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This paper presents a new fast multipole boundary element method (FM-BEM) for solving the acoustic transmission problems in 2-D periodic media. We divide the periodic media into fundamental blocks, and then construct the boundary integral equations in the fundamental block. The fast multipole algorithm is proposed for the square periodic and hexagonal periodic structures, the convergence and complexity of the algorithm are analyzed. Our approach is applied to solve the acoustic transmission problems for liquid phononic crystals, the acoustic band gaps of the phononic crystals are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fluorine-containing liquid crystal compound can improve the order degree of the cured network of modified BADCy resins. • PBO fibers/FABPBO/LCFE2-BADCy composites possess the optimal wave transmission efficiency of 95.0%. • PBO fibers/FABPBO/LCFE2-BADCy composites possess the optimal ILSS of 50.7 MPa and flexural strength of 682.5 MPa. • Flame retardant grade and ultimate oxygen index of PBO fibers/FABPBO/LCFE2-BADCy composites are respectively V-1 grade and 33.6%. Bisphenol A dicyanate ester resins modified by fluorine-containing liquid crystal compound (LCFE) are applied as polymer matrix (LCFE-BADCy), poly(p -phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers as reinforcements, and fluorine/adamantane PBO precursor (pre FABPBO) as interfacial compatibilizer to prepare the corresponding PBO fibers/FABPBO/LCFE-BADCy wave-transparent laminated composites. LCFE could improve the order degree of BADCy cured network, in favor of enhancing the wave-transparent performance, mechanical properties, and intrinsic thermal conductivity. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of PBO fibers/FABPBO/LCFE-BADCy composites are highly temperature (25–200 °C) and frequency (104–107 Hz and 8.2–12.4 GHz) stable with the value of 2.49 and 0.003 under 106 Hz at 25 °C, and the corresponding wave transmission efficiency is 95.0%, higher than that of 92.5% for PBO fibers/BADCy composites. The interlamellar shear strength and flexural strength are respectively 50.7 MPa and 682.5 MPa, 38.1% and 16.2% higher than those of PBO fibers/BADCy composites. Besides, the volume resistivity, breakdown voltage, heat resistance index, glass transition temperature, flame retardant grade, and ultimate oxygen index of PBO fibers/FABPBO/LCFE-BADCy composites are respectively 5.3 × 1015 Ω cm, 29.75 kV/mm, 217.2 °C, 245.7 °C, V-1 grade, and 33.6%, expected to be performed as a new generation of "lightweight/loading/wave-transparent" electromagnetic window materials in advanced military weapons and civil communication base station. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highly concentrated dough-like CNTs are successfully constructed with the assistance of ILC via hydrothermal treatment. • CNT doughs exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, flame retardancy and outstanding redispersibility even after storage. • Various CNT-derived bulk forms from the ILC armored CNT dough are realized by facile processing. • CNT dough redispersion assembled nanocomposite papers exhibited photothermal conversion and Joule heating properties. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable attention for their excellent thermal and electrical conductivity as well as scalable production. However, CNT dispersions are prone to settling and have a short shelf time, especially under high concentration, which significantly hinders their further processing and increases transportation costs. Here, we report a highly concentrated CNT dough enabled by ionic liquid crystal (ILC) as auxiliaries. Benefiting from the temperature-controlled physical transformation of the ILC, the CNTs of the powder state are successfully transferred to highly processable dough with excellent electrical conductivity, flame retardancy, and outstanding redispersibility even after 180 days of storage. In particular, the CNT dough exhibits excellent self-healing properties and good reshapable capability. Various bulk form CNT derived from the ILC armored CNT dough are realized by facile processing technique. Hybrid nanocomposite papers with ANF nanofiber exhibited excellent photothermal conversion and Joule heating properties. The redispersible CNT doughs presented here promise to revolutionize traditional CNT powder and dispersions as the primary raw material for building CNT-based architectures and facilitate the large-scale application of CNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cielo, like the closed MC20, ispoised and supple, but the juxtaposition of thegruff, turbo-heavy soundtrack hints that there's alot more to come. For me, the true success of the Cielo is that it gets veryclose dynamically, retains the purity of the MC20 shape, roof upor down, and brings you even closer to that rip-snorting engine. Driven We've already raved about the coupe version, butwhat does the MC20 lose - and gain - in the process ofshedding its top? Compared with the totally linear delivery ofan Artura or 296 GTS, the Cielo's V6 engine is adifferent animal. [Extracted from the article]

Physical systems can exhibit transitions between states with and without topological properties. These transitions have been observed in conductors to superconductors, fluids to superfluids, chiral magnets, and liquid crystal phases. Likewise, topological transitions have been observed by driving homogeneous liquid crystal cells. However, the mechanism of the formation of topological lattices has not been established. Here, we reveal an out-of-equilibrium topological transition mechanism. A vortex triplet is trapped in a nematic liquid crystal layer by the combined action of a magnetic ring and an oscillating electric field. By lowering the frequency, we observed that the nullcline curves of the vortex touch each other, creating new vortices. This nullcline entanglement process generates the emergence of a vortex lattice. Theoretically, based on a phenomenological amplitude equation valid close to the reorientation instability with the phenomenological inclusion of inertial effects, we observe a trapped vortex, oscillations, and entanglement of its nullcline curves, which generate new vortices and lattices in agreement with experimental findings. • Topological vortex lattice in liquid crystal forced with magnetic and electric field. • Number of vortices in the lattice can be tuned by the low-frequency electric field. • The lattice can be localised by a strong magnetic field. • Observed phenomenon is reproduced by an amplitude equation with inertia effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generalisation of the hyperinelasticity modelling framework devised in Part I of this sequel is formulated here, by presenting a (principal) stretches-based hyperinelastic deformation energy function W F . This generalisation is based on the premise that the (principal) stretches λ j may assume any arbitrary real-valued exponents, rather than being restricted to the prescriptive powers 2 and −2, as in principal invariants-based models. The motivation behind this extension is to reduce the overall number of model parameters and thereby increase the versatility of the application of the hyperinelasticity framework, as well as to provide a more universal model. The ensuing hyperinelastic model is then applied to a wide range of extant experimental datasets encompassing foams, glassy and semi-crystalline polymers, hydrogels and liquid crystal elastomers, over both elastic and inelastic deformation ranges including yield, softening and plateau, and hardening behaviours, under tensile and compressive deformations. Upon demonstrating the favourable simulation of the foregoing behaviours by the model, its application is then extended to account for other nuanced aspects of inelasticity such as the effects of rate of deformation, crystallinity volume and angle of printing in 3D printed lattice structures. This augmentation is done via devising a generalised modelling framework which allows for the incorporation of a generic tensorial (including rank zero scalar) field of inelasticity-inducing factors into the core model, resulting in the model parameters to evolve with an appropriate measure of the factor of interest; e.g., deformation rate, crystallinity volume ratio etc. The proposed modelling framework will be shown to capture these effects proficiently. Given the simplicity of this modelling approach, as essentially an extension in the application of hyperelasticity, its versatility of implementation, and the favourable capturing of both elastic and inelastic behaviours, the devised hyperinelasticity framework is presented for application to the large elastic and inelastic deformation of polymers and elastomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patent application by inventor Seongsu Lee focuses on an optical film designed for liquid crystal displays (LCDs) using mini-LEDs or micro-LEDs as light sources. The film aims to prevent the visibility of the light source shape on the LCD panel while maintaining high brightness without the need for a thick diffusion sheet. By incorporating pyramid patterns, prism layers, and diffusion layers, the optical film enhances shielding and brightness performance in a thin backlight unit. The invention offers innovative solutions for improving image quality and display characteristics in LCD devices. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Federal University Sergipe in Brazil have conducted a study on the therapeutic potential of liquid crystals in cancer treatment. Liquid crystals have shown promise in reducing toxicity and improving drug-cell membrane interaction, potentially leading to more effective oncological therapy with fewer side effects. The study reviewed 14 patents filed between 2004 and 2020, highlighting innovations in physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. The researchers emphasize the need for further clinical studies to bring this technology to market and enhance the quality of life for cancer patients. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for actively adaptive optical apparatuses designed to reduce myopia development, particularly in children. The patent, filed by Pixieray Oy in Finland, aims to address the limitations of conventional optical apparatuses by incorporating active optical elements that adjust optical powers based on the user's gaze direction and depth perception. This innovative technology seeks to provide a more effective solution for myopia control and prevention. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Optical Film And Backlight Unit Including The Same" was filed by inventors from Pyeongtaek-si, South Korea, and made available online on October 3, 2024. The application focuses on improving the brightness performance of optical films and backlight units used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) by utilizing specific patterns and structures. The inventors aim to enhance image quality and reduce limitations on display size and shape by incorporating mini LEDs or micro LEDs as light sources in LCD devices. The patent application details the design and composition of the optical film and backlight unit to achieve optimal brightness performance without increasing the thickness of the display device. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Northwestern Polytechnic University in Shaanxi, People's Republic of China, discusses new findings in biotechnology related to reconfigurable neuromorphic computing using a droplet memristor. The research explores the potential of this technology to emulate ion transport and signaling in brains, showing promise for future applications in neuromorphic computing. Financial support for the study came from various sources including the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The researchers highlight the adaptability and potential of droplet memristors in extending functionalities for neuromorphic computing applications. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for an electro-optical device developed by Seiko Epson Corporation. The device includes an electro-optical panel, an anisotropic conductive film with electrically conductive particles arranged in two directions, and a printed circuit board connected to the panel through the conductive film. The connection terminal portion of the panel has multiple terminals with recessed portions, and the arrangement of the conductive particles differs from the arrangement of the recessed portions. This device can be used in electronic apparatuses such as projectors. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been filed for a composition that provides sustained localized delivery of antitumor agents to maximize efficacy and minimize systemic effects. The composition includes an emulsion with an aqueous carrier and a liquid lipid phase dispersed into droplets within the carrier, as well as a first chemotherapeutic agent. The lipid phase can include triglycerides, soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, and other oils and waxes. The emulsion can also contain emulsifiers, polyols, phospholipids, antioxidants, lecithin, and dextrose. The composition is stable for a period of 1 month to 2 years and can be administered directly to the tumor site. The chemotherapeutic agent can be eluted from the composition over a period of 4 to 7 days. The composition can also include immune stimulators and is effective for treating tumors in the lymphatic system. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Keio University in Kanagawa, Japan, explored the effect of surfactants on the crystal growth of carbon dioxide hydrate in an aqueous fructose solution. The researchers found that the surfactants influenced the crystal growth at the liquid/gas interface but not in the liquid bulk phase. The study suggests that these findings could be applied to the design and evaluation of hydrated food texture. The research was supported by the Keirin-racing-based research-promotion fund from the JKA foundation and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Pisa in Italy explores the properties and applications of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric smectic liquid crystalline (LC) phases. The study focuses on the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to investigate the molecular arrangement, conformational properties, and dynamic behavior of chiral liquid crystals in these phases. The researchers found that a combination of NMR techniques provided valuable insights into the orientational properties, molecular arrangement, and internal motions of the liquid crystals. The study highlights the potential of NMR approaches in understanding the supramolecular properties of liquid crystals. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Qingdao University in China discusses the development of knittable hydrogel fibers with a physically amorphous structure for multi-mode sensing capacities. The researchers achieved this structure by using an innovative freezing strategy and introducing an antifreezing salt into the precursor solution. The resulting hydrogel fibers have tunable mechanical properties, excellent transparency, and long-term stability. They can be knitted into fabric-like materials and demonstrate light transmittance ability and deformation responsiveness, even in extreme conditions. The researchers believe that these hydrogel fibers have potential applications in wearable electronics, biomedicine, and information transmission. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Jinan in Guangzhou, China, has developed a core/shell hydrogel with multiple effects for the treatment of osteosarcoma-associated bone defects. The hydrogel is designed to first target and remove residual tumor cells and prevent bacterial infection, and then promote osteogenesis. The hydrogel achieves this through the use of a thermo-sensitive release of doxorubicin (DOX) and photothermal therapy (PTT), as well as the synergy of liquid crystal hydrogel and mild hyperthermia and ion effects. This research provides valuable insights for the development of materials for bone repair in osteosarcoma patients. [Extracted from the article]

This paper is focused on the numerical approximations for the hydrodynamic model of nematic liquid crystals. Under the framework of a splitting projection method, we propose a novel interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for solving the coupled system, which is employed by combining the scalar auxiliary variables (SAV) approach, implicit-explicit (IMEX) treatments and a rotational pressure-correction method. One prominent feature of the developed scheme here is by introducing an additional stabilization term artificially in liquid crystal equation to balance the explicit treatment for the coupling term, so that the computations of vector field from velocity field are decoupled. Hence a linear, fully decoupled and unconditionally energy-stable DG scheme can be achieved in a fully discrete manner. We show that the resulting scheme is uniquely solvable and unconditional energy stable, and the optimal error estimates of the proposed scheme are further proved theoretically. Finally, numerical results are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and energy stability of our scheme. • A rotational pressure-correction DG method is proposed for solving the nematic liquid crystal flows. • A linear and fully-decoupled scheme is developed to reduce the computational cost. • The uniquely solvable, unconditional energy stability and error estimates of the scheme are proved strictly. • Some numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e-Vision Smart Optics Inc. has been issued a patent for electro-active sporting glasses. The patent describes a lens system that allows for simultaneous focusing at two different optical powers without the need for head movement. This technology aims to address the limitations of traditional bifocal or progressive glasses, which require wearers to move their head or glasses to switch between different prescriptions. The invention has potential applications in various activities, including driving and sports, where quick focus switching is crucial. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Science and Technology Beijing have developed a simpler method for creating single-layer polymer cholesteric films with a reflective bandwidth of over 1500 nm. By adding polymerizable and non-polymerizable chiral compounds to the liquid crystal mixing system, the team was able to achieve a small-large-small pitch gradient distribution, resulting in a broadband reflection. The flexible films produced in this study have potential applications in shielding infrared devices, energy-efficient windows for automobiles, and modern building facades. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

Active materials hold substantial potential for self-sustaining motion, however, the dependency on movable light or extensive area illumination in current structures often restricts the design and practical deployment of such active machines. In this study, we report a novel zero-energy-mode, self-rolling unicycle equipped with a liquid crystal elastomer rod engine, which fueled by a fixed, small-area light source. By employing an elaborate dynamic model for liquid crystal elastomer, we derive the lateral curvature of the liquid crystal elastomer rod and the driving moment necessary for the unicycle's self-rolling. The study results demonstrate that the self-rolling of the unicycle is driven by a moment induced by the shift in the center of gravity of the curved liquid crystal elastomer rod. Our numerical simulations indicate the presence of a supercritical Hopf bifurcation point delineating the transition between the self-rolling mode and the static mode within the unicycle system. Additionally, the rolling velocity of the unicycle relies on a handful of key system parameters, notably including light intensity, light penetration depth, length of the liquid crystal elastomer rod, rolling friction coefficient, total mass of the unicycle, and wheel radius of the unicycle. The experimental validation of a self-rolling unicycle with zero-energy-mode has been conducted. The self-rolling unicycle constructed in this paper has excellent characteristics of simple structure, zero-energy-mode, horizontal constant light source, and small area light source, providing valuable insights for the utilization of photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomer rods in soft robotics, medical devices, energy harvesting systems, and actuators. • A light-fueled self-rolling unicycle with a liquid crystal elastomer rod engine is proposed. • The experiment confirmed the functionality of the light-powered self-rolling unicycle with an LCE rod engine. • The steady state solution of a self-rolling unicycle with zero energy mode is obtained. • The system parameters can affect the motion patterns and self-rolling velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a physically-motivated mechanical theory for predicting the behavior of nematic elastomers — a subset of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). We begin with a statistical description of network geometry that naturally incorporates independent descriptors for the mesogens, which create the nematic phase, and the polymer chains, which are assumed to not deform affinely with global deformations. From here, we develop thermodynamically consistent constitutive laws based on classical continuum mechanics principles and ultimately provide simple governing equations with transparent physical interpretation. We found that our framework converges identically to two previously developed mechanical theories, including the well-known neo-classical theory, when considering the extreme ends of our parametric space. We then explore the new predictive capabilities of our model inside these two extremes and illustrate its unique predictions at finite strains, which are distinct in form from other theories. We validate our model using published experimental data from four monodomain nematic liquid crystal elastomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A self-spinning liquid crystal elastomer tube system is innovatively developed. • The tube system always evolves into the stationary state under vertical light. • The system undergoes periodic self-spinning due to the combined action of gravity and constant light intensity. • The frequency of self-spinning can be modulated by system parameters. Self-oscillating motion have the capacity to autonomously converting ambient power into repetitive motion without requiring an additional control unit, and designing more self-oscillating can broaden their utilization in energy extraction, robotic systems, and sensors. However, cyclic self-oscillating motions often cause structural instability and increase friction. To address these challenges, we creatively developed a zero-energy-mode self-spinning liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) tube-mass system under constant light intensity. By proposing a nonlinear dynamic model and using fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, the computational findings suggest that the LCE tube stays stationary when exposed to vertical light while develops into a zero-energy-mode self-spinning state under non-vertical light. The self-spinning state is self-sustained through harvesting ambient light energy, helping counteract the damping loss. In addition, the self-spinning frequency is controllable by tuning the light angle, contraction coefficient, light intensity, elastic modulus, radius, and damping coefficient. The translational damping has no impact on the self-spinning frequency, and the elastic modulus does not affect the X-axis displacement of the free end. The proposed self-spinning LCE tube system, differing from numerous existing self-oscillating systems, offers advantages like zero-energy-mode motion, structural simplicity, and controllability across multiple parameters, promising expanded design opportunities for applications such as motors, soft robotics, energy collectors, micro-machines, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patent application titled "Lens, Glasses, And Lens Adjustment Method" has been published by the US Patent and Trademark Office. The application describes a lens and glasses design that aims to address the problem of myopia by allowing for flexible adjustment of the lens's peripheral defocus region. The lens includes liquid crystal regions that can change position based on the user's gaze angle, providing personalized defocus effects to prevent and control myopia. The application also discusses the use of multiple lens layers to achieve different optical powers and improve vision correction. This technology has potential applications in the field of ophthalmology and may be useful for individuals with refractive errors such as myopia. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for a display device, backlight source, and automobile by Tianma Microelectronics Co. Ltd. The invention aims to address the issue of eye fatigue caused by abrupt changes in display brightness when switching between different viewing modes. The display device includes a view angle control panel with a liquid crystal layer that can rotate based on the electric field generated between two electrodes. The patent also describes a backlight source and its integration with a display panel. The invention aims to gradually change the brightness at different viewing angles to improve user comfort. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Xidian University explores the design of tunable photonic hooks (PHs) for the selective control and manipulation of nanoparticles. The researchers used a structured beam to illuminate an anisotropic cutting liquid crystal microcylinder and analyzed the PHs generated by different types of beams. They found that introducing birefringence can change the bending direction of the PHs, and the maximum intensity of the PHs increases with the extraordinary refractive index. The study provides new theoretical models and design possibilities for PHs, which could have applications in Mesotronics and biomedicine. [Extracted from the article]

This paper develops a theory for anaphase in cells. After a brief description of microtubules, the mitotic spindle and the centrosome, a mathematical model for anaphase is introduced and developed in the context of the cell cytoplasm and liquid crystalline structures. Prophase, prometaphase and metaphase are then briefly described in order to focus on anaphase, which is the main study of this paper. The entities involved are modelled in terms of liquid crystal defects and microtubules are represented as defect flux lines. The mathematical techniques employed make extensive use of energy considerations based on the work that was developed by Dafermos (1970) from the classical Frank–Oseen nematic liquid crystal energy (Frank, 1958; Oseen, 1933). With regard to liquid crystal theory we introduce the concept of regions of influence for defects which it is believed have important implications beyond the subject of this paper. The results of this paper align with observed biochemical phenomena and are explored in application to HeLa cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. This unified approach offers the possibility of gaining insight into various consequences of mitotic abnormalities which may result in Down syndrome, Hodgkin lymphoma, breast, prostate and various other types of cancer. [Display omitted] • Cell constituents and liquid crystal alignment are exploited to model anaphase. • The classical Dafermos defect interaction energy is used to model anaphase dynamics. • Forces are derived from the interaction energy of overlapping finite regions. • Model examples of anaphase dynamics are explored for HeLa and C. elegans cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research study conducted at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg in Germany explores the design and self-assembly of p-terphenyl rods using side-chain engineering and chirality. The researchers synthesized a series of K-shaped bolapolyphiles and observed a wide range of liquid crystalline phases. The study found that the complexity of self-assembly is influenced by factors such as space filling, chain stretching, and geometric frustration, as well as the shape of the polar glycerol domains. The research suggests that permanent molecular chirality has a minimal effect on the formation of these phases. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Henan Normal University in Xinxiang, China, explores the effects of laser irradiation on the performance of liquid crystal (LC) devices in high-power laser systems. The study focuses on the development of a first-order beam-steering system (FBS) using a liquid crystal polarization grating (LCPG) and liquid crystal adjustable wave-plate (LCAW). The researchers found that thermal deposition and driving voltage can affect the phase retardation of the LCAW, leading to variations in energy distribution. The study provides insights for the development of beam-steering technology in high-power laser systems. [Extracted from the article]

Self-sustained chaotic system based on active materials, where energy is absorbed directly from the environment to maintain one's own motion, furnishes an extensive scope of applications in energy harvesters, encrypted communication, bionic heart devices and other fields. This paper seeks to put forward a self-sustained chaotic pendulum system consisting of a liquid crystal elastomer fiber and a mass sphere under steady illumination. To investigate the self-sustained chaotic behavior of the pendulum system, we combine the dynamic liquid crystal elastomer model with principles of dynamics to establish the corresponding theoretical model of the system. Numerical results suggest that three typical motion modes, namely, static mode, self-sustained oscillation mode and self-sustained chaotic motion mode, are involved in the liquid crystal elastomer pendulum. The self-sustained motion is maintained by the work done by the contraction of the liquid crystal elastomer fiber with a light-blocking coating, which compensates for the energy dissipated by the damping. Furthermore, this study also explores the influences of five system parameters on the motion behavior of the LCE pendulum, and determines the key parameter values for the three distinct motion modes through detailed calculations and bifurcation diagrams. The present research findings demonstrate that introducing a new degree of freedom into the self-sustained periodic vibration system, it is possible to achieve self-sustained chaotic motion, providing significant insights into the development of self-sustained chaotic systems derived from active materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of self-excited motion include the capacity to draw energy directly from the external environment, as well as autonomy and portability, and the creation of additional self-oscillating systems holds the promise of finding applications in various fields, including medical devices, autonomous robotics, energy harvesting, sensors, and more. Inspired by the magnetic perpetual motion, this paper introduces a conceptual perpetual motion machine utilizing liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) and steady illumination. The system consists of a turntable and multiple motion ducts, each containing a mass block. A nonlinear dynamics model for the LCE-based perpetual motion machine operating under steady illumination is established, considering the dynamic LCE model. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, employing the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, are employed to examine the system's dynamic behaviors. The system exhibits a supercritical Hopf bifurcation between static and self-rotation patterns. Notably, the external environment's energy input counteracts damping dissipation, preventing the system from halting due to damping and other factors. Theoretical condition for Hopf bifurcation in the perpetual motion machine's self-rotation is derived and validated via numerical computations. Extensive quantitative investigations are conducted to determine the influence of system parameters on self-rotation frequency. The results illustrate that through parameter adjustments, the motion pattern and frequency of the system can be controlled effectively. The proposed system offers continuous rotation in a zero-energy mode, presenting remarkable benefits, including energy efficiency, reduced noise, decreased wear, and robust stability. These attributes position it for significant future applications in power generation, energy harvesting, sensors, and various other fields. [Display omitted] • A light-powered liquid crystal elastomer-based perpetual motion machine was conceptualized. • The perpetual motion machine has two typical motion patterns: static and self-rotation pattern. • Theoretical Hopf bifurcation condition was derived and validated via numerical computations. • The self-rotation frequency can be designed by several parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patent has been issued for a sample holding system designed for serial synchrotron crystallography (SSX) experiments. The system aims to provide a flexible and cost-effective solution for sample delivery and imaging in SSX. It includes a sample holder with a magnetic metal base, a carrier sheet with X-ray transparent windows, and a polymer sample support film. The system allows for multiple sample loading methods, offers excellent imaging performance, and provides environmental control to prevent sample damage. The patent also includes specific claims regarding the dimensions and features of the sample holder. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the National Institute of Technology in Meghalaya, India, have developed a novel biosensor for the label-free detection of human insulin using a liquid crystal. The biosensor, which was tested using a common room temperature liquid crystal called 5CB, demonstrated the ability to detect insulin at concentrations as low as 25 mu M. The researchers also conducted docking studies to understand the molecular interactions between the liquid crystal and insulin. This new biosensor has the potential to improve insulin detection sensitivity and accuracy, leading to better diabetes management and healthcare outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran discusses the development of a one-month sustained-release formulation of aripiprazole, a medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The researchers used a lipid liquid crystal (LLC) formulation with different solvents and derivatives to determine the best formulation for slow and controlled release of the drug. The study found that the formulation containing sorbitan monooleate (SMO) had the highest release of aripiprazole over the 30-day period and was safe without causing damage to vital organs. This research provides a potential option for developing an extended-release formulation of aripiprazole. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Jinan in Guangzhou, China, explores the role of mechanical stimulation in regulating stem cell behavior. The researchers developed a liquid crystalline hydroxypropyl cellulose ester (CnPC) with viscoelastic properties to mimic the mechanical properties of native tissue. They found that the CnPC matrices were able to induce appropriate cell activity and contraction in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) within a specific range of elastic modulus. The study suggests that this liquid crystal model provides a promising approach for studying the response of stem cells to mechanical stimulation and its effects on cell behavior and function. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology in Maharashtra, India, has developed a gel-based treatment for atopic dermatitis using fluocinolone acetonide-liquid crystal nanoparticles (FA-LCN). The gel was optimized using a top-down method and showed promising results in in vitro and in vivo studies. The FA-LCN gel demonstrated faster healing, reduced earflap thickness, and lower white blood cell counts compared to other formulations. This research suggests that the FA-LCN gel could be a viable option for the treatment of atopic dermatitis with reduced application frequency. [Extracted from the article]

The US Patent and Trademark Office has published a patent application for a display panel and display terminal that addresses privacy concerns. The application, filed by inventor Cheng Wei from Wuhan, China, describes a display panel that can switch between anti-peeping mode and sharing mode, while also including a touch mode. The goal of the invention is to create a thin and lightweight display panel that maintains privacy and touch functionality. The patent application provides detailed descriptions of the components and their functions, including the use of liquid crystal molecules that rotate in different planes depending on the mode of operation. [Extracted from the article]

Noel Frederick Smyth (NFS), a Fellow of the Australian Mathematical Society and a Professor of Nonlinear Waves in the School of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, passed away on February 5, 2023. NFS was a prominent figure among applied mathematicians who worked on nonlinear wave theory in a broad range of areas. Throughout his academic career, which spanned nearly forty years, NFS developed mathematical models, ideas, and techniques that have had a large impact on the understanding of wave motion in diverse media. His major research emphasis primarily involved the propagation of solitary waves, or solitons, and dispersive shock waves, or undular bores, in various media, including optical fibers, liquid crystals, shallow waters and atmosphere. Several approaches he developed have proven effective in analyzing the dynamics and modulations of related wave phenomena. This tribute in the journal of Wave Motion aims to provide a brief biographical sketch of NFS, discuss his major research achievements, showcase his scientific competence, untiring mentorship and unwavering dedication, as well as share final thoughts from his former students, colleagues, friends, and family. The authors had a special connection with NFS on both on personal and professional levels and hold deep gratitude for him and his invaluable work. In recognition of his achievements in applied mathematics, Wave Motion hosts a Special Issue entitled "Modelling Nonlinear Wave Phenomena: From Theory to Applications," which presents the recent advancements in this field. • Biography of Noel Frederick Smyth. • Smyth's major contributions to nonlinear dispersive wave theory outlined. • Recent advances on the study of solitons and dispersive shock waves discussed. • Emerging trends on non-convex dispersive hydrodynamics considered. • Connection of nonlinear waves to the Special Issue emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of smart elastomers exhibiting unusual mechanical behavior, including large energy dissipation and soft elasticity under uniaxial tensile loading. LCEs are composed of liquid crystal molecules, called mesogens, linked by a network of polymer chains. During deformation, the mesogens orient in the direction of the loading, leading to soft elasticity, which is an increase in strain at constant stress. The combination of mesogen rotation and intrinsic polymer viscoelasticity leads to a nonlinear viscoelastic soft elastic behavior. The aim of this paper is to investigate the coupling between the viscoelastic mechanisms and soft elasticity in main chain LCEs. We propose a rheological model in which the mesogen rotation during deformation is represented by a reversible slider while viscoelastic relaxation mechanisms are modeled as series of Maxwell elements coupled or decoupled with mesogen rotation. Fitting this model to experimental data demonstrate that the coupling between polymer chain viscoelasticity and mesogen rotation is partial, i.e. the long-time relaxation mechanisms are coupled and the short-time relaxation mechanisms are decoupled from mesogen rotation. Furthermore, we show that the viscosity of mesogen rotation is not necessary to properly predict the elastic modulus during the soft elasticity but it is needed to properly predict the initiation of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 4D printing shape-morphing materials include shape-memory polymers, shape-memory alloys, liquid crystal elastomers, and hydrogels. • A whole picture of 4D printing technology is painted from an application perspective. • General obstacles of 4D printing technology in large-scale applications are summarized. Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology is an extension of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology that enables a 3D-printed static structure to dynamically change its shape with time. Therefore, the resulting structure can undergo self-folding/unfolding assisted by some stimuli. This technology has made much initial progress in many industrial fields. Aiming to investigate the in-depth application value of 4D printing, this study reviews the recent research and application breakthroughs of 4D printing in several emerging directions, including the simulation of plant and animal behaviors, smart tissue scaffolds and biomedical devices, food printing, digitalization of industrial art design, renewable energy, intelligent communication, soft electronics and robots, vehicle optimization, textile customization, and flexible machinery and mechanical structure. Based on the analyses of specific cases and processes, we present the current obstacles to large-scale applications and the future prospects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of liquid crystals is one of the active areas of physics research. In this paper, the MLPG and direct MLPG (DMLPG) methods are used for the numerical study of the coupled nonlinear sine–Gordon equations in two dimensions arising in the modeling of some phenomena in liquid crystals and superconductors. To approximate numerical integrals in the local weak forms, the MLS and GMLS approximations are used in MLPG and DMLPG methods, respectively. The distribution of regular and scattered points on rectangular and irregular domains has been used to extract the numerical results. By comparing the numerical results, it can be seen that the DMLPG methods are faster, more accurate, and more efficient than the MLPG methods. These are because the GMLS approximation uses the basis polynomials instead of the complex shape functions of the MLS approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) offer promising prospect in applications such as soft robot actuators due to the fact that they can be chemically doped to have photo-responsive deformation characteristics. With the purpose of accurate control of LCE actuators in soft robot applications, the establishment of a model which quantitatively describes the deformation characteristics of LCE becomes essential. However, current models for LCE are very preliminary, which restricts the implementation of LCE actuators. This paper develops a model to describe the deformation of LCE actuators. First, the deformation process is discussed, which is in nature the macroscopic shape change corresponding to the phase change of LCE. Then, the relationship between the deformation and the temperature of LCE is established according to thermodynamic analysis on the free energy, and the phase transition process. Unknown parameters are determined through parameter identification with experimental data based on the non-linear least-squares method. This model has the advantage that it quantitatively describes the deformation characteristics of LCE without the aid of numerical simulation, and it reflects the physical nature of the deformation of LCE. This model lays a basis for the accurate control of the LCE actuators, which leads to future photo-responsive soft robot applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patent application has been submitted for an electro-optical component that could be used in smart contact lenses for adaptive visual correction. The component includes a liquid-crystal gap between two transparent substrates, with spacers of different heights placed in the gap to prevent sagging and optimize the control of the cell gap. The component can have a curved shape, making it suitable for integration into scleral contact lenses. The patent application also includes methods for manufacturing the electro-optical component. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Jinan in Guangzhou, China have developed a bioinspired hydrogel that mimics the mineralization process of natural bone, promoting cell biomineralization-mediated osteogenesis. The hydrogel, called LCgel/LDH@BP, combines a bone extracellular matrix-like liquid crystal organic substrate with inorganic phosphate mineralization nucleation sites. The researchers found that the hydrogel's LC topology enhances cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, while the phosphate mineralization sites and mild hyperthermia induced by black phosphorus further reinforce biomineralization and promote osteogenesis. This study offers new insights for the design of bioinspired hydrogels for bone regeneration. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the National Institute of Technology in Warangal, India have developed a biosensor based on liquid crystals (LC) that can detect the A beta-42 biomarker associated with Alzheimer's disease. The biosensor uses LC droplets coated with the A beta 1-16 antibody, which undergo a change in molecular orientation when the A beta 1-42 antigen is present. The LC droplet immunoassay successfully detected A beta 1-42 antigen concentrations ranging from 45 to 112.5 mu M. This label-free and cost-effective biosensor holds promise for further development as a portable diagnostic tool. [Extracted from the article]

Turbulence is a complex spatiotemporal behavior and a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics, which has been extended to other systems out of equilibrium, such as nonlinear optics, chemistry, active matter, and economics. Fingerprint patterns with sustained spatiotemporal dynamics in a liquid crystal light valve with an optical feedback experiment are studied. We show that the light intensity field presents a dynamical regime simultaneously exhibiting phase and amplitude turbulence. This bi-turbulent behavior of patterns is characterized by power-law spectra with exponents close to − 2 and − 3 spatially and − 2 temporally, for the phase and amplitude respectively. The pattern orientation field also presents power-law spectra with exponents close to − 2 and − 3 / 4 , spatially and temporally. We characterize the observed chaotic dynamics by estimating the largest Lyapunov exponent. We provide a theoretical model of pattern formation that explains the experimental observations with good qualitative agreement. • Experimental evidence of universal power law spectra in fingerprint pattern turbulent-like dynamics. • Evidence of defects driven spatiotemporal chaotic dynamics by means of Lyapunov analysis tools. • Simplified model valid close to the critical point allows reproducing qualitatively the observed dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Light-fueled liquid crystal elastomer self-fluttering aircraft is proposed. • The system has two motion patterns: stationary and self-fluttering. • Triggering conditions, frequency, and amplitude of self-fluttering are adjustable. • The amplitude and frequency of self-fluttering can be designed by system parameters. In response to external stimuli, active materials are able to alter their shape or motion. Nonetheless, considerable challenges remain in the effective realization and control of active machines. Conventional control methods, involving sensor-based and external device control as well as electronic control, are intricate and tough to put into practice. Conversely, self-oscillators built upon active materials exhibit remarkable properties, including steady motion and straightforward regulation. Drawing inspiration from flying organisms, this paper puts forward an innovative light-fueled self-fluttering aircraft with a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) engine, capable of sustained flight in the presence of steady illumination. The governing equations of the self-fluttering aircraft are derived in accordance with the well-known dynamic LCE model. The system is capable of experiencing a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, transitioning from a stationary pattern to a self-fluttering pattern, and the energy compensation mechanism of the self-fluttering pattern is revealed as well. Moreover, the quantitative investigation covers how distinct system parameters influence the Hopf bifurcation conditions and the self-fluttering amplitude and frequency, as well as the average flight velocity. With the benefits of customizable size, electronics-free and dependence on ambient energy, the proposed system may generate fresh insights into the practical use of active materials-based self-oscillators in micro actuators, soft robotics, bionic devices, and energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study conducted at the University of Tsukuba in Japan explored the polymerization of furan-thiophene-based monomers in chiral liquid crystals. The researchers were able to produce electro-optically active polymers with characteristics of liquid crystal molecular order and organic semiconductors. The study found that the electrical properties and chirality of the polymers could be controlled by selecting suitable monomer units. The research concluded that the optical activity of the furan-thiophene-based polymers could be achieved through electrical control. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Calabria in Italy have conducted a study on the transdermal delivery of caffeic acid using Pluronic P123/water mixtures. The study aimed to evaluate the permeation profiles of caffeic acid from different liquid crystalline phases and examine their structural changes and mechanical properties. The researchers found that the concentration of the polymer affected the viscosity of the gel, while the addition of caffeic acid increased microstructure fluidity. The temperature also played a role in the permeation rate of caffeic acid. The study concluded that the cubic mesophase LLC 30/CA showed the greatest skin permeation and accumulation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study published in the KeAi journal Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology has developed a new technique to identify 60 different liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in various samples, including electronic waste, indoor dust, and even dog feces and urine. This is the first study to report the occurrence of LCMs in dog urine and feces. The method, which uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), demonstrated satisfactory levels of precision and accuracy, making it suitable for analyzing LCMs in both environmental and biological samples. The study enhances our understanding of the distribution of LCMs and introduces a novel approach to assessing their impact on health and the environment. [Extracted from the article]