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Byline: Uma. Sridhar, Koushik. Tripathy, Shriya. Dhar Knowledge is power so goes the adage. 'With great power comes great responsibility'--this famous quote aptly summarizes the social and moral duty of [...]

Byline: Uma. Sridhar, Jyoti. Batra, Koushik. Tripathy The review article in this issue of the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO) focuses on eye banking practices in India, the European nations, [...]

Molecular Structure and Organic Synthesis (MSOS) is an upper-division undergraduate (capstone) laboratory course for undergraduates majoring in chemistry at Xavier University of Louisiana (XULA). The course is designed for juniors and seniors and is based on self-regulated research and learning under limited instructor supervision. It includes a 2-step synthetic project, chosen by each student in the class from a list based on the Organic Synthesis periodical or actual faculty research and then carried out independently. In order to prepare students for their syntheses, we recently included a new project in the course syllabus focused on a reaction optimization that introduces the undergraduate students to the concepts of raising reaction yield, improving product purity, lessening the environmental impact of the reaction, and/or increasing its cost efficiency. A team of 2–3 students performs a preliminary experiment. A rerun by each individual team member incorporating his or her modifications follows this. The goal of this preparatory exercise is to enhance the students’ soft skills, including teamwork, critical analysis of data, and scientific report preparation as well as develop a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism to make calculated adjustments to reaction conditions for optimization.

Efficient CO2capture onboard ships is a vital step in mitigating maritime emissions. In our previous work, we showed that amine-based absorption is the best prospect for onboard capture, and ships powered by LNG are better suited than those using HFO. Hence, in this work, an extensive design for amine-based absorption onboard LNG-run ships with different flue gas conditions (flow rate, temperature, and composition) as well as maximum CO2storage capacity and number of days at sea is presented. The design comprises discussions on the selection of key variables for separation, e.g., the dimensions of the absorber and regenerator column and solvent flow rate, as well as the selection of optimal CO2storage conditions. Additionally, the best configuration for cold energy integration to minimize the extra power demand for the CO2compression is also assessed. The design is based on 90% recovery of CO2from the total flue gas to be processed, including emissions stemming from extra fuel burned to fulfill the energy deficit for solvent regeneration and the power demand for CO2compression. To this end, a novel noniterative approach to calculate total flue gas to be processed as a function of the flue gas conditions under optimized design conditions is also developed. Lastly, cargo losses from the installation of the capture unit are also presented. In summary, the study intends to provide ship owners with a comprehensive design guide for the installation of an amine-based absorption unit. To illustrate the utility of the study, case studies are presented using reference ships available in the literature.

Two mononuclear iron(II) complexes, [(6-amide2-BPMEN)FeII](OTf)2(1) and [(6-amide-Me-BPMEN)FeII(OTf)](OTf) (2), supported by two BPMEN-derived (BPMEN = N1,N2-dimethyl-N1,N2-bis(pyridine-2-yl-methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine) ligands bearing one or two amide functionalities have been isolated to study their reactivity in the oxygenation of C–H and C═C bonds using isopropyl 2-iodoxybenzoate (iPr-IBX ester) as the oxidant. Both 1and 2contain six-coordinate high-spin iron(II) centers in the solid state and in solution. The 6-amide2-BPMEN ligand stabilizes an S= 1 iron(IV)-oxo intermediate, [(6-amide2-BPMEN)FeIV(O)]2+(1A). The oxidant (1A) oxygenates the C–H and C═C bonds with a high selectivity. Oxidant 1A, upon treatment with 2,6-lutidine, is transformed into another oxidant [{(6-amide2-BPMEN)-(H)}FeIV(O)]+(1B) through deprotonation of an amide group, resulting in a stronger equatorial ligand field and subsequent stabilization of the triplet ground state. In contrast, no iron-oxo species could be observed from complex 2and [(6-Me2-BPMEN)FeII(OTf)2] (3) under similar experimental conditions. The iron(IV)-oxo oxidant 1Ashows the highest A/K selectivity in cyclohexane oxidation and 3°/2° selectivity in adamantane oxidation reported for any synthetic nonheme iron(IV)-oxo complexes. Theoretical investigation reveals that the hydrogen bonding interaction between the −NH group of the noncoordinating amide group and Fe═O core smears out the equatorial charge density, reducing the triplet–quintet splitting, and thus helping complex 1Ato achieve better reactivity.

Narrowband photodetectors play a vital role in imaging and sensing applications. Due to exceptional optoelectronic properties and tunable bandgap, perovskites are highly suitable for realizing narrowband photodetection. In this work, a narrow dual-band photodetector based on lead-free perovskite single crystal (PSC) Cs2AgBiBr6 is fabricated. The detector showed a narrowband response spectrum with dual bands with a peak response at 530 and 590 nm. A detectivity of 109 Jones with a full-width half maximum (FWHM) of 42 nm is achieved in both bands. The detector showed a rise time ( ${t}_{\text {r}}$ ) of 92 ms and a fall time ( ${t}_{\text {f}}$ ) of 271 ms under 530 nm illumination, along with a stable performance up to 25 days in ambient conditions. This attempt demonstrates a stable narrow dual-band photodetection using a lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 double PSC for multispectral imaging applications.

The optimal timing of anticoagulation for patients with acute ischaemic stoke with atrial fibrillation is uncertain. We investigated the efficacy and safety of early compared with delayed initiation of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke associated with atrial fibrillation.

We observe that $\gamma $ -ray radiation affects the formation of the conducting bridge in Ag/Ti/Al:HfO2/Pt devices. We suggest that the $\gamma $ -ray breaks Hf-O bonds and affects the properties of metal/insulator interfaces. The radiation-induced interfacial layers promote the transition from write-once-read-many times (WORM) to reversible switching memories. The devices that undergo a higher radiation exposure exhibit a higher forming voltage that we could exploit to sense radiation; an electrical circuit to harness this phenomenon is also proposed. We also observe that the devices exhibit self-healing behavior, where the forming behavior restores once the radiation energy is released. The switching mechanism is explained and proposed to elucidate this phenomenon. This study not only provides insight into the development of memristor devices for space application but also their potential as multipurpose elements for reconfigurable circuits.

This study investigates the peristaltic transport of Jeffrey nanofluid in a physiological vessel, addressing the significant issue of optimizing fluid transport in biomedical and industrial applications, such as targeted drug delivery, thermal management devices, and biosensor technologies. Approximate analytical solutions were derived using long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations to simplify the complex system and provide clear insights into fluid dynamics. The study incorporates an applied magnetic field, viscous dissipation, heat sources, electroosmosis, and thermal radiation. Significant outcomes include higher temperatures in blood-graphene nanofluid compared to blood-platinum nanofluid, reduced nanofluid velocity with increased magnetic field strength, higher irreversibility generated by blade-shaped nanoparticles, and reduced bolus size with increasing Jeffrey fluid parameter. These findings highlight the complex interactions between various physical parameters and suggest optimization strategies for specific applications. The study’s goal is to provide a foundation for future research and practical implementations in relevant technologies.

The cohesin complex, encoded by SMC3, SMC1A, RAD21, and STAG2, is a critical regulator of DNA-looping and gene expression. Over a decade has passed since recurrent mutations affecting cohesin subunits were first identified in myeloid malignancies such as Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Since that time there has been tremendous progress in our understanding of chromatin structure and cohesin biology, but critical questions remain because of the multiple critical functions the cohesin complex is responsible for. Recent findings have been particularly noteworthy with the identification of crosstalk between DNA-looping and chromatin domains, a deeper understanding of how cohesin establishes sister chromatid cohesion, a renewed interest in cohesin’s role for DNA damage response, and work demonstrating cohesin’s importance for Polycomb repression. Despite these exciting findings, the role of cohesin in normal hematopoiesis, and the precise mechanisms by which cohesin mutations promote cancer, remain poorly understood. This review discusses what is known about the role of cohesin in normal hematopoiesis, and how recent findings could shed light on the mechanisms through which cohesin mutations promote leukemic transformation. Important unanswered questions in the field, such as whether cohesin plays a role in HSC heterogeneity, and the mechanisms by which it regulates gene expression at a molecular level, will also be discussed. Particular attention will be given to the potential therapeutic vulnerabilities of leukemic cells with cohesin subunit mutations.

Metal matrix composites made of aluminium and ceramics reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) have desirable mechanical characteristics. On the other hand, ceramic composites made of aluminium may need improvement in their lubricating and tribological properties. This study aims to develop a new material utilizing the powder metallurgy (P/M) technique by incorporating Graphite (Gr), which is self-lubricating. This research investigated the impact of Graphite on the wear characteristics of a hybrid composite material composed of Al 7075/SiC and varying percentages of Graphite (X = 0, 5, and 10 weight %). An experimental study was conducted to analyze the mechanical and wear properties of the hybrid composite. The hardness of Al7075 increased by 5% with 5 wt.% SiC compared to the base alloy. Adding 5 wt.% graphite to the Al7075/5 wt.% SiC composite increased hardness by 2.7% compared to the base alloy, but with 10 wt.% graphite, the hardness decreased below the base alloy. This decrease is likely due to graphite agglomeration, softer phases, and poor interfacial bonding. The wear characteristics of the composite were tested using the pin-on-disc method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the hybrid composite revealed that the reinforcement particles were evenly distributed throughout the matrix. The tribological behaviour was optimized using the Taguchi design of experiments and the grey relational technique. The results showed a reduction in wear loss of around 25.08% and a reduction of the friction coefficient of about 54.37%. The results demonstrated that the hybrid composite composed of Al7075 with 5 wt.% SiC and 5 wt.% graphite outperformed the other hybrid composites regarding mechanical and tribological characteristics.

The study focuses on seismic behavior in multi-story buildings on sloped ground, highlighting the superior performance of the Step-back and Step-back Setback configuration. These insights contribute to optimizing building designs for enhanced seismic resilience in challenging terrains. The Step-back Setback configuration, with advantages in displacements, drifts, and shear values, emerges as a promising approach for structures in sloping areas. The findings inform future construction practices, emphasizing the importance of adherence to seismic design codes for structural integrity. While the study provides valuable insights, further research is recommended to explore additional variables and validate findings in diverse geological contexts. The study compares the seismic performance of Step-back and Step-back Setback building configurations with varying angles 15°, 20°, 25° and heights 24 m, 27 m, 30 m. Notably, the Step-back Setback design consistently demonstrates superior characteristics, such as lower displacements, reduced storey drifts 7–10% improvement, and more efficient resistance to lateral forces, particularly in comparison to Step-back configurations. The analysis adheres to IS 1893(Part 1):2016 standards, ensuring that observed values fall well within specified limits. The research concludes that Step-back Setback building frames exhibit enhanced seismic resilience, making them a preferable choice for construction on sloped terrains. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of architectural and engineering features in minimizing structural vulnerabilities and promoting stability during seismic events.

Approximately 15% of all esophageal perforations occur within the cervical esophagus. Advances in medical care and surgical technique overtime have led to decreased mortality associated with esophageal perforations. While early recognition, accurate characterization, and adequate drainage, or repair when appropriate, remain the mainstays in the management of cervical perforations, endoscopic innovation has provided a minimally invasive option in the management of this disease and expanded the armamentarium of options available to providers.

Large bowel obstruction is most commonly due to colorectal carcinoma, diverticular disease or volvulus. Rare causes of large bowel obstruction like endometriosis may occur in premenopausal women and diagnosis of large bowel endometriosis can be challenging to confirm preoperatively. Hence, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for rare causes of large bowel obstruction like endometriosis. This may require complete surgical resection of the involved bowel to eliminate the risk of local recurrence.

Here we report the development of unprecedented silver-catalyzed intramolecular annulations of N-acrolyl-2-(3-indolyl) benzimidazoles with alkyl carboxylic acids to construct complex fused-pentacyclic alkaloid scaffolds. Divergent reactivities are noticed with altered groups at C2-indole of the substrate. The reaction proceeds through decarboxylative alkylation, followed by dearomative annulation in a domino manner with excellent diastereoselectivity. Owing to the reactivity of the tert-OH group, these aza-enriched scaffolds can be further functionalized.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogasterhas emerged as a key model organism in neuroscience, in large part due to the concentration of collaboratively generated molecular, genetic and digital resources available for it. Here we complement the approximately 140,000 neuron FlyWire whole-brain connectome1with a systematic and hierarchical annotation of neuronal classes, cell types and developmental units (hemilineages). Of 8,453 annotated cell types, 3,643 were previously proposed in the partial hemibrain connectome2, and 4,581 are new types, mostly from brain regions outside the hemibrain subvolume. Although nearly all hemibrain neurons could be matched morphologically in FlyWire, about one-third of cell types proposed for the hemibrain could not be reliably reidentified. We therefore propose a new definition of cell type as groups of cells that are each quantitatively more similar to cells in a different brain than to any other cell in the same brain, and we validate this definition through joint analysis of FlyWire and hemibrain connectomes. Further analysis defined simple heuristics for the reliability of connections between brains, revealed broad stereotypy and occasional variability in neuron count and connectivity, and provided evidence for functional homeostasis in the mushroom body through adjustments of the absolute amount of excitatory input while maintaining the excitation/inhibition ratio. Our work defines a consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain and provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchain for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Accepted by: Konstantinos NikolopoulosThe COVID 19 pandemic forced supply chain managers to explore different ways to cope with rapid changes in supply, manufacturing, distribution and demand. The lessons learnt from that experience is that flexibility in responding to demand and modularity must be planned at every stage. Along with planning, we argue that execution becomes challenging and is equally important to consider when making plans. We illustrate with a broad category of flexibility and modularity, dual sourcing, and how management mathematics can be used to manage these systems and understand the cost of execution. Dual sourcing has been used to manage the trade-off between cost and responsiveness by firms and has received considerable attention in academic literature. It is known that except in special cases, the optimal sourcing policy does not have an easy structure that is practically appealing and can be used by managers. Over the last decade and half, researchers have developed various management mathematics techniques and analyzed the performance of heuristic policies. This paper presents a discussion of the results in a few key papers related to the dual-sourcing inventory management problem and recent distribution free results in asymptotic regions. The asymptotic regimes considered include systems where the lead-time from the slower supplier is significantly higher than that from the closer, faster supplier and conditions where the unit cost of procurement is significantly higher compared to the unit cost of carrying inventory. These regimes represent different conditions about how valuable or costly using the faster supplier is and illustrate the value of simple heuristic policies and characterize the cost of these heuristics. The key learnings are that optimal ordering decisions may be robust to misspecification of demand distribution and managers only need summary statistics, such as the average and standard deviation of demand to determine the order quantities from the different suppliers. Managers could also consider ways to roll out new planning and control systems for managing multiple suppliers.

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the effect of different seasons (where the temperature would be different) on the performance (phosphorous, nitrogen, and organic matter removal) of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) based wastewater treatment plants. The modified activated sludge model 2D (ASM2d) module, including the microbial kinetics is used to simulate the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) SBR process and the temperature is chosen between 10 and 33°C. Influent data from two distinct wastewater treatment plants located in India and Europe are considered. The investigation of the kinetic variables is performed over a wide temperature range, and significant increases are seen as the temperature rises. The effluent parameters are within the government regulations. It is clear that an increase in temperature results in better effluent quality with reduced values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium nitrogen and ammonium ions (NH4), and total nitrogen (TN) and a slight increase in total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS). According to the current findings, as the temperature changes from low to high levels, the values of COD, BOD, TN, and NH4decreased by 2.50, 14.92, 5.80, and 9.90% respectively, for Indian data. There is a slight increase of 1.07% in the TSS profile. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the effect of different climatic conditions on the performance of SBR-based wastewater treatment plants.

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization, and functional activity of 26 MegaMolecule-based bispecific antibody mimics for T-cell redirection toward HER2+ cancer cells. The work reports functional bispecific MegaMolecules that bind both receptor targets, and recruit and activate T-cells resulting in lysis of the target tumor cells. Changing the orientation of linkage between Fabs against either HER2 or CD3ε results in an approximately 150-fold range in potency. Increasing scaffold valency from Fab dimers up to tetramers improves the potency of the antibody mimics up to 5-fold, but with diminishing returns in effective dose beyond trimeric formats. Antibody mimics that present either one or two Fabs against either receptor target allows for initial engagement of one cell type over the other. Finally, the antibody mimics significantly reduce HER2+ tumor volumes in a humanized xenograft model of breast cancer.

Temperature, doping concentration, and gate work function all have a significant impact on performance of transistor during miniaturization. The design and in-depth investigation of a 10 nm gate length n-channel tri-gate junction less Fin Field Effect Transistor with respect to variation of temperature, doping level, and gate material work function through extensive simulation by incorporating quantum transport model constitute the innovative aspects of the current work. TCAD is used to model the intended device under various AC and DC biasing scenarios. The DC study results at temperature of 300 K, gate work function of 5.2 eV and doping concentration of 1019cm− 3demonstrate subthreshold swing of 80 mV/dec, high ON state current (ION) to OFF state current (IOFF) ratio 1.7 × 1011and low DIBL of 12.8 mV/V. Based on these performance parameters, the devices demonstrate potential use for low power switching operations at lower dimensions.

Electroosmotic flow through the biomechanical devices is efficient in targeting drug delivery of the human body parts related to the digestive and renal systems. In view of this, the present work is focused on the mathematical modeling of electroosmotic nanofluid transport driven by peristalsis. The impacts of magnetohydrodynamics, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation on the intended stream have been considered. The resulting system of equations has been simplified with the lubrication approach and obtained the exact solutions for temperature, shear stress, velocity, trapping, and entropy generation. The impact of distinct physical parameters on nanofluid flow is graphically computed. It can be seen from the present study that the stronger electric field accelerates the entropy generation near the channel walls. A higher temperature is observed for blade nanoparticles presented in the base fluid. The stronger magnetic field reduces the size of the bolus. The higher velocities are noticed for the blood-platinum-based nanofluid as compared with blood-copper-based nanofluid.

The technical and clinical effectiveness of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)‐guided gastroenterostomy (GE) has been reported by several meta‐analyses, but few of them have addressed the adverse events (AE). The goal of the current meta‐analysis was to analyze the AEs associated with various types of EUS‐GE. All relevant studies reporting the AEs with EUS‐GE were searched from 2000 to 31st March 2023 in MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus. The event rates were pooled using a random effects model. A total of 36 studies (n= 1846) were included in the meta‐analysis. The present meta‐analysis reports a pooled technical success rate of 96.9% (95.9–98.0; I2= 29.3%) with a pooled clinical success rate of 90.6% (88.5–92.7; I2= 60.9%). The pooled incidence of overall AEs with EUS‐GE was 13.0% (10.3–15.7; I2= 69.7%), with the commonest being maldeployment of the stent, seen in 4.6% (3.2–6.0; I2= 50.6%). The pooled incidences of serious AE and procedure‐related mortality were 1.2% (0.7–1.8; I2= 1.9%) and 0.3% (0.0–0.7; I2= 0.0%), respectively. Subgroup analysis of studies using only the free‐hand technique showed a significantly lower overall AE and maldeployment but not serious AE and other individual AEs. The pooled incidences of delayed stent migration and stent occlusion were 0.5% (0.0–1.1; I2= 0.0%) and 0.8% (0.2–1.3; I2= 0.0%), respectively. Despite a technical and clinical success rate of >90%, AEs are seen in around one‐seventh of the cases of EUS‐GE, maldeployment being the commonest. However, the pooled incidence of serious AE and mortality remains low, which is reassuring.

Multicolor flow cytometry (MFC) is crucial in detecting occult or minimal bone marrow (BM) involvement by non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), which may not be detected using trephine biopsy or imaging studies. Detection of low‐level BM involvement can be challenging without definite immunophenotypic aberrancies. We studied the utility of CD305 in MFC detection of minimal BM involvement by B‐NHL, especially in the absence of aberrancies by commonly used markers. The study included 1084 consecutive BM samples submitted for the staging of B‐NHLs (excluding CLL) over two years. Samples were studied for morphological, immunophenotypic, and histopathological assessment. MFC studies were performed using 10–13 color MFC, including CD305‐antibody (clone, DX26). Minimal BM involvement was defined with a cutoff of ≤10% lymphoma cells in viable cells on MFC assessment. Of 1084, 148 samples revealed overt morphological involvement by B‐NHL and were excluded from analysis. BM samples of 172/936 patients were morphologically negative but revealed involvement using MFC independently. Corresponding trephine biopsy involvement was detected in only 79/172 (45.9%) patients. On MFC, 23/172 samples showed BM involvement with >10% lymphoma cells, and 149/172 (86.6%) samples revealed minimal involvement. In 54/149 (36.24%) samples, lymphoma cells were detected only with aberrant loss of CD305 expression. In 78 of the remaining 95 samples (82.1%), it provided an immunophenotypic aberrancy addition to other markers and supported the results. CD305 is a highly useful marker in the flow cytometric assessment of minimal BM involvement by B‐NHL. MFC is a superior modality to trephine biopsy in detecting low‐level BM involvement.

Study Design Retrospective cohort study.Objective Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) results in numerical alterations of the lumbar and sacral segments. Literature concerning true prevalence, associated disc degeneration, and variation in numerous anatomical landmarks concerning LSTV is lacking.Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. The prevalence of LSTV was determined in whole spine MRIs of 2011 poly-trauma patients. LSTV was identified as sacralization (LSTV-S) or lumbarization (LSTV-L) and further sub-classified into Castellvi’s and O’Driscoll’s type respectively. Disc degeneration was evaluated using Pfirmann grading. Variation in important anatomical landmarks was also analysed.Results Prevalence of LSTV was 11.6% with 82% having LSTV-S.Castellvi’s type 2A and O’Driscoll type 4 were the commonest sub-types. LSTV patients demonstrated considerably advanced disc degeneration. The median termination level of conus medullaris (TLCM) in non- LSTV and LSTV-L groups was at middle L1 (48.1% and 40.2%) while in the LSTV-S group, it was at upper L1 (47.2%). The median level of right renal artery (RRA) in non- LSTV patients was at middle L1 in 40.0% of individuals while in the LSTV-L and LSTV-S groups, it was at upper L1 level in 35.2% and 56.2% respectively. The median level of abdominal aortic bifurcation (AA) in non-LSTV and LSTV-S patients was at middle L4 in 83.3% and 52.04% respectively. However, in the LSTV-L group, the most common level was middle L5 (53.6%).Conclusion The overall prevalence of LSTV was 11.6%, with sacralization accounting for more than 80%. LSTV is associated with disc degeneration and a variation in the levels of important anatomical landmarks.

Objective: Conventional endoscopy remains the gold standard for detecting esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) despite its high cost and need for expertise. In resource-poor regions, a less labor-intensive yet accurate screening tool is needed. The purpose of this study is to assess feasibility of establishing a non-endoscopic screening program in rural India and to test the diagnostic accuracy of the EsophaCap swallowable sponge in detecting ESCC in a high-risk patient population.Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted between 2017 and 2019, in which subjects with risk factors for ESCC (tobacco smoking or chewing, betel nut/leaf, alcohol and hot beverage consumption) were approached during upper endoscopy visits at a clinic in Western India. After obtaining EsophaCap sponge cytology samples, random endoscopic biopsies were obtained at 20 and 30 cm from the incisors. Histologic diagnoses were confirmed and select biopsy samples were sequenced for genomic aberrations. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were used to assess patient experience of sponge swallowing (range 1-5, “very comfortable” to “very uncomfortable”).Results: In our cohort of 178 patients, 157 (88%) were males. Mean age was 52 ± 12 years. Sixty-eight (38%) patients were current cigarette or bidi smokers; 132 (74%) patients were daily tobacco chewers, and 83 (47%) patients chewed betel nuts/leaves on a daily basis. Forty-six (26%) patients were daily alcohol users and 151 (85%) patients drank ≥3 hot beverages per day. The median number of risk factors per patient was 3. The first-time swallow rate of the encapsulated sponge was successful in 190/200 (95%) patients. Median VAS score was 2 (“comfortable”). EsophaCap cytology revealed 6 (3%) patients with atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASCUS) and 3 (1%) patients with dysplasia. Based on the endoscopic biopsies, 6 (3%) patients had ESCC, 4 (2%) patients had lesions with squamous dysplasia, and 63 (35%) patients had esophageal leukoplakia. Four patients classified as ASCUS pathology via EsophaCap were normal, benign, or leukoplakia via endoscopy. EsophaCap’s sensitivity and specificity for detecting dysplasia or ESCC by histology was 30% and 97%, respectively.Conclusions: Establishing a non-endoscopic screening program in a high-risk area with language barriers and low medical literacy is very safe and feasible. EsophaCap may help identify ASCUS patients in need of serial endoscopic monitoring. Further studies of combined sponge cytology with immunohistochemistry studies are necessary to improve accuracy of ESCC screening.

Byline: Uma. Sridhar, Neelam. Sapra, Koushik. Tripathy The current issue of the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO) features an interesting article[1] on fungal predominance and increasing antibiotic resistance patterns in [...]

We conduct the first comprehensive study of force-the-vote (FTV) provisions in mergers and acquisitions transactions and test competing agency and efficient contracting explanations for their usage. Target FTV provisions are observed more frequently when bidding is costly and are associated with higher target returns, a lower likelihood of competing bids, and a higher likelihood of deal completion. By providing greater deal protection to acquirers, target FTV provisions appear to improve bidding incentives resulting in higher target returns consistent with efficient contracting. Our results are robust to controlling for other merger provisions, such as termination fee provisions, stock voting agreements, and endogeneity concerns., 1 | INTRODUCTION Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) agreements between acquirers and targets have certain standard elements, but also display a wide array of contractual provisions. A growing literature has attempted [...]

Byline: B. Preethi, K. Kumar, G. Babu, Sriya. Sridhar, K. Srinivasa Purpose: To determine the efficacy and safety of pediatric accelerated cross linking (CXL). Methods: A prospective study on progressive [...]

Byline: Jayesh. Vazirani, Uma. Sridhar, Nikhil. Gokhale, Venkateswara. Doddigarla, Savitri. Sharma, Sayan. Basu Autologous serum eye drops provide lubrication and promote epithelial healing. They have been successfully used in the [...]

MISSION: Get to grips with the Nikon Z6II, while capturing India's wildlife in its natural habitat PHOTOGRAPHER: Sridhar Sivaram LOCATION: Mumbai, India KIT USED: Nikon Z 611, AF-S 70-200mm f/2.8E [...]

IN BRIEF Financial fraud represents a serious threat to financial markets, and it has long been noted that whistleblowing can be an important deterrent to fraud. Because of their positions [...]

• A carbon fabric modification that balances conductivity and porosity is proposed. • Zn ion supercapacitor is assembled by two bare porous graphitized carbon fabrics. • The device delivers a high energy density of 2.0 mWh cm−2 and stable cyclic stability. • The hybrid electrolyte achieves dendrite-free Zn plating and energy storage at –60 °C. Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) have enormous potential for future applications in electric vehicles, portable/wearable electronic gadgets, etc. However, to accelerate ZHSC technology towards market applications, it is necessary to overcome research challenges such as Zn dendrites, low Zn utilization, and all-climate adaptability, as well as to streamline the device assembly process. In this study, we propose a new strategy for the facile construction of ZHSC via two porous carbon fabrics and a Zn plating solution. The cathode and current collector of the device are both porous graphitized carbon fabric (PGCF) prepared by high-temperature activation of K 2 FeO 4 , and the Li 2 ZnCl 4 ·9H 2 O electrolyte is verified to possess excellent Zn plating/stripping efficiency and inhibition of Zn dendrite growth in a Zn-Zn symmetric cell model. As a result, the assembled ZHSC has the maximum energy density of 2.02 mWh cm−2 and the highest power density of 11.47 mW cm−2, and it can operate for 30,000 cycles without capacity degradation. Furthermore, the destruction of the hydrogen bonding network by the high concentration of Cl− at low temperatures endows it with low freezing point properties and excellent ionic activity at low temperatures. The device also operated reliably at –60 °C, with a maximum areal capacity of 1.15 mAh cm−2. This research offers new findings and insights for the development of high-performance ultra-cryogenic ZHSC devices. We propose an efficient approach to the construction of ultra-cryogenic zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors based on two bare porous graphitized carbon fabrics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement serves as a crucial binder in concrete production. Cement consumption is projected to reach around 4.4 billion tons in 2020, up from approximately 1.6 billion tons in 2000. By 2050, it is expected to increase by 13 to 23%. The environmental impact of cement production is significant, as producing one ton of cement emits roughly 0.73 to 0.99 tons of carbon dioxide. The cement industry is responsible for about 7–8% of global CO2emissions and accounts for 26% of the world’s total CO2emissions. This study explores the feasibility of using seashell ash powder (composed mainly of calcium carbonate) as a partial cement replacement in concrete production. This study highlights the potential of seashell ash powder as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material, improving concrete workability and strength properties (Compression, flexural and split tensile) while promoting environmental sustainability through waste utilization. This study analyses the gap using Response Surface Methodology to optimize seashell ash powder ranging from 2 to 10% with different water-cement ratios ranging from 0.4 to 0.6. Results showed that higher seashell ash powder levels, combined with lower water-cement ratios, significantly enhanced compressive strength and workability. Optimal mix designs were identified, with the best composition featuring 10.94% seashell ash powder and a 0.52 water-cement ratio, achieving a desirability score of 68.81%.

Purpose: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) is a group of familial cancer syndromes that encompasses several types of endocrine tumors differentiated by genetic mutations in RET, MEN1and CDKN1Bgenes. Accurate diagnosis of MEN subtypes can thus be performed through genetic testing. However, MEN variants remain largely understudied in Indian populations. Additionally, few dedicated resources to understand these disorders currently exist. Methods: Using the gold-standard ACMG/AMP guidelines, we systematically classified variants reported across the three genes in the IndiGen dataset, and established the genetic epidemiology of MEN in the Indian population. We further classified ClinVar and Mastermind variants and compiled all into a database. Finally, we designed a multiplex primer panel for rapid variant identification. Results: We have established the genetic prevalence of MEN as the following: 1 in 1026 individuals is likely to be afflicted with MEN linked with pathogenic RETmutations. We have further created the MAPVar database containing 3280 ACMG-classified variants freely accessible at: https://clingen.igib.res.in/MAPVar/. Finally, our NGS primer panel covers 33 exonic regions across two pools through 38 amplicons with a total amplified region of 65 kb. Conclusion: Our work establishes that MEN is a prevalent disorder in India. The rare nature of Indian variants underscores the need of genomic and functional studies to establish a more comprehensive variant landscape. Additionally, our panel offers a means of cost-effective genetic testing, and the MAPVar database a ready reference to aid in a better understanding of variant pathogenicity in clinical as well as research settings.

The pre-existing co-morbidities have a major impact on the outcomes of Orthopaedic procedures as shown by the several studied in various contexts. However, the specific influence of these co-morbidities on first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion remains relatively underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by examining the association between co-morbidities such as obesity, smoking, diabetes, advancing age, and rheumatoid arthritis, and the outcomes of first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion.

Byline: Uma. Sridhar, Koushik. Tripathy An article in the current issue of the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO) focuses on the identification of bugs that cause microbial keratitis using clinical [...]

Byline: B. Srinivasa, P. Sridhar, Bhanu. Lalkota, Nomsa. Tsikai, P. Niyati, Mansi. Shah, S. Anuradha, R. Roopesh, Veena. Ramaswamy, Radheshyam. Naik, B. Ajaikumar Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has a good [...]

In contemporary society, cultivating scientific literacy among the public is imperative for informed decision-making on matters influencing general well-being. Here, we report the multifaceted activity Magnifying Minds as a collaboration between artists and scientists to enhance scientific literacy through public art. Murals as a medium for science communication are deeply rooted in their historical significance and informal accessibility. Murals, as large-scale artworks, have the transformative power to reshape public spaces and engage diverse communities, extending beyond the confines of traditional art galleries and science museums. The impact of murals can be enhanced by coupling them with informal science education activities. This article summarizes Magnifying Minds by delving into the commissioning process for a scientifically themed public mural, the mural design itself that explores the concepts of size and scale, and educational activities inspired by the artwork. These activities seamlessly blend science and art, encompassing a mural puzzle, the use of magnifiers and optical microscopes, coloring of mural panels, and leaf rubbings. By showcasing Magnifying Minds, this article aims to guide similar initiatives in communities aspiring to adopt accessible approaches to science communication and education.

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a rare group of tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells in various organs. They include neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), which differ in biological behavior and prognosis. NETs are usually well-differentiated and slow-growing, while NECs are poorly differentiated and more aggressive. Management of NETs often involves somatostatin analogs like octreotide and lanreotide to control tumor growth and alleviate symptoms, especially in well-differentiated NETs. Lanreotide is used to control tumor growth, and both lanreotide and octreotide alleviate symptoms. Treatment approaches may vary depending on the specific type and grade of the neuroendocrine neoplasm.Areas CoveredThis review provides an update on the safety of lanreotide autogel in treating patients with NETs, through a comprehensive review of clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance, real-world evidence, and its safety profile. Specific adverse events, side effects, and potential risks associated with lanreotide autogel are discussed, along with risk mitigation strategies and recommendations for patient monitoring.Expert OpinionThe findings highlight the overall safety of lanreotide autogel in managing NETs, focusing on its efficacy in controlling hormone secretion, tumor progression, and symptom management. New safety concerns and precautions are also addressed to help healthcare providers make informed decisions when prescribing lanreotide autogel.

IMPORTANCE: Given that resident physician financial strain has been associated with poor outcomes, objective metrics to forecast financial well-being may be useful to (1) applicants when evaluating ophthalmology residency programs and (2) programs when determining resident benefits. OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the relative value of ophthalmology resident stipends plus benefits when adjusted for cost-of-living expenses and to analyze program characteristics associated with greater resident net incomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this cross-sectional study, the American Medical Association’s Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database was used to identify US Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited ophthalmology residency programs. Resident physician stipends and stipends plus benefits as well as residency program characteristics from the 2023-2024 academic year were noted for all eligible programs. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Living Wage Calculator’s required annual income (RAI) was selected as a surrogate to approximate cost-of-living expenses. EXPOSURE: Residency program characteristics, including affiliation, size, ranking, presence of housing benefit, and training year. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the annual stipend plus benefits income surplus (SPBIS) for each residency program, defined as the resident’s stipend plus benefits (SPB) minus the RAI for the county in which the residency program is located. Secondary outcomes included income surplus variation by program characteristics. RESULTS: Of 116 ophthalmology residency programs analyzed, 37 (31.9%) were located in the Northeast, 36 (31.0%) in the South, 29 (25.0%) in the Midwest, and 14 (12.1%) in the West. The mean (SD) postgraduate year 1 resident annual SPB was $65 397 ($8205), and the median (IQR) was $63 986 ($59 992-$69 698). After adjusting for the cost of living, the mean (SD) SPBIS was $27 459 ($5734) and the median (IQR) was $27 380 ($23 625-$31 796). Annual cost-of-living expenses varied by as much as $8628 (95% CI, $6310-$10 947) and SPBIS varied by as much as $6283 (95% CI, $3367-$9198) between regions. Resident SPB increased by a mean (SD) of 3.97% (0.98%) for each subsequent training year (range, 0.93%-7.26%). Annual SPBIS increased by a mean (SD) of 9.48% (3.60%) for each subsequent training year. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: After adjusting for living costs, intraregional and interregional differences in SPBIS among ophthalmology residents can vary by thousands of dollars, impacting residents’ financial security. Further discussion regarding compensation may lead to innovative strategies that aim to improve resident well-being and performance.