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Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) encompasses a spectrum of hepatic disorders resulting from alcohol abuse, which constitutes the predominant etiology of morbidity and mortality associated with hepatic pathologies globally. Excessive alcohol consumption disrupts the integrity of the intestinal barrier and perturbs the balance of gut microbiota, thereby facilitating the progression of ALD. Ellagic acid (EA) has been extensively reported to be an effective intervention for alleviating liver symptoms. However, the target molecules of EA in improving ALD and its underlying mechanism remain elusive. First, our study indicates that EA ameliorated ALD through the hepatic circadian rhythm signaling by up-regulating neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2). Furthermore, analysis of the intestinal microbiome showed that EA significantly enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria, which was positively correlated with NPAS2 expression and negatively correlated with liver injury. Finally, antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments established a causal relationship between the reshaped microbiota and NPAS2 in the amelioration of ALD. In summary, our study demonstrates novel evidence that EA attenuated ALD by modulating the hepatic circadian rhythm signaling pathway via the gut microbiota–NPAS2 axis, providing valuable insights for EA and microbiome-targeted interventions against ALD.

To explore the trends of venous diameter and brachial artery volume flow (VF) in 12 weeks after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and the influence of preoperative arterial diameter on this trend. Our goal was to clarify the maturation process within 12 weeks after AVF surgery.

We employed 808 nm and 885 nm pumping sources for time-shared pumping of the compact Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG passively Q-switched laser by incorporating time and sequence modulation functions into the electrical modulation signals. Through adjusting the pumping peak powers and pulse widths of the two pump sources, various burst-mode lasers were realized. The repetition frequency and time intervals between pulse chain sequences, as well as the intervals between sub-pulses within a sequence, could be adjustable, addressing the challenge of precise timing control in burst-mode lasers. The time-shared pumping Q-switched laser displayed significantly better controllable pulse characteristic compared to the conventional single-pulse output mode of burst-mode lasers. In conclusion, this work has effectively expanded the application scope of burst-mode lasers, representing a novel contribution to the field.

Dental caries, the most prevalent chronic disease across all age groups, has a high prevalence, particularly among children. However, there is no specific and effective treatment for the prevention of caries in primary teeth (Pr.T.), which stems from a lack of knowledge regarding the basic nature of the tooth surface. Herein, we observed that the adhesion energies of the caries-related bacteria Streptococcus mutansand Streptococcus sanguinisto Pr.T were approximately 10 and 5.5 times higher than those to permanent teeth (Pe.T). A lower degree of mineralization and more hydrophilic characteristics of the Pr.T enamel account for this discrepancy. Accordingly, we proposed that the on-target modification of both hydroxyapatite and organic components on Pr.T by dual modification would render a sufficient hydration layer. This resulted in an approximately 11-time decrease in bacterial adhesion energy after treatment. In contrast, a single hydroxyapatite modification on Pe.T and young permanent teeth (Y.Pe.T) was sufficient to achieve a similar effect. Theoretical simulation further verified the rationality of the approach. Our findings may help understand the reason for Pr.T being caries-prone and provide references for treatment using resin restorations. This strategy offers valuable insights into daily oral hygiene and dental prophylactic treatment in children.

Feature selection (FS) is one of the most critical tasks in data mining, which aims to reduce the dimensionality of the data and maximize classification accuracy. The FS problem can be treated as an NP-hard problem. Recently, various swarm intelligent (SI) algorithms have been employed to deal with the FS problem to solve the expensive computation of the exact method. However, the performance of the SI algorithms is limited because these algorithms do not comprehensively take the characteristics of the FS problem into consideration. Therefore, a promising salp swarm algorithm called NCSSA is presented to solve this problem. In NCSSA, multi-perspective initialization strategy, Newton interpolation inertia weight, improved followers' update model and cosine opposition-based learning (COBL) are proposed. In the majority of the SI algorithm-based FS method, the initial search agents are randomly generated or using a single filter method. However, a single filter method has different performance on various datasets. Therefore, a multi-perspective initialization strategy based on minimal redundancy maximal relevance (MRMR) and ReliefF is proposed, which can select the optimal subsets from different perspectives. Furthermore, Newton interpolation inertia weight is presented to balance the algorithm's exploration and exploitation. Compare with the existing inertia weights, the adjustment flexibility of the proposed inertia weight is enhanced. Additionally, the followers update their positions according to the values of ReliefF and MRMR, which can make full use of the relationship between data and labels. Finally, the COBL is introduced to accelerate the convergence rate and helps the algorithm jump out of the local best solutions. The COBL is better than opposition-based learning (OBL) in terms of randomness, and considers the characteristics of the FS problem. The proposed NCSSA is compared to a series of non-SI-based methods and SI-based methods employing the standard datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. Experimental results show that the NCSSA is a promising algorithm for the FS problem. The contribution analysis of each strategy indicates that the COBL is the most effective strategy in improving the SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO plays a crucial role as an intermediate in electrochemical CO2conversion to generate multicarbon (C2+) products. However, optimizing the coverage of the CO intermediate (*CO) to improve the selectivity of C2+products remains a great challenge. Here, we designed a hierarchically structured double hollow spherical nanoreactor featuring atomically dispersed nickel (Ni) atoms as the core and copper (Cu) nanoparticles as the shell, which can greatly improve the catalytic activity and selectivity for C2+compounds. Within this configuration, CO generated at the active Ni sites on the inner layer accumulates in the cavity before spilling over neighboring Cu sites on the outer layer, thus enhancing CO dimerization within the cavity. Notably, this setup achieves a sustained faradaic efficiency of 74.4% for C2+production, with partial current densities reaching 337.4 mA cm–2. In situ Raman spectroscopy and finite-element method (FEM) simulations demonstrate that the designed local CO generator can effectively increase the local CO concentration and restrict CO evolution, ultimately boosting C–C coupling. The hierarchically ordered architectural design represents a promising solution for achieving highly selective C2+compound production in the electroreduction of CO2.

To investigate the potential role of Ribosomal protein L35 (RPL35) in regulating chondrocyte catabolic metabolism and to examine whether osteoarthritis (OA) progression can be delayed by overexpressing RPL35 in a mouse compression loading model.

This paper studies a new integrated product development (IPD) process at an automobile parts company. The process includes benchmarking and offers four optimization strategies for the new product development process: (1) re-structuring the new product development organization astraddle department teams, (2) reshaping the new product development and selection process already at the planning and conceptual design stages, (3) optimizing the design review process at the engineering stage, and (4) establishing a product development team with large project manager responsibilities in the industrialization stage so as to give full play to the guiding role of expert resources. This paper can help enhance the competitiveness of domestic auto parts enterprises compared to leading foreign auto parts enterprises.

Wireless capsule robot technology is promising because it is minimally invasive. Magnetically guided capsule robots, in particular, have garnered significant attention because they allow for noninvasive or less invasive remote control of endoscopes within the body. However, miniaturizing capsule robots remains a challenge, especially for applications within the urinary system. This article proposed a novel teardrop-shaped magnetically guided capsule robot, which has several salient features. First, a coupled design strategy was implemented for the actuator and body, reducing the overall size of the device. Second, a bio-inspired teardrop shape was utilized in the design to minimize resistance (RES) as the robot moves within the body, with the design process supported by the finite element analysis, regression model, and the Taguchi robust design technique. Third, a special 3-D printing method was employed to fabricate a prototype of the robot, taking advantage of its capability to print micro/nanometer features. An in vitro experiment was conducted to validate the effectiveness and potential of the capsule robot system.

Hydrogels, a class of highly hydrated materials mimicking the extracellular matrix, offer tunable mechanical properties and serve as versatile platforms for functionalization, which have been used for wound dressing to prevent infection and fluid loss. However, their inherent moisture evaporation hampers both storage stability and service life in practical applications. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as a category of eco-friendly solvents, exhibit low vapor pressure, good conductivity, biodegradability, non-flammability, and affordability. Eutectogels using DESs as a solvent not only retain the mechanical strength and functionality of hydrogel systems but also circumvent the limitations imposed by water evaporation in conventional hydrogels, which presents a promising direction and material framework for more personalized and efficacious wound management strategies. In this study, we have successfully synthesized a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent composed of glycerol, zinc chloride, and choline chloride, and subsequently incorporated polymerizable double bonds to fabricate an eco-friendly, antimicrobial-sensing eutectogel. This gel possesses a unique combination of high mechanical strength, universal adhesion capabilities, persistent bactericidal activity, superior sensing properties, and excellent biocompatibility. Its potential application as a wound dressing was explored, with results demonstrating the ability of eutectogel to accelerate wound healing and prevent bacterial colonization at the wound site. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and a promising material platform for the development of next-generation intelligent wound dressings.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body, and the physical and chemical factors from which human skin suffers make the human body prone to allergic and inflammatory reactions. The animal testing that has been used to evaluate the skin toxicity of drug and cosmetic ingredients in the past has been faced with increasing calls for its abolition. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for in vitro testing methods that can evaluate their efficacy, such as for anti-inflammation, etc. In this paper, a simple skin-on-a-chip coupled with a rapid multiplex immunodetection system for inflammatory cytokine detection is proposed. This platform can be used to quickly screen cosmetic ingredients and drugs.

Human limbs emerge during the fourth post-conception week as mesenchymal buds, which develop into fully formed limbs over the subsequent months1. This process is orchestrated by numerous temporally and spatially restricted gene expression programmes, making congenital alterations in phenotype common2. Decades of work with model organisms have defined the fundamental mechanisms underlying vertebrate limb development, but an in-depth characterization of this process in humans has yet to be performed. Here we detail human embryonic limb development across space and time using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. We demonstrate extensive diversification of cells from a few multipotent progenitors to myriad differentiated cell states, including several novel cell populations. We uncover two waves of human muscle development, each characterized by different cell states regulated by separate gene expression programmes, and identify musculin (MSC) as a key transcriptional repressor maintaining muscle stem cell identity. Through assembly of multiple anatomically continuous spatial transcriptomic samples using VisiumStitcher, we map cells across a sagittal section of a whole fetal hindlimb. We reveal a clear anatomical segregation between genes linked to brachydactyly and polysyndactyly, and uncover transcriptionally and spatially distinct populations of the mesenchyme in the autopod. Finally, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing on mouse embryonic limbs to facilitate cross-species developmental comparison, finding substantial homology between the two species.

After decades of investigation, point cloud registration is still a challenging task in practice, especially when the correspondences are contaminated by a large number of outliers. It may result in a rapidly decreasing probability of generating a hypothesis close to the true transformation, leading to the failure of point cloud registration. To tackle this problem, we propose a transformation estimation method, named Hunter, for robust point cloud registration with severe outliers. The core of Hunter is to design a global-to-local exploration scheme to robustly find the correct correspondences. The global exploration aims to exploit guided sampling to generate promising initial alignments. To this end, a hypergraph-based consistency reasoning module is introduced to learn the high-order consistency among correct correspondences, which is able to yield a more distinct inlier cluster that facilitates the generation of all-inlier hypotheses. Moreover, we propose a preference-based local exploration module that exploits the preference information of top-$k$k promising hypotheses to find a better transformation. This module can efficiently obtain multiple reliable transformation hypotheses by using a multi-initialization searching strategy. Finally, we present a distance-angle based hypothesis selection criterion to choose the most reliable transformation, which can avoid selecting symmetrically aligned false transformations. Experimental results on simulated, indoor, and outdoor datasets, demonstrate that Hunter can achieve significant superiority over the state-of-the-art methods, including both learning-based and traditional methods (as shown in Fig. 1). Moreover, experimental results also indicate that Hunter can achieve more stable performance compared with all other methods with severe outliers.

The violent swing of the pantograph deteriorates the contact status of the pantograph and catenary system (PCS) and seriously threatens the operation security of high-speed trains. Currently, video surveillance is commonly used for pantograph pose monitoring. Due to complex weather conditions of illumination change, occlusion, and background interference on the roof, achieving effective real-time high-precision attitude measurement remains challenging. Therefore, this study proposes a deep-learning-based 3-D measurement method. First, an accurate end-to-end pantograph keypoint location network (PKLNet) is proposed to position image coordinates of the keypoints. In PKLNet, local and global contexts are integrated by an improved Transformer encoder to solve the common interference and occlusion. Differentiable numerical regression (DNR) is performed to realize an accurate coordinate regression of the keypoints. Second, the keypoint positioning is used to overcome the interference of the complex background to extract the edge, and an edge shape algorithm is employed to optimize the pose. If the edge extraction fails, the perspective- ${n}$ -point (PnP) of the keypoints is carried out for pose calculation. Evaluation of practical image sequences indicates that the average precision at PCKp@0.03 is 96%. An attitude accuracy experiment further confirms that the optimized attitude root mean squared error (RMSE) is less than 0.35° and the average speed is 36.2 frames/s, fulfilling the strict requirement of pantograph attitude measurement.

In orthodontic treatment, orthodontic appliances are prone to bacterial infections, which pose a risk to oral health. Surface modification of orthodontic appliances has been explored to improve their antifouling properties and impart antibacterial capabilities, inhibiting initial bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. However, coatings are susceptible to damage in the complex oral environment, leading to a loss of functionality. Here, we have prepared an antifouling self-healing coating based on supramolecular bonding by employing a simple spin coating method. The presence of the hydrophilic zwitterionic trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and the hydrophobic antimicrobial moieties triclosan acrylate (TCSA) imparts to the polymers an amphiphilic structure and enhances the interaction with bacteria, resulting in excellent antimicrobial activity and surface antifouling properties. The multiple hydrogen bonds of ureido-pyrimidinone methacrylate (UPyMA) and ionic interactions contained in the polymers not only increased the adhesion of the coating to the material substrate (approximately 3 times) but also endowed the coating with the intrinsic self-healing ability to restore the antibiofouling properties at oral temperature and humidity. Finally, the polymer coating is biologically safe both in vitroand in vivo, showing no cytotoxic effects on cells and tissues. This research offers a promising avenue for improving the performance of orthodontic appliances and contributes to the maintenance and treatment of oral health.

The major challenge of current strapdown inertial navigation system/celestial navigation system (SINS/RCNS) is failing to calibrate all the error coefficients of gyro and star sensor in-flight accurately, which will lead to the attitude accuracy degradation. To address this question, this paper proposes an optimal calibration method based on observability analysis. Here, we derive the star sensor measurement model with respect to initial alignment errors, gyro errors, and star sensor installation errors. And the observability analysis is employed to explain the reason why all the error coefficients can be estimated effectively by three maneuvers merely. Finally, the optimal observation sequence is determined based on the fisher information matrix (FIM). The proposed optimal calibration method is evaluated by a representative suborbital flight vehicle trajectory, which represents significant improvements in estimation accuracy of error coefficients, and realizes the attitude accuracy enhancements.

Aging biomarkers are a combination of biological parameters to (i) assess age-related changes, (ii) track the physiological aging process, and (iii) predict the transition into a pathological status. Although a broad spectrum of aging biomarkers has been developed, their potential uses and limitations remain poorly characterized. An immediate goal of biomarkers is to help us answer the following three fundamental questions in aging research: How old are we? Why do we get old? And how can we age slower? This review aims to address this need. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of biomarkers developed for cellular, organ, and organismal levels of aging, comprising six pillars: physiological characteristics, medical imaging, histological features, cellular alterations, molecular changes, and secretory factors. To fulfill all these requisites, we propose that aging biomarkers should qualify for being specific, systemic, and clinically relevant.

In clinical practice, we noticed that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients had higher shear-wave elasticity (SWE) stiffness than non-TNBC patients and a higher α-SMA expression was found in TNBC tissues than the non-TNBC tissues. Moreover, SWE stiffness also shows a clear correlation to neoadjuvant response efficiency. To elaborate this phenomenon, TNBC cell membrane-modified polylactide acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle was fabricated to specifically deliver artesunate to regulate SWE stiffness through inhibiting CAFs functional status. As tested in MDA-MB-231 and E0771 orthotopic tumor models, CAFs functional status inhibited by 231M-ARS@PLGA nanoparticles (231M-AP NPs) had reduced the SWE stiffness as well as attenuated hypoxia of tumor as tumor soil loosening agent which amplified the antitumor effects of paclitaxel and PD1 inhibitor. Single-cell sequencing indicated that the two main CAFs (extracellular matrix and wound healing CAFs) that produces extracellular matrix could influence the tumor SWE stiffness as well as the antitumor effect of drugs. Further, biomimetic nanoparticles inhibited CAFs function could attenuate tumor hypoxia by increasing proportion of inflammatory blood vessels and oxygen transport capacity. Therefore, our finding is fundamental for understanding the role of CAFs on affecting SWE stiffness and drugs antitumor effects, which can be further implied in the potential clinical theranostic predicting in neoadjuvant therapy efficacy through non-invasive analyzing of SWE imaging.

Through the use of the independently developed Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Observation System (TEROS), observation experiments of rocket-triggered lightning energetic radiation (RLER) were conducted for the first time at the Field Experiment Base on Lightning Sciences, China Meteorological Administration from May 2021 to July 2021. A total of 17 X-ray bursts were detected during all of the 22 leader/return strokes. In this study, the energy, time, and direction characteristics of X-ray burst and its relationships with the corresponding discharge parameters, such as the return stroke peak current, half-peak width, rise time, and interstroke time interval, as well as the associated physical processes, are analyzed and discussed. Results showed that energetic radiation is ubiquitous in triggered lightning and is closely related to the last downward leader phase before the return stroke. The photon energies were concentrated in tens to hundreds of keV, and the average duration of RLER was approximately 27 µs. Moreover, RLER exhibited directional property inconsistent with a vertical downward beam, which may be related to the development orientation of the lightning leader. The intensity of RLER was positively correlated with the return stroke peak current, indicating that it directly depends on the lightning intensity, but it would be modulated by the lightning channel conditions. The 17 RLER events showed 3 different time distribution patterns, namely, discrete, continuous, and discrete/continuous pulses, of which the discharge parameters were also different. The discrete pulse event had the longest duration, a small half-peak width, and a long interstroke time interval. Furthermore, all of these events occurred during the last several leader/return strokes. The continuous pulse event had a short duration and a small peak current. The discrete/continuous pulse event had a moderate duration and a large half-peak width and peak current. These three distinct time distribution patterns may be determined by different development types of lightning leaders. Our observations support the leader high-field runaway mechanism.

Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) are high-energy emissions in thunderstorms that were discovered first by satellite-based and then by ground-based gamma-ray detectors with photon energy up to tens of MeV. TGFs are a natural high-energy phenomenon associated with lightning discharges that frequently occur during thunderstorms. However, their production mechanisms and associated processes are still unclear. TGF studies have already been a research spotlight in the atmospheric electricity and high-energy atmosphere research areas. In this paper, we review recent research progresses on TGF studies in the past decade, including TGF detection, the relationship between TGFs and lightning processes, and thunderstorm activities. Several unsolved important scientific questions are discussed. Results suggest that upward TGFs observed by satellite-based detectors are closely connected with the development of in-cloud upward negative leaders. They are usually generated in milliseconds of the initiation of upward negative leaders and may produce a kind of distinct radio emissions because of the generation and propagation of huge amounts of high-energy electrons. By contrast, its counterpart, i.e., downward TGFs observed by ground-based gamma-ray detectors, is associated with different types of lightning processes, such as downward negative or upward positive leaders, the initial continuing current stage of rocket-triggered lightning flashes return stroke processes. Because of limited observations, how these downward TGFs are generated is still unclear. Benefiting from the development of state-of-the-art instruments with high temporal and spatial resolutions, new insights into the processes and mechanisms of TGFs will be achieved with coordinated observations from satellite-based and ground-based measurements.

Reforming of methanol is one of the most favorable chemical processes for on-board H2production, which alleviates the limitation of H2storage and transportation. The most important catalytic systems for methanol reacting with water are interfacial catalysts including metal/metal oxide and metal/carbide. Nevertheless, the assessment on the reaction mechanism and active sites of these interfacial catalysts are still controversial. In this work, by spectroscopic, kinetic, and isotopic investigations, we established a compact cascade reaction model (ca. the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model) to describe the methanol and water activation over Pt/NiAl2O4. We show here that reforming of methanol experiences methanol dehydrogenation followed by water–gas shift reaction (WGS), in which two separated kinetically relevant steps have been identified, that is, C–H bond rupture within methoxyl adsorbed on interface sites and O–H bond rupture within OlH (Ol: oxygen-filled surface vacancy), respectively. In addition, these two reactions were primarily determined by the most abundant surface intermediates, which were methoxyl and CO species adsorbed on NiAl2O4and Pt, respectively. More importantly, the excellent reaction performance benefits from the following bidirectional spillover of methoxyl and CO species since the interface and the vacancies on the support were considered as the real active component in methanol dehydrogenation and the WGS reaction, respectively. These findings provide deep insight into the reaction process as well as the active component during catalysis, which may guide the design of new catalytic systems.

Multilabel feature selection (MFS) has received widespread attention in various big data applications. However, most of the existing methods either explicitly or implicitly assume that all labels are given in advance before feature selection starts; or that all labels are independent. In fact, in many practical applications, the available labels usually arrive dynamically, and they may be interdependent with each other. Moreover, labels may be generated dynamically in a minibatch manner, which makes it more difficult to explore label dependency. In this article, we propose a novel fuzzy mutual information-based multilabel feature selection approach MSDS, which is able to solve single streaming label, minibatch streaming labels, and exploit label dependency simultaneously. In specific, we first promote fuzzy mutual information to be suitable for multilabel learning. This model can effectively consider the relationship between two labels, and has good applicability for measuring the relationship between multiple labels. Then, we analyze feature relevance and feature redundancy based on the combination of label dependency and streaming labels, which helps to facilitate the selection of high-quality feature subsets. Finally, a feature conversion is designed to fuse the representative features of new arrival streaming labels. Comprehensive experiments on twelve multilabel datasets clearly reveal the superiority of the proposed method against two streaming labels based algorithms and five state-of-the-art static label space based algorithms.

With the increasing demands for high-accuracy autonomous navigation, the integrated strapdown inertial navigation system and refractive celestial navigation system (SINS/ RCNS) have received close attention. Aided by stellar refraction information, it can correct position and velocity errors. However, atmospheric density error is a critical element that restricts the accuracy of SINS/RCNS. To solve this problem, this article proposes a novel tightly-coupled method. In this scheme, the atmospheric density error is estimated and compensated to accommodate for the unknown model perturbation. Additionally, a tight integration model based on star pixel coordinates is derived to handle the time-varying measurement noise. The proposed method is evaluated by representative suborbital flight vehicle navigation simulations, and the results indicate that the introduction of atmospheric density error compensation can improve navigation accuracy without adding extra sensors and enhance performance.

In this focus article, we provide a scrutinizing analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) as the two common methods to study the sizes of nanoparticles with focus on the application in pharmaceutics and drug delivery. Control over the size and shape of nanoparticles is one of the key factors for many biomedical systems. Particle size will substantially affect their permeation through biological membranes. For example, an enhanced permeation and retention effect requires a very narrow range of sizes of nanoparticles (50–200 nm) and even a minor deviation from these values will substantially affect the delivery of drug nanocarriers to the tumour. However, amazingly a great number of research papers in pharmaceutics and drug delivery report a striking difference in nanoparticle size measured by the two most popular experimental techniques (TEM and DLS). In some cases, this difference was reported to be 200–300%, raising the question of which size measurement result is more trustworthy. In this focus article, we primarily focus on the physical aspects that are responsible for the routinely observed mismatch between TEM and DLS results. Some of these factors such as concentration and angle dependencies are commonly underestimated and misinterpreted. We convincingly show that correctly used experimental procedures and a thorough analysis of results generated using both methods can eliminate the DLS and TEM data mismatch completely or will make the results much closer to each other. Also, we provide a clear roadmap for drug delivery and pharmaceutical researchers to conduct reliable DLS measurements.

All-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) quantum dots (QDs) with high photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency have been reported as ideal gain materials for high-performance lasers. Nevertheless, isolated CsPbBr3QDs have not achieved lasing emission (LE) due to finite absorption cross-section. Here, we demonstrate continuous-wave lasing of isolated CsPbBr3QDs embedded in a microcavity. Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), together with isolated CsPbBr3QDs in a polymer matrix, are introduced to construct a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), which exhibits stable single-mode lasing emissions with an ultra-low threshold of 8.8 W cm−2and a high Qfactor of 1787. Such perovskite-based microcavity structures sustain highly stable excitons at room temperature and can provide an excellent experimental platform to further study the single-particle nano-lasers and quantum physics frontiers such as exciton–polariton condensation, single-photon emission, and optical quantum communication.

The Chang'E-6 (CE-6) mission successfully achieved return of the first samples from the far side of the Moon. The sampling site of CE-6 is located in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin—the largest, deepest and oldest impact basin on the Moon. The 1935.3 g of CE-6 lunar samples exhibit distinct characteristics compared with previous lunar samples. This study analyses the physical, mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical properties of CE-6 lunar scooped samples. The CE-6 soil has a significantly lower bulk density (0.983 g/cm3) and true density (3.035 g/cm3) than the Chang'E-5 (CE-5) samples. The grain size of the CE-6 soil exhibits a bimodal distribution, indicating a mixture of different compositions. Mineralogically, the CE-6 soil consists of 32.6% plagioclase (anorthite and bytownite), 19.7% augite, 10% pigeonite and 3.6% orthopyroxene, and with low content of olivine (0.5%) but high content of amorphous glass (29.4%). Geochemically, the bulk composition of CE-6 soil is rich in Al2O3(14%) and CaO (12%) but low in FeO (17%), and trace elements of CE-6 soil such as K (∼630 ppm), U (0.26 ppm), Th (0.92 ppm) and rare-earth elements are significantly lower than those of the lunar soils within the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. The local basalts are characterized by low-Ti (TiO2, 5.08%), low-Al (Al2O39.85%) and low-K (∼830 ppm), features suggesting that the CE-6 soil is a mixture of local basalts and non-basaltic ejecta. The returned CE-6 sample contains diverse lithic fragments, including local mare basalt, breccia, agglutinate, glasses and leucocrate. These local mare basalts document the volcanic history of the lunar far side, while the non-basaltic fragments may offer critical insights into the lunar highland crust, SPA impact melts and potentially the deep lunar mantle, making these samples highly significant for scientific research.

The multi-pass fillet welds of casing pipe were welded onto the in-service pipeline, which is widely used in pipeline repairs. However, the residual stress of repairing welded joints is larger, and it is easy to cause cracks in the heat-affected zone. In this paper, the local heat treatment was used to adjust the residual stress of the repaired welded joint of the in-service pipeline. The results show that the local heat treatment is very useful for reducing the residual stress of the repair welding joint of the in-service pipeline.

A fast matrix generation method based on correlations is proposed for the pseudospectral method (PSM) to solve the entry trajectory optimization problem. First, the optimization problem is analyzed to obtain some assumptions of performance indicators and constraints. Then, the chain rule and correlations among the variables are used to simplify the gradient calculations, resulting in a fast generation method for the gradient vector. Meanwhile, based on the previous assumptions, a fast generation method for the Jacobi matrix is derived semi-analytically using the correlation information among the variables. Finally, the trajectory optimization problem is studied using a typical aircraft. The results are verified via comparisons with the well-known GPOPS II software. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed method in terms of the computational efficiency is demonstrated by comparing the relevant time indexes. The performance of the proposed method in calculating the Jacobian matrix and gradient matches that of the GPOPS, combined with a relatively short solution time.

ZrC, HfC, and ZrC/ZrxSiycomposite ceramic coatings were prepared on the surface of carbon-matrix composites via molten salt solid–liquid two-phase diffusion to improve the ablation resistance of the C/C composites. The preparation of the coating composition could be controlled by using different powders. The effects of temperature and holding time on the microstructures of ZrC coatings and their variation laws were studied. Results showed that the ZrC coating density increased with temperature and holding time. At a holding time of 16 h, the growth of the ZrC coating was slow. The volatilization of SiO2caused loose ZrO2to splash. Moreover, the Si content was found to affect the ablation performance of the ZrC/ZrxSiycomposite ceramic coatings, and the ablation mechanism was studied. The ZrC, HfC, and ZrC/ZrxSiycomposite ceramic coatings exhibited good ablation properties. The ablation rates of the ZrC and HfC coatings were 0.805 and 0.715 mg/s, respectively, after oxyacetylene flame ablation at 3000 °C for 60 s.

ABSTRACTIntroductionGene therapy is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice, giving hope for the correction of a wide range of human diseases and defects. The CRISPR/Cas9 system, consisting of the Cas9 nuclease and single-guide RNA (sgRNA), has revolutionized the field of gene editing. However, efficiently delivering the CRISPR-Cas9 to the target organ or cell remains a significant challenge. In recent years, with rapid advances in nanoscience, materials science, and medicine, researchers have developed various technologies that can deliver CRISPR-Cas9 in different forms for in vitroand in vivogene editing. Here, we review the development of the CRISPR-Cas9 and describe the delivery forms and the vectors that have emerged in CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, summarizing the key barriers and the promising strategies that vectors currently face in delivering the CRISPR-Cas9.Areas coveredWith the rapid development of CRISPR-Cas9, delivery methods are becoming increasingly important in the in vivodelivery of CRISPR-Cas9.Expert opinionCRISPR-Cas9 is becoming increasingly common in clinical trials. However, the complex nuclease and protease environment is a tremendous challenge for in vivoclinical applications. Therefore, the development of delivery methods is highly likely to take the application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to another level.

This study presents a case of Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma arising in the cervical esophagus of a 36-year-old woman who presented with cervical mass and dysphagia. Imaging studies demonstrated a well-defined, cystic-solid mass in the neck extending into the upper mediastinum, which results in deviation of the trachea and esophagus. The relationship between the tumor and the cervical esophagus was found in the operation. The patient underwent localized tumor resection without radical esophagectomy. The accurate diagnosis was obtained by the immunohistochemistry and molecular genetic assay. Although this is a rare site for this type of tumor to occur, extraosseous Ewing sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors of the cervical esophagus. The postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy are of great value in improving the prognosis of cervical esophageal Ewing sarcoma.

A ring Ris said to have stable range one if for any a,x∈R, there exists a t∈Rsuch that a+(1-ax)t=uis a unit of R. A nonsingular matrix SW(X,Y)is constructed over such ring. Consequently for any A∈Cn×n, X∈A{2}, it is proved that for any matrix B,C∗with full column rank satisfying R(B)=N(X)and N(C)=R(X), ABC0-1=XGB(CB)-1(CB)-1C-(CB)-1CAB(CB)-1for some matrix Gif and only if AX=XA2Xand there is a nonsingular matrix Wsuch that AXW=AXAand W(In-XA)=UQWYfor some nonsingular matrix QW, where In-AX=UYis a full rank factorization. And Gcould be any solution of the equation G(In-AX)=(In-XA). For X∈{Ad,A†,Aow}, Aand Xsatisfy this equivalent condition. Besides, AUY0-1=XGUY-YAU.

Mechanical overloading and aging are two essential factors for osteoarthritis (OA) development. Mitochondria have been identified as a mechano-transducer situated between extracellular mechanical signals and chondrocyte biology, but their roles and the associated mechanisms in mechanical stress-associated chondrocyte senescence and OA have not been elucidated. Herein, we found that PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1), one of the PDZ proteins, which belongs to the Na+/H+Exchanger (NHE) regulatory factor family, is a key factor in biomechanically induced mitochondrial dysfunction and chondrocyte senescence during OA progression. PDZK1 is reduced by mechanical overload, and is diminished in the articular cartilage of OA patients, aged mice and OA mice. Pdzk1knockout in chondrocytes exacerbates mechanical overload-induced cartilage degeneration, whereas intraarticular injection of adeno-associated virus-expressing PDZK1 had a therapeutic effect. Moreover, PDZK1 loss impaired chondrocyte mitochondrial function with accumulated damaged mitochondria, decreased mitochondrion DNA (mtDNA) content and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PDZK1 supplementation or mitoubiquinone (MitoQ) application alleviated chondrocyte senescence and cartilage degeneration and significantly protected chondrocyte mitochondrial functions. MRNA sequencing in articular cartilage from Pdzk1knockout mice and controls showed that PDZK1 deficiency in chondrocytes interfered with mitochondrial function through inhibiting Hmgcs2 by increasing its ubiquitination. Our results suggested that PDZK1 deficiency plays a crucial role in mediating excessive mechanical load-induced chondrocyte senescence and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. PDZK1 overexpression or preservation of mitochondrial functions by MitoQ might present a new therapeutic approach for mechanical overload-induced OA.

Derived from silica photonic crystals, inverse opal microspheres have a regularly connected porous structure and inherit structural color properties.Combined with the stable scaffold and the photothermal phase-transition of the secondary filling material, the inverse opal composite microspheres are endowed with self-healing properties and the ability for controllable drug release.Inverse opal microspheres were significantly treated for diabetic wound, via promoting tissue regeneration, collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, the release of drugs could be monitored by the structural color characteristic.

The Netherlands‐China Low‐Frequency Explorer (NCLE) (Boonstra et al., 2017, https://www.ursi.org/proceedings/procGA17/papers/Paper_J19‐2(1603).pdf; Chen et al., 2020, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AAS…23610203C/abstract) is a radio instrument for astrophysical studies in the low‐frequency range (80 kHz–80 MHz). As a technology demonstrator, NCLE shall inform the design of future radio receivers that aim at low‐frequency radio astronomy. NCLE can make observations at very high spectral resolution (<1 kHz) and generate radio sky maps at an angular resolution of ≈1.5 radians. NCLE uses three monopole antennas, each 5 m long, and three identical analog signal chains to process the signal from each antenna. A single digital receiver samples the signal and calculates the auto‐correlated and cross‐correlated spectra. The instrument's analog and digital signal chains are extensively configurable. They can be fine‐tuned to produce broadband spectra covering the instrument's complete operating frequency range or sub‐bands. NCLE was developed within a veryshort timescale of 2 years, and currently, it is on board Queqiao, the relay spacecraft of the Chang'e‐ 4 mission, in a halo orbit around the Earth‐Moon L2 point. This paper outlines the science cases, instrument architecture with focus on the signal chain, and discusses the laboratory measurements during the pre‐launch phase. Radio observations from the Moon at very low frequenciesRadio instrument technology demonstration for future lunar observatory and interferometryRadio receiver design for low‐frequency observation Radio observations from the Moon at very low frequencies Radio instrument technology demonstration for future lunar observatory and interferometry Radio receiver design for low‐frequency observation

Accurate snow phenology detection, including snow cover days (SCD), snow start date (SSD), and snow end date (SED), is increasingly important for understanding mountain hydrology such as snow heterogeneity and snowmelt seasonality. Multiple cloud‐free daily snow cover products have recently been developed in China, employing diverse retrieval algorithms and cloud‐gap‐filling methods, resulting in varying accuracy levels. However, comprehensive analysis of differences among products and their impact on snow phenology detection is lacking. This study systematically evaluates eight state‐of‐the‐art snow cover products in China, focusing on the challenging Tibetan Plateau (TP). We introduce a novel metric, the consistency‐weighted correlation coefficient (CWR), customized for SSD and SED detection, and propose product‐combining schemes like “ensemble voting” and “sensor preference” to enhance reliability. Our findings highlight the prime influence of retrieval algorithms under clear‐sky conditions on accuracy, surpassing the importance of cloud‐gap‐filling methods. Specifically, a product optimizing normalized difference snow index thresholds for diverse landcover types consistently outperforms others in detecting all three snow phenology parameters, with correlation coefficients for SCD of 0.82 and 0.69, and CWR values for SSD of 0.54 and 0.40, and for SED of 0.53 and 0.37 in both China and the TP, respectively. Moreover, our proposed scheme combining three high‐accuracy products significantly enhances snow cover identification and SCD detection, especially when the best‐performing product alone faces substantial uncertainty. These findings provide immediate, crucial implications for optimizing the use of multiple cloud‐free products to enhance snow phenology detection, ultimately advancing the applicability of derived snow parameters in mountain hydrology research. Performances of eight state‐of‐the‐art cloud‐free products and their combinations in detecting snow phenology parameters are evaluatedImpacts of retrieval algorithm, cloud‐gap‐filling method, and sensor differences are considered for analyzing products' accuracy differencesProposed scheme combining three high‐accuracy products notably enhances snow cover days detection but including less accurate ones degrades Performances of eight state‐of‐the‐art cloud‐free products and their combinations in detecting snow phenology parameters are evaluated Impacts of retrieval algorithm, cloud‐gap‐filling method, and sensor differences are considered for analyzing products' accuracy differences Proposed scheme combining three high‐accuracy products notably enhances snow cover days detection but including less accurate ones degrades

• Ti 5 Si 3 with two-scale network architecture was introduced into Ti-4Mo composite. • The composite displays superior oxidation resistance up to 800 °C. • A multi-component surface layer in-situ formed during oxidation. • The adhesion performance of the oxide layer was investigated. • The formation and protection mechanisms of the oxide layer were investigated. There is keen interest in using Ti alloys as lightweight structural materials for aerospace and automotive industries. However, a long-standing problem for these materials is their poor oxidation resistance. Herein, we designed and fabricated a Ti 5 Si 3 reinforced Ti-4(wt.%)Mo composite with two-scale network architecture by low energy milling and spark plasma sintering. It displays superior oxidation resistance at 800 °C owing to the in-situ formation of a multi-component surface layer. This oxide layer has a dense grain size gradient structure that consists of an outer TiO 2 layer and an inner SiO 2 -padding-TiO 2 layer, which has remarkable oxidation resistance and thermal stability. Furthermore, it was revealed that the hitherto unknown interaction between Ti 5 Si 3 reinforcement and nitrogen during oxidation would contribute to the formation of a TiN nano-twin interface layer, which accommodates the thermal mismatch strain between the oxide layer and matrix. This, along with high adhesion, confers excellent thermal cycling life with no cracking or spallation during long-term oxidation. In this regard, the secure operating temperature of this new composite can be increased to 800 °C, which provides a design pathway for a new family of Ti matrix composites for high-temperature applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, “Z-pins like” M-MC1-x(M = Zr, Hf) gradient cermet rods were prepared by the carbon diffusion in situ reaction method, and the effects of different heat treatment temperatures on the microstructure of MC layers in “Z-pins like” M-MC1-xgradient cermet rods and the ablation behavior of “Z-pins like” M-MC1-xgradient cermet rods were investigated. The results showed that “Z-pins like” M-MC1-x(M = Zr, Hf) gradient cermet rods formed gradient MC layer after heat treatment, and the thickness of MC layer increased with the increase of heat treatment temperature, and the in situ reaction method improved the bonding conditions of different phase interfaces. The ablation performance of “Z-pins like” M-MC1-xcermet rods was good. After ablation, the “Z-pins like” M-MC1-xcermet rods formed multilayer structure inside, from the surface oxide layer to the substrate: partially molten MO2layer, loose MO2skeleton, MO2layer formed by a large number of nanoscale microcrystalline aggregates, dense MCxOylayer and unoxidized MC1-xand M-MC1-xeutectic phases.