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It means chemical sunscreens can irritate the skin and they may become less effective as the molecules are absorbed. Alongside them, chemical sunscreens also often include molecules called antioxidants that can neutralise free radicals that damage the skin. The other thing is that these studies don't mimic how sunscreens spread from skin to reef water and onto corals, and they use massively higher concentrations of sunscreen ingredients than have ever been measured on an actual reef. [Extracted from the article]

Tyrosinase is a target enzyme to be inhibited in order to reduce excessive melanin production and prevent typical age-related skin disorders. Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, belonging mainly to monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have been relatively little studied as tyrosinase inhibitors. Among the monoterpenoids, citral (a mixture of neral and geranial) is a fragrance compound in several essential oils that has shown interesting tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Although citral is listed as an allergen among the 26 fragrances in Annex III of the Cosmetics Directive 2003/15/EC, it can be safely used for the formulation of topical products in amounts that are not expected to cause skin sensitization, as shown by various commercially available products. The aim of this work was to evaluate two different formulations (oil/water emulsion, oily solution) containing a new combination of essential oils (Litsea cubeba, Pinus mugo, Cymbopogon winterianus) applied to the skin both in nonocclusive and partially occlusive modes. The blend is designed to reduce the concentration of citral to avoid potential skin reactions while taking advantage of the inhibitory activity of citral. Specifically, the amount of citral and other bioactive compounds (myrcene, citronellal) delivered through the skin was studied as a function of formulation and mode of application. The results show that an oil/water emulsion is preferable because it releases the bioactive compounds rapidly and minimizes their evaporative loss. In addition, semi-occluded conditions are required to prevent evaporation, resulting in higher availability of the bioactive compounds in viable skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses lack of information about skin conditions that affect people of color, specifically in relation to skin cancer. Physiologically, the main difference between people with dark and light skin is how much melanin they produce, which affects their risk of skin cancer. The Fitzpatrick Skin Tone Scale is a labeling system for skin color, although its effectiveness has been distorted over time.

The article discusses Australian researchers developing, testing, and redeveloping the sunscreens. Topics discussed including zinc and titanium sit on top of the skin, largely reflecting light away; Anything that claims an SPF of more than four on its label must meet strict requirements from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA); and Each bottle of sunblock represents several years of testing and trialling, adhering to strict local and international standards.

Researchers at Vall d'Hebron Research Institute have developed a transgenic mouse model, called tgNM, that mimics the age-dependent distribution of neuromelanin in catecholaminergic regions in humans. This model shows age-related neuronal dysfunction and degeneration similar to early stages of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The study suggests that this model could open up new research avenues in understanding brain aging and neurodegeneration. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Jiangnan University in Wuxi, China, has investigated the production of melanin from by-products of Huangjiu brewing. Melanin is a valuable bioproduct used in various fields, but its high production costs and low synthetic yields limit its applications. The researchers identified a high-yield strain of Aureobasidium pullulans and optimized the fermentation process to achieve a melanin yield of 16.33 g/L. By incorporating huangjiu lees, a byproduct of huangjiu production, into the fermentation medium and employing an adaptive evolution strategy, the melanin yield was further increased to 19.07 g/L. This study provides promising strains for further research and valuable insights for resource production technologies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at IPB University in Bogor, Indonesia, explored the potential of Adenostemma platyphyllum as an antimelanogenic agent. Melanin, an amino acid, plays a crucial role in determining human skin and hair pigmentation. Excessive melanin production can lead to hyperpigmentation and darkening of the skin. The study utilized both in-vitro and in-silico approaches to assess the tyrosinase enzyme inhibition capacity of Adenostemma platyphyllum and its binding affinity to proteins involved in the melanogenesis process. The findings suggest that inhibition of melanogenesis through the PKC-b and cGMP pathways may be more potent than direct tyrosinase inhibition. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application by Northwestern University inventors has been made available online for a method of using melanin materials for tissue repair. Melanin, a pigment found in the skin, has various functions including photoprotection, metal chelation, and thermoregulation. The inventors propose using artificial melanin material to facilitate skin healing by topically administering it to damaged skin, where it performs therapeutic extracellular and intracellular activities. The method may reduce inflammation and quench free radical species, promoting tissue healing. Further research is needed to explore the potential therapeutic uses of melanin beyond its intracellular protective functions. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Bologna in Italy have been investigating the use of melanin as a photothermal agent in antimicrobial systems. Melanin, a versatile material with outstanding photothermal properties, has shown potential for eradicating bacteria through light-induced therapy. The researchers highlight the biocompatibility and ease of application of melanin as an antimicrobial agent, particularly for treating local infections. This research provides valuable insights into the development of new strategies to combat bacterial infections and the growing concern of antibiotic resistance. [Extracted from the article]

The article investigates melanin bias in pulse oximetry and the impact of light source spectral bandwidth on SpO2 measurements. Topics include the development of spectrally resolved photoplethysmography (srPPG) to address measurement biases, the influence of melanin on SpO2 readings, and recommendations for using narrower spectral bandwidths to improve accuracy.

Researchers at Shanxi Medical University in Taiyuan, China have developed a new sunscreen hydrogel that can prevent and treat skin damage caused by excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The hydrogel, called Carb@PDA-L, is made by doping melanin-like L-lysine doped polydopamine (PDA-L) into a biocompatible poly-gamma-glutamic acid based hydrogel matrix. It has been found to have good biosafety, efficient UV shielding performance, and excellent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The research was supported by various funding sources and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, has discovered a potential new cosmetic ingredient for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Hyperpigmentation disorders, which can negatively impact self-esteem, are caused by inappropriate melanin deposition or excessive melanin synthesis. The compound (E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(5-hydroxypentyl)acrylamide showed promising inhibitory properties in inhibiting melanin production and gene expression related to melanin synthesis. It also demonstrated safety and penetration across the epidermis. This research provides a novel option for depigmenting cosmetic formulations. [Extracted from the article]

Magnoliae Flos is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat nasal congestion associated with headache, empyema, and allergic rhinitis. In our preliminary screening of crude drugs used in Japanese Kampo formulas for melanin synthesis, the methanol extract of Magnoliae Flos was found to exhibit strong melanin synthesis activity. However, there have been no studies evaluating the effects of Magnoliae Flos or its constituents on melanogenesis. The present study aimed to isolate the active compounds from Magnoliae Flos that activate melanin synthesis in melanoma cells and three-dimensional human skin equivalent, and to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying melanin induction. The methanol extract of Magnoliae Flos induced an increase of melanin content in both B16-F1 and HMV-II cells. A comparison of melanin induction by three fractions prepared from the extract showed that the ethyl acetate fraction markedly induced melanin synthesis. Bioassay-guided separation of the ethyl acetate fraction resulted in the isolation of seven lignans (1 – 7). Among them, (+)-magnolin (5) strongly induced melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction and 5 clearly induced melanin content in a three-dimensional human skin equivalent. Molecular analysis revealed that 5 triggered the protein expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2. Further analysis of transcriptional factors and signaling pathways demonstrated that 5 induces the protein expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2 activated by the protein kinase A- and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathways, leading to cAMP-responsive element-binding protein phosphorylation and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression. These findings demonstrate the potential of 5 as a potent therapeutic agent for hypopigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News Palaeogenomics A NEW genetic analysis has changed our understanding of Ötzi, the mummified "Iceman" who lived 5300 years ago and was found in a glacier in the Alps. To find out, Krause and his colleagues have re-sequenced Ötzi's genome using modern techniques. Early investigations of Ötzi's body in the 1990s found evidence of melanin pigment in his skin, says Krause, suggesting that he had dark skin pigmentation. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores alternatives to hydroquinone (HQ) for skin lightening and pigmentation control, suggesting that botanical ingredients like Bellis Perennis (Daisy Flower) and Alpha-Arbutin offer effective and safer options with additional benefits such as antioxidant support.

The article discusses the use of melanin in dinosaur and extinct animals fossils to examine their color, including in regard to the dinosaur Psittacosaurus's color. The preservation of the cell organelles melanosomes in dinosaur and animals, including the use of melanosomes to determine color, is discussed.

A recent preprint abstract discusses the limitations in developing effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases due to the lack of models that accurately mimic the complex physiopathology of these diseases. The accumulation of the pigment neuromelanin in neurons that synthesize catecholamines is a key characteristic of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and healthy aging. However, current animal models do not produce neuromelanin. To address this, researchers have generated a transgenic mouse model that mimics the age-dependent distribution of neuromelanin in the brain. This model displays age-related neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, providing new avenues for research in brain aging and neurodegeneration. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Tokyo University of Science has identified a compound called cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) that inhibits the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. The compound was isolated from the commensal skin bacteria Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum. The researchers suggest that cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) could have potential applications as a cosmetic agent and food additive. The study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Complutense University Madrid in Spain has isolated three bioactive compounds from Rubus urticifolius, a plant species. These compounds were found to have antioxidant activity and potential inhibition against various enzymes involved in skin pigmentation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The most active compound, compound 1, showed promising results in inhibiting tyrosinase, melanin, NF-kB, hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, and activating Nrf2. The researchers suggest that compound 1 could be a candidate for the development of more effective and safer compounds for skin-related diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Ajou University in Suwon, South Korea have conducted a study on photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. Traditional PDT is less effective for melanoma due to the broad absorption spectrum of melanin pigment. The researchers introduced a pyrene-derived two-photon photosensitizer (TP-PS) that demonstrated superior efficacy compared to traditional photosensitizers. The TP-PDT method showed promising results in inhibiting tumor growth and had high biocompatibility. This research provides a potential new approach for treating melanomas. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been filed for the use of peptides in modifying skin and hair pigmentation. The inventors have identified a novel way to modulate melanin levels in human melanocytes, which could potentially increase or decrease natural skin color. The invention offers a safer method of altering skin pigmentation compared to existing products. The patent application includes various peptide sequences and compositions for use in non-therapeutic pigmentation modification and treatment of hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation disorders. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Tokyo University of Science have published a new study on Corynebacterium, a type of bacteria found on human skin. The study focused on the inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. The researchers discovered that a compound called cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr), isolated from the skin commensal bacteria Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, was able to inhibit tyrosinase activity. This compound has potential applications as a cosmetic agent and food additive. The study provides insights into the role of skin microbiota in inhibiting melanin accumulation and offers a potential solution for skin hyperpigmentation. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Shanghai University have conducted a study on Bacillus thuringiensis, a type of Gram-Positive Bacteria. They have genetically engineered this bacteria to produce a bioactive agent that has both anti-tumor and anti-inflammation properties. The agent, which is derived from melanin, exhibits exceptional photothermal-conversion performance, effectively eradicating tumor cells and reducing inflammation. This study demonstrates the potential of genetic engineering in Bacillus thuringiensis for diverse biomedical applications in cancer and inflammation therapy. The research was supported by the Shanghai Shuguang Program. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract from biorxiv.org, melanocytes, which are responsible for producing melanin in the skin, use specific trafficking mechanisms to ensure the correct delivery of cargo to melanosomes, specialized organelles involved in melanin synthesis. Mutations in the protein complex BLOC-1 can lead to hypopigmentation due to the mistrafficking of cargo to endolysosomes. However, the study found that hypopigmented BLOC-1-deficient melanocytes can still produce melanin within late endosomes/lysosomes, despite the mislocalization of melanogenic proteins. Modulating the pH of these organelles can enhance melanin production in BLOC-1-deficient melanocytes. This research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Hallym University in Seoul, South Korea, explored the effects of exosomes derived from hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HTSFs) on melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells. The researchers found that HTSF-exosomes decreased melanocyte proliferation and melanin secretion, suggesting a potential role in the pathological epidermal hypopigmentation observed in patients with hypertrophic scars. The study investigated various factors related to cell proliferation, melanin synthesis, and signaling pathways. This research provides valuable insights into the role of connective tissue cells and exosomes in skin pigmentation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Minnesota focused on the expression of opioid receptors (OPr) in the skin of Asian women and its correlation with aging and melanin expression. The study involved 30 healthy female Asian volunteers in Southern China, ranging in age from their early 20s to early 60s. The researchers found that there was a significant reduction in delta-opioid receptor (DOPr) expression in the epidermis with increasing age, independent of photo-aging. They also observed a correlation between increased melanin and epidermal DOPr expression. Based on these findings, the researchers hypothesize that regulating DOPr expression could potentially improve aged skin, including hyperpigmentation. [Extracted from the article]

This patent application, filed by Transdermal Biotechnology Inc., explores the use of a topical composition containing ethyl pyruvate for treating vitiligo, a skin condition characterized by white patches on the skin. The composition can take various forms, such as gel, lotion, cream, ointment, soap, or stick, and may include additional ingredients like lecithin and polyenylphosphatidylcholine. The application also mentions the use of pyruvates, keto acids, and phosphoric acid in the treatment. Transdermal Biotechnology Inc. is a healthcare biotechnology company specializing in skin and connective tissue diseases. This patent application provides valuable information for researchers and individuals interested in dermatology and pigmentation disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Stony Brook University in New York explored the effects of two coffee diterpenes, kahweol and cafestol, on melanogenesis, the process of melanin synthesis in the skin. The researchers found that both compounds were able to inhibit extracellular melanin production and export, suggesting their potential as treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders. While kahweol showed greater inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in melanoma cells, cafestol emerged as a potent inhibitor of melanin export in primary human melanocytes. Further research is needed to understand the molecular pathways and efficacy of cafestol in treating hyperpigmentation disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract discusses the limitations in developing effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases due to the lack of models that accurately mimic the complex physiopathology of these diseases. The accumulation of the pigment neuromelanin in neurons that synthesize catecholamines is a key characteristic of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and healthy aging. However, current animal models do not produce neuromelanin. The researchers have generated a transgenic mouse model that mimics the age-dependent distribution of neuromelanin in the brain, and this model displays age-related neuronal dysfunction and degeneration similar to early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. This model could potentially open new avenues for research in brain aging and neurodegeneration. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology has found a new way to treat cancer by using nutrients to reactivate suppressed metabolic pathways in cancer cells. The researchers used a common amino acid called tyrosine, packaged as a nanomedicine, to change the metabolism of melanoma, a deadly skin cancer, and prevent cancer growth. This approach could potentially be combined with current therapies to better treat melanoma and has the potential to treat other types of cancer as well. The study suggests that this new frontier in the use of nanomedicine for cancer therapy shows promise. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Antibodies To Pmel17 And Conjugates Thereof" has been published online. The inventors discuss the role of PMEL17, GNAQ, and GNA11 genes in melanoma and propose using antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) for targeted cancer treatment. They describe a method for producing re-oxidized antibodies or antigen binding fragments that bind to human PMEL17 protein. The invention has potential applications in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and cancer gene therapy. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at the University of North Carolina explores the use of polydopamine nanoparticles as a protective measure against blue light-induced damage to retinal cells. The study focuses on the potential of polydopamine to mimic the protective effects of melanin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The researchers found that the replenishment of polydopamine through intravitreal injection effectively maintained retinal structural integrity and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in retinal cells, thus limiting the phototoxicity caused by blue light exposure. This research offers a promising approach for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by utilizing polydopamine as a natural antioxidant. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Tianjin University in China has explored the potential of natural products in inhibiting melanin synthesis. The researchers reviewed literature on natural products that have been or have not yet been introduced to the market, categorizing them based on their chemical groups or extraction methods. The study found that these natural products, including terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids, can inhibit melanin synthesis through various mechanisms such as direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity and down-regulation of certain pathways. The researchers concluded that these natural products have significant potential for development in biomedical and other fields. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea has found that a small peptide derived from SFRP5, called Sfrp5pepD, effectively inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway, which is involved in melanin production. The peptide disrupts the interaction between Axin-1 and b-catenin, leading to a reduction in melanogenic processes and melanin production. The study suggests that Sfrp5pepD could be a promising therapeutic agent for pigmentary disorders and may have potential applications in cosmetics or transdermal absorption. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and clinical significance of this peptide. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the findings of a study on dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), a rare genetic dermatosis characterized by hyperpigmentation and depigmentation. The study focuses on the role of SH3 domain-containing protein 1 (SASH1) in DUH and its impact on melanin synthesis and metastasis. The researchers conducted experiments on cell lines and nude mice to evaluate the effects of SASH1 and its interaction with the TGF-1 signaling pathway. The results suggest that SASH1 inhibits melanin synthesis and metastasis through its regulatory effect on THBS1 and TGF-1, potentially offering therapeutic opportunities. It is important to note that this preprint has not undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Vietnam National University have conducted a study on the protective effects of melanin nanoparticles created from squid ink against irradiation on human keratinocytes. The study found that nanomelanin, prepared at a size of 100-200 nm, enhanced cell viability and reduced cellular apoptosis after radiation exposure. The research concluded that melanin nanoparticles promoted the transcription level gene coding SOD1 enzyme. This study provides valuable insights into the potential use of melanin nanoparticles as radioprotective agents. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Department of Zoology has explored the potential therapeutic applications of plant phenolics in treating skin disorders. The researchers found that plant phenolics, which are compounds produced through specific pathways, have the ability to combat skin aging by increasing skin cell longevity and protecting against oxidative stress. The study provides an overview of the existing literature on skin aging and highlights the anti-aging and photoprotective effects of certain polyphenols. This research contributes to the ongoing search for prevention strategies to mitigate the negative effects of skin aging. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial is currently underway in China to study the effectiveness and safety of using ultra-pulsed shockwaves to deliver tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma, a common facial pigmentation condition that primarily affects Asian women. The trial aims to assess the depigmenting effects and safety of this treatment approach, which is not extensively researched. Melasma is a chronic condition caused by genetic factors, sun exposure, and hormonal changes. The trial is ongoing and is expected to be completed by September 2024. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the role of genetics in the way people with red hair perceive or experience pain. The red hair coloring for humans is attributed to the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) that allows melanocytes to produce the red-yellow pheomelanin. It summarizes research on the sensitivity of people with red hair to heat and cold temperature and their resistance to analgesics. It advises dental hygienists to listen to the experiences of sensitive patients and acknowledge their concerns.

In fact, tanning occurs when melanin steps up to protect your skin from UV exposure, regardless of skin tone, says dermatologist Uchenna Okereke. Our unique skin tones aren't a matter of having melanin or not, but a result of the amount, type, size, and distribution of melanin our bodies are genetically predisposed to produce. You're born with all of your melanocytes, but since they don't begin to function until the second trimester of development, "newborn skin is not yet fully pigmented and their skin can darken over the first few months", says dermatologist Naana Boakye, who adds this is most notable in darker skin tones. Though freckles are much more common in those of Caucasian descent with fair skin, no matter your skin tone, you can be genetically predisposed to having freckles, which Ofodile describes as "flat patches [of] pigment.". [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Department of Dermatology examined the lipid composition of skin surface lipids (SSL) in patients with melasma before and after treatment. The study found that after treatment with tranexamic acid and hydroquinone cream, patients experienced a decrease in the severity of melasma and an improvement in their quality of life. The study also identified specific alterations in lipid composition in the melasma lesions after treatment. These findings suggest that lipids may play a compensatory role in the barrier function of melasma, but further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism involved. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Mae Fah Laung University in Thailand focuses on optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities from Canthium horridum Blume (CH) leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The study found that an aqueous-glycerine-butylene glycol (GB-UAE) extract resulted in elevated total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant responses compared to alternative extraction methods. The GB-UAE extract also showed greater cell viability and comparable melanin content reduction efficacy compared to ethanol (EtOH-UAE) extract. The researchers believe that this study will contribute to the utilization of an aqueous-polyols system for extracting bioactive compounds from CH leaves, although further research is needed to fully understand their effects. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Jeonbuk National University in South Korea have conducted a study on melanoma, specifically focusing on the communication between skin cells involved in melanin production. They isolated and characterized exosomes, small vesicles released by cells, and found that melanocyte exosomes increased the production of certain types of tyrosinases, which are enzymes involved in melanin synthesis. The researchers also identified specific microRNAs, such as miR-21a-5p, that may play a role in facilitating melanin synthesis. This study provides valuable insights into intercellular communication mechanisms and could potentially lead to innovative therapies for melanin-related disorders. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at the Medical University of Silesia in Poland explores the role of melanin biopolymers in pharmacology and medicine, specifically in relation to skin pigmentation disorders. Melanins are pigments found in the skin, iris, hair follicles, and inner ear, and they have photoprotective, metal ion scavenging, and antioxidant properties. The formation of drug-melanin complexes can impact the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and lead to adverse effects such as phototoxic reactions and discoloration. The review provides information on melanocyte biology, melanogenesis, and the influence of melanin on pharmacological parameters, as well as an overview of skin color disorders and their treatment options. [Extracted from the article]

A new report discusses research findings on cosmetics from Kyungpook National University in South Korea. The study explores the role of autophagy in the degradation of melanosomes, which are organelles involved in melanin storage and synthesis in melanocytes. The researchers identified specific dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, teneligliptin hydrobromide and retagliptin phosphate, as agents that induce melanophagy, a process of melanosomal degradation, through autophagy activation. This study provides insights into cellular degradation mechanisms and offers potential therapeutic avenues for regulating pigmentation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Tokyo, Japan highlights the research on a chemical called 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine and its effects on skin lightening. The study found that a lotion containing 0.1% of this chemical increased skin lightness by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanin production. The results suggest that 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine acts by suppressing pro-inflammatory factors, making it a potential effective cosmetic ingredient for lightening skin tone. This research provides new insights into the skin-lightening mechanism of 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Georgetown University School of Medicine examined the effectiveness of three clinical scales used to evaluate dyschromia, or pigmentation changes, in burn scars. The study found that these assessment tools did not adequately capture the degree of dyschromia in patients with dyspigmentation following burn injury. The researchers concluded that these scales should not be solely relied upon to evaluate treatment effects. This research provides valuable insights for clinicians and researchers in the field of burn care. [Extracted from the article]

Ms. M�lanie Ke�ta- CEO & Co-founder Melanin Kapital, Mr. Kennedy Ekezie-Joseph- CEO and Entrepreneur join Mayowa Kuyoro- Partner McKinsey & Company to share how finance and investing make impactful solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan have conducted a study on cancer gene therapy for glioblastoma, a highly aggressive and difficult-to-treat form of brain cancer. The study focuses on the use of polydopamine nanoparticles coated with polyamidoamine dendrimers for the delivery of therapeutic RNA and doxorubicin, as well as for photothermal therapy. The results show that these nanocarriers effectively reduced the proliferation rate of glioblastoma cells, decreased the expression of a specific protein associated with tumor progression, and reduced the number of viable cells. This research offers a promising approach for the multimodal therapy of glioblastoma. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of the Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, have conducted a study on the anti-melanogenic effect of Amaranthus tricolor extract on melanoma cells exposed to UV radiation. The study found that the extract inhibited melanin production and reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Additionally, the extract demonstrated antioxidant activity and suppressed reactive oxygen species formation. These findings suggest that Amaranthus tricolor extract may have potential value in skin-lightening formulations. [Extracted from the article]