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Introduction: Cruciate retaining and posterior stabilizing knee systems are frequently used in total knee replacements. Most researchers compare the results of Cruciate Retaining (CR) and Posterior Stabilizing (PS) knees with those of a control group. The results of using both knee systems in a single patient in simultaneous Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) have been studied less. Methodology: A total of 50 patients with primary bilateral osteoarthritis with varus which is not fixed and valgus deformity of not more than 10 degrees, age between 55 and 85 years, BMI < 35 kg/m2, ASA I or II, and non-inflammatory arthritis were taken up for simultaneous bilateral TKR with one-side CR and other-sided PS surgeries. Patients were followed up periodically at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year with Knee Society Score (KSS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores. Differences in scores were tested with the help of an independent sample Student’s ttest. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: During the first 6 weeks after surgery, mean KSS was lower in PS knees, though statistically not significant, this difference reduced considerably over a while. By the end of the 1-year post-surgical intervention, KSS was similar among both knees. WOMAC score was similar between CR and PS preoperatively as well as during the entire post-operative follow-up period. Conclusion: Functional outcomes, patient-reported outcomes, and objective knee indicators in one-sided cruciate-retaining and other-sided posterior stabilizing total replacement in bilateral simultaneous two-team surgery were similar between both knees.

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Biomass-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites have emerged as a pioneering alternative for polymer matrix composites due to their low strength-to-weight ratio and as most synthetic fibers are non-biodegradable and hazardous. The paper aims to investigate the physiochemical, thermal stability, and surface properties of Waltheria indica Linnaeusstem fiber (WiLSF) to explore its suitability as a reinforcing agent in polymer composites as an alternative to synthetic fiber. In our study, the chemical analysis of WiLSF—determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy—reveals a higher constituent of cellulose (60.54%) and the least wax content (0.42%), which gives WiLSF excellent bonding and structural properties. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the semi-crystalline nature of the fiber with a crystallinity index (46.59%) and crystalline size (0.50 nm). Moreover, the density of WiLSF is 1265 kg/m3, which is comparatively much less than most synthetic fiber. In addition, WiLSF has high thermal stability (245.9 °C) and activation energy (116.94 kJ/mol). The study confirms WiLSF is an ideal biomass-based alternative for synthetic fibers and could be widely used in the fiber industry in making biofiber-incorporated composites and various other applications.

A naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based highly potential chemosensor for the detection of cyanide has been synthesized successfully in several steps. The NDI-based probe displayed high selectivity and sensitivity towards cyanide ions in fluorescence ‘turn-off’ mode over other ions used in this study. The naked-eye, UV-vis absorbance and fluorescence methods are employed to investigate the sensing performance of probe 1toward CN−ion detection. The limit of detection for CN−ions was calculated to be 4.11 × 10−7M. Moreover, the Stern–Volmer quenching constant and fluorescence quenching efficiency of CN−ions were estimated to be 1.1 × 105M and 88.81%, respectively. Job's plot showed a 1 : 1 stoichiometric complexation reaction between probe 1and CN−ions. For practical applications, probe 1was efficiently applied for the detection of CN−ions using a paper strip method.

Pongamiais a commercially important tree; its seed oil has the potential to be used as a biofuel worldwide. The seed traits have huge genetic diversity, which suggests its scope for genetic improvement. However, lack of improved genetic stock is a major bottleneck to establishing plantations for biodiesel production. Assessment of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and biodiesel properties in 18 Pongamiaaccessions were studied using eight morphological traits and 11 SSR markers. The accessions exhibited a high degree of genetic variability at both levels, indicating the potential scope of this population for further tree breeding. Certain morphological traits are governed by additive genes and may provide indirect selection to yield improvement. Based on the dissimilarity of the coefficient, NRCP10 and NRCP20 were identified as the most distinct accessions, and, interestingly, these two accessions also have a higher cetane index for better biofuel properties. The dendrogram divided 18 accessions into two major clusters. The principal component analysis revealed a total of 70.92% variability in this population. On the other hand, molecular characterization using eleven SSR markers exhibited a significant level of polymorphism across the accessions. A dendrogram based on SSR markers clearly separated the 18 accessions into five groups, which resulted in NRCP11, NRCP14 and NRCP21 being the most distinct accessions. Also, the dendrogram conforms to the first and second coordinates by principal component analysis. The population structure of these 18 accessions also revealed the presence of two gene pools. In addition, analysis of molecular variance found 97% of the variability within the population, while only 3% occurred between populations. The genotypes identified in this study using morphological and molecular markers could be selected as donor parents in Pongamiatree breeding programs to improve economic trait values.

Present study aims to fabricate selectively reinforced aluminum hybrid composites using varying combinations of porous ceramic preforms containing discontinuous dispersoids of silicon carbide, aluminosilicate fiber, and carbon followed by direct squeeze infiltration processing of molten aluminum into the preforms. Porous preforms are successfully fabricated by the burn out of polyethylene glycol, and aluminum is used as the binder for the sintered body. Selectively reinforced hybrid aluminum composite has been successfully processed using liquid metal squeeze infiltration of porous preforms by controlled process parameters like preform preheating temperature, liquid metal temperature, squeeze pressure, and die temperature.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by immune tolerance, which enables disease to progress unabated by adaptive immunity. However, the drivers of this tolerogenic program are incompletely defined. In this study, we found that NLRP3 promotes expansion of immune-suppressive macrophages in PDA. NLRP3 signaling in macrophages drives the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into tumor-promoting T helper type 2 cell (Th2 cell), Th17 cell, and regulatory T cell populations while suppressing Th1 cell polarization and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell activation. The suppressive effects of NLRP3 signaling were IL-10 dependent. Pharmacological inhibition or deletion of NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD complex), or caspase-1 protected against PDA and was associated with immunogenic reprogramming of innate and adaptive immunity within the TME. Similarly, transfer of PDA-entrained macrophages or T cells from NLRP3−/− hosts was protective. These data suggest that targeting NLRP3 holds the promise for the immunotherapy of PDA.

Activation of dectin-1-dependent signaling in macrophages through ligation by galectin 9 promotes an immunosuppressive, protumorigenic microenvironment in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA). Blocking dectin 1 ligation restores anti-tumor immunity and delays tumor growth, thus offering a novel strategy for improving the effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients with PDA.

C‐type lectin receptor Mincle involvement on the modulation of TLR4 inflammatory responses. Regulation of Toll‐like receptor responses is critical for limiting tissue injury and autoimmunity in both sepsis and sterile inflammation. We found that Mincle, a C‐type lectin receptor, regulates proinflammatory Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling. Specifically, Mincle ligation diminishes Toll‐like receptor 4–mediated inflammation, whereas Mincle deletion or knockdown results in marked hyperresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide in vitro, as well as overwhelming lipopolysaccharide‐mediated inflammation in vivo. Mechanistically, Mincle deletion does not up‐regulate Toll‐like receptor 4 expression or reduce interleukin 10 production after Toll‐like receptor 4 ligation; however, Mincle deletion decreases production of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐dependent inhibitory intermediate suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, A20, and ABIN3 and increases expression of the Toll‐like receptor 4 coreceptor CD14. Blockade of CD14 mitigates the increased sensitivity of Mincle−/−leukocytes to Toll‐like receptor 4 ligation. Collectively, we describe a major role for Mincle in suppressing Toll‐like receptor 4 responses and implicate its importance in nonmycobacterial models of inflammation.

A study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma shows that cancer cell proliferation is associated with increased expression of proteins that control programmed necrotic cell death and suppress the adaptive immune system.

India has one of the world's fastest expanding pulp and paper markets. With a growth rate of more than 10% per year in terms of per-capita growth, The pulp and paper industry requires a lot of capital investment, energy, and water. A paper mill produces 40 to 50 kg of dry sludge (70 percent primary sludge and 30 percent secondary sludge) when 1 tonne of paper is produced. Most of this sludge is now disposed of by land spreading and filling, both of which involve high disposal costs. Pulp and paper industry is one of the most polluted industries in the world in general and India in particular. India produces 10.11 million tons paper per annum which is 2.6% of world’s overall production quantity of paper. This study present using paper mill waste as a component in the manufacture of burnt bricks as a possible route to environmentally friendly construction. This research report details the findings of an experimental investigation into the production of eco-friendly, bricks using soil and paper mills. This research exhibits some increased compressive strength in mix of papermill waste.

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a chaperone protein that stabilizes proteins involved in oncogenic and therapeutic resistance pathways of epithelial cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Here, we characterized the molecular, cellular, and preclinical activity of HSP90 inhibitor SNX5422/2112 in HNSCC overexpressing HSP90. SNX2112 inhibited proliferation, induced G2/M block, and enhanced cytotoxicity, chemosensitivity, and radiosensitivity between 25 and 250 nM in vitro. SNX2112 showed combinatorial activity with paclitaxel in wild-type (wt) TP53-deficient and cisplatin in mutant (mt) TP53 HNSCC lines. SNX2112 decreased expression or phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-MET, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2, inhibitor êB kinase, and signal transducer and transcription factor 3 (STAT3), corresponding downstream nuclear factor êB, activator protein-1, and STAT3 reporter genes, and target oncogenes and angiogenic cytokines. Furthermore, SNX2112 enhanced re-expression of TP53 and targets p21WAF1 and PUMA, while TP53 inhibitor Pifithrin or siRNA attenuated the antiproliferative activity of SNX2112 in wtTP53 HNSCC in vitro. Prodrug SNX5422 similarly down-modulated key signal targets, enhanced TP53 expression and apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis in a wtTP53-deficient HNSCC xenograft model. Thus, HSP90 inhibitor SNX5422/2112 broadly modulates multiple key nodes within the dysregulated signaling network, with corresponding effects upon the malignant phenotype. Our data support investigation of SNX5422/2112 in combination with paclitaxel, cisplatin, and radiotherapy in HNSCC with different TP53 status.

Indian scientists got the unique opportunity to study the near‐Earth environment during a long annular solar eclipse at the end of the last long deep solar minimum, on 15 January 2010. Continuous high time resolution records of the atmospheric electric parameters and meteorological parameters were made at Tirunelveli (8.07°N, 77.08°E, 35 m Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL) and Braemore Hill (8.41°N, 76.59°E, 460 m AMSL) stations where the eclipse was during 11:07:57–15:06:52 IST with maximum obscuration (~90%) at 13:17:09 Indian Standard Time (IST). The recorded values of the parameters show marked deviations from those normally observed on control fair‐weather days. The ambient electric field underwent a large drop by up to 65% during the eclipse, and potential gradient showed epochs of enhancements during and after the eclipse until postsunset. The data also seem to reveal the long lasting paradox of conductivity enhancement during eclipse, which may be due to the eclipse induced upsurge of low winds or waves that brings high density of free space charges embedded in air parcels. The paradox of conductivity enhancement during eclipse.The reduction in GCR flux.The cooling enables scavenging free space charges.

The samples of Gd1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7-δ with compositions x = 0.0, 0.1 & 0.3 were prepared by ceramic route. The XRD study of all samples is carried out. The XRD studies of the samples prepared by ceramic route show GdPr-123 system have an orthorhombic pervoskite structure. The lattice parameters, oxygen content, volume of unit cell, orthorhombic distortion, hole concentration in CuO2 plane and charge on Cu-O plane were evaluated using XRD data. It is found that the lattice parameters, volume of unit cell increase while oxygen content orthorhombic distortion, hole concentration (Psh) and average charge (p) decrease as doping percentage of Pr increases. The resistivity measurement shows the transition temperature decreases while transition width increases with increasing Pr concentration. The suppression of superconductivity may be due to reduction in hole concentration or magnetic pair breaking. We report such qualitative results of Pr substituted Gd-123 in this paper quantitatively.

Importance of the field:Recent advances in the understanding of the oncogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have revealed multiple dysregulated signaling pathways. One frequently altered axis is the EGFR–PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathway. This pathway plays a central role in numerous cellular processes including metabolism, cell growth, apoptosis, survival and differentiation, which ultimately contributes to HNSCC progression.Areas covered in this review:Books, journals, databases and websites have been searched to provide a current review on the subject.What the reader will gain:This article reviews the current understanding of EGFR–PI3K–Akt–mTOR signaling in HNSCC, including the impact of both genetic and epigenetic alterations. This review further highlights the potential of targeting this signaling cascade as a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of HNSCC.Take home message:Genetic alterations of several nodes within this pathway, including both genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to either oncogene activation or inactivation of tumor suppressors have frequently been implicated in HNSCC. Consequently, drugs that target the central nodes of this pathway have become attractive for molecular oriented cancer therapies. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies are being performed in HNSCC; however, more studies are still needed to better understand the biology of this pathway.

A Stratosphere‐Troposphere (ST) Radar operating at 53 MHz is being installed at Ionosphere Field Station (22.94°N, 88.51°E, and 34°N geomagnetic latitude) of University of Calcutta in the eastern part of India adjoining northern Bay of Bengal. This radar is unique, being the only one operational at this frequency in the entire eastern and northeastern part of the country and also in the south‐east Asian longitude sector. Two components of horizontal winds (zonal and meridional) measured by the Pilot version of this radar have been validated with 90 collocated simultaneous balloon‐borne radiosonde observations during July and August 2019. A good correlation of the order of 90%–99% and 75%–95% up to 8 km has been observed between the radar and radiosonde measured zonal winds and meridional winds respectively. This correlation is much stronger between 2 and 6 km altitudes. The correspondence is better for the zonal winds than meridional. However, there have been some data outliers, which may primarily be attributed to different measurement techniques, large beam width of the Pilot array and less antenna aperture. The differences between radar and radiosonde measurements are marginally higher for precipitation events compared to non‐precipitation cases. The zonal and meridional wind patterns exhibit different variations in July and August 2019 while the standard errors in zonal and meridional winds mostly lie within 1 m/s. These results are the first validation of the Pilot version of this radar facility. A 53 MHz radar is being set up by University of Calcutta near Calcutta in the geophysically sensitive transition region from the tropics to the sub‐tropics in the eastern part of India adjoining Bay of Bengal. It is designed to measure atmospheric winds, which could be very severe particularly during tropical cyclones which often affect this region. As an initial step, a Pilot version of the radar has been established and wind measurements compared with simultaneous collocated balloon‐borne radiosondes during July‐August 2019 for precipitation as well as non‐precipitation days up to altitudes of 8 km. Good correspondence have been noted between the two measurements with 90% correlation. Some data outliers have been noted which may be due to large beam width of the Pilot system and less antenna aperture. Validation of zonal and meridional wind measurements using a Stratosphere‐Troposphere Radar with radiosondes during July‐August 2019Good correspondence of about 90% is noted between the two measurementsValidation has been classified into precipitation and non‐precipitation cases up to 8 km height Validation of zonal and meridional wind measurements using a Stratosphere‐Troposphere Radar with radiosondes during July‐August 2019 Good correspondence of about 90% is noted between the two measurements Validation has been classified into precipitation and non‐precipitation cases up to 8 km height

Summary.:  Double rare earth monomethylammonium selenates of the general formula CH3NH3 Ln (SeO4)2�5H2O (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Y) were synthesized and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The thermal decomposition of the compounds were investigated using TG, DTG, and DTA techniques.

Laser Doppler Anemomeiry was used to measure the primary (axial) and secondary (recirculating) velocity profiles in laminar flows of Newtonian (ethylene glycol) and non-Newtonian (aqueous solutions of CMC and PAA) liquids in curved tubes. Rheological characteristics of these liquids were measured using standard viscometric techniques (Haake and Mechanical Spectrometer). The effect of the shear-thinning viscosity is to flatten the axial velocity profile while enhancing the circulating flow close to the walls. On the other hand, the viscoelasticity reduces the extent of the secondary flow for all Dean numbers. This fact explains the reduction of laminar friction reported in the literature.The primary and secondary velocity profiles, which appear to be the first ones ever published for the toroidal flows, are compared with the predictions of numerical simulation. The agreement is good when comparing the profiles of the axial flow but it is unsatisfactory for the secondary flows.

Dnyansagab, VishnuR., andDelmerC. Cooper. (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) Development of the seed of Solanum phureja.Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 176—186. Illus. 1960.—Ontogeny of the seed of Solanum phurejaJuz. et Buk. is described. The megagametophyte, during the course of its development, ruptures the nucellus and at maturity lies in direct contact with the inner layer (endothelium) of the single massive integument. The mature megagametophyte, a 7‐celled structure, consists of a 3‐celled egg apparatus, an endosperm mother cell with fused polar nuclei and 3 persistent antipodals. Both 2‐ and 3‐celled mature pollen grains are formed within anthers of the same flower; hence this character cannot be considered of any taxonomic value. Double fertilization occurs between 24 and 72 hr. after pollination. A cellular endosperm is formed, the peripheral layer acting as an absorbing tissue during the early ontogeny of the seed. Later this layer becomes organized as an aleurone layer and thereafter the source of nutrients is via the basal portion of the endosperm immediately adjacent to the apical end of the vascular tissue of the developing seed. Embryo development follows the Nicotianavariation of the Solanad type. The mature testa is composed of an outer layer of thick‐walled epidermal cells, an inner layer of thin‐walled cells and an intervening mass of disorganized tissue. In those instances where the ovule or young seed aborts, the endothelial cells of the integument become hyperactive and proliferate to such an extent that the space formerly occupied by the gametophyte or the developing endosperm and embryo becomes completely filled with endothelial tissue.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03322-8.

Depleting fossil fuels and raise in prices day by day has paid attention to alternative fuels. Emissions are the major concern in biofuels. Stringent future emissions norms can be met with implementation of key technologies. Performance of a biodiesel fueled CI engine can be improved by some modifications in the engine. One such is the combustion chamber geometry. This paper summarizes the results of different types of combustion chamber geometry with various biodiesel. The variations in performance parameters, emissions (UBHC, CO, NOx, smoke) and combustion parameters are also discussed in detail. The summary shows that suitability of alternative fuels can be improved by selecting the proper combustion chamber geometry.