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ABSTRACT:We previously showed that a fully automated voice recognition analog of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (VR-SDMT) is sensitive in detecting processing speed deficits in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). We subsequently developed a French language version and administered it to 49 French-Canadian pwMS and 29 matched healthy control (HC) subjects. Significant correlations between the VR-SDMT and traditional oral SDMT were found in the MS (r= −0.716, p< 0.001) and HC (r= −0.623, p< 0.001) groups. These findings in French replicate our previous findings and confirm the utility of voice recognition software in assessing cognition in pwMS.

Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis are just 2 of several autoimmune connective tissue diseases that are primarily chronic in nature but can present to the emergency department by virtue of an acute exacerbation of disease. Beyond an acute exacerbation of disease, their predilection for invading multiple organ systems lends itself to the potential for patients presenting to the emergency department with either a single or isolated symptom or a myriad of signs and/or symptoms indicative of a degree of disease complexity and severity that warrant timely recognition and resuscitation.

This paper presents a survey of real-world subsynchronous oscillation events associated with inverter-based resources (IBR) over the past decade. The focus is on those oscillations in the subsynchronous frequency range known to be influenced by power grid characteristics, e.g., series compensation or low system strength. A brief overview of the historical events is presented followed by detailed descriptions of a series of events. This paper also examines causation mechanisms and proposes future research directions to meet grid needs worldwide.

This article provides analyses of subsynchronous oscillations associated with solar photovoltaics (PVs) observed in real world. All have oscillation frequencies at approximately 20 Hz in voltage and current magnitudes. On the other hand, in phase voltage and current, the oscillations show very different signatures. Through constructing simplified linear models and conducting sensitivity analysis, we are able to associate dynamic phenomena with the underlying mechanism and speculate the possible causes of the 20-Hz oscillations. The analysis results have all been validated via simulation results from electromagnetic transient (EMT) test beds constructed in MATLAB/Simscape.

Conservation of species reliant on ephemeral resources can be especially challenging in the face of a changing climate. Western spadefoots (Spea hammondii) are small burrowing anurans that breed in ephemeral pools, but adults spend the majority of their lives underground in adjacent terrestrial habitat. Western spadefoots are of conservation concern throughout their range because of habitat loss, but little is known about the activity patterns and ecology of their terrestrial life stage. We conducted a radio‐telemetry study of adult western spadefoots at 2 sites in southern California, USA, from December 2018 to November 2019 to characterize their survival, behavior, and movements from breeding through aestivation to refine conservation and management for the species. Western spadefoot survival varied seasonally, with risk of mortality higher in the active season than during aestivation. The probability of movement between successive observations was higher during the winter and spring and when atmospheric moisture was high and soil water content at 10‐cm depth was low. The amount of rain between observations had the strongest effect on the probability of movement between observations; for every 20 mm of rainfall between observations, western spadefoots were 2.4 times more likely to move. When movements occurred, movement rates were highest when both relative humidity and soil water content at 10‐cm depth were high. The conditions under which western spadefoots were likely active on the surface, likely to have moved, and moved at the highest rates are conditions that reduce the risk of desiccation of surface‐active spadefoots. Western spadefoot home range areas varied between study sites and were mostly <1 ha, although 1 individual's home range area was >6 ha. Western spadefoots rapidly dispersed from the breeding pools, and asymptotic distances from the breeding pool were generally reached by June. The asymptotic distance from the breeding pool varied between sites, with the 95th percentile of the posterior predictive distribution reaching 486 m at 1 site and 187 m at the other. Western spadefoots did not select most habitat components disproportionately to their availability, but at Crystal Cove State Park, they avoided most evaluated vegetation types (graminoids, forbs, and shrubs). Spatial variation was evident in most evaluated western spadefoot behaviors; context‐dependent behavior suggests that site‐specific management is likely necessary for western spadefoots. Furthermore, comparison with an earlier study of western spadefoots at Crystal Cove State Park indicated substantial temporal variation in western spadefoot behavior. Therefore, basing management decisions on short‐term studies might fail to meet conservation objectives. Better understanding the influences of spatial context and climatic variation on western spadefoot behavior will improve conservation efforts for this species. © 2021 This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. The Journal of Wildlife Managementpublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society. Western spadefoot terrestrial ecology varies over space and time. Therefore, caution must be exercised when applying findings of any individual study to other locations or years to avoid setting management guidelines that are insufficient to protect populations.

Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) offers the opportunity to image metal- and heavy halogen-containing xenobiotics in a highly multiplexed experiment with other immunochemistry-based reagents to distinguish uptake into different tissue structures or cell types. However, in practice, many xenobiotics are not amenable to this analysis, as any compound which is not bound to the tissue matrix will delocalize during aqueous sample-processing steps required for IMC analysis. Here, we present a strategy to perform IMC experiments on a water-soluble polysarcosine-modified dendrimer drug-delivery system (S-Dends). This strategy involves two consecutive imaging acquisitions on the same tissue section using the same instrumental platform, an initial laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MSI) experiment followed by tissue staining and a standard IMC experiment. We demonstrated that settings can be found for the initial ablation step that leave sufficient residual tissue for subsequent antibody staining and visualization. This workflow results in lateral resolution for the S-Dends of 2 μm followed by imaging of metal-tagged antibodies at 1 μm.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that can have large impacts on oncogenic pathways. Possible functions of dysregulated miRs have not been studied in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs). In PNFs, Schwann cells (SCs) have biallelic NF1mutations necessary for tumorigenesis. We analyzed a miR microarray comparing with normal and PNF SCs and identified differences in miR expression, and we validated in mouse PNFs versus normal mouse SCs by qRT-PCR. Among these, miR-155 was a top overexpressed miR, and its expression was regulated by RAS/MAPK signaling. Overexpression of miR-155 increased mature Nf1-/-mouse SC proliferation. In SC precursors, which model tumor-initiating cells, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of miR-155 decreased PNF-derived sphere numbers in vitro, and we identified Maf as a miR-155 target. In vivo, global deletion of miR-155 significantly decreased tumor number and volume, increasing mouse survival. Fluorescent nanoparticles entered PNFs, suggesting that an anti-miR might have therapeutic potential. However, treatment of established PNFs using anti-miR-155 peptide nucleic acid-loaded nanoparticles marginally decreased tumor numbers and did not reduce tumor growth. These results suggest that miR-155 plays a functional role in PNF growth and/or SC proliferation, and that targeting neurofibroma miRs is feasible, and might provide novel therapeutic opportunities.

Demographic models provide insight into which vital rates and life stages contribute most to population growth. Integral projection models (IPMs) offer flexibility in matching model structure to a species’ demography. For many rare species, data are lacking for key vital rates, and uncertainty might dissuade researchers from attempting to build a demographic model. We present work that highlights how the implications of uncertainties and unknowns can be explored by building and analyzing alternative models. We constructed IPMs for the threatened giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) based on published studies to determine where management efforts could be targeted to have the greatest effect on population persistence and what unknowns remain for future research. Given uncertainty in the survival of snakes during their first year, and in the form of the size‐survival relationship, we modeled a range of scenarios and evaluated where models agree about factors influencing population growth and where discrepancies exist. For most scenarios, the survival of large adult females had the greatest influence on population growth, but the relative importance of juvenile versus adult somatic growth for population growth was dependent on the recruitment probability and the shape of the size‐survival function. More data on temporal variation and covariance among vital rates would improve stochastic models for the giant gartersnake. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of IPMs for studying the demography of reptiles and the value of the model‐building process for formalizing what is known and unknown about the demography of rare species. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Demographic models with continuous size–vital rate functions are well‐suited to the life history of gartersnakes and many other reptiles. The growth of threatened giant gartersnake populations is most influenced by the survival of large adult females, and the survival of snakes during their first year is a key unknown for projecting population viability.

Soft processors have a role to play in simplifying field-programmable gate array (FPGA) application design as they can be deployed only when needed, and it is easier to write and debug single-threaded software code than create hardware. The breadth of this second role increases when the performance of the soft processor increases, yet the sophisticated out-of-order superscalar approaches that arrived in the mid-1990s are not employed, despite their area cost now being easily tolerable. In this article, we take an important step toward out-of-order execution in soft processors by exploring instruction scheduling in an FPGA substrate. This differs from the hard-processor design problem because the logic substrate is restricted to LUTs, whereas hard processor scheduling circuits employ CAM and wired-OR structures to great benefit. We discuss both circuit and microarchitectural trade-offs and compare three circuit structures for the scheduler, including a new structure called a fused-logic matrix scheduler. Using our optimized circuits, we show that four-issue distributed schedulers with up to 54 entries can be built with the same cycle time as the commercial Nios II/f soft processor (240MHz). This careful design has the potential to significantly increase both the IPC and raw compute performance of a soft processor, compared to current commercial soft processors.

This paper characterizes the deposit runs that occurred in the commercial banking system during 2008 and compares them with deposit runs during the 1930s. The importance of withdrawals by large depositors is a strong source of continuity across the two eras and reflects the longstanding concentration of deposit holdings. Runs occurred in 2008 despite the presence of national deposit insurance, which does not fully cover large accounts and therefore has limited impact on the incentives of those account holders. Large depositors continue to represent a source of both market discipline and financial instability.

abstract:Though most physicians and public health officials deny that vaccination can cause autism, many autism parents believe there is such a link, and many of them resort to alternative treatments. This article takes no position on these controversies, but it uses the methods of reception history to explain how this “underground” movement has gained traction in the face of fierce opposition from the medical establishment and the mass media. The movement belongs to a long tradition of do-it-yourself medicine, which urged patients to read medical literature and treat themselves. Large-scale surveys of vaccine-hesitant websites and parents, and an intensive study of the reading done by six autism parents, reveals that these parents read extensively and critically both refereed medical literature and Internet postings by other autism parents. They are not “antiscience,” but they are producing and consuming literature about autism and interacting with each other on social media.

Although FPGAs have grown in capacity, FPGA-based soft processors have grown very little because of the difficulty of achieving higher performance in exchange for area. Superscalar out-of-order processors promise large performance gains, and the memory subsystem is a key part of such a processor that must help supply increased performance. In this article, we describe and explore microarchitectural and circuit-level tradeoffs in the design of such a memory system. We show the significant instructions-per-cycle wins for providing various levels of out-of-order memory access and memory dependence speculation (1.32 × SPECint2000) and for the addition of a second-level cache (another 1.60 × ). With careful microarchitecture and circuit design, we also achieve a L1 translation lookaside buffers and cache lookup with 29% less logic delay than the simpler Nios II/f memory system.

One of the key challenges for the FPGA industry going forward is to make the task of designing hardware easier. A significant portion of that design task is the creation of the interconnect pathways between functional structures. We present a synthesis tool that automates this process and focuses on the interconnect needs in the fine-grained (sub-IP-block) design space. Here there are several issues that prior research and tools do not address well: the need to have fixed, deterministic latency between communicating units (to enable high-performance local communication without the area overheads of latency insensitivity), and the ability to avoid generating unnecessary arbitration hardware when the application design can avoid it. Using a design example, our tool generates interconnect that requires 69 fewer lines of specification code than a handwritten Verilog implementation, which is a 32 overall reduction for the entire application. The resulting system, while requiring 6 more total functional and interconnect area, achieves the same performance. We also show a quantitative and qualitative advantages against an existing commercial interconnect synthesis tool, over which we achieve a 25 performance advantage and 15/57 logic/memory area savings.

The effectiveness of controlled release 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) administration to inhibit cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes has been evaluated in mice. To maximize the duration of P450 inhibition in vivo, ABT was administered via an osmotic pump. The degree of P450 inhibition was compared with that achieved with a single bolus dose of ABT. Two-hour prior subcutaneous treatment of mice with ABT (50 mg/kg) inhibited antipyrine clearance by 88%. A less pronounced inhibitory effect (29% reduction in clearance) was observed when ABT was administered 24-hours before antipyrine administration, indicating partial restoration of P450 activity during this longer pretreatment time. The duration of ABT in mice was very short (mean residence time = 1.7 hours) after subcutaneous bolus administration. When the inhibitor was delivered by an osmotic pump, maximum blood concentrations of the inhibitor were observed 24 hours after device implantation and were maintained at steady state for 6 days. Inhibition of P450 activity, as measured by antipyrine clearance, was confirmed at 24 hours and 120 hours after pump implantation, highlighting the utility of this method as a longer-term model for P450 inhibition in mice. The magnitude of P450 inhibition in ABT-treated mice was compared with that in hepatic P450 reductase null mice and both models were comparable. In vivo ABT administration by an osmotic pump offers an effective approach for longer-term P450 inhibition in mice and avoids the necessity for multiple dosing of the inhibitor.

In recent years, the population of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has changed dramatically, including more advanced age at diagnosis. We hypothesized that older patients have a distinct clinical profile with different disease characteristics and response to intervention.

The effectiveness of controlled release 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) administration to inhibit cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes has been evaluated in mice. To maximize the duration of P450 inhibition in vivo, ABT was administered via an osmotic pump. The degree of P450 inhibition was compared with that achieved with a single bolus dose of ABT. Two-hour prior subcutaneous treatment of mice with ABT (50 mg/kg) inhibited antipyrine clearance by 88%. A less pronounced inhibitory effect (29% reduction in clearance) was observed when ABT was administered 24-hours before antipyrine administration, indicating partial restoration of P450 activity during this longer pretreatment time. The duration of ABT in mice was very short (mean residence time = 1.7 hours) after subcutaneous bolus administration. When the inhibitor was delivered by an osmotic pump, maximum blood concentrations of the inhibitor were observed 24 hours after device implantation and were maintained at steady state for 6 days. Inhibition of P450 activity, as measured by antipyrine clearance, was confirmed at 24 hours and 120 hours after pump implantation, highlighting the utility of this method as a longer-term model for P450 inhibition in mice. The magnitude of P450 inhibition in ABT-treated mice was compared with that in hepatic P450 reductase null mice and both models were comparable. In vivo ABT administration by an osmotic pump offers an effective approach for longer-term P450 inhibition in mice and avoids the necessity for multiple dosing of the inhibitor.

Exploring architectures for large, modern FPGAs requires sophisticated software that can model and target hypothetical devices. Furthermore, research into new CAD algorithms often requires a complete and open source baseline CAD flow. This article describes recent advances in the open source Verilog-to-Routing (VTR) CAD flow that enable further research in these areas. VTR now supports designs with multiple clocks in both timing analysis and optimization. Hard adder/carry logic can be included in an architecture in various ways and significantly improves the performance of arithmetic circuits. The flow now models energy consumption, an increasingly important concern. The speed and quality of the packing algorithms have been significantly improved. VTR can now generate a netlist of the final post-routed circuit which enables detailed simulation of a design for a variety of purposes. We also release new FPGA architecture files and models that are much closer to modern commercial architectures, enabling more realistic experiments. Finally, we show that while this version of VTR supports new and complex features, it has a 1.5× compile time speed-up for simple architectures and a 6× speed-up for complex architectures compared to the previous release, with no degradation to timing or wire-length quality.

Background: From September 2002 to August 2010, 13 patients who were discharged from the emergency department (ED) were immunized against influenza. This correlates with a time when pharmacists were not permitted to vaccinate patients in New York. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of a pharmacist-based influenza vaccination program in the ED, assess patients’ willingness to be vaccinated by a pharmacist, and identify reasons for declination. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving English-speaking patients older than 18 years. The pharmacist vaccinated patients, if they consented. Patients who refused to be vaccinated were asked why they did not want to receive the vaccine and their perception of pharmacists vaccinating patients in the ED. The percentage of patients vaccinated; time elements associated with the process of screening, counseling, and vaccinating; and the type and frequency of adverse events were recorded. Results: Of 149 patients, 62 patients (41%) agreed to receive the vaccine, a 4-fold increase from the previous 8 years. The median screening and vaccination time was 8 minutes. Of those not receiving a vaccine in the ED, 74% were willing to receive the influenza vaccine from a pharmacist, and 78% were willing to receive the vaccine in the ED. The most common reason for refusal was perception of low self-risk (43.9%). No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: A pharmacist-based influenza immunization program is feasible in the ED and has the potential to successfully and safely increase the percentage of adult patients receiving the vaccine.

Integrity ought logically to be a particularly important concept within political science. If those acting within the political system do not have integrity, our ability to trust them, to have confidence in their actions, and perhaps even to consider them legitimate can be challenged. Indeed, the very concept of integrity goes some way towards underwriting positive views of political actors. Yet, despite this importance, political science as a discipline has perhaps focused too little on questions of integrity. Where political science has looked at the subject of integrity, it has often done so without using the specific linguistic formulation “integrity”. Most commonly, the focus has instead been on “corruption”—a strand of research which has produced results that cannot always be translated into discussions of integrity, by virtue of its narrower focus upon the “negative pole” of public ethics. Other measures, such as “Quality of Government”, focus on positive attributes, notably impartiality, but this also fails fully to capture the notion of integrity: dishonesty can be impartial. Specific formal “codes” used within public life and among political practitioners can be much more nuanced than the most widely used measures, and can be much closer to what we understand—academically—as “integrity”. This paper argues that the hard conceptual and empirical work of elaborating integrity into a fully operationalizable concept offers the potential reward of an analytical concept that is more closely aligned with political reality.

Integrity ought logically to be a particularly important concept within political science. If those acting within the political system do not have integrity, our ability to trust them, to have confidence in their actions, and perhaps even to consider them legitimate can be challenged. Indeed, the very concept of integrity goes some way towards underwriting positive views of political actors. Yet, despite this importance, political science as a discipline has perhaps focused too little on questions of integrity. Where political science has looked at the subject of integrity, it has often done so without using the specific linguistic formulation “integrity”. Most commonly, the focus has instead been on “corruption”—a strand of research which has produced results that cannot always be translated into discussions of integrity, by virtue of its narrower focus upon the “negative pole” of public ethics. Other measures, such as “Quality of Government”, focus on positive attributes, notably impartiality, but this also fails fully to capture the notion of integrity: dishonesty can be impartial. Specific formal “codes” used within public life and among political practitioners can be much more nuanced than the most widely used measures, and can be much closer to what we understand—academically—as “integrity”. This paper argues that the hard conceptual and empirical work of elaborating integrity into a fully operationalizable concept offers the potential reward of an analytical concept that is more closely aligned with political reality.

FPGAs have the potential to serve as a platform for accelerating many computations including scientific applications. However, the large development cost and short life span for FPGA designs have limited their adoption by the scientific computing community. FPGA-based scientific computing and many kinds of embedded computing could become more practical if there were hardware libraries that were portable to any FPGA-based system with performance that scaled with the size of the FPGA. To illustrate this idea we have implemented one common super-computing library function: the LU factorization method for solving systems of linear equations. This paper describes a method for making the design both portable and scalable that should be illustrative if such libraries are to be built in the future. The design is a software-based generator that leverages both the flexibility of a software programming language and the parameters inherent in an hardware description language. The generator accepts parameters that describe the FPGA capacity and external memory capabilities. We compare the performance of our engine executing on the largest FPGA available at the time of this work (an Altera Stratix III 3S340) to a single processor core fabricated in the same 65nm IC process running a highly optimized software implementation from the processor vendor. For single precision matrices on the order of 10,000 × 10,000 elements, the FPGA implementation is 2.2 times faster and the energy dissipated per useful GFLOP operation is a factor of 5 times less. For double precision, the FPGA implementation is 1.7 times faster and 3.5 times more energy efficient.

The VPR toolset has been widely used in FPGA architecture and CAD research, but has not evolved over the past decade. This article describes and illustrates the use of a new version of the toolset that includes four new features: first, it supports a broad range of single-driver routing architectures, which have superior architectural and electrical properties over the prior multidriver approach (and which is now employed in the majority of FPGAs sold). Second, it can now model, for placement and routing a heterogeneous selection of hard logic blocks. This is a key (but not final) step toward the incluion of blocks such as memory and multipliers. Third, we provide optimized electrical models for a wide range of architectures in different process technologies, including a range of area-delay trade-offs for each single architecture. Finally, to maintain robustness and support future development the release includes a set of regression tests for the software. To illustrate the use of the new features, we explore several architectural issues: the FPGA area efficiency versus logic block granularity, the effect of single-driver routing, and a simple use of the heterogeneity to explore the impact of hard multipliers on wiring track count.

A highly optimized Monte Carlo (MC) code package for simulating light transport is developed on the latest graphics processing unit (GPU) built for general-purpose computing from NVIDIA - the Fermi GPU. In biomedical optics, the MC method is the gold standard approach for simulating light transport in biological tissue, both due to its accuracy and its flexibility in modelling realistic, heterogeneous tissue geometry in 3-D. However, the widespread use of MC simulations in inverse problems, such as treatment planning for PDT, is limited by their long computation time. Despite its parallel nature, optimizing MC code on the GPU has been shown to be a challenge, particularly when the sharing of simulation result matrices among many parallel threads demands the frequent use of atomic instructions to access the slow GPU global memory. This paper proposes an optimization scheme that utilizes the fast shared memory to resolve the performance bottleneck caused by atomic access, and discusses numerous other optimization techniques needed to harness the full potential of the GPU. Using these techniques, a widely accepted MC code package in biophotonics, called MCML, was successfully accelerated on a Fermi GPU by approximately 600x compared to a state-of-the-art Intel Core i7 CPU. A skin model consisting of 7 layers was used as the standard simulation geometry. To demonstrate the possibility of GPU cluster computing, the same GPU code was executed on four GPUs, showing a linear improvement in performance with an increasing number of GPUs. The GPU-based MCML code package, named GPU-MCML, is compatible with a wide range of graphics cards and is released as an open-source software in two versions: an optimized version tuned for high performance and a simplified version for beginners (http://code.google.com/p/gpumcml).

This article discusses the nature of modernism by examining a business marketing campaign. The author focuses on book publishing in the nineteenth century and the British publisher Bodley Head, who published writer Oscar Wilde. The author states that modernism is sort of cultural product tied to capitalism that is concerned with innovation, a disdain for commercialism, and sold to a select audience.

The author focuses on Emanuel Swedenborg, a scientist and theologian and his influence on him. He discusses the concept of heaven and hell according to the belief of Swedenborg. The explanation of Swedenborg of suffering which the author found the most useful states that God permits evil only to preserve the spiritual freedom of people, since good which is not freely chosen is not good at all. He cites his efforts to connect his patients on both the physical and spiritual levels.

The article takes a look on the coming back of the practice of integrated design. According to the author, the return is being goaded by the increase in demand for complex cultural, scientific and educational buildings; the green market; and the emergence of digital design systems. He stresses that integrating design, program and process gives rise to a deeply satisfying creative work culture. He also opines that it enables cross-disciplinary experimentation, environmental responsibility and economic efficiency. Moreover, he suggests that perhaps professional schools of design might probe how to integrate design program, process and production into their pedagogy.

This article discusses the revision of the history of reading to accommodate the finding that people from all different society classes enjoy great literature. Most people assume that lower working classes, the common reader, only read trash and have no conception of what good literature is. The true of the matter is common readers do not need educators telling them what great literature; they can identify it for themselves. Radicals and Classics have been coninually arguing over traditional values in books and whether it is positive or negative. For African Americans, literature has a form of power that frees people. Even in pre-Civil War times, African Americans taught themselves how to read in groups to read great literature. It has been brought to light that great literature never kept minority writers out of mainstream reading. The education of literature today is quickly declining. Most students cannot even name a work by Shakespeare and do not know the names of any philosophers. This is the reason professors are trying to shift back to the classics and reviewing the history of literature.

Eighty-two patients with a chief complaint of plantar heel pain were evaluated for sensory abnormalities within the cutaneous distribution of both the medial calcaneal nerve and the medial plantar nerve, using quantitative neurosensory testing with a pressure-specified sensory device. The results showed that 22.68% of the patients displayed isolated abnormal sensory function within the distribution of the medial calcaneal nerve, whereas 49.48% of the patients displayed abnormal function within the distribution of both the medial calcaneal and the medial plantar nerves. Thus, 72.17% of the patients displayed abnormal sensory function within the distribution of the medial calcaneal nerve. Statistical analysis of the results, using the Pearson chi-square statistic and odds ratio, indicated that a significant percentage of patients with plantar heel pain, even early in the clinical course of plantar heel pain, display abnormal sensibility within the branches of the posterior tibial nerve, and specifically, within the distribution of the medial calcaneal nerve (P< .0008) and the medial plantar nerve (P< .0001). (The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 42(4):173-177, 2003)

In Elementary Schooling and the Working Classes, 1860–1914, J. S. Hurt employs what has become a classic opening in works of social history. “Much of the history of education,” he declares, “has been written from the top, from the perspective of those who ran and provided the schools, be they civil servants or members of the religious societies that promoted the cause of popular education. Little has been written from the viewpoint of those who were the recipients of this semi-charitable endeavour, the parents who paid the weekly schoolpence and the children who sat in the schoolrooms of nineteenth-century England.”Hurt's point is well taken, but he leaves himself open to the retort that he also draws his information mainly from official sources. The parents rarely speak in his book, the children almost never. One could make the same criticism of Phil Gardner's The Lost Elementary Schools of Victorian England. Gardner claims that the so-called dame schools, the private venture schools that served a large fraction of the Victorian working class, were unfairly disparaged and suppressed by educational bureaucrats. But he too depends largely on bureaucratic reports to reconstruct the history of schools outside the state system. Neither Gardner nor Hurt quite succeeds in plumbing educational history to the very bottom: they do little to reconstruct the classroom experience from the viewpoint of the working-class child.What sources could we use to recover that history? There are, of course, the reports of school inspectors, but Gardner warns us that they had a vested interest in condemning dame shools.

The article discusses the basic principles that need to be taken to develop a history and culture program. It suggests to end the exploitation of teaching assistants, involve other departments, and do away with examinations. It also recommends serving the other programs and training the students to be public intellectuals.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are just two of several autoimmune connective tissue diseases that are primarily chronic in nature but can present to the Emergency Department (ED) by virtue of an acute exacerbation of disease. Beyond an acute exacerbation of disease, their predilection for invading multiple organ systems, lends itself to the potential for patients presenting to the ED with either a single or isolated symptom or a myriad of signs and/or symptoms indicative of a degree of disease complexity and quite possibly severity that warrants just as timely recognition as it does resuscitation.

The article focuses on the History and Culture graduate education in history program at Drew University. Topics discussed include the history of the establishment of the program, the goals of the program and the factors that influence the development of the graduate program. Also discussed are the ways in which History and Culture emphasizes interdisciplinary learning and the requirements for completing a History and Culture program.