Search

ABSTRACTThe present study was aimed to investigate the Datura metelplant extract’s anti-corrosion ability on mild steel against sulphuric acid. A comprehensive set of experiments using conventional methodology were employed for asserting the efficacy and velocity of corrosion inhibitory performance. It was found that the effectiveness of inhibition was 85.73%. The results showed that potentiodynamic polarisation causes inhibition regulated anodic responses. Both factors, linear polarisation resistance and corrosion current were improved by the inhibitors. The protective layer on a vulnerable surface has been induced by the phenomenon known as the ‘blanket effect’. The observed outcome may be attributed to the constraints imposed by the experimental methodology. The protective layer composition of mild steel was analysed using FTIR spectroscopy. Additionally, SEM analysis revealed the protective layer was neither smooth nor rough. In summary, the extract derived from Datura metelcould be a potential green inhibitor to act as an anti-corrosion agent.

AbstractAccording to worldwide health data, cancer, and inflammatory illnesses are on the rise and are among the most common causes of death. Across the world, these types of health problems are now considered top priorities for government health organizations. Hence, this study aimed to investigate medicinal plants’ potential for treating cancer and inflammatory disorders. This network pharmacology analysis aims to learn more about the potential targets and mechanisms of action for the bioactive ingredients in Sauropus androgynus(L.) Merr L. The compound-target network and protein-protein interaction analysis were built using the STRING database. Using Network Analyst, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes, pathway enrichment was performed on the hub genes. 1-hexadecanol was shown to inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes in a pharmacokinetic investigation. Those samples of 1-hexadecanol were found to be 1-hexadecanol (BBB 0.783), GI High, Pgp Substrate Yes, CYP2C19 Inhibitor Yes, CYP2D6 Yes, and HI −89.803. The intermolecular binding energies for 1-hexadecanol (4-DRI, −8.2 kcal/mol) are evaluated. These results from a study on S. androgynusused molecular docking and network pharmacology to gain insight into the prime target genes and potential mechanisms identified for AKT1, mTOR, AR, PPID, FKBP5, and NR3C1. The PI3K-Akt signalling pathway has become an important regulatory node in various pathological processes requiring coordinated actions. Stability and favourable conformations have been resolved by considering nonbonding interactions such as electrostatic and hydrogen bonds in MD simulations of the perfect molecules using the Desmond package. Thus, using an appropriate platform of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitroexperiments, this study provides for the first time a clearer knowledge of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory molecular bioactivities of S. androgynus.Further in vitroand in vivoconfirmations are strongly needed to determine the efficacy and therapeutic effects of 1-hexadecanol in the biological process.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Graphical abstract:

The current research happens green mediated obtaining of MgO nanoparticles via Magnolia champaca(L) plant root for analysis of its significant bio-clinical implementations. The green-mediated obtained magnesium oxide nanoparticles are confirmed through using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis. The green-associated M. champacasynthesized MgO nanoparticles revealed an absorption wavelength of 470 nm which is respective to MgO NPs. FTIR spectrum of the plant obtained MgO NPs showed strong spectrum at 2357, 2178, and 2015cm−1(methylene groups of proteins), 1611 cm−1(amide or carboxylate salt), 1393 cm−1(carboxylate salt as and adsorption of CO32–and CO2in the surface of MgO-NPs.), 1059 cm−1(Mg–OH stretching), 647, and 577 cm−1(Mg-O). The shape morphology of plant-mediated MgO NPs was determined through SEM revealing irregular shape and a scale range of 100 nm. Total antioxidant activity, scavenging and DPPH activity of plant-mediated obtained MgO NPs, plant extract, and ascorbic acid are evaluated, and the obtained results show better antioxidant activity in MgO NPs. The higher zone of suppression has seemed on the plant-associated obtained MgO NPs (120 g/mL) towards B. subtilisMTCC 1133 (21 ± 0.22 mm) and P. aeruginosaMTCC 2582 (23 ± 0.30 mm). The plant-mediated obtained MgO NPs revealed higher antibacterial properties compared to the antibiotic drug which effectively lower the alterations for the formation of antibiotic resistance of bacterial samples. The plant-mediated and obtained MgO NPs was found to highest antioxidant properties when differentiate from ascorbic acid. Plant-mediated obtained MgO NPs give an effective method that might be safe and high-scale industrial formation showing the merits of eco-friendly and low economic and also useful for various biomedical implementations.

The present study highlights the metal ions and existing drug ampicillin-loaded nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) coated on 316 stainless steel alloy (316LSS) using the electrodeposition method. In addition, the sample phase purity and crystallinity of the HAp composite coatings on 316LSS were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using the KBr pellet method. The coating microstructure/morphology was characterized using a scanning electron microscope, which showed a flower-like morphology with the attachment of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to confirm the major element groups in the synthesized sample. The TGA results showed that weight loss occurred in the temperature range of up to 800 °C for oxidation and reduction reactions. Additionally, the beat-optimized nanomaterial showed promising in vitro bioactivity against disease-causing microorganisms, displaying a significant zone of inhibition. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay demonstrated that the synthesized samples effectively inhibited cell proliferation in human osteosarcoma cell lines (Saos-2). AO/EB double staining performed under a fluorescence microscope indicated changes in the morphology of the apoptotic cell nuclei. In addition, the relationship between ROS and nanomaterial-induced apoptosis in Saos-2 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. MMP (ΔѰmt) profiling showed that the HAp composite increased the effective mitochondrial membrane damage or depolarization in the human osteosarcoma cell line. Moreover, the TUNEL assay suggested that treated nanomaterial with Saos-2 cells showed enhanced green fluorescence intensity, indicating terminal DNA damage. The obtained results meet the recommended physiological standard for synthesized 316LSS HAp composites to guide bone tissue regeneration.

In this study, we utilized Agaricaceae, or mushrooms, as the carbon source for the hydrothermal production of multifunctional carbon dots (MCDs). The MCDs showed remarkable features such as bright blue fluorescence, exceptional biocompatibility, high quantum yield, and efficient biolabeling ability. Moreover, the MCDs displayed extraordinary specificity towards HOCl, and could detect it in deionized water with a lower detection limit of 3.38 nM. Additionally, the MCDs had potent antioxidant properties, low cytotoxicity, and high cell permeability, as confirmed by DPPH and reducing potential analysis. Furthermore, the MCD probe proved to be highly useful in various biological applications, including the detection of endogenous HOCl in the RAW 264.7 cell line and the assessment of PMA-induced endogenous HOCl formation using confocal imaging. The synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) from a natural resource such as mushrooms is a promising prospect due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and broad range of potential applications.

The anti-corrosion performance and biocompatibility of developed bioactive polypyrrole (PPy)-coated titanium (Ti) have been studied in the present work. Coating of PPy on Ti was performed by the electropolymerization technique using various concentrations of pyrrole in an aqueous solution. 13C solid NMR, ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of PPy over Ti metal. The morphology of PPy-coated substrates revealed a cauliflower-like structure with a high roughness value. Wettability studies showed the hydrophilic property of the PPy-coated Ti metal compared to uncoated Ti. The increased polarization resistance (Rp) and reduced corrosion current density (icorr) results exhibit improved protection ability for the PPy-coated Ti. Bode impedance and phase angle values were high for the PPy-coated substrate compared to uncoated Ti. Apatite formation on the coated substrate was higher after 7 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Cell culture studies result revealed that PPy-coated surface enhances the adhesion of MG-63 cells on titanium surface and also improve the bone-forming ability.

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived terpenoid lactones. Natural SLs are grouped into two types, namely, strigol-type and orobanchol-type, and 20 SLs have been identified from different plant kingdoms or species. The more stable SLs, called GR24, derived synthetically, were utilized for the investigation of SL responses. SLs are crucial endogenous plant hormones that play a multifactorial role in plant and rhizosphere interactions by controlling mycorrhization and lateral shoot branching. SLs participate in the organization of plant architecture by reducing bud outgrowth in addition to various morphological and developmental processes, collectively with other plant growth hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid. Strigolactones regulate root growth and structure by inhibiting lateral root production and enhancing root hair elongation. Targeted genetic engineering of SL biosynthetic genes leads to potential alterations in rooting and vegetative systems and assists in generating plants that are more appropriate to different adverse environmental conditions, such as drought, salt stress, cold, and water deficit. The present review provides a clear outline of the structure, type, biosynthesis, and signaling mechanisms of SLs. In addition, their potential functions in plant growth, development, and response to stress conditions are also discussed.

The production of avocados for commercial purposes is on the rise; however, with this comes an increase in the amount of seed waste that is usually thrown away. One such byproduct of avocado fruit processing is the starch-rich avocado seeds that can be used to extract the starch. Starch is a functional component utilized in the food business to help with quality maintenance; additionally, it gains more attention for the use in biofilm preparation. The purpose of this research was to isolate starch from avocado seeds (ASS) and to prepare the superior quality starch-cellulose bio-composites. In this respect, extracted granules of ASS resulted in 31.24% yield. While characterizing, the thermal characteristics of ASS showed the paste beginning temperature was 75.3 °C, and its maximal viscosity reached 706 BU at 88.1 °C. It was found that the ASS stability at low temperatures was excellent, as indicated by the low syneresis rate of 1.51%. Further, the isolated ASS was subjected to the incorporation of cellulose fillers extracted from pseudo-stem fibers of waste Ensete ventricosumbiomass to develop a high-performing bio-composite film (BCF). The percentages of crystallinity were as found to be 29.8% for raw ASS, 5.6% for the biofilm using starch only, and 12.3% for starch with 15% cellulose. Further, the bio-composite having 15% cellulose showed appreciable tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break, values which were determined to be 18.0 MPa, 1782.4 MPa, and 1.5%, respectively. It was ensured that the films have been benefited from cellulose inclusion because the filler dispersion was maximized, allowing for better mechanical properties. Such a study on improving starch-based film properties hinted at a promising approach for developing upgraded bio-composites to apply to futuristic food packaging applications by exploiting fruit waste.

The application and variety of composite materials have expanded across various domains, from everyday furniture to industrial structures. This study emphasizes delamination analysis in natural fiber–reinforced hybrid polymer composites crafted from neem, banyan fibers, and an epoxy matrix containing sawdust fillers during drilling. Drilling is vital for the assembly of composite components. The L27 factorial design orthogonal array was employed to examine three distinct spindle speeds, feed rates, and HSS drill bits used in the drilling operation. Using the response surface methodology (RSM), to determine optimal responses for thrust force, torque, and delamination during drilling. The surface quality, specifically delamination peel-up and push-out, of the drilled holes was gauged via digital microscopic examination across the entry and exit of the hybrid composite sample. The ANOVA results (p< 0.04) indicated optimal drilling parameter is 6 mm drill bit diameter, 10 mm/rev feed rate, and a spindle speed of 1500 rpm. These conditions resulted in minimal delamination effects peel up and push out (0.87 and 0.91), a thrust force of 23.43 N, and torque of 5.13N-m. Overall, the study underscores the significance of drilling parameters in ensuring an efficient drilling process for this particular natural fiber composite.

Curcumin is the main active constituent of the medicinal plant Curcuma longa L., used traditionally as a medicinal spice in several ancient civilizations. Different preclinical and clinical studies support the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin in various inflammatory diseases. As inflammation has an essential role in the pathophysiology of many ocular diseases, curcumin has been suggested as a promising therapeutic agent with anti-inflammatory properties. Based on the extent of experimental and clinical evidence, curcumin can exert protective effects against the corneal, uveal, retinal, optic nerve, orbital, and lacrimal gland inflammatory disorders. Herein, the available literature on the beneficial effects of curcumin in inflammatory eye diseases is reviewed. The limitations and future directions of these investigations are also discussed.

The major challenge in modern parasitology is the development of safe and effective therapies for dengue fever. This study presents a simple method for the biological production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by β-caryophyllene. AgNPs exhibited a significant plasmon resonance at 420 nm, as confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of various functional groups, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an average particle size of 3.2 nm, ranging from 5 to 100 nm. AgNPs showed no cytotoxicity against the L929 cell line, while, AgNPs exhibited anticancer activity in the HepG2 cell line, with an IC50 value of 51.71 µg/mL, indicating a potent anticancer effect. Furthermore, AgNPs displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 ± 1 to 12 ± 1 mm using the disk diffusion method. In addition, AgNPs showed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegyptilarvae, with LC50 and LC90 values of − 463.81 and − 357.56, respectively. These results suggest that AgNPs biosynthesized using β-caryophyllene are promising cost-effective agents for anticancer, antibacterial, and larval control applications.

•Ethyl acetate extract of Nocardiopsissp. strain LC-8 exhibited potential antimicrobial trait.•Fraction 2 (F2) of strain LC-8 revealed antioxidant traits with low IC50values.•F2 exhibited anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells with IC50value of 17.5±1.5 μg/ml.•2,4-di-tert-butylphenol displayed good docking score against target proteins of pathogens and cancer cells.•2,4-di-tert-butylphenol from Nocardiopsissp. may be used as a promising therapeutic agent.

Exploration of new drugs targeting anxiety treatment is a major concern worldwide. Medicinalplants are being used as a potential source of novel drugs for anxiety disorders. The objectiveof this review is to provide information about the healing outcomes of anxiety treatment with naturalproducts. Valeriana officinalis, Citrus aurantium, Commelina benghalensis, Achyranthes aspera,Mimosa pudica, Achillea millefolium, Nymphaea alba, Leonurus cardiac, Camellia sinensis,Turnera aphrodisiaca, Crataegus oxyacantha and Piper methysticum showed promising effects onanxiety in animal models. In clinical studies, passion flower, kava, valerian, St John's wort, andhwagandha showed the most positive results. More studies are needed for the exploration of the antianxietyof medicinal plants. In drugs derived from natural sources have explored many componentsthat are playing an essential role in curing anxiety disorders and associated complications.

Constipation is one of the most common and prevalent chronic gastrointestinalconditions across the globe that is treated or managed through various methods. Laxatives areused for the treatment or management of chronic/acute constipation. But due to the adverse effectsassociated with these laxatives, herbal foods should be considered as alternative therapies forconstipation. In this review, the laxative potential of plant-based medicines used for constipationis discussed. Constipation may be caused by various factors such as lifestyle, particular foodhabits, pregnancy and even due to some medication. Chronic constipation is responsible fordifferent health issues. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological paradigms are applied for thetreatment or management of constipation. In the pharmacological way of treatment, medicinalplants have a key role because of their fibrous nature. Numerous plants such as Prunus persica(Rosaceae), Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (Leguminosae), Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), Plantagoovata (Plantaginaceae), Rheum emodi (Polygonaceae), Cassia auriculata (Caesalpinacea),Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae), Aloe barbadensis(Liliaceae), Mareya micrantha (Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia thymifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Cascarasagrada (Rhamnaceae), Cassia angustifolia (Fabaceae) have laxative activity. Medicinal plantspossess a significant laxative potential and support their folklore; therefore, further, well-designedclinical-based studies are required to prove and improve the efficacy of herbal medicine forconstipation. The present review showed that herbs laxative effect in various in vivo/ in vitromodels.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are unique may be organic or inorganic, play a vital role in the development of drug delivery targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Intranasal drug delivery has shown to be an efficient strategy with attractive application for drug delivery to the CNS related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer 's disease and brain solid tumors. Blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers are natural protective hindrances for entry of drug molecules into the CNS. Nanoparticles exhibit excellent intruding capacity for therapeutic agents and overcome protective barriers. By using nanotechnology based NPs targeted, drug delivery can be improved across BBB with discharge drugs in a controlled manner. NPs confer safe from degradation phenomenon. Several kinds of NPs are used for nose to the brain (N2B) enroute, such as lipidemic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic NPs, solid lipid NPs, dendrimers. Among them, popular lipidemic and polymeric NPs are discussed, and their participation in anti-cancer activity has also been highlighted in this review.

•In silico docking and binding analysis of chitinase from P. fluorescensMP-13 with GAPDH from H. theivora.•Chitinase and GAPDH were docked using the HADDOCK docking software.•GAPDH were determined using SOPMA, and their three-dimensional structures were modeled using the Swiss model and validated using PROCHECK and Ramachandran plots.•Amino acid residues involved in binding were analyzed using PDBSum and the final docked structure was visualized using PyMol.

Highly stable nano scale silver nanoparticles synthesis by the algal biomass was recorded at 48 h. UV visible absorption spectra demonstrate the sharp peak at 420 nm specific to silver nanoparticles, and the peak at 220–240 nm reveals the presence of proteins. Heat shock proteins are mainly enzymes produced in response to the heat treatment of algal biomass responsible for reducing silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles. High crystalline phase of the silver nanoparticles was confirmed by X ray diffraction (XRD) showed four major distinct diffraction peaks [38.068 (1 1 1), 44.28 (2 0 0), 64.34 (2 2 0), 77.41 (3 1 1)] corresponding to four diffraction facets of silver. Particles morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed nanoscale particles with a size ranging from 55 - 80 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles were screened for waster water treatment efficacy against brewery waste water which was represented as treatment efficacy (TE). In the case of pH, the nanoparticles treatment group revealed 45.0%,76.0% and 92.0% TE at 10, 20 and 30 days. A sharp increase in TE was also noticed in the remaining tested parameters. Silver nanoparticles were not induced any undesirable phytotoxic effect on the tested plants by recording complete seedlings' emergence parameters and no impact on the antioxidants profile. No sign of toxic effect on the selected biofertilisers; biocontrol agents in the nanoparticle's treatment have proved the best compatibility. No impact on the enzyme activity of all the tested enzymes confirmed the best compatibility.

Every year, the agricultural and food industries generate substantial amounts of food waste, which impacts the environment. This review discusses the potential of fruit pomace as a sustainable resource for the production of value-added products with enhanced functional properties and health benefits. Fruit pomace, a by-product of fruit processing, is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and prebiotic properties. Synthesizing the literature from various sources, it examines extraction techniques, bioactive compounds, and cross-industry applications, providing practical insights and outlining future research directions for sustainable fruit processing practices. Fruit pomace bioactive compounds show promise in preventing diseases, such as inflammation, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and microbial infections. This review emphasizes extraction methods and therapeutic applications, highlighting their role in environmental impact mitigation through valorization. Efficient recovery methods can yield valuable bioactive compounds with diverse health benefits. Future research should prioritize sustainable approaches to maximize bioactive utilization of fruit pomace, aligning with waste reduction and resource conservation goals. Despite these challenges, leveraging fruit pomace for innovative product development underscores the need for further research and collaboration towards a sustainable and healthier food industry.

In vitrobatch system was adopted to determine the dye removal and uptake efficacy by providing various optimum condition which includes initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH, temperature. Surface modified rice husk was screened for biocompatibility or biosafety potential using phytotoxicity assessment, brine shrimp toxicity, hemocompatibility and mutagenicity screening. Optimum condition for the dye adsorption includes 1750 mg of adsorbent dosage, 25 mg/L of initial dye concentration, 100 min of contact time, 45 oC temperature, 7.5 pH Adsorbed dye in aqueous solution thus obtained under optimum condition was not shown any phytotoxic effect on the seedling index of Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata and Brassica niger, enzymatic anti-oxidants level, biochemical composition like total protein, total carbohydrate, total chlorophyll, qualitative protein expression pattern. No impact on the hatching, survival rate, morphology, anti-oxidants profile of brine shrimp -Artemia salina that exposed to surface modified rice husk treated dye in aqueous solution revealed best biocompatibility. No sign of hemolysis on the peripheral blood that treated with adsorbed dye in aqueous solution also confirmed the biocompatibility. No induction of cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in the RAW cell line that exposed to treated dye in aqueous solution was also confirmed the best biocompatibility. Mutagenicity screening with bacterial strain Salmonella typhimurium His- bacterial detection system adopting Ames test showed absence of revertant bacterial colonies indicated the best biosafety or biocompatibility. The present study suggests the possible utilization of rice husk treated methylene blue in aqueous solution for agriculture or irrigation purpose with high biocompatibility and biosafety.

This study describes the influence of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on phytochemicals and their pharmacological activities in the cell suspension cultures (CSC) of bitter gourd. To standardize the effect of sucrose, plant growth regulators, medium, AgNPs and growth kinetics for the biomass and bioactive compounds accumulation in CSC of bitter gourd. The medium comprising MS salts, sucrose (30 g/L) with 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) and TDZ (0.1 mg/L) at 28 days of CSC was appropriate for biomass and bioactive compound accumulation. The contents of silver, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were highly elevated in AgNPs (10 mg/L)-elicited CSC when compared with non-elicited CSC. AgNPs (5 mg/L) elicited CSC extracts had significantly enhanced the production of total phenolic (3.5 ± 0.2 mg/g), and flavonoid (2.5 ± 0.06 mg/g) contents than in the control CSC extracts (2.5 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.05 mg/g). AgNPs (5 mg/L) elicited CSC showed a higher amount of flavonols (1822.37 µg/g), hydroxybenzoic (1713.40 µg/g) and hydroxycinnamic (1080.10 µg/g) acids than the control CSC (1199, 1394.42 and 944.52 µg/g, respectively). Because of these metabolic changes, the pharmacological activities (antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer) were high in the AgNPs (5 mg/L)-elicited CSC extracts in bitter gourd. The study suggested the effectiveness of elicitation process in enhancing the accumulation of phenolic compounds and pharmacological activities. AgNPs-elicited CSC offered an effective and favorable in vitro method to improve the production of bioactive compounds for potential uses in pharmaceutical industries.

The present research examined the environmentally compatible and cost-effective formation of green medicated palladium nanoparticles (EA-PdNPs) utilizing aqueous extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides(EA) and their antibacterial and photocatalytic behaviour. EA aqueous extracts of leaves intervened as a reduction and capping agent. Meanwhile, the physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of green-treated EA-PdNPs under an alkaline environment remain uncertain. Furthermore, the as-prepared EA-PdNPs seemed to have a face-centered cubic crystal phase with 12 nm particle size, were monodispersed, and demonstrated high stability. The visible region spectra of EA-PdNPs is represented by its optically active area at 426 nm from UV–visible spectroscopy. The chemical state and near surface composition of the EA-PdNPs fabricated from Evolvulus alsinoidesleaf extract were clarified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both Gram-positive (+ve) Staphylococcus aureushad zone 20.5 ± 0.5 mm and Gram-negative (-ve) Escherichia coliinhibit zone 22.15 ± 0.2 mm were sensitive to the antibacterial effects of the EA-PdNPs at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Green-treated EA-PdNPs, on the other hand, were employed as photocatalysts investigators, ultimately resulting in 98% degradation of Rhodamine B dye in 120 min. The outstanding catalytic implementation of all synthesized EA-PdNPs on the photodegradation of the researched pollutants was revealed by UV–visible findings, which examined the decrease in absorption coefficient spectral value within an extremely short time. Furthermore, micro crustacean Daphnia magnaand zebrafish (Danio rerio) was successfully used to assess the non-toxicity of EA-PdNPs. The key implications of this findings are that EA-PdNPs toxicity depends on concentration. Our outcomes showed that the EA-PdNPs did not demonstrate considerable toxicity to Daphnia magnaat high concentrations (100 µg/L) similarly EA-PdNPs did not showed any significant toxicity on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development at 72 h of post fertilization exposure. Green-treated Pd-NPs produced by Evolvulus alsinoidescan be used as probable applicants for biological and clean ecological applications due to their sustainable synthesizing, environmentally friendly, and biocompatibility.

Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology intend new and innovative applications in the food industry. Nanotechnology exposed to be an efficient method in many fields, particularly the food industry and the area of functional foods. Though as is the circumstance with the growth of any novel food processing technology, food packaging material, or food ingredient, additional studies are needed to demonstrate the potential benefits of nanotechnologies and engineered nanomaterials designed for use in foods without adverse health effects. Nanoemulsions display numerous advantages over conventional emulsions due to the small droplets size they contain: high optical clarity, excellent physical constancy against gravitational partition and droplet accumulation, and improved bioavailability of encapsulated materials, which make them suitable for food applications. Nano-encapsulation is the most significant favorable technologies having the possibility to ensnare bioactive chemicals. This review highlights the applications of current nanotechnology research in food technology and agriculture, including nanoemulsion, nanocomposites, nanosensors, nano-encapsulation, food packaging, and propose future developments in the developing field of agrifood nanotechnology. Also, an overview of nanostructured materials, and their current applications and future perspectives in food science are also presented.

ABSTRACTNanotechnology is an exciting and rapidly emerging field in agriculture and food science. The usage of nanoscale materials in sensing and detection applications is growing quickly, providing alternative methods to conventional techniques for detecting chemical and biological contaminants in foods, beverages, and other products. Nanotechnology has the potential to innovate the agricultural, feed, and food sectors (further stated as agri/feed/food). Applications that are marketed already feature original product packaging with antimicrobial nanoparticles, and agrochemicals and nutrients that have been nano-encapsulated. Many nano-enabled products are presently under research and development, and may be introduced into the industry in the future. As with any other structured product, for market sanctions, applications need to prove the safe use of such new products without posing unwarranted safety risks to the consumer or the environment. In this review, we summarize the uses of nanotechnology related to food and nutraceuticals, while also identifying the outstanding challenges.

Turnip (Brassica rapassp. rapa) is an important vegetable crop producing glucosinolates (GSLs) and phenolic compounds. The GSLs, phenolic compound contents and transcript levels in hairy root cultures, as well as their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity were studied in turnip. Transgenic hairy root lines were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR. GSLs levels (glucoallysin, glucobrassicanapin, gluconasturtiin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin) and their gene expression levels (BrMYB28, BrMYB29, BrMYB34, BrMYB51, BrMYB122, CYP79and CYP83) significantly increased in hairy roots compared with that in non-transformed roots. Furthermore, hairy roots efficiently produced several important individual phenolic compounds (flavonols, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids). Colorimetric analysis revealed that the highest levels of total phenol, flavonoid contents, and their gene expression levels (PAL, CHIand FLS) in hairy roots than non-transformed roots. Our study provides beneficial information on the molecular and physiological active processes that are associated with the phytochemical content and biosynthetic gene expression in turnip. Moreover, antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH scavenging activity, reducing potential, phosphomolybdenum and ferrous ion chelating ability assays was significantly higher in hairy roots. Hairy root extracts exhibited higher antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal species. The extract of hairy roots showed inhibition of human breast and colon cancer cell lines.

Abstract: An efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis was achieved from callus-derived immature and mature leaf explants of Momordica charantia, a very important vegetable and medicinal plant. Calluses were induced from immature leaf explants excised from in vitro (15-day-old seedlings) mature leaf explants of vivo plants (45 days old). The explants were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg (B5) vitamins containing 30 g l−1 sucrose, 2.2 g l−1 Gelrite, and 7.7 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with 2.2 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). Regeneration of adventitious shoots from callus (30–40 shoots per explant) was achieved on MS medium containing 5.5 μM TDZ, 2.2 μM NAA, and 3.3 μM silver nitrate (AgNO3). The shoots (1.0 cm length) were excised from callus and elongated in MS medium fortified with 3.5 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). The elongated shoots were rooted in MS medium supplemented with 4.0 μM indole 3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooted plants were acclimatized in the greenhouse and subsequently established in soil with a survival rate of 90%. This protocol yielded an average of 40 plants per leaf explant with a culture period of 98 days.

Soybean processing waste (SPW) has potential as a sustainable source of phytochemicals and functional foods. A variety of phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals have been characterized from SPW using various analytical methods. SPW utilization strategies may provide a new way to increase production of bioactive compounds, nutritional supplements, and cosmetic ingredients. SPW has the potential for value-added processing, to improve commercial use, and to lower environmental pollution through proper use. Okara, a byproduct generated during soybean processing of tofu and soy milk, is rich in dietary fiber, isoflavones, and saponins. Isoflavones, an important class of biologically active compounds owing to their multifunctional and therapeutic effects, are extracted from SPW. Further, studies have shown that okara has potential prebiotic and therapeutic value in lowering the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, in this review, we focus on several extraction methods and pharmacotherapeutic effects of different SPWs. Their effective uses in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and health applications, as biocatalysts, and as value-added resources have been discussed.