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At Kozloduy 5 and 6 the existing halon extinguishing systems are designed as object protection systems for electrical cabinet rows. Each of these rows is protected by a small dedicated [...]

Fire resistance of structures, systems and components (SSC) is widely identified as a fundamental issue for fire risk assessment at nuclear power plants (NPP). It is currently supported by several national or international ambitious experimental programs. Fire risk assessment at NPPs is performed under a series of hypothesis, e.g. the fire load. A problem will arise if tests used for conformity assessment do not appropriately represent the hypothesis selected during the fire risk analysis. In this case, SSCs may possibly be not meeting the expectations related to their fire resistance capacity supposed by the fire risk analysis. Ways of tackling this issue involve a regulatory approach and adapted requirements for components. While the widespread regulatory approach consists in seeking enveloping scenarios and conservative assumptions, a better knowledge of SSCs behaviour under for NPPs typical situations may be also desirable. The Institute for Energy of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) at Petten (NL) launched a questionnaire with the aim of gathering opinions of regulatory bodies and their technical support organisations and manufacturers in Europe on this topic. Major goal was to estimate the relevance of the issue according to the perception of the specialists. The present paper collects the answers given by seven entities (AREVA, GRS, iBMB, IRSN, SJUB, SUEZ-TRACTEBEL, and VTT) and makes suggestions for addressing the issues identified by the participants.

The flavor of boiled potatoes was investigated using sensory and instrumental methods to get basic information concerning sensory features and aroma compounds for use in breeding research and quality control. The sensory odor profiles of three genotypes were found to differ especially in negative sensations like “burnt”, “fodder” and “musty”. The aroma volatiles were isolated by a modified simultaneous steam distillation and extraction method. Nineteen character impact compounds of boiled potato aroma were pointed out by gas chromatography with nitrogen specific detection, gas chromatography —mass spectrometry and gas chromatography —olfactometry. The comparison of the quantified odor impressions in three genotypes by chromatography —olfactometry revealed the substances responsible for the typical boiled potato odorants and off-flavor notes.

Summary Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterus may cause early and late reactions in the gastrointestinal tract such as ulcers, hemorrhages, stenosis, and fistula. In many cases surgical treatment has to be restricted to colostomy. Intestinal resections should be performed only in tissues not affected by irradiation. Mortality in surgery after radiation therapy of the intestine is 25 %.

Lipidated angiotensin II (Ang) agonists and antagonists were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities for eventual use as antimyoproliferative agents. Solid phase peptide synthesis was used for the assembly of the peptides with the Fmoc protection scheme. N-Acetyl-Ser¹ Ang was palmitoylated on the serine hydroxyl function. The nonpalmitoylated analogue retained one-third of Ang's affinity toward the AT1 receptor on bovine adrenal cortex membranes, and the palmitoylated analogue was essentially inactive. Upon enzymatic lipolysis or mild saponification of the palmitoylated peptide, biological activity was restored. An analogous compound of Ang, N-acetyl-Ser¹,β-d-naphthylalanine⁸ ([NAcSer¹,d-Nal⁸]Ang), was a pure antagonist on rabbit aorta but with lower affinity. Its O-palmitoylated form was inactive as well but was easily converted to the nonlipidated active form by lipolysis or saponification. Direct palmitoylation of [sarcosine¹]Ang with palmitoyl chloride was obtained on the free phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr⁴ on solid phase on an otherwise fully protected peptide. This lipopeptide was fully active, was comparable to [Sar¹]Ang, and exhibited strongly prolonged activity. Lipolysis and saponification under mild conditions yielded standard [Sar¹]Ang. The corresponding [Sar¹,d-Nal⁸]Ang was a potent and very long-lasting antagonist (pA2 = 8.1), and its analogous palmitoyl phenyl ester in position 4 was active in its palmitoylated form (antagonist) and, again, returned to the nonlipidated form upon saponification or lipolysis. [Sar¹,Tyr⁴(O-octadecyl)]Ang, an analogue to Tyr-palmitoylated [Sar¹]Ang with an octadecyl phenyl ether in position 4, was also prepared. Surprisingly, the ether compound was inactive. Premature hydrolysis of the palmitoyl phenyl ester peptide was excluded by HPLC analysis, and the activity of the ester peptide is attributed to a putative hydrogen bond that may be critical for biological activity. The discovery of potent biologically active lipidated antagonists of Ang gives access to potential antimyoproliferative agents with numerous application possibilities.

In a search for analogues of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) with improved activities and bioavailabilities, we have prepared the following three lactam analogues of hPTH-(1−31)-NH2 (1) or [Leu²⁷]hPTH-(1−31)-NH2 (2):  [Leu²⁷]cyclo(Glu²²−Lys²⁶)-hPTH-(1−31)-NH2 (3), [Leu²⁷]cyclo(Lys²⁶−Asp³⁰)-hPTH-(1−31)-NH2 (4), and cyclo(Lys²⁷−Asp³⁰)-hPTH-(1−31)-NH2 (5). Analogues 1, 2, and 5 had seven or eight residues of α-helix, as estimated from their circular dichroism (CD) spectra, in contrast to 12 residues in cyclic analogues 3 and 4. Thus, lactams 3 and 4 stabilized a helix previously shown to exist within residues 17−29. The adenylyl cyclase activity (EC50), measured in rat osteosarcoma 17/2 cells, of 5 (40.3 ± 2.3 nM) was half that of its linear form 1 (19.9 ± 3.9 nM). The linear Leu²⁷ mutant 2 was twice as active (11.5 ± 5.2) as analogue 1, and lactam analogue 3 was 6-fold more active (3.3 ± 0.3 nM). Lactam analogue 4 had less activity (16.9 ± 3.3 nM) than 2, its linear form. Peptides hPTH-(1−30)-NH2 (6), [Leu²⁷]hPTH-(1−30)-NH2 (7), and [Leu²⁷]cyclo(Glu²²−Lys²⁶)-hPTH-(1−30)-NH2 (8) all had AC-stimulating activities similar to that of 1. When injected intravenously, with a dose of 0.8 nmol/100 g of analogue in acid saline, hypotensive effects paralleled their adenylyl cyclase activities. They behaved quite differently when applied subcutaneously. Analogues 1, 5, and 6, the weakest, showed about half the drop in blood pressure observed with 3 and 4, the most active. In contrast, the time required to reach a maximum drop in blood pressure of 4−8, after subcutaneous administration, was 2−4 times that of the other analogues. Thus, the bioavailabilities of the lactam analogues, unlike their adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activities, were highly dependent on the presence or conformation of Val³¹.

Summary The results of conservative treatment of fractures of the distal radius in 303 patients over a period of two years are demonstrated. 226 patients could be followed-up. The healing of the fracture was satisfactory in 78%, while the results regarding the various age groups showed considerable differences. Along with the demonstration of the functional and anatomical results in relation to age, sex, and localization the technique of fracture treatment as well as follow-up treatment are discussed.

Summary From 1957 –1 977 193 patients were treated at the surgical clinic of the University of Tübingen for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Gall bladder carcinoma made up 139 cases; 54 were of bile duct carcinoma. The tumors were no longer operable in two-thirds of the patients with extrahepatic bile ducts cancer. The life expectancy rate of five years for patients with gall bladder carcinoma held for 7 %. Up to now only one patient with a bile duct malignancy has survived longer than five years. In the last decade essentially no improvement of median life expectancy has occurred despite improved operating techniques. Due to uncharacteristic, misleading upper abdominal symptoms, patients who suffer gall bladder or bile duct cancer are unfortunately accurately diagnosed only after the carcinoma has overcome organ borders or is already metastatic. There is reasonable hope for improved early prognosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticography) and computer-tomography. Because the possibility of a relationship between gall bladder stones and/or the chronic inflammation of gall bladder and bile ducts and the development of cancer is not out of the question, widespread prophylactic cholecystectomy and gall passage cleansing should be employed.

Summary The one layer anastomosis after Gambee is compared with the two layer anastomosis after Dick at the small bowel of 20 minipigs. The end-to-end anastomosis after Gambee consists of an interrupted, inverting suturing of the bowel wall. Dick suggested a closed method, applying bronchial clamps before resecting the bowel. Seromuscular sutures and inner all layer sutures are inserted interrupted. Experimental studies have been done after 4, 7, 14 and 21 days. In Histology two layer anastomoses caused delayed wound healing after 4 days. Twenty-one days after the operation histological findings in both groups were equal. Microangiographic studies showed, that in single layer anastomoses revascularization began 3 days earlier than in two layer anastomoses. Measuring of the bursting strength showed no significant differences. All parameters suggest equal value of both techniques. In our opinion the two layer anastomosis after Dick combines the advantages of a closed method with a simple, easy performable technique. We therefore apply it all over the gastrointestinal tract with exception of esophagel and rectal anastomoses.

Zusammenfassung: Oberarmschaftbrüche sind auch heute noch die Domäne konservativer Frakturenbehandlung. In einigen Fällen ist bei exakter Indikationsstellung ein operatives Vorgehen angezeigt. Die nach den Richtlinien der AO durchgeführte Druckplattenosteosynthese gewährt eine Ubungsstabilität und verhindert Rotationsfehler und Distraktion. Alle an unserer Klinik nach den Richtlinien der AO mit Druckplattenosteosynthese versorgten Frakturen heilten knöchern fest aus.

Aus einem gro\en Beobachtungsgut sind fünf instruktive Einzelfälle von gewaltsamem Tod Hirnverletzter ausgewählt worden, bei denen auf Grund der polizeilichen Todesermittlungen ein Suicid angenommen worden ist. Erst nach Ergänzung der Unterlagen konnte in jedem Einzelfall eine klare und übersichtliche Verlaufsanalyse herausgearbeitet werden, die dann den wahren Sachverhalt erkennen lie\. Episodische Bewu\tseinstrübungen und Dämmerzustände bei Hirntraumatikern fallen der Umgebung häufig gar nicht auf, sogar von ärzten werden sie gelegentlich übersehen. Nicht nur für die Umgebung, vielmehr für sich selbst sind solche Kranke erheblich gefährlich, wie auch die hier mitgeteilten Beobachtungen zeigen. Eine einwandfreie Klärung solcher Fälle ist aber nicht nur vom forensisch-medizinischen Standpunkt aus erforderlich, sie hat auch vom versicherungs- und versorgungsärztlichen Standpunkt aus auschlaggebende Bedeutung.

Bei der cerebralen Fettembolie liegt meist zwischen Trauma und dem Auftreten der ersten klinischen Erscheinungen ein freies Intervall, an das Bewußtlosigkeit von verschieden langer Dauer anschließt, in der Aufhellungsphase kann ein delirantes Stadium durchlaufen werden, neurologische Zeichen, auch oft nur Mikrozeichen, sind festzustellen. Mir kommt es aber darauf an, darauf hinzuweisen, daß nach einer cerebralen Fettembolie Dauer Schädigungen des Gehirnes zurückbleiben, die luftencephalographisch als Hirnatrophie zu erkennen sind und Hirnleistungsschwache wie Wesensveränderung nach sich ziehen.

Von 10000 Tumorkranken, die in den vergangenen 20 Jahren in der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik Düsseldorf behandelt worden waren, wurden 2800 Fälle ausgesucht, die homogen nach Geschlecht, Carcinomlokalisation histologischem Aufbau und Therapie waren, aber auch die für statistische Zwecke ausreichende Größe hatten. Bei diesen wurde untersucht, ob die Operationsverzögerung, sei es durch Arzt oder Patient bedingt, die Überlebensdauer beeinflußt. Eine Abhängigkeit konnte nicht statistisch gesichert werden, d. h. es ist gleichgültig, ob bei einem operablen Carcinom die Anamnesedauer kurz oder lang ist. Die Operationsverzögerung beeinflußt nur den Prozentsatz der Operabilität.

Summary In patients with tumor stage Tl-CT is useful in the detection of enlarged lymph nodes. In 93% of the cases with tumor stage T2-CT gives exact information about tumor extension and infiltration. In addition 70% of the patients with positive lymph nodes can be evaluated. In T3 tumor infiltration in nearby organs can be demonstrated in 94% and lymph node metastases in 79% of the cases. The therapeutic consequences are: In tumor stage T2 and T3 subtotal esophagectomy with retrosternal stomach replacement by cervical anastomosis should be aspired for reasons of postoperative irradation of the esophageal bed.

Summary The aim of the operative treatment of Morbus Crohn is to remove complications and to introduce a better course of the disease. A complete recovery by operation is impossible. The aspiration is to resect into the macroscopically non-inflamed tissue. The extent of the safety margin to the intact tissue is controversial. Bypass anastomoses should not be performed any more (except in cases of duodenal Morbus Crohn). Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and a good preoperative preparation of the patients is mandatory.

Summary From 1974 to 1984, 163 patients underwent splenectomy for traumatic rupture of the spleen. On follow-up, no cases of OPSI syndrome and no increase in the rate of infections occurred. Nearly 40% of the patients displayed partial splenic function on99mTc sulfur scintigraphy because of peritoneal splenosis, accessory spleens or autotransplantation. Measurement of the levels of immunoglobulins M, A and G, the immune response to tetanus vaccine, the stimulation of lymphocytes by ConA, PHA and PWM and the phagocytic capacity of granulocytes showed no difference between patients with no splenic function, those with partial splenic function or a group of normal individuals used as a control.

Summary Inoperable carcinomas of the common bile duct can be treated with more safety by transhepatoenteric ring drainage than by hepato-enterostomy in cases with relatively low serum bilirubin levels. During the last 5 years 8 patients were treated by transhepato-enteric ring drainage. 2 patients died during hospitalization. 2 patients died of their primary disease 81/2 and 91/2 month after operation. 4 patients are alive between 5 and 11 months post op. Frequent irrigation with normal saline and change of the drainage every 2–3 months guarantee adequate function.

Summary In 131 patients with gastric conversion operations, the primary resection was performed in 75% according to the Billroth II method. The indication for the conversion operation after BI resection was a recurrent ulcer in 90%, whereas functional disorders after BII were the reason for reintervention in 25%. In BII, recurrent stomach ulcers were more often complicated by penetration, perforation, and bleeding than in BI. Serious complications resulted in 20% and lethality was nearly 10%. It was noted that lethality was higher after BII-BI conversion than after BI re-resection and BI–BII conversion. Because of the high operative risks the thoracal truncal vagotomy should be considered as an alternative treatment.

Summary Wound dehiscence occurred in 84 (0.8 %) of 10,714 laparotomies. Lethality was 36.6 %. Abdominal wound dehiscence can result from general (disturbed protein metabolism, drugs, hormones), mechanical (excessive adiposis, vomiting, meteorism, ascites) or local causes (suture technique, suture material, wound infection). Of all cases of wound dehiscence 85 % occurred after longitudinal section. Infected wound dehiscence was caused in 23.2 % of cases by postoperative peritonitis, perforated appendicitis and infected haematoma.

Summary Serious fractures of the os calcis are therapeutic problems still today. The various methods of conservative treatment are discussed. 67 patients with fractures of the calcaneus were checked between 3 and 15 years after accident. The early functional treatment had better late results than other conservative methods i.e.: Less pain and better mobility of the talo-calcanuo-navicular and talocalcanean joint, patients were sooner taking up their former occupation and showed less decrease in performance.

The direct dimetalation of (I) can be achieved under the conditions shown, but it is not observed in the presence of N,N,N',N'‐tetramethylethylenediamine.

From BuLi in hexane at ‐78 °C with THF and tBu‐C≡CH after 30 min the tetramer ((tBu‐C≡C‐Li)4(THF)4) (space group P2/n with Z=2) is obtained (yield ca. 70%).

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