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N-pentanol can be used as an additive component of biodiesel to achieve NOxand soot emission reductions while improving the low-temperature fluidity of biodiesel. This paper investigates the mechanism of pre-injection strategies (pre-main injection interval and pre-injection ratio) on the emission characteristics of n-pentanol/biodiesel engines. It extends the study to investigate the effect pattern of pre-injection strategies on formaldehyde emissions. The results show that the emission characteristics of the n-pentanol/biodiesel engine can be effectively improved by using a pre-injection strategy compared to a single injection. With the pre-main injection interval increase, the in-cylinder combustion stability was improved, and the generation of NOxand soot was effectively suppressed. Compared to a single injection, a pre-main injection interval of 15 °CA resulted in a 15.38 % decrease in CA50 and an 18.32 % increase in IMEP. Meanwhile, the increase of the pre-main spray interval broke the trade-off relationship between NOxand soot, and when the main pre-spray interval was increased from 15 °CA to 30 °CA, Soot and NOxgeneration were reduced by 27.46 % and 21.30 %, respectively. As the proportion of pre-injection increases, the center of gravity of combustion is shifted forward, the combustion exotherm is more concentrated, and the soot emission is significantly reduced. When the percentage of pre-spray was increased from 0 % to 20 %, CA50 decreased by 19.23 %, IMEP increased by 1.32 %, and soot generation decreased by 61.02 %. When the proportion of pre-spray was increased from 15 % to 20 %, CH2O emissions were reduced by 14.81 %.

The debate surrounding defect research in ZnO has significantly hindered its widespread application. The specific transitions and origins of deep-level emissions, such as green luminescence (GL, peaking at 2.45 eV) and yellow luminescence (YL, peaking at 2.16 eV), remain unresolved. Traditional energy band models often mistakenly correlate emission peak energies with transition energy levels, neglecting lattice relaxation effects in deep-level transitions, which complicates the identification of defect origins. By combining the configuration coordinate diagram with first-principles calculations, the transitions between two charged states of zinc vacancies are illustrated. The GL and YL can be attributed to the thermodynamic transitions between these two charge states (−1/0) and (−2/–1) of zinc vacancies, respectively. Furthermore, this assignment coherently explains abnormal phenomena observed in photoluminescence, such as negative thermal activation energy, blue shift with temperature, and subthreshold excitation. These findings not only shed light on the origins of typical deep-level emissions but also provide new insights into the characteristics and transition processes of defect luminescence.

We demonstrate that the β-polymorph of zinc dicyanamide, Zn[N(CN)2]2, can be efficiently used as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Zn[N(CN)2]2exhibits an unconventional increased capacity upon cycling with a maximum capacity of about 650 mAh·g–1after 250 cycles at 0.5C, an increase of almost 250%, and then maintaining a large reversible capacity of more than 600 mAh·g–1for 150 cycles. Such an increased capacity is primarily attributed to the increased level of activity in the conversion reaction. A combination of conversion-type and alloy-type mechanisms is revealed in this anode material via advanced characterization studies and theoretical calculations. This mechanism, observed here for the first time in transition-metal dicyanamides, is probably responsible for the outstanding electrochemical performance. We believe that this study guides the development of new high-capacity anode materials.

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Better soil structure promotes extension of plant roots thereby improving plant growth and yield. Differences in soil structure can be determined by changes in the three phases of soil, which in turn affect soil function and fertility levels. To compare the quality of soil structure under different conditions, we used Generalized Soil Structure Index (GSSI) as an indicator to determine the relationship between the “input” of soil three phases and the “output” of soil structure. To achieve optimum monitoring of comprehensive indicators, we used Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) for differential processing based on 0.0–2.0 fractional orders and 3.0–10.0 integer orders and select important wavelengths to process soil spectral data. In addition, we also applied multivariate regression learning models including Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), exploring potential capabilities of hyperspectral in predicting GSSI. The results showed that spectral reflection, mainly contributed by long-wave near-infrared radiation had an inverse relationship with GSSI values. The wavelengths between 404-418 nm and 2193–2400 nm were important GSSI wavelengths in fractional differential spectroscopy data, while those ranging from 543 to 999 nm were important GSSI wavelengths in integer differential spectroscopy data. Also, non-linear models were more accurate than linear models. In addition, wide neural networks were best suited for establishing fractional-order differentiation and second-order differentiation models, while fine Gaussian support vector machines were best suited for establishing first-order differentiation models. In terms of preprocessing, a differential order of 0.9 was found as the best choice. From the results, we propose that when constructing optimal prediction models, it is necessary to consider indicators, differential orders, and model adaptability. Above all, this study provided a new method for an in-depth analyses of generalized soil structure. This also fills the gap limiting the detection of soil three phases structural characteristics and their dynamic changes and provides a technical references for quantitative and rapid evaluation of soil structure, function, and quality.

Crystalline porous metal–organic materials are ideal building blocks for separation membranes because of their molecular-sized pores and highly ordered pore structure. However, creating ultrathin, defect-free crystalline membranes is challenging due to inevitable grain boundaries. Herein, we reported an amorphous metal–organic hybrid (MOH) membrane with controlled microporosity. The synthesis of the MOH membrane entails the use of titanium alkoxide and organic linkers containing di/multicarboxyl groups as monomers in the polymerization reaction. The resultant membranes exhibit similar microporosity to existing molecular sieve materials and high chemical stability against harsh chemical environments owing to the formation of stable Ti–O bonds between metal centers and organic linkers. An interfacial polymerization is developed to fabricate an ultrathin MOH membrane (thickness of the membrane down to 80 nm), which exhibits excellent rejections (>98% for dyes with molecular weights larger than 690 Da) and high water permeance (55 L m–2h–1bar–1). The membranes also demonstrate good flexibility, which greatly improves the processability of the membrane materials.

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a non-contact measurement method for estimating heart rate, which has great application potential in medical ward monitoring and remote physiological health monitoring. Existing methods for measuring remote physiological signals are susceptible to different degrees of light changes, head movements, and other conditions. In this paper, we design a multi-scale physiological signal feature extraction module (MPSFE) and a plug-and-play time difference global attention module (TDGAM). The MPSFE module extracts different degrees of 3-dimensional convolution of shallow features in the early stage. It obtains more robust semantic information while ensuring the complete position and detailed information to enhance the accuracy and generalization ability of the model. The TDGAM module combines temporal differential convolution with spatial attention and channel attention to enhance the network’s localization of the region of interest (ROI) in the case of light changes and head movement. We conduct many experiments on the three datasets, UBFC-rPPG, COHFACE, and PURE. The results shows that our modules significantly improves the accuracy of heart rate measurement.

Variable camber wing technology is one of the important development trends of green aviation at present. Through smooth, seamless, continuous and adaptive change of wing camber, the aerodynamic performance is improved in achieving increase in lift and reduction in resistance and noise. Based on the aerodynamic validation model CAE-AVM, Chinese Aeronautical Establishment (CAE) has carried out the design and validation of a variable camber wing, proposed an aerodynamic deformation matrix for the leading and trailing edges of aircraft wings in take-off, landing and cruise conditions. Various structures and driving schemes are compared, and several key technology problems of leading and trailing edge deformation are solved. A full-size leading edge wind tunnel test piece with a span of 2.7 m and a trailing edge ground function test piece are developed. The deformation and shape maintenance capabilities of the leading edge is verified under real wind load conditions, and the load bearing and deformation capabilities of the trailing edge is verified under simulated follow-on load. The results indicate that the leading and trailing edges of the variable camber wing can achieve the required deformation angle and have a certain load-bearing capacity. Our study can provide some insights into the application of variable camber wing technology for civil aircraft.

Purpose: The High energy cosmic-radiation detection facility (HERD) is a space astronomy and particle astrophysics experiment planned to be installed on the Chinese space station. The core detector of HERD, a three-dimensional imaging calorimeter, uses LYSO crystals as the detection medium, with wavelength-shifting fibers readout by image intensifier and CMOS imaging chips. In order to monitor the performance of the calorimeter in orbit, a highly integrated calibration light source subsystem is required to test the pulse linearity of the readout system, including the optical fibers. Method: To meet this critical requirement, a Calibration Light Source Subsystem was proposed based on the dual-light-source method, and a test circuit was set up to prove the principle. Results and conclusions: Using a photomultiplier tube and waveform sampling module, the entire system’s linear response range was measured, which is equivalent to 1–900 Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs), with a linearity better than ± 5%. After adding an attenuator (transmittance of 6%) to the front end of the photomultiplier tube, the linear response range expands to 14–28,000 MIPs with a linearity better than ± 5%. This result demonstrated the significant contribution of the PMT’s saturation to the linearity measurement. The addition of the attenuator reduces the adverse effects of PMT saturation, and therefore the linearity of the Calibration Light Source Subsystem itself is better than ± 5% within the required dynamic range. In addition, testing of a single light source showed that long-term stability can be maintained within a range of ± 0.5% under conditions of 10 – 20 °C. The calibration method described in this paper has the characteristics of high integration and independent control of channels, providing an efficient and flexible calibration solution for the readout of calorimeter in HERD experiment.

Let σ={σi∣i∈I}be some partition of the set of all primes and Ga finite group. A subgroup Aof Gis σ-permutable in Gprovided Gis σ-full; that is, Ghas a Hall σi-subgroup for all i∈Iand Apermutes with all such Hall subgroups Hof G; that is, AH=HA. Answering the Question 6.4 in Skiba (Probl Phys Math Tech 42(21):89–96, 2014), we get a description of finite σ-full groups Gin which σ-permutability is a transitive relation.

An immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment strongly influences response rates in patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade-based cancer immunotherapies, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Here we demonstrate that metal-ion-chelating l-phenylalanine nanostructures synergize with short-term starvation (STS) to remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment of breast and colorectal tumours. These nanostructures modulate the electrophysiological behaviour of dendritic cells and activate them through the NLRP3 inflammasome and calcium-mediated nuclear factor-κB pathway. STS promotes the cellular uptake of nanostructures through amino acid transporters and plays a key role in dendritic cell maturation and tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. This study demonstrates the potential role of metal-ion-chelating l-phenylalanine nanostructures in activating immune responses and the effect of STS treatment in improving nanomaterial-mediated cancer immunotherapy.

Conducting scientific drilling on subglacial lakes and obtaining samples of subglacial lake water holds great significance in unraveling the formation and evolution of Antarctic subglacial lakes and early Earth’s life forms. Despite various approaches to access and directly sample subglacial water and sediments, clean access and exploration of subglacial lakes remain challenging. To address this concern, Jilin University has developed the RECoverable Autonomous Sonde (RECAS) prototype. This technology enables sampling and in-situdetection of subglacial lake water while being isolated from the surface, thus minimizing the risk of pollution. Laboratory tests, including downward and upward drilling, long-running, remote-control, and cold-environment assessments, were conducted to validate the sonde’s principle and functionality. During the 38th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, CHINARE (2021–2022 season), the RECAS prototype underwent testing on the flank region of Dålk glacier, 10 km from Zhongshan Station in Antarctica. Three boreholes with depths of 200.3, 183.2, and 133.5 m were successfully drilled, with the refrozen meltwater sealing the boreholes during the process. Approximately 600 mL of melted water samples were collected from each hole. Throughout the drilling tests, all systems of the RECAS prototype performed within the expected ranges.

Graphical Abstract:

Purpose: In this work, nonlinear free vibration of electrostatically actuated micromechanical system has been investigated. These nonlinear solutions are analytically derived. Methods: An undamped spring-mass model and dynamic equation of motion are employed for the parallel-plate microelectrostatic actuator. The first analytical approximate period and periodic solution of the mentioned problems are constructed with the help of Galerkin’s method and coupling of Galerkin’s with Newton’s method. In addition, the second and third analytical approximate solutions are also derived. The “exact” solutions are obtained from direct integration. Results: In this work, the well-known static and dynamic pull-in parameters are discussed. Phase trajectory becomes non-periodic with the dynamic pull-in point. The approximate and “exact” solutions of period, phase trajectory, and time-dependent displacement of microelectrostatic actuators at various physical parameters are obtained and compared. Conclusions: It is found that the analytical approximate solutions are not only an explicit expression but also have excellent precision for a wide range of nonlinear vibration with different amplitudes.

With the rapid development of intelligent distribution rooms, the abnormal detection of safety helmet wearing by operators has gradually shifted from traditional manual monitoring to online recognition of monitoring videos. This paper proposes an abnormal identification method for operation and maintenance personnel of intelligent power distribution room based on monitoring video stream, which aims to solve the problem of insufficient robustness of the detection model due to the limited professional knowledge and practical experience of the design personnel involved in existing safety helmet wearing detection systems. Firstly, based on safety helmet wearing image data in existing distribution room scenes, a multi-operation-based data augmentation algorithm for safety helmet wearing in distribution rooms is designed to generate training data sources for safety helmet wearing in distribution room environments. Secondly, a distribution room operator safety helmet wearing detection model based on improved Yolov5 is constructed to achieve intelligent detection of unmanned distribution room monitoring images. Finally, simulation experimental results show that the proposed method realises intelligent detection of safety helmet wearing by operation and maintenance personnel in various complex environments of distribution rooms, with high robustness and detection rates.

This article presents a novel 200-GHz four-element phased-array receiver system-in-package (SiP) using high-temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) technology for wireless communications. The receiver employs a local oscillator (LO) phase-shifting architecture to realize sub-terahertz (THz) beamforming. All components of the front-end array are heterogeneously integrated within the HTCC. To achieve low-loss interconnection and 3-D integration, quartz substrates and vertical air-filled waveguides are incorporated within the HTCC. Meanwhile, an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is introduced in the vertical transitions to mitigate energy leakage caused by assembly gaps, thus reducing the sensitivity to assembly errors. Besides, a highly efficient parabolic reflector antenna array with a multilayered structure is designed for beam scanning. The overall size of the front-end package is 40.7 $\times $ 43 $\times $ 7.3 mm3. The measured channel gain is 8.2–23 dB from 194.5 to 234.5 GHz (18.6% bandwidth), and the measured lower-sideband noise figure is 7.5–9.4 dB, covering from 196 to 215 GHz. The phased-array receiver can achieve a scanning range of ±30° in the ${E}$ -plane. To evaluate its over-the-air (OTA) performance, a wireless link is demonstrated with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-QAM waveforms, achieving a maximum data rate of 32 Gbps.

The spectrum of a group is the set of orders of its elements. Finite groups with the same spectra as the direct squares of the finite simple groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups are considered. It is proved that the direct square J1×J1of the sporadic Janko group J1and the direct squares 2G2(q)×2G2(q)of the simple small Ree groups 2G2(q)are uniquely characterized by their spectra in the class of finite groups, while for the direct square PSL2(q)×PSL2(q)of a 2-dimensional simple linear group PSL2(q), there are always infinitely many groups (even solvable groups) with the same spectra.

This article focuses on power allocation and sampling rate control in a spectrum-sharing vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) status update network, where data packets are sampled in batches at the transmitter of the V2V links. In particular, we aim to minimize the overall power consumption while satisfying the age of information (AoI) requirement of all links. First, we analyze the average AoI of the resulting queueing system with periodical packet batch arrivals and geometrically distributed packet service time. Then, the primal problem is decomposed into two subproblems, i.e., sampling rate optimization and transmit power optimization. Finally, a computationally efficient algorithm with polynomial-time complexity is developed that optimally solves the two subproblems and, thus, solves the original problem with global optimality. Simulation results validate our average AoI analysis and the proposed algorithm.

In this paper, a simple, cost-effective, and efficient electrochemical sensor for molecular imprinting melatonin was established. The molecular imprinted films were formed by in situ electrochemical polymerization using molecular imprinting technology. The modification method, modification time and other parameters of the electrode were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the sensor responds to melatonin concentration in a linear range of 0–100 μM. The detection limit was 0.171 μM. In addition, the sensor has little response to interfering substances, such as uric acid, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and glucose, and can be tested in real samples. The recoveries were 98.73–101.60%.

Purpose: Glass is a potential choice for the scintillator in Hadronic calorimetry (HCAL) of the CEPC. It requires sophisticated instruments and suitable methods to obtain scintillation properties of the glasses in the first time. It is necessary to establish an evaluation method for nuclear radiation detection performance of glass scintillator. Methods: The spectroscopy research of the glass includes transmission/absorption spectrum and emission spectrum. The time characteristics include rise time, scintillation decay time and afterglow. The scintillation properties include light yield, energy resolution and minimum ionizing particle (MIP) response. And a new method for measuring the low light yield of glass scintillators is proposed. Results: We have built a complete performance test system and evaluation method, which can evaluate the nuclear radiation detection performance of different glass scintillators. Conclusion: By continuously improving the composition and preparation process of the glass, it can provide potential possibilities for the application in the high-energy physics experiment and nuclear radiation detection fields.

Inspired by the microstructures of shells, SiC fibers (SiCf) are introduced into Ti layers, creating hybrid layers of SiCf/Ti, which are combined with Ti2AlNb foils to prepare multilayer SiCf/Ti–Ti2AlNb hybrids in a hot-pressed sintering instrument. The solid-phase bonding interface, mainly including the α+β biphasic structures and B2-rich phases, guarantees an ideal interface connection between the SiCf/Ti and Ti2AlNb layers after the sintering. Herein, the SiC fibers-made SiCf/Ti–Ti2AlNb presents a higher tensile strength and elasticity modulus on the tensile instrument of Model No. Byes (2010), compared with Ti/Ti2AlNb. During the tensile process, the brittle fractures of SiCffirst occur, and the loads are transferred to the bonding interface of the Ti2AlNb and Ti layers, generating the crack propagation and resulting in SiCf/Ti–Ti2AlNb fracture. This is mainly because the crack is extended in succession to the bonding interface that is composed of brittle phases such as O and α2, as well as ductile phases such as α, β and B2. This produces the ductile and brittle ruptures at the bonding interface, forming the ductile-brittle mixture fractures at the SiCf/Ti and Ti2AlNb interfaces. In the case of vertical fractures related to the fiber length, brittle fractures are observed on the SiC fibers, which produce high forces that affect their bonding interfaces, resulting in axial interstices and transverse fractures. These obtained results demonstrate a novel method for structural design and fabrication of the innovative composite materials.

To further improve the strength of an Al–Ce alloy, the effects of electromagnetic stirring treatment, Sc–Zr microalloying, and their compound action on the microstructure and properties of the Al–8Ce alloy were investigated for the first time in this study. The results show that the primary α-Al becomes coarse, the eutectic Al11Ce3phase is refined and the lamellar spacing increases significantly due to the combined effect of forced convection of electromagnetic field and dendrite fragmentation and nucleation in Al–8Ce alloy after electromagnetic stirring treatment. After the Sc–Zr microalloying treatment of the Al–8Ce alloy, the α-Al changes from a dendritic to fine round morphology, and the eutectic Al11Ce3phase changes from lamellar to fibrous, which is due to the heterogeneous nucleation of Al3(Sc, Zr) phase and the adsorption refinement caused by the enrichment of Sc and Zr. The optimization effect of Sc–Zr microalloying on the mechanical properties of the Al–8Ce alloy was better than that of electromagnetic stirring and their synergistic treatment. The tensile strength and yield strength of Al–8Ce alloy with Sc–Zr additions were increased from 157 MPa to 85 MPa–192 MPa and 115 MPa, respectively, by 22.3 % and 35.3 %. After aging treatment, the tensile strength (from 192 to 272 MPa) and yield strength (from 115 to 221 MPa) significantly improved owing to the secondary precipitation of Al3(Sc, Zr) particles. The precipitation strengthening of the Al3(Sc, Zr) phase was the main contributor to the high yield strength of the alloy.

Abstract: Background: Magnetic retraction has potential advantages over existing direct physical retraction means (e.g., forceps) in terms of providing complete atraumatic retraction, avoiding tumour cell exfoliation as well as offering the possibility of noncontact retraction. This paper describes a pilot study of surface magnetic retraction of the gastric mucosa to facilitate resection.Methods: Fifteen porcine stomach specimens were used in this pilot study. The uniaxial tensile properties of retracted mucosa were initially studied using a tensiometer. Magnetic media of ferromagnetic microparticles (stainless steel 410) dispersed in cyanoacrylate liquid were prepared at four different concentrations, and a neodymium permanent magnet was used to magnetically retract the media. The media was finally surface-glued to the target mucosa for performing a simulated surgical procedure. Results: The force measurement data show that the retraction forces increased as the concentrations of microparticles and magnetic media volumes increased. A magnetic media concentration of 2 g/mL was most suitable since it offered sufficient retraction force from a small volume of applied media, e.g., the observed magnetic forces exerted on 50 μL of media were 1.42 N by a 3-mm magnet and 3.75 N by a 6-mm magnet, respectively, both being more than sufficient for the mucosal retraction. The additional forces required for dissection with four alternative instruments, i.e., electrosurgery hook, snares, scalpel or scissors, were also measured, e.g., the total force required to retract up to 10 mm and resect the mucosa with snares was 0.36 ± 0.17 N. In a simulated surgical procedure (resection of gastric mucosa with glued magnetic medium) retraction by the magnet allowed resection of the tented mucosa by an electrosurgical snare. Conclusion: Surface ferromagnetisation of target mucosal tissues could enable magnetic retraction for endoscopic surgery.

Owing to the exterior self-trapped excitons (STEs) with adjustable fluorescence beams, low-dimensional ns2-metal halides have recently received considerable attention in solid-state light-emitting applications. However, the photoluminescence (PL) mechanism in metal halides remains a major challenge in achieving high efficiency and controllable PL properties because the excited-state energy of ns2conformational ions varies inhomogeneously with their coordination environments. Here, a novel zero-dimensional (0D) lead-free bismuth-based Rb3BiCl6·0.5H2O crystal was reported as a pristine crystal to modulate the optical properties. By doping Sb3+ions with 5s2electrons into Rb3BiCl6·0.5H2O crystals, bright orange emission at room temperature was obtained with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 39.7%. Optical characterizations and theoretical studies show that the Sb3+doping can suppress the strong exciton–phonon coupling, optimize the electronic energy band structure, improve the thermal activation energy, soften the structural lattice of the host crystals, deepen the STE states, and ultimately lead to strong photoluminescence. This work manifests a fruitful manipulation in ripening bismuth-based halides with high-efficiency PL properties, and the PL enhancement mechanisms will guide future research in the exploration of emerging luminescent materials.

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Hydrogel-based evaporators are a promising strategy to obtain freshwater from seawater and sewage. However, the time-consuming and energy-consuming methods used in hydrogel preparation, as well as their limited scalability, are major factors that hinder the development of a hydrogel-based evaporator. Herein, a facile and scalable strategy was designed to prepare a hydrogel-coated evaporator to realize efficient solar-driven water evaporation. The hydrogel coating layer is composed of a robust 3D network formed by tannic acid (TA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through a hydrogen bond. With the assistance of TA surface modifier, carbon black (CB) is uniformly distributed within the hydrogel matrix, endowing the coating with remarkable photothermal properties. In addition, Fe3+is deposited on the surface of the hydrogel coating through metal coordination with TA, further improving the light absorption of the coating. Due to the synergistic effect of CB and Fe3+, the hydrogel-coated foam exhibited excellent photothermal properties. The water evaporation rate reached 3.64 kg m–2h–1under 1 sun irradiation. Because of the hydration ability of PVA hydrogel and the large porous structure of the foam, the hydrogel-coated foam demonstrated excellent antifouling performance and salt resistance. This study provides a facile method for designing and manufacturing high-performance solar-driven water evaporation materials.

A wideband front-end module with antenna-in-package (AiP) for X-band phased-array radar applications is newly presented using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. This work integrates multiple chips into the AiP, resulting in a multifunctional front-end prototype. For improving antenna bandwidth and radiation efficiency, four air cavities are embedded inside the package to lower the effective dielectric constant. Additionally, bowtie-shaped patches and improved apertures are introduced to increase the antenna bandwidth further. The overall size of the LTCC package is 14.3 × 24.5 × 3.55 mm3. The antenna's voltage standing wave ratio is better than 2.5 at the full X-band (40% bandwidth), and the maximum gain is 8 dBi. Besides, the receive gain of the active prototype is better than 30 dB at the full X-band, and the transmit equivalent isotropic radiated power is 32–38.5 dBm, showing a good performance.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), associated with high mobility and disability, is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Dysfunction of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation in the glomeruli is the main hypnosis for DN progression. However, the use of mTOR inhibitors for DN treatment remains controversial. In this study, we built a multifunctional selective mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibiting nanoplatform (naming as ESC-HCM-B) that targets the release of mTOR and ROS inhibitors near podocytes, aiming to confirm whether combination therapy is an alternative method for DN treatment. The results showed that ESC-HCM-B achieved high drug loading because of the core mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs), and the enhanced biohomogeneous composite membrane endowed ESC-HCM-B with the characteristics of avoiding immune phagocytosis, automatic valve-type slow-release drug, and high stability. In vitro, the nanoplatform showed high efficiency in podocyte targeting but no significant cytotoxicity or apoptotic promotion. In particular, the quantum dots carried by ESC-HCM-B further amplified the effect of “nanoenzyme”; this mechanism reduced the ROS level in podocytes induced by high glucose, protected mitochondrial damage, and restored mitochondrial energy metabolism. In vivo, the nanoplatform specifically targeted the glomerular and podocyte regions of the kidney. After treatment, the nanoplatform significantly reduced urinary protein levels and delayed glomerulosclerosis in DN rats. This nanoplatform provides a safe and effective strategy for DN treatment.

Wing's morphing leading edge, drooping in a seamless way, has significant potential for noise abatement and drag reduction. Innovative design methods for compliant skin and internal actuating mechanism, respectively, are proposed and validated through a mockup in this paper. For the skin, a collaborative optimization method is presented, which takes all design variables, continuous and discrete, into account simultaneously. Moreover, to overcome the drawback of conventional algorithm, which is insufficient for deformation control in critical regime, weight penalty is imposed on present objective function. On the other hand, an internal kinematic actuating mechanism is designed from an improved concept, of which positions of level-rod hinges are optimized in a larger zone to fit the deflection requirement. The test of mockup validates the above methods, and excellent morphing quality of the compliant skin proves the advancement of the collaborative optimization method. However, the design method of internal actuating mechanism needs further improvement, and the error induced deteriorates the final morphing quality of the mockup.

A series of cellulose-graft-diblock bottlebrush copolymer elastomers (cellulose-graft-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (Cell-g-PBA-b-PMMA)) with short side chains were synthesized via successive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to study the influence of varying compositions and lengths of the graft diblock side chains on microphase morphologies and properties. The microphase-separated morphologies from misaligned spheres to cylinders were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. These bottlebrush copolymer elastomers possessed thermal stability and enhanced mechanical properties because the PMMA outer block could self-assemble into hard microdomains, which served as physical cross-links. The viscoelastic responses of these bottlebrush copolymers within the linear viscoelastic (LVE) regime were carried out by the oscillatory shear rheology. The time–temperature superposition (tTs) principle was applied to construct the master curves of the dynamic moduli, and the sequential relaxation of dense bottlebrush copolymers with different PMMA hard outer block lengths was analyzed. The rheological behaviors in this work could be utilized to build up the connection of microstructures and properties for the application of these bottlebrush copolymers as high-performance thermoplastic elastomers.

A 1-in Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) scintillator coupled with Photomultiplier tube (PMT) was used to detect neutrons and gamma rays simultaneously in this work. The pulses were captured by a high-speed digitizer with 1-Gsamples per second and 12-bit vertical resolution and further analyzed in real time to determine the pulse type, energy spectrum, and flux. The response of CLYC scintillators measured with three PMT models, R6231 and XP2020, were found to have better energy resolution, while R580 was found to have better pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance. The energy resolution was optimized by adjusting the integration time window. Slight differences were found to be within the range of 2000–8000 ns for different PMT models. The fast neutron peaks from 35Cl(n, p)35S reaction were detected along with the thermal neutron peak from 6Li(n, $\alpha)^{3}\text{H}$ , and a quenching factor of 0.9 was obtained for protons. The energy resolution was 14.7% and the detection efficiency was about 0.15% for 1.5-MeV fast neutron. The discrimination performance between neutron and gamma pulses was studied using the charge comparison method. The figure-of-merit (FOM) value was found to be better than 1.90 within the energy range of 0.5–10 MeV, i.e., 2.0 for 1.5-MeV fast neutron and ~3.2 for thermal neutron. The flux of fast neutrons, thermal neutrons, and gamma rays was detected simultaneously, and the prompt gamma rays by neutron activation were also identified. It indicates that the CLYC detector can be used for multimode detection of thermal neutrons, fast neutrons, and gamma rays, and would be a suitable compact candidate for prompt gamma neutron activation (PGNAA) analysis in limited space.

Polylactide (PLA) is considered as an ideal alternative of petroleum-based plastics due to its high tensile strength and biodegradability. However, the low impact strength limits its extensive application in the engineering field. In this work, a supertough binary PLA blend was fabricated through pre-stretching above the glass transition temperature to a certain pre-strain. The biodegradable and biocompatible poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was used as a toughening modifier for the PLA/PCL 95/5 (wt/wt) blend. It was found that the impact strength increased with the increase in pre-strain. The highest notched Izod impact strength reached 251 kJ/m2at the pre-strain of 400%, nearly 132 times of that for neat PLA (1.9 kJ/m2). To our knowledge, such fabulous impact toughness has not been referred in literature. Even at the pre-strain of 150%, the blend exhibited a sufficiently high notched Izod impact strength of 149 kJ/m2. Small-angle X-ray scattering demonstrated a typical structural feature of combination of PLA shish-kebabs and oriented PCL lamellar stacks due to strain-induced crystallization. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction indicated that PLA crystals had high orientation at the pre-strain of 200% and above. The crystallinity of the PLA matrix increased with the increase in pre-strain, which was consistent with the increasing trend of impact strength. The high orientation of shish-kebabs and increased crystallinity of PLA matrix were the key factors for drastically toughening PLA. This work provides a feasible and effective method to manufacture competitive PLA materials, which can be extended to improve impact toughness of other brittle glassy polymers.

A novel Pd-catalyzed enantioselective aminochlorination of alkenes via a 6-endocyclization is reported herein, which provides easy access to a wide array of structurally diverse 3-chloropiperidines in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Notably, both an electrophilic chlorination reagent (NCS) and the sterically bulky chiral pyridinyl-oxazoline (Pyox) ligand are crucial to the successful reaction.

Due to the limited variety of natural atoms and the preparation of nanoparticles with low size polydispersity, it is still a challenge to adjust the interesting properties of graphene at the atomic level by changing its interlayer spacing. Here, we demonstrate that superatoms can fill the deficiency by providing adjustable and stable intercalation units between graphene layers, offering effective control of the interlayer distance. Our calculations show that for Au20superatoms intercalating between graphene interlayers, as their density increases from 2.1 × 10–3to 4.0 × 10–3superatom/Å2, the graphene interlayer spacing increases from 9.3 to 11.4 Å. The Au20maintains to be in a dispersion interaction-dominated physical adsorption state with the graphene layer till the density is decreased to 1.6 × 10–3superatom/Å2, after which the graphene can crush Au20, resulting in a graphene structure with chemical adsorption of the deformed Au20. This work suggests that superatoms can have an important prospect in membrane separation applications.

Severe seismic damage occurs to tunnels across or adjacent to the active faults in a high-intensity earthquake area. Therefore, investigating the response and failure mechanism of the utility tunnel structure with flexible joints across the reverse fault is of significant importance. This paper conducts a model test of 1:30, modelling reverse fault rupture with a 45° dip angle and a utility tunnel with flexible joints embedded in the sand layer. The results show that the lining structure in the hanging wall area appears to have longitudinal cracks, concrete falls off, and there is continuous dislocation. Then, a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) is adapted to reveal the utility tunnel response under reverse faulting and to simulate the model test. The numerical results show that the tensile failure area of the lining caused by reverse faulting is larger than the compression failure area. The damage distribution has regional characteristics, and especially the joint area is seriously damaged. The settlement profile of the tunnel under reverse fault can be fitted reasonably by a complementary error function. Finally, an analytical solution of the longitudinal response of the tunnel under reverse fault based on the double-parameter Pasternak model is derived. The analytical solution results show good agreement with the numerical and experimental results. The longitudinal response of the tunnel under reverse fault can be divided into two parts: the influence zone and the non-influenced zone. The flexible joints significantly reduce the damage degree and the damaged area of the tunnel caused by reverse fault dislocation.

Myriad of machine learning (ML) algorithms refine model parameters iteratively. Existing synchronous data-parallel frameworks can accelerate training with convergence guarantees. However, the pre-assigned workload-based synchronous design still poses great challenges, since fast workers must wait for slow, straggling ones, especially in a heterogeneous computing cluster. Asynchronous alternatives can bypass this performance bottleneck, but at expense of potentially losing convergence guarantees. This article proposes a new time-based flexible synchronous parallel framework (FSP). It provides strict convergence analysis by consistently updating parameters, as well as significant cost reduction by completely unleashing the power of fast workers. It identifies the optimal synchronization frequency, by online balancing costs of parameters’ update and benefits brought by their freshness. Besides the basic goal of keeping all workers fully CPU-utilized, FSP also aims to keep data spread over the cluster fully utilized, so that they can contribute to convergence with equal opportunities. These proposals are all implemented in a prototype system Flegel, with additional engineering optimizations for further performance enhancement and programming facilitation. Experiments demonstrate that Flegel significantly outperforms recent studies.

The sintering process is a crucial step for fabricating nickel hollow fiber membranes (NHFMs), which significantly affects hydrogen permeability of the membrane and the qualified rate of membrane manufacturing. Optimizing sintering conditions will accelerate the industrial applications of nickel hollow fiber membranes. In this work, the effects of the sintering conditions (temperatures, duration, and the atmosphere) on the membrane microstructure and hydrogen permeation performance of the resultant NHFMs are extensively investigated. Results show that small metal grain size results in large grain boundary density, leading to enhanced hydrogen permeability and decreased activation energy for hydrogen permeation. Sintering temperatures significantly affect the metal grain size, thereby affecting hydrogen permeation and activation energy. When the sintering temperature decreases from 1400 to 1100 °C, the hydrogen flux remarkably increases by a factor of 2 and the activation energy decreases from 57.47 to 48.89 kJ mol–1. On the other hand, increasing the sintering time and hydrogen concentration in the sintering atmosphere only slightly affects the grain size and thus results in a minor change in hydrogen permeation. However, short sintering time and low hydrogen concentration in the sintering atmosphere may cause defects on the membrane and increase the difficulties on full removal of carbon residues in the membrane, which leads to the decrease in the qualified rate of produced membranes.

Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) is an important reason that results in chemotherapy failure. As a main mechanism of MDR, overexpressed P-glycoprotein (P-gp) utilizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to actively pump chemotherapy drugs out of cells. In addition, metabolic reprogramming of drug-resistant tumor cells (DRTCs) exacerbates the specific hypoxic microenvironment and promotes tumor metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, we propose a novel sonodynamic therapy (SDT) paradigm to induce energy metabolism disorder and drug resistance change of DRTCs. A US-controlled “Nanoenabled Energy Metabolism Jammer” (TL@HPN) is designed using perfluoropentane (PFP) adsorbing oxygen in the core, and a targeting peptide (CGNKRTR) is attached to the liposome as the delivery carrier shell to incorporate hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) and paclitaxel (PTX). The TL@HPN with ultrasonic/photoacoustic imaging (PAI/USI) precisely controlled the release of drugs and oxygen after being triggered by ultrasound (US), which attenuated the hypoxic microenvironment. SDT boosted the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in tumor tissues, preferentially inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and maximizing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Persistently elevated oxidative stress levels inhibited ATP production and downregulated P-gp expression by disrupting the redox balance and electron transfer of the respiratory chain. We varied the effect of TL@HPN combined with PD-1/PD-L1 to activate autoimmunity and inhibit tumor metastasis, providing a practical strategy for expanding the use of SDT-mediated tumor energy metabolism.

Hypergraphs consist of vertices and hyperedges that can connect multiple vertices. Since hypergraphs can effectively simulate complex intergroup relationships between entities, they have a wide range of applications such as computer vision and bioinformatics. In this paper, we study the subhypergraph matching problem, which is one of the most challenging problems in the processing of the hypergraphs. We aim to extract all subhypergraph isomorphism embeddings of a query hypergraph $q$q in a large data hypergraph $D$D. The existing methods on subgraph matching are designed for the ordinary graphs, which typically achieve the goal by three phases, i.e., filtering candidate vertices, refining candidate sets, and then enumeration final results in some matching order. However, such a design cannot be trivially extended to efficiently handle hypergraphs due to the inherent difference between ordinary graphs and hypergraphs. This motivates us to enhance the performance by exploiting hyperedge features, such as the typical intersections and inclusion relations between hyperedges. In our work, we present an efficient subhypergraph matching solution with two novel techniques, maximum hyperedge candidate filtering and co-occurrence matrix candidate refinement strategy. Maximum hyperedge candidate filtering is a filtering method based on hyperedge features, which can provide powerful pruning capability. Co-occurrence matrix candidate refinement strategy considers the high-order relationship between vertices in the hypergraph and provides an effective candidate refinement scheme to further reduce the overall search space. In order to find more effective matching order, we design a new enumeration strategy, which calculates the pseudo-isomorphic mapping set and then performs hyperedge verification. On real and synthetic data sets, we conduct extensive experiments to show our method outperforms existing methods by up to 2 orders of magnitude.

The timing information carried by the photomultiplier tube (PMT) waveform is important when reconstructing the particle trajectory, especially in the application of time-of-flight detectors. The traditionally used timing methods, including leading edge discrimination (LED) and constant fraction discrimination (CFD), are easily realized in the circuit. Since the timing point of the signal should be determined by the whole signal waveform, the CFD and LED method cannot reach the best time resolution. With the development of a fast analog-to-digital converter (FADC) which makes the whole waveform available, more intelligent methods are developed to realize more precise timing. Former studies show that PMT-waveform-analysis model based on convolutional neural network (CNN) can improve the coincidence time resolution (CTR) of a pair of PMTs by nearly 20%, but the limit of number of labels directly affects the CNN timing performance. In this article, a new method based on the CNN model is introduced for the timing of a pair of Cherenkov-detection micro-channel-plate PMTs (MCP-PMTs). The results show a great improvement compared with the CFD method.

AbstractMyriocin, isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciensLZN01, can inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. niveum(Fon) by inducing membrane damage and targeting intracellular molecules. In the present study, the mechanism of myriocin entry into Fon cells was investigated. Fluorescence images demonstrated that internalization of myriocin was decreased by low temperature, NaN3and Brefeldin A. The mechanism of myriocin entry into Fon cells was revealed by analyses of transcriptome and proteome. A total of 422 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Most of DEGs were assigned to transport and catabolism, folding, sorting and degradation, and enrichment analysis of some DEGs was closely related to transmembrane transport and vesicle transport. The combined analysis between the transcriptome and proteome showed that the expression levels of some related genes and proteins, mainly those related to oxidative phosphorylation, ABC transporters, micro chromosome maintenance protein, adaptor proteins etc., were affected. The DEGs were further verified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In conclusion, myriocin’s entry into Fon cells depended partially on energy and involved endocytosis, and the expression of certain genes and proteins was affected.

Dimethoxysilanes as external donors have been used in propylene polymerization for many years. To explore the effect of adding a carbon atom between silicon and oxygen on the performance of external donors, new bis(methoxymethyl)silane compounds including bis(methoxymethyl)diphenylsilane (Donor-PhS), diisopropylbis(methoxymethyl)silane (Donor-PS), and dicyclopentylbis(methoxymethyl)silane (Donor-DS) were first synthesized and then employed as external donors for propylene polymerization with a MgCl2-supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst. It was found that these new bis(methoxymethyl)silane external donors were conducive to improving the isotacticity of polypropylene and the catalytic activity, especially in the case of low addition. In addition, the bis(methoxymethyl)silane donors have good hydrogen regulation sensitivity. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that the new bis(methoxymethyl)silanes have a wider O1–O2distance and lower electron cloud density than those of dimethoxysilanes, which indicate that the external donor has better control ability on the catalyst performance at low addition.