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We present a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy (PLR) following carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). A 56-year-old man with a history of severe stenosis of the left carotid artery and treated by CAS refers acute and painless visual loss on the left eye (OS) 48 h after the procedure. Funduscopic examination showed cotton wool spots and intraretinal hemorrhages confined to the peripapillary and posterior pole of the OS. The optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed retinal thickening and hyperintense lesions in the inner nuclear layer retina.

El cáncer de vejiga (CV) es una neoplasia frecuente en España. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: identificar la proporción de pacientes diagnosticados de CV de forma incidental o tras la presentación de síntomas en un periodo contemporáneo en España; comparar las características demográficas, clínicas y patológicas entre estos grupos.

Incident reporting systems (IRSs) are considered safety culture promoters. Nevertheless, they have not been contemplated to monitor professionals’ perception about patient safety related risks. This study aims to describe the characteristics and evolution of incident notifications reported between 2016 and 2019 in a high complexity reference hospital in Barcelona and explores the association between notifications’ characteristics and notifier's perception about incidents severity, probability of occurrence and risk. The main analysis unit was notifications reported. A descriptive analysis was performed and taxes by hospital activity were calculated. Odds ratios were obtained to study the association between the type of incident, the moment of incident, notifiers’ professional category, reported incident's severity, probability and incidents’ calculated risk. Through the study period, a total of 6379 notifications were reported, observing an annual increase of notifications until 2018. Falls (21.22%), Medical and procedures management (18.91%) and Medication incidents (15.49%) were the most frequently notified. Departments reporting the highest number of notifications were Emergency room and Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Incident type and notifiers’ characteristics were consistently included in the models constructed to assess risk perception. Pharmaceutics were the most frequent notifiers when considering the proportion of staff members. Notification patterns can inform professionals’ patient risk perception and increase awareness of professionals’ misconceptions regarding patient safety.

Estimar la frecuencia poblacional de complicaciones de uveítis y evaluar sus principales factores de riesgo en los pacientes con uveítis del estudio UveCAM.

Recovering critical materials from effluents of the copper electrorefining would improve the circularity and sustainability of this industry. In this task, selectivity is crucial to separate metals present in multi-component electrolytes and obtain added value products. Electrodeposition can be used to recover metals individually when their reduction takes place at different potentials. Moreover, the preferential deposition of a specific element can also be modulated under galvanostatic control. In this study, the recovery and separation of antimony and bismuth from highly concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions is investigated by means of voltammetry and electrodeposition. In potentiostatic mode, the preferential deposition of antimony takes place at − 0.25 VAg/AgCl, although a moderate selectivity is achieved. Under galvanostatic mode, at current densities below the limiting value (iL), the deposition of bismuth is almost prevented, and the selectivity factor for antimony reaches the highest values. These results prove the feasibility of a highly selective antimony recovery by electrodeposition. When the iLis exceeded, the selectivity towards antimony drops because more cathodic potentials are reached, which activate the deposition of bismuth and hydrogen evolution, thus decreasing the overall electrodeposition current efficiency. Upon an increase in the proportion of bismuth in the mixtures, high current densities also favor the deposition of this metal but decrease the contribution of hydrogen evolution reaction as compared to solutions with a higher proportion of antimony. Thus, the process can also be conducted at high electrodeposition current densities, yet at the cost of obtaining the product in the form of an alloy.

Early to Middle Miocene sea-level oscillations of approximately 40–60 m estimated from far-field records1–3are interpreted to reflect the loss of virtually all East Antarctic ice during peak warmth2. This contrasts with ice-sheet model experiments suggesting most terrestrial ice in East Antarctica was retained even during the warmest intervals of the Middle Miocene4,5. Data and model outputs can be reconciled if a large West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) existed and expanded across most of the outer continental shelf during the Early Miocene, accounting for maximum ice-sheet volumes. Here we provide the earliest geological evidence proving large WAIS expansions occurred during the Early Miocene (~17.72–17.40 Ma). Geochemical and petrographic data show glacimarine sediments recovered at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1521 in the central Ross Sea derive from West Antarctica, requiring the presence of a WAIS covering most of the Ross Sea continental shelf. Seismic, lithological and palynological data reveal the intermittent proximity of grounded ice to Site U1521. The erosion rate calculated from this sediment package greatly exceeds the long-term mean, implying rapid erosion of West Antarctica. This interval therefore captures a key step in the genesis of a marine-based WAIS and a tipping point in Antarctic ice-sheet evolution.

El hallazgo de eosinofilia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) no es infrecuente, sin embargo, la detección del síndrome de DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms)caracterizado por una reacción de hipersensibilidad a fármacos, que cursa con eosinofilia, afectación sistémica y erupción eritematosa maculopapular tras 2-6 semanas después de la exposición al fármaco responsable, es algo excepcional. Presentamos el primer caso descrito en la literatura de síndrome DRESS con afectación pulmonar en forma de neumonitis intersticial o distrés respiratorio del adulto (SDRA) persistente, secundario a inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP), con evolución favorable tras retirada del fármaco responsable y tratamiento prolongado con corticoides sistémicos.

The carbothermal synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic molybdenum carbide and copper, supported on high surface area graphite (H), has been studied by in situXRD, XPS, D2-TPD, TEM/STEM, TG-mass spectrometry, and N2adsorption. The catalysts were prepared using H2at 600 °C or 700 °C and tested in the hydrogenation of CO2to methanol. Molybdenum carbide and oxycarbide phases were obtained, as well as hydride species, at 600 °C on both monometallic MoxC/H and bimetallic CuMoxC/H in a similar proportion. Upon increasing the temperature up to 700 °C, the formation of metallic Mo is favourable. Although this is observed on supported MoxC and CuMoxC, the bimetallic sample is less affected by the formation of the hydride, and molybdenum carbide is also observed upon treatment at 700 °C. With regards to the catalytic performance, supported monometallic copper was not active, but copper increased the activity and selectivity of the molybdenum carbide. The yield of methanol per catalyst's weight increases upon increasing the copper loading, indicating that a cooperation reaction takes place between the smallest Cu particles in contact with the molybdenum phase. The catalysts synthesized at 700 °C are less active and less selective to methanol favouring the reverse water gas shift under the studied conditions. Interestingly, the catalysts are stable under the reaction conditions, and the detected phases by XRD of the spent catalysts suggest that the hydride species favoured transformations involving MoOxCyHz↔ β-Mo2C.

Cognitive deficits and psychiatric comorbidities are frequent complications of epilepsy. These deleterious effects are thought to be present to a greater extent in drug-resistant epilepsy. A significant association between cognition, psychopathology and drug-resistant epilepsy is expected to exist. The objective of this review is to examine the relationship between cognitive and psychiatric symptoms in drug-resistant epilepsy.

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a fundamental and promising route for bio-oil upgrading to produce petroleum-like hydrocarbon fuels or chemical building blocks. One of the main challenges of this technology is the demand of high-pressure H2, which poses high costs and safety concerns. Accordingly, developing cost-effective routes for biomass or bio-oil upgrading without the supply of commercial H2is essential to implement the HDO at commercial scale. This article critically reviewed the very recent studies relating to the novel strategies for upgrading the biofeedstocks with ‘green’ H2generated from renewable sources. More precisely, catalytic transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis, combined reforming and HDO, combined metal hydrolysis and HDO, water-assisted in-situHDO and nonthermal plasma technology and self-supported hydrogenolysis are reviewed herein. Current challenges and research trends of each strategy are also proposed aiming to motivate further improvement of these novel routes to become competitive alternatives to conventional HDO technology.

En los últimos años se ha ampliado de forma exponencial el arsenal terapéutico del carcinoma hepatocelular; los principales pilares del tratamiento son la cirugía resectiva, el trasplante hepático, las técnicas ablativas, las terapias intraarteriales y la quimioterapia sistémica, siendo fundamental un enfoque multidisciplinar para el adecuado manejo de los pacientes. En la actualidad, la estrategia más empleada para la estadificación y elección del tratamiento en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular es la clasificación de la Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC). A partir de variables pronósticas preestablecidas ampliamente validadas, se clasifica a los pacientes en 5 estadios (0, A, B, C, y D) a los cuales se les recomienda una estrategia terapéutica. Esta clasificación es flexible y dinámica, siendo posible la migración entre los distintos estadios a lo largo de la historia natural de la enfermedad. El adecuado conocimiento de los distintos tratamientos, la valoración multidisciplinar y su correcta ejecución es fundamental para optimizar su beneficio en términos de supervivencia de los pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular.

Debido a las mejoras en las técnicas de imagen, actualmente somos capaces de detectar más lesiones ocupantes de espacio (LOE) sobre hígado cirrótico. Con frecuencia, estos hígados se muestran muy heterogéneos y la dificultad diagnóstica ante una LOE nueva es mayor. Será necesario conocer las distintas técnicas disponibles (ecografía, patrón radiológico en tomografía computarizada —TC— y resonancia magnética —RM—, histología) para realizar un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial.

El hallazgo de lesiones hepáticas es cada vez más frecuente en nuestro medio, debido al aumento en el número y la calidad de las pruebas de imagen. Se trata de un grupo heterogéneo de lesiones con diferente etiología y estirpe celular, cuyo manejo es distinto en cada caso. Para su diagnóstico, deben tenerse en cuenta los antecedentes del paciente, la historia clínica, la exploración física, los análisis de sangre y las pruebas de imagen con valoración de la histología si es necesario. Aunque en la mayoría de las ocasiones no suponen un riesgo para el paciente, es necesaria la optimización de las herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas para evitar procedimientos invasivos en caso de no precisarlo. El manejo debe hacerse de forma individualizada, con una valoración por unidades multidisciplinares especializadas en el manejo de lesiones benignas en los casos más complejos.

El carcinoma hepatocelular es el tumor primario hepático más frecuente y su incidencia está en progresivo ascenso. Es la segunda causa de muerte relacionada con cáncer y se desarrolla fundamentalmente en pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Las causas más frecuentes son la infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C y B, el alcohol y las aflatoxinas. En la actualidad, la enfermedad hepática por depósito de grasa está cobrando un papel muy relevante, especialmente en países desarrollados. El cribado mediante ecografía es fundamental en las poblaciones de riesgo para detectar el hepatocarcinoma en estadio precoz. El diagnóstico se establece principalmente mediante técnicas de imagen e histología en los casos que sea preciso. Teniendo en cuenta las variables clínicas (sintomatología asociada al tumor y comorbilidades), la función hepática y la carga tumoral, podremos orientar el tratamiento más apropiado en cada caso.

La enfermedad hepática tumoral es cada vez más frecuente. Su peculiar forma de irrigación, predominantemente arterial, a diferencia del resto del hígado con flujo fundamentalmente por vía portal, hace a los tumores susceptibles de terapias intraarteriales.

The aim of this study was to experimentally test for adult cross-resistance to hypoxia or anoxia in a desiccation-resistant population of Anastrepha ludensLoew. We compared desiccation resistant flies with unselected (control) flies by measuring the effect of pre-emergence hypoxia on some fitness parameters (emergence, flight ability, copulation success, latency to copulation, copulation duration, ovary size). Anoxia effects were determined using eye color changes during pupa development and fly emergence after re-oxygenation. Both strains were negatively affected in all measured parameters when exposed to hypoxia for more than 48 h. However, after hypoxia, control flies showed, in general, shorter latency to mate and longer copula duration than desiccation-resistant flies. Anoxia-induced arrest of pupa development, whereas returning to normoxia conditions induced resumption of development. Anoxia period length (longer than 72 h) increased mortality to 100% in the control line, whereas the desiccation-resistant line survived even at 120 h of anoxia. Thus, pre-release hypoxia must not exceed 24 h in order to maintain insect quality independently of fly type.

Los Petenes Biosphere Reserve (LPBR), in Campeche, Mexico, is a coastal strip that integrates a land portion -where petenes are distinguished as unique ecosystems-, and a marine portion that highlights the presence of mangroves and seagrasses as key ecosystems. In LPBR, seagrasses have been identified as the largest and best conserved ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico. There is a diverse biotic community associated with seagrasses, where fish are the most abundant macrofauna. The objective of this research is to describe the spatial and temporal behavior of the biomass of seagrasses and fish in the littoral portion of the reserve. A database of temperature and precipitation from three meteorological stations was built to describe the regional climatic behavior. Four sampling campaigns were conducted, visiting 12 previously located sites. At each site, environmental variables were measured, and samples of seagrasses were gathered by free immersion; also, fish samples were taken with an experimental trawl. The general weather in the reserve has two defined seasons (rainy and dry). This weather regulates the environmental variables registered in the sampling sites, and it is possible to identify associations between the abundance of both grasses and fish. Grass biomass reaches maximum values of 664.9 g/m2, and fish biomass 1.61 g/m2. We identified 12 dominant fish among which Lagodon rhomboidesand Haemulon plumieriistand out. The high productivity of seagrasses in LPBR is confirmed, in relation with climate seasonality and the optimization of the environmental conditions of the area.

The melting process of particulate metallic additions to liquid metals is an important phenomenon in metallurgical processes. In order to enhance their melting rate, it is important to understand the effect of different process variables. In this work, the effect of particle size, particle temperature, bath temperature and stirring conditions has been experimentally investigated. Additionally, a numerical model that includes changes in the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the instantaneous radius of the addition and changes in the thermo-physical properties of the addition as a function of temperature has been developed and validated with the experimental data. The melting rate has been expressed in one equation that includes all process variables.

Mechanical properties of metallic foams are highly dependent on the characteristics of porosity. In the case of foams manufactured using space holder particles (SHPs), parameters such as percentage porosity, pore size and cell wall thickness are directly contingent on the SHP used. In this work, different fractal distributions of SHPs were introduced in order to modify the resulting porosity. An Al–Si–Cu alloy was used as raw material for producing metallic foams by infiltration, while NaCl particles of 2 and 4 mm were used as SHPs, modifying the small-to-large particle ratio and fractal dimensions. Cylindrical foams of 10 cm in height and 5 cm in diameter were obtained by infiltrating the Al alloy into the SHPs. Results showed that the use of fractal distribution allowed to slightly increase the percentage porosity, whereas the most important effect was the decrease in cell wall thickness when fractal dimension increased. Mechanical properties were directly affected by these modifications, decreasing when fractality was induced. Finite element analysis models of the foams were obtained in a combination with discrete element method, in order to simulate their compressive elastic behaviors. Young’s modulus estimations were in excellent agreement with experimental results, validating the effect of fractal inclusion and the importance of the correct model selection.

Mujer de 73 años que acude a consulta con diagnóstico de hipertiroidismo de 8 meses de evolución. Desde entonces comenzó con hiperemia y proptosis ocular. En la exploración se observa exoftalmos bilateral de predominio derecho, ligera hiperemia conjuntival en ojo derecho asociada a vasos epiesclerales aumentados en su calibre con forma de cabeza de medusa. Tomografía computada con recto inferior aumentado de calibre sin datos de compresión de nervio óptico. En el estudio doppler de órbita se encuentra un flujo arteriorizado sobre la vena oftálmica superior con un posible diagnóstico de fístula carótido-cavernosa. La orbitopatía tiroidea relacionada a una fístula carótido-cavernosa es una asociación infrecuente, ya que los datos clínicos de una de las patologías pueden enmascarar a la otra, por lo que es importante el conocimiento de ambas enfermedades para su correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento multidisciplinario.

This work studies the effect of Al4C3layer formation in the carbon nanotube (CNT)–Al interface on the tensile elastic modulus of the resulting composite material, focusing on the thickness of this layer. 3-D models combining discrete element model and finite element analysis (FEA) were used in order to simulate the behavior of composites with different volume fractions of CNTs randomly dispersed into the Al matrix. Layers of 1, 5, 10 and 15 nm were modeled, affecting the CNTs according to the expected interfacial reaction. Estimations were compared to those obtained in a previous work using unit cell models for an ordered composite. Results showed that the presence of this interface increases total reinforcement volume fraction. Besides, elastic modulus of the composites increased with CNT volume fraction, while the increase in the interface thickness also provoked an increment in the Young’s modulus, attributed to the combined reinforcement effect of CNT and Al4C3. Estimations for the 3-D models were between maxima and minima values predicted by longitudinal and transversal moduli for ordered composites. Results also showed the importance of the use of more realistic FEA models for improving the predicting ability of this method for predicting the mechanical behavior of composites.

Los objetivos del trabajo son caracterizar las propiedades de la imagen 2D PET reconstruida mediante el algoritmo ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) y proponer un nuevo método de generación de imágenes sintéticas.

The Early Arthritis for Psoriatic patients (EARP) questionnaire is a screening tool for psoriatic arthritis. The original Italian version has good measurement properties but the EARP required translation and adaptation for use in Spain. This article describes the cultural adaptation process as a step prior to validation.

•Fe-Cu-Cs/Al2O3: advanced catalyst for CO2conversion via RWGS.•Cs is an excellent promoter to boost the activity/selectivity of FeOx based materials.•Beneficial effect of Cu preventing Fe − active phase sintering.•Suitability of these advanced catalysts for long term runs.

El deterioro progresivo de los pacientes con ataxias espinocerebelosas (AEC) genera un gran impacto sobre su calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). En este estudio se evalúa la CVRS en una muestra de pacientes diagnosticados de AEC y se pretende estimar la capacidad predictiva de un conjunto de variables sociodemográficas en las distintas dimensiones que conforman el cuestionario.

To describe sociodemographic and diagnostic characteristics of indigenous patients (identified by determining whether they speak an indigenous language) hospitalised between January 2014 and January 2015 at the Hospital General de Mexico, and to analyse these characteristics using a vulnerability classification.

Antimony is a metalloid with limited availability as a primary resource, but it is commonly found as an impurity in effluents generated in the copper metallurgy. Thus, the development of clean and selective processes to recover antimony from these wastewaters would improve the sustainability of the copper production. In this work, an emulated effluent of the copper electrorefining industry that contains antimony and hydrochloric acid was characterized by means of voltammetric and electrodeposition tests using two different cell configurations: a static cell, and a dynamic cell with a rotating disk electrode (RDE). Voltammograms were obtained at varying hydrochloric acid and antimony concentrations, inversion potentials, scan rates and RDE rotation rates. Two main conclusions were drawn: (a) the deposition of antimony is a mass transfer-controlled process; and (b) an increase in hydrochloric acid concentration improves the deposition of antimony. The diffusion coefficient of antimony species was obtained applying the Randles-Ševčík and the Levich equations; both of them providing very similar values (5.29 ± 0.20 · 10−6cm2s−1). The effective electrodeposition of antimony from highly concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions was demonstrated. The surface examination of the electrodes revealed that compact and adherent deposits of antimony could be obtained under operating conditions that minimize the hydrogen evolution reaction in both potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes. Intensified convective regimes by using the RDE improve the supply of dissolved antimony towards the electrode surface, thus leading to a notorious increase in current density and, consequently, in the rate of antimony deposition.

•Highligts calidad de vida y salud mental en el ictus juvenil•El ictus juvenil altera la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud.•Hay alta probabilidad de sufrir ansiedad y depresión tras el ictus juvenil.•Aproximadamente la mitad de los ictus juveniles no vuelven a trabajar.•La secuela principal tras el ictus juvenil no es motora.•Es necesario revisar los protocolos de seguimientos de los ictus juveniles.

La implementación de la práctica basada en la evidencia es clave para la práctica profesional. Sin embargo, continúa siendo un reto en el cuidado crítico del paciente.

Para garantizar el bienestar y la seguridad en los pacientes críticos es necesario aplicar estrategias de analgosedación seguras que eviten la infra- y sobresedación.

Objective:: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading cause of viral congenital infection. Some viral factors have been proposed to be CMV pathogenicity markers. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of congenital CMV infection in symptomatic patients and the possible association with the CMV glycoprotein B (gB) genotype and viral load. Study Design:: A total of 361 newborns (NB) and 158 pregnant women (PW) with clinically suspected CMV infection were enrolled. Studied samples included urine, saliva, serum, vaginal swabs and amniotic fluid. CMV infection was diagnosed by multiplex nested PCR. CMV gB genotyping was performed on infected samples, followed by viral load determination. Results:: Overall, 18.7% of the tested patients were positive for CMV infection, 19.7% of NB were congenitally infected and 16.5% of PW showed active CMV infection. gB-2 was the most prevalent genotype detected (39/97 patients). gB CMV mixed infections were detected in 12 patients. gB-2 was associated with mono-infections (P<0.01). Mixed infections showed higher levels of viral load compared with gB mono-infection (P=0.03). Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice, sepsis-like syndrome and malformations were the most prevalent clinical findings. gB-4 was more frequently associated with sepsis-like syndrome than other gB genotypes (P=0.04, odds ratio=4.3, confidence interval: 0.9 to 21.6). The difference in medians of CMV load was statistically significant among patients presenting different clinical signs (P=0.04). Conclusions:: This study showed that CMV is a frequent cause of congenital infection in symptomatic Cuban patients. Despite gB2 being the most frequently detected, gB-4 was the only genotype associated with clinical features (sepsis-like syndrome in NB). No other associations among specific genotypes and clinical characteristics were found. Further studies are needed to clarify the role that viral load and genotype play in the outcome of congenital infection.

The International Year of Quinoa (IYQ) (2013) showcased quinoa to the world and generated a rapid expansion in international demand for quinoa. It also increased the level of consumption in Peru. Peruvian ethnic identity reflects the food culture of origin. This research aims to determine the relationship between ethnic identity and other Theory of Planned Behavior factors on quinoa consumption intention and frequency of consumers in Top Lima and Modern Metropolitan Lima, Peru. A survey of 381 respondents was conducted between April and September 2017, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Contrary to expectations, intention and frequency of consumption of quinoa were negatively affected by “ethnic identity” (p< 0.05). This result is related to the promotion by the IYQ and Marca Perú (brand name Peru) and the gastronomic boom.

IThe model for the calculation of effective thermal parameters in two-layer structure in photoacoustic phenomena proposed in previous works [1-4] is used for defining and calculating the effective optical parameters. The concept of effective optical absorption coefficient will naturally emerge from the model when a heat source, depending on the position and the optical absorption coefficient, is taken into account. Results for the static limit shows that, in general case, the effective optical absorption coefficient value depends on the effective thermal conductivity, and it is different for rear-surface and front-surface illumination configurations. For optically opaque samples in rear-illumination configuration and optically transparent layers, it is show that the effective optical absorption coefficient and the effective thermal conductivity are independent and can be separately obtained. The latter result suggests for optically transparent samples, it will be correct to use the Maxwell Equations for defining and calculating the effective optical parameters in multilayer structures.

Revisar las pruebas sobre el coste-efectividad de la ocriplasmina para la tracción vitreomacular (TVM) y estimar el impacto presupuestario que supondría su uso en el Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS).

In this paper, the effect of particle geometry on Young’s modulus for particulate-reinforced composites was estimated using finite elements analysis (FEA) and modified Halpin–Tsai (HT) equations, including not only the effect of the aspect ratio but also the particle shape. This modified HT model includes a new parameter (a) which depends on the angle of the particle corners. FEA was used as a starting point to find the composites behavior depending on the reinforcement features, results that were compared to experimental values. Young’s moduli and stresses distribution were estimated using an AlA356/SiC(p) composite as starting material . Selected particle geometries for modeling were cylinders, truncated cylinders, double cones, and double-truncated cones; while aspect ratios were modified from 0.6 to 1.8. There was an excellent agreement between experimental results, FEA, and modified Halpin–Tsai estimations, showing that the predicting ability of the Halpin–Tsai model could be improved by introducing different shape parameters.

Las enfermedades de la uña son un reto diagnóstico y la ecografía de alta frecuencia con Doppler color es una prueba diagnóstica sencilla e indolora que puede ser útil en muchos casos. La ecografía permite valorar las estructuras anatómicas de la uña y su vascularización en tiempo real. El presente trabajo revisa las publicaciones sobre los hallazgos ecográficos de la uña normal, patología inflamatoria y tumoral.

La terapia fotodinámica con luz de día (TFDLD) es una nueva modalidad de terapia fotodinámica (TFD) que, manteniendo la misma eficacia en queratosis actínicas (QA) grado iy iique la técnica convencional, disminuye sus efectos adversos y la hace más eficiente. Los condicionantes meteorológicos propios de la España y Portugal hacen necesario el establecimiento de un protocolo adecuado y consensuado por expertos adaptado a los mismos.

Daylight photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new type of PDT that is as effective as conventional PDT in mild and moderate actinic keratosis but with fewer adverse effects, resulting in greater efficiency. The climatic conditions in the Iberian Peninsula require an appropriately adapted consensus protocol.

A perspective is presented on how the representation mapping framework by Hahn and Chater (1998) may be used to characterize reasoning during problem solving in chemistry. To provide examples for testing the framework, an exploratory study was conducted with students and professors from three different courses in the middle of the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Each participant's reasoning while solving exam problems was characterized by comparing the stored knowledge representation used as a resource and the new instance representation associated with the problem being solved. Doing so required consideration of two ways in which abstraction occurs: abstractness of representations, and abstracting while using representations. The representation mapping framework facilitates comparison of the representations and how they were used. This resulted in characterization of reasoning as memory-bank or rule-based (rules processes), or similarity-based or prototype (similarity processes). Rules processes were observed in all three courses. Similarity-based reasoning seldom occurred in students, but was common to all of the professors’ problem solving, though with higher abstractness than in students. Examples from the data illustrate how representation mapping can be used to examine abstraction in problem solving across different kinds of problems and in participants with different levels of expertise. Such utility could permit identifying barriers to abstraction capacity and may facilitate faculty assessment development.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares permanecen todavía como la principal causa de muerte en España. El estudio Dieta y Riesgo de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares en España (DRECE) se basa en una cohorte representativa de la población general española en la que se analizan los hábitos nutricionales y de vida estudiando su asociación con los patrones de morbimortalidad. Hemos estimado el impacto, en términos de pérdida de productividad, de la mortalidad prematura atribuida a las enfermedades cardiovasculares.