学创新体系、创新能力建设与自然科学同为 “鸟之两翼” 、“车之两轮” , 同样重要。中国哲学社会科学创新规划应当强化“国家意识”、建立“国家目标”、设立 “国工程” 。系统创新、全面发展、走向世界, 这是当代中国哲学社会科学的基本任务。关键词: 哲学社会科学 创新体系 创新能力 学科群 In the past three decades, the great practice of intellectual emancipation and reform and opening up in China has given rise to five achievements in philosophical and social science innovation, opening a new era of theoretical innovation. The 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015) will witness the arrival of a new stage of systematic innovation in philosophical and social science research: innovation in individual opinions and conclusions will develop into innovation in fundamental theories, theoretical systems and methodologies; the innovation of individual disciplines and perspectives will give way to the rise of new groups of subjects and to innovation based on synthesized and interdisciplinary studies; and disorderly competition will be replaced by orderly progress. As an important component in the construction of an innovative nation, the building of an innovation system and innovation capacity is as important in philosophy and social sciences as in their counterpart, the natural sciences; they are like the two wings of a bird or two wheels of a cart. Our innovation plan for philosophy and social sciences should strengthen “national consciousness,” establish “national aims” and launch “national projects.” Systematic innovation, comprehensive development and going global constitute the basic tasks of contemporary Chinese philosophy and social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Chinese government's shehui zhuyi xin nongcun jianshe (XNCJS) policy program, aimed at spreading the ideas of Socialism in the rural areas, and examines how the goals of the program were carried out through the formation of a cadre by several counties including Mizhi, Quingyuan, and Dingnan. Particular focus is given to ways in which county and township cadres were able to develop strategic agency to carry out central government policies, foster communication between villages and provincial governments, and increase political participation within villages. Other topics explored include factionalism, taxation, and the Chinese government's 11th Five-Year Plan.

The article focuses on the choke point between water scarcity and energy demand in China. It states that the water problems such as scarcity and pollution threaten the health of the people, economy, and environment. It says that the Twelfth Five-Year Plan indicate the intention of China to reduce its carbon emissions and become more energy efficient.

The article explores the new rural pension insurance system in China. It describes the development of the policy including the series of documents titled "The Opinions of the Central Committee of Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council on Building New Socialist Country and the National Eleventh Five Year Plan. Comprising the main policy framework for the Rural Pension Insurance System are eligibility, fund pooling, a personal account, pension benefits, qualifications for receiving pension benefits and administrative and managing services.