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The innate immune system plays an essential role in regulating the immune responses to kidney transplantation, but the mechanisms through which innate immune cells influence long-term graft survival are unclear. The current study highlights the vital role of trained immunity in kidney allograft survival. Trained immunity describes the epigenetic and metabolic changes that innate immune cells undergo following an initial stimulus, allowing them have a stronger inflammatory response to subsequent stimuli. We stimulated healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells with pretransplant and posttransplant serum of kidney transplant patients and immunosuppressive drugs in an in vitro trained immunity assay and measured tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 cytokine levels in the supernatant as a readout for trained immunity. We show that the serum of kidney transplant recipients collected 1 week after transplantation can suppress trained immunity. Importantly, we found that kidney transplant recipients whose serum most strongly suppressed trained immunity rarely experienced graft loss. This suppressive effect of posttransplant serum is likely mediated by previously unreported effects of immunosuppressive drugs. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the role of innate immunity in kidney allograft survival, uncovering trained immunity as a potential therapeutic target for improving graft survival.

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a well-established standard therapy for patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis. The aim of carotid endarterectomy is to decrease the risk of stroke and avoid relevant functional loss. However, carotid endarterectomy is known to be associated with hemodynamic dysregulation. In this study we compared eversion CEA (E-CEA) and conventional CEA (C-CEA) regarding postoperative blood pressure values as well as preoperative and postoperative baroreceptor sensitivity in the first 7 days after surgery. The aim was to find possible factors influencing changes in baroreceptor sensitivity.

X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) were performed on marine Palaeogene (Upper Eocene–Lower Oligocene) clay minerals from Central Germany (Schneidlingen 1/2018 research well). Geochemical and grain size analyses gave supporting information on eustatic controlled system tracts, transgressions, sediment supply and flow conditions during the time of sedimentation and served to structure the research well in the formations. Except for three transgressions, long-lasting steady flow conditions occurred in the forefield of the Central German Estuary (“Mitteldeutsches Ästuar” – MdÄ). The clay mineral kaolinite could be identified as a delivery area indicator for the Central Saxon Hills (“Mittelsächsisches Hügelland”). The other studied clay minerals smectite, illite and chlorite indicate three cooling trends between or within the formations and the transition from a chemical to a physical weathering regime with the beginning of the Rupelsilt/-clay Subformation. Although there are hints for authigenic or early diagenetic influences, distinct changes within the clay mineral distribution describe prominent trends that correlate well with other insights from the sedimentation area. It has been shown be evidenced, that clay mineralogical studies of marine sediments from Central Germany can be used to determine source areas and climatic trends.

In September 2019, six months before the world came to a screeching halt due to the global pandemic, a vision long-held by many came to fruition: the International Franchise Association [...]

Copyright of Internationales Verkehrswesen is the property of Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH & Co.KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Das Erkenntnisinteresse des vorliegenden Beitrags gilt der Frage, welche Professionen in die (multi-)professionelle Kooperation beim Schuleintritt von Kindern mit Beeinträchtigungen eingebunden werden und wie die Kooperation aus Sicht der beteiligten frühpädagogischen Fachkräfte gestaltet ist. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Einschulungsberatung und der Kooperation in diesem Kontext. Die Datenbasis bilden qualitative Leitfadeninterviews mit n= 22 pädagogischen Fachkräften. Die Auswertung erfolgt qualitativ inhaltsanalytisch. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass sowohl in die Beratung als auch in die weitere Kooperation neben anderen Fachkräften und Lehrkräften v. a. Professionen mit therapeutischem Schwerpunkt eingebunden sind. Die Kooperationsaktivitäten zielen auf (1) die Kommunikationder Beteiligten, (2) die Abstimmung der pädagogischen Begleitung und Unterstützung des Kindessowie (3) gemeinsame Professionalisierungsmaßnahmen. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse wird ein Modell der Kooperation beim Übergang von Kindern mit Beeinträchtigungen in die Schule entwickelt.

In Ganztagsschulen sind mindestens zwei Systeme (Schule sowie Kinder- und Jugendhilfe) aufgefordert zusammenzuarbeiten. Entsprechend breit und diffus sind vorliegende Qualitätsverständnisse. Qualität ist eine Frage der Perspektive und dahinterliegenden Zielvorstellungen. Somit können auch unterschiedliche Qualitätsvorstellungen von Ganztag nebeneinanderstehen. Entsprechend wird im vorliegenden Beitrag für eine kontextgebundene Reflexion verschiedener Qualitäts- und Zielvorstellungen anstelle eines einheitlichen Qualitätsmodells argumentiert. Im Fokus stehen Qualitätsmerkmale und -begriffe mit Blick auf den Ganztag aus Sicht der Ebene der Organisation und der Adressat*innen (Eltern und Kinder).

Particle fabrication has attracted recent attention owing to its diverse applications in bioengineering1,2, drug and vaccine delivery3–5, microfluidics6,7, granular systems8,9, self-assembly5,10,11, microelectronics12,13and abrasives14. Herein we introduce a scalable, high-resolution, 3D printing technique for the fabrication of shape-specific particles based on roll-to-roll continuous liquid interface production (r2rCLIP). We demonstrate r2rCLIP using single-digit, micron-resolution optics in combination with a continuous roll of film (in lieu of a static platform), enabling the rapidly permutable fabrication and harvesting of shape-specific particles from a variety of materials and with complex geometries, including geometries not possible to achieve with advanced mould-based techniques. We demonstrate r2rCLIP production of mouldable and non-mouldable shapes with voxel sizes as small as 2.0 × 2.0 µm2in the print plane and 1.1 ± 0.3 µm unsupported thickness, at speeds of up to 1,000,000 particles per day. Such microscopic particles with permutable, intricate designs enable direct integration within biomedical, analytical and advanced materials applications.

The potential risk for mental health conditions over the menopause transition shapes women's expectations and informs putative physiological mechanisms regulating women's mental health. We review evidence from prospective studies reporting on associations between mental health conditions and the menopause transition. Major depressive disorder and the more prevalent subthreshold depressive symptoms are the most common conditions studied. We reviewed 12 prospective studies reporting depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, or both over the menopause transition and found no compelling evidence for a universal increased risk for either condition. However, specific subgroups of participants, primarily defined by menopause-related risk factors (ie, vasomotor symptoms that are severe or disturb sleep, a long duration of the transition, or reproductive hormone dynamics) and psychosocial risk factors (eg, stressful life events), were vulnerable to depressive symptoms. The increased risk of major depressive disorder over the menopause transition appears predominantly in individuals with previous major depressive disorder. Greater focus on recognising risk factors in primary care is warranted. On the basis of scarce data, we found no compelling evidence that risk of anxiety, bipolar disorder, or psychosis is universally elevated over the menopause transition. Potential misattribution of psychological distress and psychiatric disorders to menopause could harm women by delaying accurate diagnosis and the initiation of effective psychotropic treatments, and by creating negative expectations for people approaching menopause. A paradigm shift is needed. We conclude with recommendations for the detection and treatment of depressive symptoms or major depressive disorder and strategies to promote good mental health over the menopause transition, while responsibly preparing and supporting those at risk.

Interaktionsarbeit ist charakteristisch für Dienstleistungs‑, Gesundheits- und Sozialberufe, in denen der Austausch mit Kunden, Patienten, Klienten oder Schülern eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Sie umfasst ein breites Spektrum von Tätigkeiten, die sowohl emotionale als auch kognitive Fähigkeiten erfordern und oft die Bewältigung von emotionaler Arbeit beinhalten, wie das Management der eigenen Gefühle und die Beeinflussung der Emotionen anderer im Rahmen der beruflichen Rolle. Ziel der Studie war es, die psychische Gesundheit und das Burnout-Risiko von Beschäftigten verschiedener Berufsgruppen mit einem hohen Anteil an Interaktionsarbeit zu untersuchen und vergleichend zu analysieren. An der Untersuchung nahmen 309 Frauen aus drei verschiedenen Berufsgruppen (dialogisch-interaktive Erwerbsarbeit bei Erzieherinnen und medizinischen Fachangestellten sowie reine Interaktionsarbeit bei Bankkauffrauen) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 43,1 ± 11,5 Jahren teil. Die psychische Gesundheit wurde mit dem General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) und das Burnout-Risiko mit dem Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) untersucht.

In einer zunehmend digitalisierten Gesellschaft sind die Beschäftigten im Versandhandel aufgrund der steigenden Nachfrage einer hohen Arbeitsbelastung ausgesetzt, die nicht nur körperlicher, sondern auch psychischer Natur sein kann. Gerade Akkord- und Fließbandarbeit als eine Form taktgebundener Arbeit sind im Versandhandel weit verbreitet und stellen hohe Anforderungen an die Beschäftigten. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht vergleichend Faktoren der subjektiv empfundenen psychischen und körperlichen Belastung und die Folgen der subjektiv empfundenen Beanspruchung von Akkord- und Fließbandarbeitern eines deutschen Logistikunternehmens. Insgesamt wurden 49 Probanden rekrutiert, von denen 24 (Alter: 47,5 ± 11,6 Jahre) in der Kommissionierung unter Akkordbedingungen und 25 (Alter. 49,4 ± 9,1 Jahre) am Fließband beschäftigt waren. Die Erfassung der Belastung und der daraus resultierenden Beanspruchung erfolgte mittels Fragebogen zur subjektiven Einschätzung der Belastungen am Arbeitsplatz (FEBA). Die Akkordarbeiter berichteten signifikant häufiger von einer hohen körperlichen Arbeitsbelastung (p< 0,05), wohingegen die Beschäftigten am Fließband eher unter Bewegungsmangel (p< 0,001) und langen Sitzperioden (p< 0,001) litten. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Präventionsmaßnahmen abgeleitet, die die Gesundheit der Beschäftigten im Versandhandel und somit deren Arbeitsfähigkeit langfristig erhalten sollen.

The effect of evaporation on relative trajectories of two spherical drops sedimenting due to gravity in air is investigated. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the interactions are used to obtain results. Several assumptions are made in the model. The drops remain small enough that the Reynolds number, which is linear in the density of the surrounding fluid, is negligible. However, the Stokes number, which is proportional to droplet mass and is a measure of drop inertia, can be much larger than one. Another restriction is that evaporation is dominated by diffusion and that convection of mass is insignificant. In analyzing evaporation when two drops are present, it is noted that the loss of mass is not the same at each point on a droplet surface. That is, evaporation is non-uniform in a spatial sense. In order to maintain the required spherical drop shape, three approaches, involving the isolated droplet and bispherical coordinate solutions, were taken to determine the mass flux due to evaporation and subsequently the drop position at each time step. For a pair of water drops with radii between 2 and 30 μm, the following conclusions were obtained. In all three methods, evaporation leads to weaker inertial effects and stronger hydrodynamic effects. Most importantly, in comparing critical horizontal offsets, when both attractive molecular forces and Maxwell slip are considered, all three approaches to evaporation lead to similar results, making the choice of method nearly inconsequential.

The use of hollow sections to form lightweight structures is widespread in common steel processing industries such as crane, commercial vehicle, steel bridge and agricultural machinery construction. The hollow sections are mainly designed as truss or frame structures, in some cases using high-strength and higher-strength steels in order to achieve optimum utilization of the component and material. A new collection of fatigue life data covering sequence effects and the accuracy of the linear damage accumulation is presented. Effects of the shape of the applied load spectra and sequence effects of different amplitudes have been investigated. This document covers tubes of 4 to 8 mm thickness made by low-carbon or mild steel S355J2H. In general, it was found that the spectrum shape and the loading sequence have an influence on the service life. Depending on the shape of the spectrum, random tests tended to lead to shorter service lives than tests with block-loading sequences. An influence of overloads was also found for the tests with interspersed overloads. Typical maximum linear damage sums taken from recommendations and codes of 0.2 or sometimes 0.5 are exceeded for all spectra investigated and in some of the cases even significantly above 1.0. Transferability of the recommendations to component-type structures like tubular joints needs revision to lift its lightweight potential. Using stress concentration factors (SCF) from finite element analysis, typical strength values for the structural and effective notch stress concepts are checked. All joints investigated show a significantly higher strength compared to the IIW recommendations using the structural stress approach or compared to the DVS 0905 with the effective notch stress approach.

Regulating innate immunity is an emerging approach to improve cancer immunotherapy. Such regulation requires engaging myeloid cells by delivering immunomodulatory compounds to hematopoietic organs, including the spleen. Here we present a polymersome-based nanocarrier with splenic avidity and propensity for red pulp myeloid cell uptake. We characterized the in vivo behaviour of four chemically identical yet topologically different polymersomes by in vivo positron emission tomography imaging and innovative flow and mass cytometry techniques. Upon intravenous administration, relatively large and spherical polymersomes accumulated rapidly in the spleen and efficiently targeted myeloid cells in the splenic red pulp. When loaded with β-glucan, intravenously administered polymersomes significantly reduced tumour growth in a mouse melanoma model. We initiated our nanotherapeutic’s clinical translation with a biodistribution study in non-human primates, which revealed that the platform’s splenic avidity is preserved across species.

The pore structure of mudrocks is a key characteristic to evaluate flow behavior through these rocks. Although significant advances have been made to resolve pore characteristics, porosity evolution, or pore connectivity, there is still insufficient knowledge linking porosity evolution to flow and transport in mudrocks. To better understand these links, we conducted very small-angle (VSANS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments on 13 sets of mudrocks from global locations, characterized by differences in composition, maturity, and depositional environment. Our results indicate that a homogeneous pore structure reflects a stable and low-energy depositional environment. Organic-lean mudrocks mainly contain pores <10 nm, which restricts flow and is beneficial for, e.g., caprock seal integrity. Increasing maturity as a result of increasing burial depth, and therefore, temperature leads to porosity evolution. In organic-rich mudrocks (ORMs), this happens through the generation of organic matter pores and pore preservation around diagenetically formed carbonates. ORMs mainly contain macropores (>50 nm), favoring production from, e.g., unconventional reservoirs. SANS-derived pore size distributions will help to better understand fluid imbibition and flow properties in mudrocks through comprehensive quantitative characterization of the nano- to micron scale pore network conduits and their relationships to burial diagenesis.

Nowhere in the world has conflict been as frequent or as violent over the past 50 years as in the Middle East and North Africa. On average, countries in this [...]

Die Analyse der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) wird immer häufiger in verschiedenen arbeitswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, aber auch in klinischen Forschungsfeldern zur Einschätzung der Aktivität des autonomen Nervensystems genutzt, um Rückschlüsse auf Belastung und Allgemeinzustand von Proband*innen und Patient*innen zu ziehen. Problematisch ist die große Fülle an verschiedensten HRV-Parametern, die zwar alle auf den ersten Blick die HRV analysieren, im Detail aber häufig durchaus ganz unterschiedliche Aspekte des komplexen autonomen Nervensystems widerspiegeln. Diese Querschnittsstudie vergleicht verschiedene, häufig genutzte HRV-Parameter mit selten verwendeten Parametern in drei unterschiedlichen Zeiträumen von 24 h, 6 h nachts und 1 h vormittags miteinander. Hierzu trugen 289 Probandinnen ein 24-h-EKG-Gerät zur Messung der Abstände der Herzaktionen. Die Auswertung der Daten demonstrierte, dass die betrachteten Parameter sich in unterschiedlich langen Messzeiträumen verschieden verhielten. Die Betrachtung einiger nur selten verwendeter HRV-Parameter zeigte, dass diese mit den etablierten Parametern zwar korrelierten, aber durchaus unterschiedlich in verschiedenen Aufnahmezeiträumen und -settings reagierten und somit ein großes Potenzial für weitere Untersuchungen haben.

SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus, spread across Germany within just a short period of time. Seroepidemiological studies are able to estimate the proportion of the population with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection (seroprevalence) as well as the level of undetected infections, which are not captured in official figures. In the seroepidemiological study Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP-2), biospecimens and interview data were collected in a nationwide population-based subsample of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). By using laboratory-analyzed blood samples to detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we were able to identify a history of vaccination or infection in study participants. By combining these results with survey data, we were able to identify groups within the population that are at increased risk of infection. By linking the RKI-SOEP-2 survey data with data from other waves of the SOEP survey, we will be able to examine the medium- to long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including effects of long COVID, in diverse areas of life. Furthermore, the data provide insight into the population’s willingness to be vaccinated as well as related attitudes and conditions. In sum, the RKI-SOEP-2 survey data offer a better understanding of the scope of the epidemic in Germany and can help in identifying target groups for infection control in the present and future pandemics.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity is regulated by its co-factor histone poly(ADP-ribosylation) factor 1 (HPF1). The complex formed by HPF1 and PARP1 catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of serine residues of proteins near DNA breaks, mainly PARP1 and histones. However, the effect of HPF1 on DNA repair regulated by PARP1 remains unclear. Here, we show that HPF1 controls prolonged histone ADP-ribosylation in the vicinity of the DNA breaks by regulating both the number and length of ADP-ribose chains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HPF1-dependent histone ADP-ribosylation triggers the rapid unfolding of chromatin, facilitating access to DNA at sites of damage. This process promotes the assembly of both the homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining repair machineries. Altogether, our data highlight the key roles played by the PARP1/HPF1 complex in regulating ADP-ribosylation signaling as well as the conformation of damaged chromatin at early stages of the DNA damage response.

OBJECTIVE Exenatide treatment improves glycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes and has been shown to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. We studied the effects of [...]

AbstractTeaching multilingual learning groups is an important part of the professional activity of primary teachers in Germany, placing high demands on their occupational professionalism. The aim of this article is to analyse the effects of educational and occupational influencing factors on the beliefs of teachers regarding multilingualism as a facet of pedagogical professionalism. The data is based on the ‘BLUME-study’, in which primary teachers (N = 123) were asked about their beliefs regarding multilingualism. A linear regression model was used to analyse the extent to which the teachers’ beliefs are influenced: (a) by participating in learning opportunities on ‘German as a Second Language (GSL)’ in teacher training; (b) through experiences with multilingual students in teaching; (c) by participating in training on multilingualism in professional practice; and (d) by undertaking language-sensitive school programmes. Therefore, we analyse influencing factors drawn from both the university phase and the occupational phase of teacher professionalisation. The results show that the use of learning opportunities on the topic of ‘GSL’ in pre-service training and in in-service training as well as the positive evaluation of contact experiences in teaching lead to supportive beliefs towards multilingualism.

Welded hollow sections are typical in different industries. A database of fatigue life data of welded hollow section joints covering sequence effects and the accuracy of the linear damage accumulation is presented. The effects of the shape of the applied load spectra, sequence effects of different amplitudes have been investigated using two high-strength steels. This document covers thin-walled tubes of 2-mm thickness made of low-carbon or mild steel 1.8849 (S460MH) and austenitic TWIP-steel 1.4678 + CP700 (X30MnCrN16-14). Constant amplitude and two-level load spectra are presented to check the linear damage accumulation. Using stress concentration factors from finite element analysis, typical FAT classes for the structural and the effective notch stress concepts are checked as well. Both structures show much higher strength compared IIW recommendations by structural stress approach and DVS 0905 by effective notch stress approach. Typical maximum linear damage sums taken from recommendations and codes of 0.2 or 0.5 are exceeded for all spectra investigated and in some of the cases even significantly above 1.0. Transferability of the recommendations to component type structures like those tubular joints made of high-strength steel needs revision to lift its lightweight potential but this will require additional data.

Model predictive control (MPC) has been widely researched for automotive control. However, the real-world application of MPC for autonomous vehicles (AV) is still limited due to the high computational requirement of solving the real-time optimization problem. To address this issue, this letter presents an event-triggered MPC framework and illustrates its application in AV path tracking control using the CARLA simulation environment. Unlike traditional time-triggered MPC, event-triggered MPC solves the optimization problem only when an event is triggered. Otherwise, the previously optimized control sequence is used to determine control action. Therefore, when following the same path, event-triggered MPC solves fewer optimization problems than time-triggered MPC, thereby reducing the computation requirements. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, both time-triggered MPC and event-triggered MPC are simulated and compared using CARLA. Results validate that the proposed event-triggered MPC method reduces significant computation with acceptable performance degradation.

Copyright of Perspektiven ds. Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsanalyse und Reformpolitik is the property of Schueren Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Aripiprazole is a relatively new atypical antipsychotic agent that has been successfully employed in therapy for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. A few neuroleptics have been used in therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder, which is associated with severe psychopathological symptoms. Aripiprazole, however, has not yet been tested for this disorder, and the goal of this study was to determine whether aripiprazole is effective in the treatment of several domains of symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Method: Subjects meeting criteria for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders for borderline personality disorder (43 women and 9 men) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to 15 mg/day of aripiprazole (N=26) or placebo (N=26) for 8 weeks. Primary outcome measures were changes in scores on the symptom checklist (SCL-90-R), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and were assessed weekly. Side effects and self-injury were assessed with a nonvalidated questionnaire. Results: According to the intent-to-treat principle, significant changes in scores on most scales of the SCL-90-R, the HAM-D, the HAM-A, and all scales of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory were observed in the subjects treated with aripiprazole after 8 weeks. Self-injury occurred in the groups. The reported side effects were headache, insomnia, nausea, numbness, constipation, and anxiety. Conclusions: Aripiprazole appears to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder.

The nucleation and growth of barium sulfate in nanoporous silica was investigated using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray pair distribution function analysis, together with ex situ transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM and STEM) imaging. We found that crystalline barite formation in micropores is likely preceded by a nonbulk barite phase in the nanopores, indicating a possible nonclassical nucleation pathway for barium sulfate under confinement. The nucleation of barium sulfate inside the nanopores stopped at ∼12% of the pores filled and was seemingly limited by the formation of crystals near the exterior of the silica particles, which likely blocked subsequent solute transport into the interior of the nanopores. The growth rate of barium sulfate was fit using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation and constrained using a growth rate of barite of ∼1.0 × 10–7mol/m2/s, obtained from previous studies, but is consistent with TEM and STEM observations made here. The inferred nucleation rate of barium sulfate inside nanopores is estimated to be on the order of 1.0 × 109nuclei/m2/s, which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than previous measurements on a planar silica substrate (∼1.0 × 107nuclei/m2/s). This implies that the ability of silica nanopores to promote barium sulfate nucleation is sufficiently high as to create a potentially self-limiting condition, where the nucleation reaction is shut down prematurely because rapid growth blocks reactant transport.

This paper presents the influences of the irregularity “insufficient penetration welding” on the fatigue strength based on experimental and numerical investigations. For this purpose, the fatigue strength of partial penetration butt welds of mild steel (S355) with different non-welded gaps were subjected to fatigue loading. Three different planned gap dimensions (h= 4, 6, 8 mm) at one-sided (Y-seam) and two-sided (DY-seam) partial penetration butt welds were analysed. The results were obtained on a small-scale test specimen with a steel plate thickness of t= 20 mm, without axial and angular misalignment. For the numerical effective notch stress approach, regression formula for efficient analysis of stress concentration factors was determined. The results show that butt joints which are not fully penetrated on one or both sides, and which were previously not permissible for welded joints subject to fatigue loading, can be evaluated in the future on the basis of these investigations.

Lipodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of conditions in which individuals never develop or progressively lose adipose tissue in parts or all of their bodies (1,2) (Table 1). In this commentary, [...]

OBJECTIVE--In patients with type 2 diabetes, but not type I diabetes, abnormal secretion of incretins in response to oral nutrients has been described. In healthy youths, we recently reported accentuated [...]

OBJECTIVE--In patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes, we investigated whether improved β-cell function can be achieved by combining intensive insulin therapy with agents that may 1) promote β-cell growth and/or [...]

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ingested human recombinant interferon-α (hrIFN-α for preservation of β-cell function in young patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Subjects aged [...]

Im Beitrag wird anhand von Daten der Studien StEG‑S und StEG-Tandem mit einem Mixed Method-Ansatz untersucht, wie Schüler*innen Hilfestellung in der Hausaufgabenbetreuung und Lernzeiten wahrnehmen. Die Forschung zu Hausaufgaben und individuellem Unterricht zeigt, dass Lehrkräfte vor der Herausforderung stehen, Schüler*innen zeitgleich Hilfe zukommen zu lassen, was potenziell eher für leistungsschwächere Schüler*innen ohne familiale Unterstützung relevant wäre. Empirisch zeigen sich jedoch keine Teilnahmeunterschiede an der Hausaufgabenbetreuung nach Leistungen und sozialer Herkunft, wie mithilfe von Daten der beiden Studien analysiert wird. Mittels Latenter Profilanalysen werden drei Profile der wahrgenommenen Hilfe der Schüler*innen auf Basis StEG-Tandem Daten dargestellt – wenig, mittlere und viel Hilfe. Diese Profile unterscheiden sich nicht in ihrer Zusammensetzung hinsichtlich Leistung und sozialer Differenzkategorien. Ferner zeigt die Auswertung der neun Gruppendiskussionen der StEG-Tandem Daten mit je drei bis acht Schüler*innen, dass das Warten auf Hilfe eher kein Problem darstellt und sie bei der Aufgabenbearbeitung nicht zwingend Hilfe benötigen bzw. nicht von allen ‚echte‘ Hilfe erhalten.

Stereopure aliphatic diols are an interesting class of compounds because of their potential applications as precursors for chemical catalysts, for high-value polymers, or as precursors for cyclic acetals. We present a simultaneous enzymatic two-step, one-pot cascade for the synthesis of vicinal diols with excellent de and ee values with the exemplary reaction system from butanal to (4S,5S)-octanediol. This reaction is restricted by an unfavorable reaction equilibrium. For an intensification of the reaction toward higher conversions in equilibrium and increased space time yields (STY), aqueous, microaqueous, and biphasic reaction systems for in situproduct removal (ISPR) were experimentally investigated and compared. Process concepts for the purification of (4S,5S)-octanediol from each reaction system were developed and assessed in terms of product-specific energy demand. The two-phase reaction system for in situproduct removal is favorable for the enzymatic reactions in terms of yield and STY at different time points. In comparison to the aqueous and microaqueous reaction systems, the specific energy demand for (4S,5S)-octanediol recovery is drastically reduced by approximately a factor of seven when performing ISPR using a biphasic system in comparison to an aqueous reaction system.

Shrinking device geometries in electronic and electromechanical components and microsystems enable continuous growth in complexity. These technologies drive the need to virtually cross-section a sample to simplify inspection. Computed tomography [...]