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In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, journalism cannot remain oblivious to the innovations brought about by the socio-technological reality. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the technologies on the rise, although the Spanish media have incorporated it little, experimentally and in specific sections. This research has two objectives: 1) to know the state of development of AI in the Spanish digital media and the industry's perception of the impact of this technology on the profession; 2) to explore a human vs synthetic text generation detection method to assess whether generative AI is being used in media. A comparative study was carried out between two media of reference in Spain, one matrix and conservative ideology (El Mundo), and another digital native and progressive trend (eldiario.es). The methodology was based on methodological triangulation and included a survey and an experiment with ChatGPT to detect whether a sample of texts published in these two media was created by humans or machines. The results diagnose that none of these newspapers apply AI, although they are designing plans to do so, and that there seems to be a lack of AI experts in the newsrooms, although a significantly higher predisposition towards AI in the native media is not confirmed as opposed to the matrix. The analyses carried out confirm that generative AI is not used to create texts. The method applied can be used in other studies because its validity is confirmed to provide clues about the human or artificial origin of journalistic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the prevailing conflict framings of national (El País and El Mundo) and Catalan (La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Cataluña) newspapers in response to the management of the regional independence conflict (2010-2014). For this, a new conflict framing typology was developed, based on level of substantivity. The study has verified that territorial origin affects, but does not determine, the media's definition of the conflict and its preference for specific territorial models. The alignment between parties and the media appears to be the variable that best explains the orientation (pro-independence, constitutionalist, or federalist) of each newspaper. We have also verified the media's action as a polarizing agent based on territorial model preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the prevailing conflict framings of national (El País and El Mundo) and Catalan (La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Cataluña) newspapers in response to the management of the regional independence conflict (2010-2014). For this, a new conflict framing typology was developed, based on level of substantivity. The study has verified that territorial origin affects, but does not determine, the media's definition of the conflict and its preference for specific territorial models. The alignment between parties and the media appears to be the variable that best explains the orientation (pro-independence, constitutionalist, or federalist) of each newspaper. We have also verified the media's action as a polarizing agent based on territorial model preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Push-notifications are essential tools of mobile journalism to capture the attention of the audiences. This study explores the strategies for the production and dissemination of alerts adopted by the main news media outlets in Puerto Rico. Through a content analysis and in-depth interviews with journalists who produce the pushnotifications, this research found that alerts often communicate breaking news, and national and political issues. In line with previous research, in addition they serve to attract traffic, generate income and position the brand in the media market. Although the media recognize that push-notifications are disruptive, they do not tend to adopt personalization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes some keys to the current situation of digital slow journalism (SJ) in the Colombian context. It discusses the results of an audience study and explores the viewpoint of the media belonging to this journalistic trend. Besides, it shares a survey of the Colombian population conducted in July 2019 whose purpose was to know SJ opinions and consumption habits. The country's high knowledge of the narrative press stands out from the results. Actually, 56 % of Colombian digital press readers have accessed it at some point. This study also contrasts the public's interests, perceptions, and demands with the response given by two Colombian SJ media, Arcadia and La Silla Vacía, through a comparative qualitative method. The chief conclusion is that Colombian readers value this type of journalism (rating it 4 out of 5), and 58 % of readers say they are willing to pay for its extra quality. Despite the financing problems these media face, the research envisages a growing market niche for SJ in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News about drugs is important for health professionals, businesses, and the general public. However, studies examining news articles about drugs are lacking. This paper uses content analysis to examine articles about drugs in 17 Spanish newspapers (13 general, two business, and two professional) from 2008 through 2017. On average, general and business newspapers published three articles about drugs every week, and professional newspapers published 14 every week. Overall, the number of articles about drugs decreased by 10%. The most covered drug-related topics in 2017 were cancer and generics; the least covered was preclinical research. Four times more articles were published on clinical than on preclinical research. Business newspapers published more about clinical and preclinical research than other types of newspapers. Articles about drugs accounted for 0.5% (n=838/178,926) of all articles in the general newspapers, 0.8% (n=468/55,800) in the business newspapers, 8.5% (n=415/4,856) in the medical newspapers, and 1.2% (n=19/1,645) in the science news agency SINC. This study used a new strategy to search and identify newspaper articles through content analysis of large volumes of information and offered relevant data to guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reflects the impact of Covid-19 on the covers of the main generalist newspapers in Spain: El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, and ABC and El Correo. The research, in which 609 headlines and photographs have been coded, focuses on the agenda-setting of these newspapers, the protagonists, the frames and the analysis of the discourse. The methodology followed was content analysis and Nvivo software was used for qualitative analysis. The results show that the media treats the pandemic as a foreign matter. In March, once the crisis floods the front pages, the framework of social and health consequences prevails, but with the passage of time, the frames of solutions and responsibility appear strongly. The usual role of government actors is maintained, but the exposure of civil society grows, especially in photographs. The use of warlike language acts as a militarizing agent for civil society. The aesthetics of the pandemic is visualized on multi-screens, with particular force in those featuring the King of Spain or the Prime Minister. The role of the press as a symbolic reconstructor of events is certified, in convergence and tension with the political system, to homogenize discourses and maintain the social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the development of digital information competence with journalism as a didactic tool. A review of the educational regulation and digital competence is carried out, as well as its relationship with media literacy. Different authors defend the need to train students with critical and reflexive capacity, so as the access and the compression of the information are fundamental. Thus, our approach places journalism as a didactic tool in the classroom for all subjects and raises the possibility of a specific subject linked to digital information literacy and media literacy. To justify this study, 107 teachers from 32 secondary schools in Seville, who have participated in the project "The Press in Schools", have been surveyed. The fundamental objective is to demonstrate that media literacy is an important axis of digital information competence and that it is directly related to the comprehension of journalistic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Before this health crisis, health and medicine journalism was already a subject of study in journalism schools. At the University of Extremadura, while COVID-19 began to take over the media sphere, in January and February, a teaching innovation practice was carried out. Objective: To measure the degree of excellence of the information from the Spanish digital press while motivating class work. Methodology: Through a "case study", students were structured through working groups to analyze the news about the pandemic in the main print media in their digital editions of El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Abc and La Razón. Results: 43 analysis units have been analyzed in 226 news items that constitute the first information on COVID-19 in the Spanish press, which the students have perceived as informative (67,6%), far from sensationalism but lacking originality. Conclusions: It is clear that for journalism students the press has given priority to the news without a great deal of interpretation, and on the other hand, that these types of proactive initiatives in the classroom encourage practice, awaken motivation and facilitate learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of news has become a social experience. In this scenario, we set out to answer the following question: What are Spanish journalists talking about on Twitter? This work studies what type of content they emit on Twitter to establish if the link between these professionals and the mass media or with the cybermedia influences the thematic orientation of their tweet. The study has worked with three samples (a sample of covers of five newspapers of reference of Spain, a sample of ten accounts of Twitter corresponding to journalists from mass communication media and a sample of ten accounts of cyberjournalists). The two-year research has analyzed 3.500 tweets based on a classification system of registration units made up of 35 thematic categories. The study concludes, among other aspects, that politics (national and international) is the great theme of Twitter along with a growing concern for jihadist terrorism and issues of the Ibero- American context over Europe. The work also warns of the existence of thematic gaps in certain areas (such as society, culture, art or science). In addition, an increasing tendency of the use of the platform for the purpose of self-promotion by journalists is detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedro Sondéreguer (Villanueva, Bolívar, 1884-Buenos Aires, 1964) made his "Argentine dream" come true in the prestigious newspaper La Nación in the first half of the 20th century. From there he conceived an Americanist and Colombianist project that he failed to bring to life, but was noticeable in his journalistic work --forgotten both in his home and adoptive countries-- and in multiple interviews he gave to the Colombian and foreign press. Why did Sonderéguer not return to Colombia when the Liberal Republic was established and his name was mentioned for high positions in Enrique Olaya Herrera's administration, if he had all the credentials to practice politics and journalism? It is the question underpinning this article inspired by F. Dosse's theory of the event with its enigmas and constant reinterpretations of the biography of an intellectual. After outlining the editorial line of La Nación, founded by Bartolomé Miter in 1870, the writer and journalist's career is reconstructed from scarce biographical notes and testimonies of his peers and relatives. Finally, his political ideas are construed, specifically his statesman projects that sought to boost economic development in Colombia, and his actions are analyzed in the context of the time to attempt to answer the question posed. In reviving this author, a contribution is made not only to the history of Colombian and Argentine journalism, but also to Colombian political history at the dawn of the so-called Liberal Republic marked by the war with Peru and the outbreaks of partisan violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, sports journalism has been questioned for lacking rigor, having poor critical thinking skills regarding sources, and ignoring social conflicts. This article seeks to establish whether there are differences in the characteristics of news coverage between sports and other sections of media, assessing aspects such as number of sources, diversity of viewpoints, and delivery of verifiable information. In addition, it is inquired if there are differences in the presence of professional roles (interventionist, watchdog, loyal facilitator, service journalism, infotainment and civic-oriented roles) between sports news and those from other sections. Using as a research method an analysis of news contents in Chilean press, online media, television and radio (n = 2.118) in 2015, this study compared the characteristics of news coverage in the sports section with news published in other areas. Results tend to confirm the most critical views on sports journalism and show that, compared to political news, the number of sources used, the diversity of viewpoints involved, and the amount of verifiable information received by the audience are small. As to the presence of professional roles, it is observed that, compared to other sections, sports news more frequently includes roles related to journalists' opinions expressing a positive view of sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to delve into the articles published about music by El País between 1976 and 1982 the perspective given towards female women and the women's presence as musical journalists. We will analyze how the canon designed by the publication around music in the Transición includes or not certain female artists as well as the image that the newspaper projects of them. We will also look at the profiles of those women who did made a name for themselves in the publication as critics, such as Mercedes Domenech, Rosa María Pereda or Bel Carrasco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey of 122 journalists from four Spanish newspapers carried out from 2015 to 2016, this paper analyses to what extent these professionals perceive a disconnection -a gap- between their role conception and their perceived role enactment, that is between their professional ideals and their journalistic practice, and which are the most "conflicting" roles in a Polarized Pluralist media system. According to the perceptions of the professionals surveyed, journalists in Spain hold a role conflict when they work in a newspaper. The findings show significant differences between the role conception and the perceived role enactment in six of the seven professional roles. The biggest divergences are located in the watchdog, civic and disseminator roles. The conflict between the professional ideals and their implementation in the news is always resolved in favor of the media organizations. Our results are consistent and support the previous studies that have defined the Polarized Pluralist media system as a media ecosystem where loumalists accumulate little power compared to the media organizations, which are in financial debt and dependent on political and economic powers. Results are discussed according to the literature review as well as the context in which the study was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attempts of reformation carried out by Franco's regime opened an unknown horizon for Spanish journalism during the 1970s. Thanks to these initiatives, a new magazine was born in September 1974 and its name was Doblón. It was a weekly economic magazine founded by José Antonio Martínez Soler and it was an example of a belligerent press against the dictatorship by the critics of powers and political groups of the regime. During its short life in these changing times and in spite of its apparent economic character, it never stopped reporting about the political situation of the country and helped to increase the critical spirit both in the Spanish press and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the linguistic and rhetorical resources used in the discursive construction about the social actors of the post-conflict, studying nine editorials of the newspaper El Espectador, between the years 2015-2017. The research is carried out from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), in order to make a theoretical formulation about journalistic discursive manifestations and a critical reflection on the social realities of journalistic language. The methodology was accomplished in two stages: an exploratory-descriptive and an analytical one. In the first, a compilation of the editorials was made to be submitted to the qualitative analysis program NVivo 11, reporting significant elements such as the frequency of words, co-texts, the Cloudmark and the conglomerates. In the second one a linguistic analysis was implemented to interpret the strategies of legitimation, naturalization and concealment used to construct discursively the social actors of the post-conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the presence of the objective method in the news published by the Chilean, Mexican and Spanish press. The reporting strategies linked to journalistic objectivity predominate in the three countries. While in the Chilean and Mexican press the objective method is more present through the use of quotes, their Spanish colleagues express the objective method through the use of verifiable information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first reported case of transmission of the Ebola virus in Europe occurred in Spain. The subsequent management of communication surrounding the 'outbreak' brought about a crisis with implications for both health authorities and the media. This paper explores the management of institutional communication by the Ministry of Health, within the first forty-eight hours leading up to the diagnosis, as well as the Spanish press' coverage of the "crisis of Ebola". Focus will be placed on the analysis of the front pages of 6 Spanish newspapers (with the largest national circulation) as well as 17 regional newspapers, and their possible sensationalist impact within those first forty-eight hours (October 7th and 8th, 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the situation of the archive departments in 14 of the Andalusian local newspapers. The aim is to update a similar study entitled "Situation of archive services in the daily press of Andalusia" (Aquesolo-Vegas, 1996) in which an analysis of these departments was performed for seven newspapers. This work studies, adapts, and extends the methodology of the above cited study to know how the situation has evolved since 1996. To that end, this field study is based on questionnaires sent to 16 Andalusian newspapers, two per province; 14 of which were completed. Aspects such as tasks, staff, facilities, and equipment are analyzed. The results show a technological restructuring, and also a reduction, or even the disappearance, of these services, due to the economic downturn. Therefore, journalists must now search for documents by themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the changes introduced by new mobile devices in more traditional European cultural industries: the newspaper and the publishing industry. After evaluating the current situation in both sectors in Spain, this reflects on the real change that is occurring in the media ecosystem, due to the emergence of the so-called fourth screen. The data predicts more accelerated changes for the press industry than for the book industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a part of the research study regarding the process of constructing representations within the national and international press about the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -- People's Army (FARC -- EP) throughout a period from its inception as a guerrilla group in 1964, to its consolidation as an army which set the Colombian State on edge in 1996. This paper is exclusively focused on the months of May to June 1984, the first month of the ''ceasefire'' agreed with the government of President Belisario Betancur (1982 -1986). The ambivalence of representations is discussed herein, as well as how the image of a narco-guerrilla gradually takes shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish press recently introduced its model for information mobility based on applications that attempt to take advantage of the characteristics and singularities of the Smartphone as a "new medium". This article examines the apps of the 20 mastheads most read in Spain to evaluate the extent to which they use that potential (basically multimedia integration, customization, geo-location and participation) as effectively as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidnapping in Colombia is a disturbing event that not only bursts tragically onto the public stage and deepens the already prolonged and degraded armed conflict, but also fractures the media's normal news agenda. An example of this was the emblematic guerrilla takeover of Mitú on November 1, 1998 on the eve of the peace process in Colombia's San Vicente de Caguán region. The attack was perpetrated by the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and resulted in the kidnapping of 61 members of the National Police. Based on a case study analysis, this article, which is the product of academic research, examines how the Colombian press remembered and commemorated this troubling event ten years after it occurred, as well as the meaning these commemorative practices and frameworks acquire in public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exercise in critical discourse analysis is presented with the purpose of establishing the representations made by opinion journalists about poverty, reproduced in one of Mexico's leading newspapers in the strategic period of global economic crisis of 2008-2009. By using scaffolds of levels and textual categories, rhetorical and ideological, fourteen pieces published over nine months were analyzed. The analysis confirms the widespread use of fallacies and rethorical resources aimed at building a stereotypical characterization of poverty, representing subjects as victims without agency and particularly disadvantaged in material terms, eliding other dimensions of the problem. The repeated attribution of poverty to the government, without any explanation linking the economic crisis, suggests that the issue is being dealt as a way to criticize the government institutions, rather than an attempt to explain the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the journals in the Regeneration were defined as strong opponents of the regime and for this reason they were censured, suspended and fined. This article analyzes the existing ideology in the opposition press from 1890 to 1900 and it studies the content and form of four of the most recognized newspapers for their criticism of the government or the mainstream parties. It also notes the proposals indirectly suggested in their pages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boom in social networks has prompted the press draw on these new communication channels as a way to interact with users. It is of interest to know how newspapers use these networks and the response from their followers. Accordingly, the study focuses on analyzing the Facebook profiles of the largest newspapers in Spain during the quarter from October to December 2012. The pivotal points of the article are oriented in two directions: one deals with how the newspapers in question exploit social networks, while the other focuses on the interaction with users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainstream media all over the world have been regulating the behavior of their journalists in social media, fearing these new forms of communications might damage the credibility of their institutions. Those who have not yet done so face with concern this unstoppable challenge and are now outlining their own guidelines for social media policies. In an effort to inspire the design of these new policies, this paper aims to approach the recurring topics in the policies already written by leading media such as AP, American Society of News Editors (ASNE), BBC, Bloomberg, Charlotte observer, Freedom communication, Los Angeles times, NPR, Orlando sentinel, Politico, Reuters, Rockford register star, Saint Louis post-dispatch, Source media group, The Denver post, The guardian, The journal gazette, The Manhattan Mercury, The New York times, The Roanoke times, The Wall Street journal y The Washington post. A qualitative content analysis of 22 of these policies has been conducted to identify these topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a current research that seeks to determine the professional culture of the Spanish political journalism. In this text we approach the study of the work organization and professional routines present into the process of news production in the spanish quality press. Based on the in-depth interviews to the heads of political section of newspapers El País, El Mundo and Abc, we present an analytical description of the major trends that characterize the organization, internal operation and the decision making process. The knowledge of journalists' job allows us to understand the ways in which the press builds the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the phraseology adopted by women's magazines in Argentina during the early 1990s, based on two cases that embody different approaches: a traditional one (Para Ti) and a more feminist-oriented approach (Women & Company). The analysis focuses on styles and personal pronouns to track the ways in which the relationship between the speaker and listener is constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study makes a comparison between the main weeklies oriented to the Latino community that are edited in Madrid and Washington. D.C. The research finds differences in the journalistic treatment between the analyzed publications. Although these immigrant oriented newspapers are characterized a journalism of service to intended reduce social uncertainty witch their readers frequently suffer (a community with many of its members are in irregular migratory status). The latin newspaper in D.C. has an informative discourse far away from the journalism of service formulas. In many occasions often latinos weeklies that are published in D.C. reflect address issues to the Latino community with excessively alarmist headlines, an aspect barely seen in the Latin publications that are distributed in Madrid where the more positive aspects of the immigrant community are the dominant themes. The study was carried out in more 200 front pages of for Latino and Sí, se puede weeklies in Spain and Washington Hispanic and El Tiempo Latino in the United States all case during 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a historical view of the printed journalism in Catalonia. The essay stresses especially the conflict between the cultural and political Catalanism and the Spanish centralism. On the one hand, the creation of a community identity, Catalonia, expressed in the press and on the other hand, the organized repression from the Spanish political power. A history of the printed journalism seen as a conflict. A struggle for identity and political repression. Catalonia has, from the tenth century, a language, mentality, history and a specific culture. These elements determine its identity. The conflict is between two positions: a centralist Spain, with the dominant Castilian language for political reasons, and the Catalan desire to be. We analyze the last three centuries until the current state of the autonomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not often that a media organization equips itself with an internal system for self-regulation such as a press ombudsman. Rarely is someone appointed from outside the editorial department (consistent with the archetype advocated by The Washington Post), and the designation of a person who is not a member of the profession is an exceptional event (as in the case of Il Messaggero). There was a pioneering and unique experience in Spain that combined both these factors. Baptized as the Readers' Correspondent, it was brought about through the creation of Grupo 16. The benefits of that initiative included, among others, the nature of the position, the selection of those chosen to occupy it, readers' familiarization with the task of journalism and their right to information, and encouragement to interaction with the audience. The shortcomings concerned the absence of regulations, a certain amount of confusion in fulfilling the mission entrusted to the ombudsman, poor participation on the part of the public, not enough articles published, and the paltry manifestation of explanations provided by directors and writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitization of media archives has improved both news librarians' and journalists' work. However, a significant proportion of Spanish journalists prefer searching for information on the Internet rather than in archives. Moreover, the quality of journalists' work decreases because few journalists receive proper training on information retrieval. Our research is based on ethnographic observation and interviews with more than 70 professionals from several newsrooms carried out between 2001 and 2006, complemented by a survey of the heads of archives at the main channels and newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite what is still a very short history, the design of Spain's leading cyber dailies already reflects a considerable level of development compared to its initial period. Some of the visual elements of the first stage (web browser buttons, icons, jump menus, etc.) fell by the wayside between 2000 and 2008, and new resources have emerged, such as blogs and the RSS. Certain elements, such as photography, have yet to be integrated fully into to the web, and the development of advertising in cyber dailies has been more quantitative than qualitative. This article is based on a study financed by the Universidad del Pais Vasco entitled "Diez años de diarios digitales en España: consolidación de contenidos, diseño, publicidad y estrategias comerciales específicas" (Ten Years of Digital Dailies in Spain: Consolidation of Contents, Design, Advertising and Specific Business Strategies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a legal perspective, the publications put out by the various segments of the mass media lack the probative value usually assigned to them by the audience and the reading public in the normal course of things. In legal proceedings, a journalistic version is auxiliary evidence that demonstrates the event was recorded by the media. However, it does not constitute full proof of the situation it describes, nor does it determine the legal responsibility of persons and legal entities. This is because its effectiveness depends on its direct relationship with other evidence provided during the proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In relation to the press coverage of matters connected with the European Union, we have established a map of coordinates based on research carried out during a period of time. Firstly, we have identified and described the methods and attitudes used by journalists, especially by press correspondents located in Brussels covering EU community news. At the same time, we have studied the ideological and cultural conditioning factors of these correspondents in relation to their professional work. Once we had identified their professional practice, on the one hand, and the ideological and cultural attitudes of European journalists on the other, we carried out a study on the articulation of the different types of discourse in order to obtain a series of interrelations that establish the limits of different open spaces regarding the future of European journalism. In this article, we have used the information gathered and applied it to a conceptual framework in order to study the journalistic coverage given by the Spanish press to a very important European community event: the implementation of the Euro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we want to analyze the pictures publishing in the Spanish and international newspapers before the Madrid terrorist attack, March, 11. With this research we get some ideas about freedom speech limits: the respect of the privacy and, in special, the respect of the pain. At the same time, we'll remark the importance of the photography in the press and their communication power. For this research we used the March, 11 and 12 newspapers of most important Spanish editors and the digital edition of international press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the evolution of costarican press during the first thirty years of the XX Century. It is focused on the exposing of changes and continuities and the way to do journalism and to know how this affects the press, as an organization, the context in which it is developed. This article deals with the writings and the contents of the press and its entailment with the political organized groups and the financing sources. As well the article introduces the reader in the operational system of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's has been made an analysis of the important role of the press, in informing in an efficient way to the audience. The example used is the ICE's Combo and the role fulfilled by La Nacion journal then. The retrieved idea is that, if media don't determinate what must be think, at least they influence the themes in wich is possible to think, and how to perceive them or respond to them: without the due informative balance and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an study about the regional and local press belongs to spanish comunications groups and appears betwen 1998 and 2000. These years know aliances of the comunications groups, that see the regional and local market like a place to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]