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The article examines the use of machine learning in the development of three-dimensional (3D) objects such as holograms. It discusses how holograms utilize a spatial-light modulator (SLM), the costs associated with hologram generation, and the deep neural network (DNN). The article discusses research taking place at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

A patent application titled "Laser Irradiation Apparatus, Laser Irradiation Method, And Method For Manufacturing Semiconductor Device" was published online by inventors KOBAYASHI, Naoyuki and SATO, Ryosuke, with JSW Aktina System Co. Ltd. as the assignee. The application describes a laser irradiation apparatus and method for activating semiconductor layers in semiconductor devices using a semiconductor laser light source. The invention aims to address cost challenges associated with excimer laser light sources by utilizing semiconductor lasers for efficient semiconductor device manufacturing. [Extracted from the article]

A patent was issued for a corneal endothelial cell imaging apparatus developed by inventor Kazuhiro Oomori and assigned to Topcon Corporation. The apparatus is designed to obtain clear images of corneal endothelial cells by precisely matching the imaging optical system with the subject's eye and focusing on the corneal endothelium. The invention involves an irradiation system, a light receiving system, and a controller to capture reflection components from the corneal endothelium. This technology aims to improve the reliability of diagnosing the health of the cornea by analyzing images of corneal endothelial cells. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for an optical probe developed by inventors Ji, Chang-Hyeon and Jun, Sang Beom, with the assignee being Ewha University-Industry Collaboration Foundation in Seoul, South Korea. The optical probe is designed to selectively stimulate nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord and extract the electrical signals generated. The probe includes a light source, waveguides, electrodes, and a modulator to transmit the optical signal to the target waveguide. The patent details various configurations and components of the optical probe for research and potential medical applications. [Extracted from the article]

Seurat Technologies Inc. has been issued a patent for an electron beam patterning system in additive manufacturing. The patent focuses on increasing the intensity and efficiency of semiconductor laser light through polarization combining, allowing for high-resolution imaging of high average power light sources. The system proposed in the patent aims to enhance the capabilities of laser-based additive manufacturing processes. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application for a laser system has been made available online by inventors Seiji Nogiwa and Takayuki Osanai. The invention aims to improve the resolution of semiconductor exposure apparatuses by reducing the wavelength of light output from a light source for exposure. The patent application describes a laser system that includes various components to generate pulse laser light with a target spectral linewidth and center wavelength. This technology could potentially be used in the manufacturing of electronic devices. Additionally, Gigaphoton Inc. has announced the successful development of a new excimer laser for semiconductor manufacturing and medical applications. This development is expected to improve the efficiency and precision of semiconductor production and may have broader implications for the electronics industry. [Extracted from the article]

The article describes an experiment which involves constructing a modulator for laser light. The device consists of a tubular glass cell of fluid that forms the core of a solenoid. The amount of information that can be impressed on light by the Faraday effect is limited by the loss of energy in the cell.

Describes the development of light modulators at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in the U.S. in 1968 for laser communications. Types of amplitude modulation; Features of an electro-optic modulator; Problems created by the birefringence of lithium tantalate; Diagram of a magneto-optic modulator based on the Faraday effect.

The article evaluates various optical products comprising of spatial light modulators from Santec Corp., camera platform from Princeton Instruments, and prism grinding machine from OptiPro Systems.

"While existing scanner devices provide satisfactory results, there remains a need for improvements in scanning speed and accuracy, as well as to reduce the size and weight of the device to thereby make it easier to use in practice." The intra-oral scanner according to claim 15 wherein the optics imaging system comprises a CCD or a CMOS based chip; wherein the light modulator comprises a digital micromirror device (DMD) chip; and wherein (1) the CCD or the CMOS based chip and (2) the DMD chip are positioned in a vertical plane. The intra-oral scanner according to claim 2 wherein the first prism element is a right triangle-shaped prism and the TIR surface is 45° angle surface. [Extracted from the article]

The article highlights the technological advancements of computer-augmented reality, a simple but effective way to facilitate visual occlusion using the present see-through display. In contrast to virtual reality systems, generally designed to immerse the user as fully as possible within a synthetic environment, computer-augmented reality supplements real-world stimuli with computer-generated elements. Visually, this is achieved by electronic or optical superimposition of computer graphics with a user's view of the real world. The greatest challenges relate to maintenance of accurate spatial and temporal registration of real and virtual entities when objects are moved or the point of view changes. The article in discussing about the production of images, to avoid attenuation and distortion, as an alternative to the usage of LCD panels as active masks, an active transparent mirror through the use of spatial light modulator such as the Digital Micromirror device was developed with technical improvements. The principle of incorporating active reality masking overcomes significant inherent limitations of current see-through displays and provides a degree of control that helps enable computer-augmented reality to fulfill its promise as a highly versatile tool for the future.

"While existing scanner devices provide satisfactory results, there remains a need for improvements in scanning speed and accuracy, as well as to reduce the size and weight of the device to thereby make it easier to use in practice." The intra-oral scanner as described in claim 17 wherein the red laser diode, the green laser diode, and the blue laser diode are color-calibrated. The intra-oral scanner as described in claim 17 wherein the red laser diode, the green laser diode and the blue laser diode are activated either individually or in combination as a function of a material or surface geometry to be scanned.". [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a new holography method developed by scientists at Harvard that utilizes threads of light arranged in 2D sheets to create 3D holograms, addressing issues of depth perception in traditional holography. Topics include the innovative use of spatial light modulators, the ability to depict 3D holograms viewable from any angle with continuous depth, and potential applications in biological research, microscopy, and optogenetics.

Keywords for this news article include: University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, Europe, Sleep Science, Health and Medicine. Keywords: Health and Medicine; Sleep Science EN Health and Medicine Sleep Science 4013 4013 1 04/10/23 20230414 NES 230414 2023 APR 14 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- A new study on sleep science is now available. [Extracted from the article]

The article reports that researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are developing a programmable, wireless spatial light modulator (SLM), which the ability to manipulate light with remarkable speed, direct the light beam with precision, and control its intensity.

The ophthalmological device of claim 1, wherein the optical system is configured to generate the varying divergence of the pulsed laser beam faster than the scanning movement of the second scanner system along the scanning line so as to deform the scanning line in the projection direction. The ophthalmological device of claim 1, wherein the optical system is coupled to the second scanner system such that the varying divergence of the pulsed laser beam is synchronized with the scanning movement by the second scanner system. The ophthalmological device of claim 1, wherein the optical system is configured to generate the varying divergence of the pulsed laser beam for a targeted tilting of the scanning line to produce a vertical cut in the eye tissue along the processing line. [Extracted from the article]

We address the use of entangled qubits as quantum probes to characterize the noise induced by complex environments. In particular, we show that a joint measurement on entangled probes can improve estimation of the correlation time for a broad class of environmental noises compared to sequential strategies involving single-qubit preparation. The enhancement appears when the noise is faster than a threshold value, a regime which may always be achieved by tuning the coupling between the quantum probe and the environment inducing the noise. Our scheme exploits time-dependent sensitivity of quantum systems to decoherence and does not require dynamical control on the probes. We derive the optimal interaction time and the optimal probe preparation, showing that it corresponds to multiqubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states when entanglement is useful. We also show the robustness of the scheme against depolarization or dephasing of the probe, and discuss simple measurements approaching optimal precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report experimental generation of a radially polarized Bessel-Gauss (RPBG) beam of order 1 with the help of a spatial light modulator, a spiral phase plate, and a radial polarization converter. Furthermore, we carry out a comparative study of the self-healing properties of a RPBG beam and a linearly polarized Bessel-Gauss (LPBG) beam which are blocked by a sector-shaped opaque obstacle both experimentally and numerically. Our results clearly show that the self-healing ability of a RPBG beam indeed is superior to that of a LPBG beam, and some physical interpretations are given. Our results will be useful for particle trapping and microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a two-photon subwavelength interference scheme for classical light in which multiple quantum-like entangled two-photon paths play an essential role. These entangled two-photon paths are introduced through a specially designed source composed of many point sources j with j's complex amplitude being a superposition of modes eiɸj and eiɸj(1), where ɸj and ɸj(1) are temporally random phases but satisfying ɸj+ɸj(1) =ɸo, with ɸo being either a constant or a random phase in time. Interference between the entangled two-photon paths could lead to second-order subwavelength interference of an object put in front of the source plane. In a proof-of-principle experiment, by using a spatial light modulator to modulate the wave front of a coherent light, we have generated such a source and observed subwavelength interference of a double-slit mask via two-photon measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a technique that allows for the entanglement manipulation of qudit states encoded in the linear transverse momentum of photon pairs generated in the process of spontaneous parametric downconversion. It relies on the use of spatial light modulators and interferometric techniques for implementing the desired local measurements. As an application of our method we perform the optimal entanglement concentration of entangled qutrit states, where maximally entangled states are obtained with the maximal success probability. The procedure of entanglement concentration is fundamental for many quantum information tasks, thus showing the potential of our technique for future experimental investigations considering high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the experimental observation and a theoretical description of the scattering of free falling dilute thermal clouds of 87Rb atoms by microscopically structured light beams with parabolic-cylindrical symmetry. These structured beams are known in the literature as Weber beams. High-fidelity Weber beams are generated by means of a spatial light modulator and an annular spatial filtering process, which yields a quasipropagation-invariant electromagnetic field in the region of interaction with the atom cloud. The dynamics of the atomic density profile and the phase space distribution of the scattered atoms is explored. A natural dynamical variable of Weber modes is the product of the angular momentum along the axis of propagation of the beam with a component of linear momentum perpendicular to that axis. To pave the way of the understanding about the transfer of this variable, we study the evolution of the analogous atomic variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We put forward a versatile and highly scalable experimental setup for the realization of discrete two-dimensional quantum random walks with a single-qubit coin and tunable degree of decoherence. The proposed scheme makes use of a small number of simple optical components arranged in a multipath Mach-Zehnder-like configuration, where a weak coherent state is injected. Environmental effects (decoherence) are generated by a spatial light modulator, which introduces pure dephasing in the transverse spatial plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light beam. By controlling the characteristics of this dephasing, one can explore a great variety of scenarios of quantum random walks: pure quantum evolution (ballistic spread), fast fluctuating environment leading to a diffusive classical random walk, and static disorder resulting in the observation of Anderson localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the information-carrying capacity of a single photon may be achieved by utilizing multiple degrees of freedom. We describe here an approach that utilizes two degrees of freedom to encode three qubits per photon: one in polarization and two in the spatial-parity symmetry of the transverse field. In this conception, a polarization-sensitive spatial light modulator corresponds to a three-qubit controlled-unitary gate with one control qubit (polarization) and two target (spatial-parity-symmetry) qubits. We describe the construction of controlled-NOT (CNOT), n√CNOT, controlled-PHASE, and Fredkin gates, and the preparation of one-photon, three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states. This approach enables simple optical implementations of few-qubit tasks in quantum information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an experimental implementation of the minimal Deutsch algorithm in an optical setting. In this version, a redundancy is removed from the most famous form of the algorithm. The original version involves manipulation of two qubits, while in its minimal version, only one qubit is used. Our qubit is encoded in the transversal spatial modes of a spontaneous parametric down-converted signal photon, with the aid of a double slit, with the idler photon playing a crucial role in creating a heralded single-photon source. A spatial light modulator (SLM) is programmed to physically generate one-bit functions necessary to implement the algorithm's minimal version, which shows that the SLM can be used in future implementations of quantum protocols [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the essentials of the usage of a combination of two-dimensional (2D) spatial light modulators (SLMs) and solid-state lasers in laser projection in cinemas. It claims that the large-projection-display field will be energized by these type of lasers. It also indicates that industrial safety risks can be minimized by using the 2D SLMs.

This paper presents a new concept of multirate cascade ΣΔ modulators, in which the signal is downsampled across the cascade instead of being upsampled as done in conventional multirate architectures. This strategy is suited for hybrid continuous-time/discrete-time cascade ΣΔ modulators, where only the front-end stage is implemented by continuous-time circuits, and the remaining back-end stages are realized using switched-capacitor circuits. The main drawback of this approach comes from the implicit aliasing error signal due to the downsampling process. However, as shown in this paper, this error can be completely canceled in the digital domain, with no additional analog hardware required. The combination of these features results in a new class of ΣΔ modulators, which are potentially faster and more power efficient than conventional multirate architectures and more robust against circuit element tolerances than cascade single-rate continuous-time implementations for wideband applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an eight-element, linear-array, single-photon detector that uses multiple fibers of differing lengths coupled to a single detector, the timing information from which reveals the position in which the photon was measured. Using two such arrays and two detectors we measure the correlations of photons produced by parametric downconversion, without recourse to mechanical scanning. Spatial light modulators acting as variable focal length lenses positioned between the downconversion crystal and the arrays allow us to switch between measurement of position, transverse momentum, or intermediate bases. We observe the product of the variances of the conditional probabilities for position and momentum to be more than an order of magnitude below the classical limit, realizing a full-field demonstration of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. Such, multistate measurement technologies allow access to the higher information content of the photon based upon spatial modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computational imaging system based on wavefront coding is presented. Wavefront coding provides an extension of the depth-of-field at the expense of a slight reduction of image quality. This trade-off results from the amount of coding used. By using spatial light modulators, a flexible coding is achieved which permits it to be increased or decreased as needed. In this paper a computational method is proposed for evaluating the output of a wavefront coding imaging system equipped with a spatial light modulator, with the aim of thus making it possible to implement the most suitable coding strength for a given scene. This is achieved in an unsupervised manner, thus the whole system acts as a dynamically selfadaptable imaging system. The program presented here controls the spatial light modulator and the camera, and also processes the images in a synchronised way in order to implement the dynamic system in real time. A prototype of the system was implemented in the laboratory and illustrative examples of the performance are reported in this paper. Program summary: Program title: DynWFC (Dynamic WaveFront Coding) Catalogue identifier: AEKC_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEKC_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queenʼs University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 10 483 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2 437 713 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Labview 8.5 and NI Vision and MinGW C Compiler Computer: Tested on PC Intel® Pentium® Operating system: Tested on Windows XP Classification: 18 Nature of problem: The program implements an enhanced wavefront coding imaging system able to adapt the degree of coding to the requirements of a specific scene. The program controls the acquisition by a camera, the display of a spatial light modulator and the image processing operations synchronously. The spatial light modulator is used to implement the phase mask with flexibility given the trade-off between depth-of-field extension and image quality achieved. The action of the program is to evaluate the depth-of-field requirements of the specific scene and subsequently control the coding established by the spatial light modulator, in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We suggest and demonstrate a scheme for coherent nonlocal compensation of pure phase objects based on two-photon polarization and momentum entangled states. The insertion of a single phase object on one of the beams reduces the purity of the overall detected state and the amount of shared entanglement, whereas the original entanglement can be retrieved by adding a suitable phase object on the other beam. In our setup polarization and momentum entangled states are generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion and then purified using a programmable spatial light modulator, which may be also used to impose arbitrary space-dependent phase functions on the beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the use of the transverse spatial degrees of freedom of photons propagating in the paraxial approximation for continuous-variable information processing. Given the wide variety of linear optical devices available, a diverse range of operations can be performed on the spatial degrees of freedom of single photons. Here we show how to implement a set of continuous quantum logic gates which allow for universal quantum computation. In contrast with the usual quadratures of the electromagnetic field, the entire set of single-photon gates for spatial degrees of freedom does not require optical nonlinearity and, in principle, can be performed with a single device: the spatial light modulator. Nevertheless, nonlinear optical processes, such as four-wave mixing, are needed in the implementation of two-photon gates. The efficiency of these gates is at present very low; however, small-scale investigations of continuous-variable quantum computation are within the reach of current technology. In this regard, we show how novel cluster states for one-way quantum computing can be produced using spontaneous parametric down-conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper the non-linear process of light modulation performed by optical choppers is studied. The real functions of the transmitted flux, with transition portions are derived, in contrast to approximate approaches, of flux functions considered as series of rectangular impulses. An exact mathematical model of the dynamic phenomenon is thus achieved. Top-hat light beam distributions are considered. We are developing in this paper a new type of rotating wheel with windows that have circular-shaped edges. This is the general case of the classical configuration, of choppers with wings (or, equivalent, with sector-shaped windows) that we have solved in a previous study for all its possible relationships between the geometry of the wheel and the diameter of the light beam in the plane of the chopper. This relationship is also considered in this study, while the configuration of the new device allows for more degrees of freedom in the designing process. From this discussion, the various possible geometries of choppers that may generate a required function of the transmitted flux are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We suggest and demonstrate an all-optical experimental setup to observe and engineer entanglement oscillations of a pair of polarization qubits in an effective non-Markovian channel. We generate entangled photon pairs by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), and then insert a programmable spatial light modulator in order to impose a polarization-dependent phase shift on the spatial domain of the SPDC output. This creates an effective programmable non-Markovian environment where modulation of the environment spectrum is obtained by inserting a spatial grating on the signal arm. In our experiment, programmable oscillations of entanglement are achieved, where the entangled state obtained at the maximum of the revival after sudden death violates Bell's inequality by 17 standard deviations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers brief information on new products, including the 350-80LA/BK E-O modulator with the 302RM driver from ConOptics Inc., the AvaSpec Sens from Avantes, and the OptiCentric 3D from Trioptics.

The article evaluates various products related to the motorbike industry such as forward controls from Accutronix, V-rod hot rod sound from Big City Thunder, and P1 Headlight Modulator from BikerBuddy.

The article discusses on designer organic molecules and how it create a new class of nonlinear materials. It is presented that careful tailoring of organic molecules can produce strong optical nonlinearities which can create a new class of organic nonlinear optical materials that are finding applications from high-speed modulation to 3-dimensional microfabrication. Discussions on the promises and perils of organics, electro-optic modulators, and multiphoton 3-D microfabrication are presented.

This work presents an application that generates real-time holograms to be displayed on a holographic optical tweezers setup; a technique that allows the manipulation of particles in the range from micrometres to nanometres. The software is written in Java, and uses random binary masks to generate the holograms. It allows customization of several parameters that are dependent on the experimental setup, such as the specific characteristics of the device displaying the hologram, or the presence of aberrations. We evaluate the software''s performance and conclude that real-time interaction is achieved. We give our experimental results from manipulating 5 μm microspheres using the program. Program summary: Title of program: HoloTrap Catalogue identifier:ADZB_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADZB_v1_0 Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen''s University of Belfast, N. Ireland Computer for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested: General computer Operating systems or monitors under which the program has been tested: Windows, Linux Programming language used: Java Memory required to execute with typical data: up to 34 MB including the Java Virtual Machine No. of bits in a word: 8 bits No. of processors used: 1 Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: No No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 471 145 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1 141 457 Distribution format: tar.gz Nature of physical problem: To calculate and display holograms for generating multiple and dynamic optical tweezers to be reconfigured interactively. Method of solution: Fast random binary mask for the simultaneous codification of multiple phase functions into a phase modulation device. Typical running time: Up to 10 frames per second Unusual features of the program: None References: The method for calculating holograms can be found in [M. Montes-Usategui, E. Pleguezuelos, J. Andilla, E. Martín-Badosa, Fast generation of holographic optical tweezers by random mask encoding of Fourier components, Opt. Express 14 (2006) 2101–2107]. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the application of liquid-crystal spatial light modulators (SLM) on the study of atmospheric turbulence. The turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere is due to the random variations in temperature and pressure that alter the refractive index of air. A phase modulating SLM consists of a liquid-crystal-on-silicon backplane, a nematic liquid-crystal layer, and a cover glass coated with transparent electrode.

Several current applications related to signal compression and representation and high-speed transmission require very selective filter banks/transmultiplexers. A possible solution is to employ the cosine-modulated filter banks/transmultiplexers (CMFBTs) where the prototype filters satisfy demanding constraints with respect to both the total stopband energy and maximum stopband ripple. This work proposes an efficient procedure to design nearly-perfect reconstruction CMFBT prototype filters with peak-constrained least-squares characteristics using a modified weighted least-squares algorithm. Substantial flexibility is added in the design of the magnitude response of the prototype filter, ranging from minimum stopband energy to minimum stop- band ripple, which may be required in many applications. Some constraints are imposed to the CMFBTs in order to control the direct transfer and aliasing distortion functions, related to the intercarrier and intersymbol interferences. Algebraic simplifications are also provided on the overall objective function and associated constraints, leading to substantial reduction on the computational burden of the optimization process. The procedure is proven to be very powerful in designing CMFBT systems satisfying multiple constraints as indicated by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the use of spatial light modulator (SLM) on display and printing systems. Modulation of pixels; Application of SLM for digital displays; Patterns of lithography printing.

Provides information on the membrane-mirror light-modulator (MLM) technology. Advantages of MLM devices; Light modulation characteristics of the MLM; Shutter speed of the MLM.

Deals with spatial light modulators (SLMs). Two applications of SLMs; How SLM performance can be qualified; Two uses of high resolution devices for active diffractive optics; Method to prevent wavelength dependent interference.

Features Texas Instruments Inc.'s digital micromirror device (DMD), a type of reflective spatial light modulator. Incorporation of DMS in projection-display systems; DMD specifications; Implementation of DMD in an optical and electronic system application; DMD architecture.

Focuses on issues affecting the development of light modulators. Principles of carrier modulation; Physical processes of modulation; Modulating materials; Materials which provide the key to high-speed light modulation.

Discusses how optical modulation changes the optical environment of a light beam to induce corresponding variations in one or more properties of the light itself, such as its energy, frequency, phase, polarization, or direction. Pockels effect and Kerrs effect in electro-optic modulars; Liquid-crystal modulators; Piezoelectric effect created by acousto-optic modulators.

The article lists several companies providing services and support for electro-optics including Active Silicon Inc., Advanced Photonix Inc., and American Laser Enterprises LLC.

The article focuses on the use of speckle interferometer in detecting the lateral position of a scattering material at high speed. It says that the speckle interferometer techniques relies on a wavefront synthesizer to create focus from scattered light reflected on the surface. It states the synthesizer, which was considered as a spatial light modulator (SLM) from Holoeye Photonics AG of Berlin, Germany.

The article discusses the approach developed by Roberto Di Leonardo and Silvio Bianchi at the Universita di Roma La Sapienza in Rome in modifying a multimode fiber's incoming beam. It notes that a spatial light modulator (SLM) was used by researchers which will be useful in endomicroscopy, allowing scanning of a specimen through a section of fiber encased in a thin rigid needle. It further states that a large-mode-area fiber which can transmit thousands of modes were also used.

The article reports that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Laboratory has combined the generation of personal computers, lasers, and compact waveguides to undertake the construction of a holographic video. The MIT researchers designed their third-generation holo-video display around an inexpensive acousto-optic light modulator. The display is capable of being driven by a single personal computer (PC) video card.

Cites the development by researchers at San Diego University in California of a way of using two-level phase changes in spatial-light modulator to produce complex wavefronts. Advantages of the technique over competing binary methods; Variation of diffraction efficiency and depth of grating; Characteristics of binary filters used in the experiment.