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MgO–C refractories are employed as linings for high–temperature containers where they are susceptible to thermal shock and oxidation. In this work, the oxidation behavior of low–carbon MgO–C refractories under thermal cycling was investigated for the first time, and the potential utilization of TiB 2 –BN–AlN (TBA) industrial waste as an additive was also investigated. The results showed that the traditional antioxidant Al was basically ineffective under the condition of thermal cycling; however, the incorporation of TBA industrial waste effectively maintains exceptional oxidation resistance, regardless of thermal cycling. This can be attributed to its capacity to seal the porosity, prevent oxygen intrusion, and absorb elastic strain energy while reducing stress. Additionally, when exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere, MgO–C refractories containing only TBA industrial waste exhibit a low thermal expansion coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous tons of hazardous wastes containing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stored in an unsafe manner in the petrochemical industries. The planetary ball mill causes the formation of mineral Cl compounds during the degradation of polychlorinated compounds in the presence of various reagents. In addition, the planetary ball mill has been applied for the synthesis of diverse organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials. In the present study, Fe-metal organic framework was prepared using a planetary ball mill, and then Fe@C nanocomposite with core/shell structure was synthesised by carbonisation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were utilised to study the synthesised materials. The nanocomposite was used as a reagent to degrade persistent organic pollutants in the sludge of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant by a planetary ball mill. CaO was also used to compare the effect of nanocomposites on system performance. Ion chromatography (IC) analysis was carried out to determine chlorine mineralisation. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were applied to determine chemical bonds. The results illustrated a zero-valent iron nanoparticle in the core protected by carbon shell in a synthesised nanocomposite with a core/shell structure. Hence, nanocomposite was the most efficient additive, with 97% dechlorination efficiency in the first hour while the efficiency of the planetary ball mill in the presence of CaO was only 76% after 12 hours of milling. Furthermore, major changes occurred in the organic phases, carbon and chlorine bonds. Simultaneously, graphite and amorphous carbon were produced in the final products after milling. This indicates that aromatic structures and C-Cl bonds were broken down into inorganic compounds. Thus, this study presented a practical method of producing materials while degrading hazardous pollutants in petrochemical wastewater sludge through a planetary ball mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of ceramic tiles is an intricate process of combining modern technology with ancient craftsmanship, which creates versatile and durable finished surfaces for various construction applications. The manufacturing of ceramic tiles causes the production of significant waste during different production stages such as shaping, firing, and finishing leading to environmental degradation and depletion of resources. Therefore, this research work was planned to investigate the possibility of utilizing ceramic waste in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles. Two types of ceramic waste, namely glaze waste and body waste were used with 5–10% replacement of different materials in the production of ceramic tile. The results revealed that up to 10% of the waste produced during the manufacturing of ceramic tiles can successfully be reused in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles. The ceramic tiles produced with 10% replacement of feldspar satisfied the minimum criteria of flexural strength, shrinkage, and water absorption supported by scanning electron microscopy findings. Moreover, a machine learning model was developed using six input variables, i.e., feldspar (F), three different types of clays (C1, C2, and C3), body waste (BW) and glaze waste (GW), while three variables, i.e., firing shrinkage (S F), flexure strength (FS) and water absorption (WA), as output. Applying a machine learning approach to data revealed that the model, i.e., artificial neural network (ANN), exhibited strong and consistent performance, displaying notable generalization capabilities (with an R2 greater than 0.95 on the test set). This study aims to shape sustainable waste management approaches and establishes a blueprint for harnessing ceramic waste with the potential to be a primary resource in the production of ceramic tiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sulphate decomposition by galvanic sludge calcination forms a spinel solution. • The amount of kaolin and red clay influences the formation of a spinel solid solution. • Reuse of 300 tons/year of galvanic sludge helps Amazonian rainforest preservation. • Amazonian clays guarantee the sustainability of a highly toxic environment. This study presented the influence of two types of clay: kaolin (Kao) and red clay (RC) on the chemical and physical properties of ceramic specimens when galvanic sludge (GS) is incorporated to encapsulate heavy metals. Samples were obtained of GS from the industrial district of Manaus – Amazonas State, Brazil, and kaolin (Kao), and red clay (RC) from the Central Amazon. A fourth sample was prepared by mixing GS, Kao, and RC in the ratio 1:1:8 (GS + Kao + RC). This mixture was ground, and ceramic specimens were prepared, and heat treated at 950 °C and 1200 °C for three hours for phase detection, compressive strength, leaching of Fe, Ni and Cr metals and life cycle assessment. Galvanic sludge, Kao, and RC were also, and heat treated to at 950 °C and 1200 °C for three hours, obtaining GS950, GS1200, Kao950, Kao1200, RC950, and RC1200. The samples were submitted to XRF, XRD, Rietveld refinement, Mössbauer spectroscopy, TG/DTG/DSC, and SEM. The results show that the formation of nickel oxide and a spinel solid solution of the type F e 3 + { F e 1 - y 3 + , F e 1 - x 2 + , N i x 2 + , C r y 3 + } O 4 (in which [] = tetrahedral site, {} octahedral site) occurs in GS1200, which is caused by sulfate decomposition to SO 2. At 1200 °C, heavy metals are encapsulated, forming other phases such as nickel silicate and hematite. Life cycle assessment was used to verify the sustainability and value of GS in clay for making bricks, and it indicated that the production of ceramics is feasible, reduces the use of clays, and is sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to develop reliable and practical models for estimating the compressive strength and CO2 emission of geopolymer concrete (GPC) using the Gene-expression programming (GEP) technique. Approximately 274 data points on the strength and CO2 emission of GPC using fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used to generate two prediction models considering the effects of 19 input variables. The research results show that the proposed GEP-based models perform well with high correlation coefficients (R > 0.95) and reasonable errors. The parametric study demonstrates that increasing the GGBFS content, the Na2O (dry) content, and the molarity of NaOH solution, and decreasing the FA content, the FA/GGBFS ratio, and the added water or total water/binder ratio could significantly enhance the strength of GPC. Besides, the proposed GEP-based models were used to optimise the mix proportions of GPC concrete with minimisation of CO2 footprint. The range and reasonable values of the FA and GGBFS contents, the alkaline activators, the aggregates, and other parameters were suggested based on the in-depth analyses. This significant reference data source could promote the use of GPC widely in the construction industry as green construction materials for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In glass industry, the evolved gases and fumes from burning the gas fuel absorbed in calcium hydroxide to minimize the pollution of environment. After a period of time, the calcium hydroxide fouled with sulphate and carbonate as action of the absorbed SO3 and CO2 gases. Based on our interest to treatment the solid waste materials, this study intended to convert the obtained waste of calcium hydroxide fouled with gases to valuable products. Firstly, this waste was treated with water, caustic soda and acids. The results confirmed the conversion of waste to pure calcium sulfate by treatment with 6 v/v% sulfuric acid. Secondly, the obtained calcium sulfate was reacted with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution for preparation of calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles. The produced HAp sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption measurements. The obtained findings confirmed that the HAp can be produced after calcination at 700 °C, nanorods-like of sizes ranged from 11 to 15 nm and with main surface functional groups of hydroxyapatite. TGA and DTA data indicated that HAp is thermally stable up to 700 °C. Also, the obtained HAp has Ca/P molar ratio of 1.60 and exhibited high total surface area of 146 m2/g with mesoporous structure which make this material can be used in medical and water purification applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the in situ soil stabilization, different chemical additives are used (ion exchange compounds, additives based on H2SO4 or vinyl polymers, and organic additives using lignosulfonates). One interesting alternative is the production of additives from various waste materials. The extensive testing of waste-based blends with soil was performed; the mechanical (unconfined compressive strength (UCS)) and hydraulic (capillary rise, water absorption, and frost resistance (FR)) soil properties were measured. The optimization process led to obtaining additive compositions ensuring high strength and sealing properties: by-pass ash from the ceramics industry, waste H2SO4, pyrolytic waxes/oils from waste mixed plastics, waste tires and HDPE, and emulsion from chewing gum waste. For sandy soil, the following additives were the most promising: emulsion from pyrolytic wax (EPW) from waste PE foil (WPEF) with the addition of waste H2SO4, pyrolytic-oil emulsion from waste tires, EPW from waste mixed plastics with the addition of "by-pass" waste ash and NaOH, EPW from WPEF with the addition of NaOH, and EPW from WPEF reaching up to 93% FR, a 79.6% 7-day UCS increase, and a 27.6% of 28-day UCS increase. For clay: EPW from WPEF with the addition of NaOH, EPW from WPEF with the addition of waste H2SO4, and solely EPW from WPEF reaching up to 7.5% FR, an 80.7% 7-day UCS increase, and a 119.1% 28-day UCS increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of different sintering methodology on grain formation, density, and hardness of blended leach residue (B‐LR) pellets is investigated. For the first time, the flash sintering (FS) method, an environmentally friendly process, is used to make multiphase ceramic composites using B‐LR under 100 V/mm at 675∘$^\circ $C. The outcomes of this study revealed that the FS process is faster and more energy‐efficient than the conventional sintering (CS) methods performed at 800°C for 4 h. The formation of abnormal grain growth is prevented by FS in B‐LR material composition after it is exposed to a max power absorption 61.4 mW/mm3 and whole FS is completed less than 100 s. Besides, FS method does not lead to any melting on grain boundaries due to excessive joule heating, compared with the CS sample. It is noted that FS also provides better density and hardness values for this material system along with compositional integrity in this multiphase system. The significant outcome of this study is reducing lead volatility and emission by decrement on the sintering temperature. Ultimately, this study has planned the practicality of reusage and recycle of this material with green, safe, and eco‐friendly methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacement of industrial byproducts as the main components of concrete has gained the attention toward the environment in reducing the raw material consumption. Fly ash (FA) cenosphere is one such industrial product used in the concrete as a partial or full replacement of fine aggregate, which can be able to use for non‐structural applications. Whereas for structural applications, reinforcement in the concrete and their bond behavior is an essential factor that influences its structural behavior. Hence, this study explores the bond behavior of plain and deformed rebar, 10 and 12 mm, respectively, in concrete containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% FA cenosphere as fine aggregate. A pull‐out test is performed to study the bond behavior experimentally and the results show that the bond strength decreases with increase in the diameter of the rebar irrespective of concrete's compressive strength. The deformed rebar showed a better performance than the plain rebar with an average bond stress of nearly 60%. Finite element analysis has been performed using ANSYS‐ 2022R2 to validate the experimental results with simulated results in which the error percentage is in line with good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The development of industry around the world has made the problem of comprehensive processing of industrial waste and the involvement of substandard mineral resources into production urgent. Accumulated industrial waste is considered a complex and labor-intensive work in terms of chemical and particle size distribution. Therefore, the processing of industrial waste from phosphorus production to obtain marketable products is an urgent task. Purpose. Study of the physico-chemical properties of cottrel dust for the production of phosphoruscontaining fertilizers. Methodology. Study of the physico-chemical properties of cottrel dust using modern instrumental equipment. Originality. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the physico-chemical properties of cottrel dust obtained from phosphorus production waste for the phosphorus-containing fertilizers. Findings. It has been determined that the dispersed composition in cottrel dust consists of 90% dust particles with a size of at least 20 microns, and 10% mechanical entrainment. It was revealed that at a temperature of 989.21 0C the mass loss of cottrel dust is 4.12% of the total mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of industrial waste red mud in polymer composites promotes environmental sustainability by mitigating the environmental impacts associated with landfill disposal. Previous research by the authors on red mud sisal fiber composites resulted in increased strength; it is expected that the strength can be increased further through fiber treatment. As a result, the current study sought to examine the effects of chemical‐treated sisal fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of red mud composites. Alkaline treatment and silane treatment were both used as chemical treatment methods. Red mud was added in three different weight percentages, and composites were built using the compression molding method and tested for hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. The findings indicate that the strength of the composite increases with the incorporation of treated fibers, silane‐treated 30% red mud composites showed a maximum hardness of around 92 shore D. The tensile strength of the composites containing 20% red mud and treated with silane was the highest, reaching ca. 63 MPa. This significant increase in strength was attributed to the formation of strong interfacial bonding between the red mud, fiber, and matrix. Furthermore, the silane‐treated 20 wt% red mud composites have the highest flexural strength (ca. 244 MPa) and impact strength (ca. 26 J/m). However, increasing the red mud content above 20 wt% resulted in decreased tensile, flexural, and impact strength due to poor bond development, and red mud agglomeration. The findings of this study are beneficial for the design and development of composites based on red mud, as well as for promoting sustainable waste management practices. Highlights: Red mud composites achieve superior mechanical strength.Chemical treatment enhances sisal fiber reinforcement.Sustainable waste management promoted through composite utilization.Strong interfacial bonding improves composite performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented work, industrial waste, solid waste and their types and their impact on the environment were investigated. The change of natural environment elements under the influence of waste is shown. The problems of waste generation and use have been investigated. The stages of industrial waste processing are indicated. The theoretical foundations of the transition to waste-free technology have been defined. The role of the latest technologies in improving industrial waste management is explored. A number of proposals have been put forward in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermo-chemical conversion of cigarette butt filters (CBF) waste was investigated using various thermal analysis techniques (simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA and DSC methods) at different heating rates in an inert atmosphere. Thermo- and thermophysical properties of waste material were discussed, from the point of view of chemical structure and the influence of experimental parameters on the conversion process. It was established that acetyl groups of plasticizer (triacetin) interact with cellulose acetate through dipolar interactions and hydrogen bonding's. Influence of these polar interactions can affect the position of glass transition temperature, Tg, of CBF. Based on estimated value of Tg from DSC analysis, it was found that cellulose acetate present in CBF has degree of substitution equals to 2.8, where the presence of cellulose triacetate was confirmed. It was assumed that an increase of degree of substitution leads to decline in the crystallinity. A decline of crystallinity causes the reduction of hydroxyl groups, leading to less organized chains, and whereby decreasing of inter-molecular interactions through hydrogen bonding. Based on the examination of thermophysical characteristics of the tested material, it was found that both, the heat capacity and the thermal inertia of material linearly increase with temperature, during pyrolysis progression. It was concluded that the type of bio-char produced in this process would have a large capacity to store the heat, which may depend on the formed particles size diameter and porosity. Furthermore, it was inferred that magnitude drops of thermal conductivity, κ, after Tg depends on the material fibrillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the possibility of using industrial waste from the coke industry as a feedstock for the production of geopolymer composites. To activate the process of waste polycondensation into a geopolymer, a wet method was used using NaOH, mixture of NaOH and Na2SiO3, as well as a dry method with an activator Na2SiO3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the physicochemical features in the obtained geopolymers. It was found that the production of geopolymer composites based on the waste of the coke industry is possible with the use of alkaline activators, the dry method with sodium metasilicate is more preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of Cerrado seedlings and soil quality using byproducts of sugarcane in a degraded area. The experiment was implemented in the Northwest of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with the following treatments: (T1) control, (T2) filter cake, (T3) sugarcane bagasse, (T4) filter cake + sugarcane bagasse and (T5) mineral fertiliser. After planting, three evaluations of plant height and diameter at ground level were carried out. The soil quality was evaluated 410 days after planting at 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths, where total and microbial carbon and nitrogen, basal and accumulated respiration, microbial and metabolic coefficient were determined. For Anacardium humile and Hymenaea courbaril, T2 and T3, respectively, favored their growth in diameter. The seedlings of A. humile, Butia capitata and H. courbaril showed the higher growth in height with filter cake and bagasse (T2, T3 and T4). Soil carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in T2 at 0-10 cm, and these variables were more responsive in T1, T2 and T3 at 10-20 cm. The use of sugarcane bagasse and filter cake residues promoted good growth of all the evaluated species and improved soil quality, as indicated in recovery projects for degraded areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste has a high potential for reuse in the production of refractories, which can significantly lower costs. The purpose of the research is to access the role of three types of recycled industrial wastes (ferro‐titanium slag [FTS], ferhro‐chromium slag [FCS], and ferro‐vanadium slag [FVS]) utilized as aggregate in the traditional Al2O3‐SiC‐SiO2‐C refractories (ASSC). Erosion and corrosion resistance characterization was performed to determine whether these industrial waste‐containing ASSC still perform better than traditional ASSC during service. Based on the results, incorporating FVS into the ASSC was not recommended, its corrosion resistance was significantly reduced due to the presence of excessive liquid phase. Nonetheless, FTS and FCS could be added as aggregate to the ASSC without affecting their performance. This necessity of the proper amount of liquid phase in ASSC was highlighted in this research since the parameters could alter its properties. Furthermore, the Ti(C,N) transformed from TiO2 in FTS via carbothermal reduction nitridation could effectively prevent further corrosion, and Cr2O3 derived from the decomposition of (Al,Cr)2O3 solid solution in FCS could play the same role during the corrosion process, both of which may be potential raw materials to be used in refractories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an exceptional rise in the number of industries in recent times, resulting in a leap in pollution caused, in addition to a large amount of waste being generated. Industrial pollution affects the entire ecosystem, predominantly the air, water, and soil. Remediation of air, water, and soil from industrial pollutants thus becomes a matter of concern due to detrimental effects. Remediation of the wastes generated by the industries has been carried out by several substances. The present research paper discusses with the use of soil microbial consortia for industrial waste bioremediation. Over the past decades studies have being emphasised on the use of microbial consortia rather than the use of individual strains, with increasing consideration given to environmental sustainability, with the aid of interdisciplinary approaches. An in-depth study has been carried out on the different microbes, used for remediation with special focus on soil microbial consortia. The manuscript also describes at length the benefits of the use of these microbes, different contaminants and wastes for which these have been tested, different kinds of microbial consortia explored, and the limitations and advantages associated with the use of these. The present work helps in understanding the use of microbial consortia as an efficient and promising biomaterial with an edge over other materials for industrial waste remediation. A brief study of the patents in the area of the use of soil microbial consortia has also been carried out in the present work. An analysis of the distribution of patents country-wise, technology main areas, patent publication trend, and top patent applicants and inventors has also been carried to give an idea of the patents pertaining to the application of soil microbial consortia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halotolerant non-conventional yeast Debaryomyces hansenii can grow in media containing high concentrations of salt (up to 4 M), metabolize alternative carbon sources than glucose, such as lactose or glycerol, and withstand a wide range of temperatures and pH. These inherent capabilities allow this yeast to grow in harsh environments and use alternative feedstock than traditional commercial media. For example, D. hansenii could be a potential cell factory for revalorizing industrial salty by-products, using them as a substrate for producing new valuable bioproducts, boosting a circular economy. In this work, three different salty by-products derived from the dairy and biopharmaceutical industry have been tested as a possible feedstock for D. hansenii 's growth. The yeast was not only able to grow efficiently in all of them but also to produce a recombinant protein (Yellow Fluorescent Protein, used as a model) without altering its performance. Moreover, open cultivations at different laboratory scales (1.5 mL and 1 L) were performed under non-sterile conditions and without adding fresh water or any nutritional supplement to the cultivation, making the process cheaper and more sustainable. [Display omitted] • D. hansenii can thrive in high-salt containing feedstocks for producing recombinant proteins. • Side-streams with high salt content are used without sterilization in lab-scale fermentations. • No addition of fresh water to the media is needed, waste-streams can be used directly from the source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilisation of seawater (SW) for making concrete appears to be a reasonable alternative to conserve freshwater. This paper investigates the possibility of making seawater mixed concrete (SMC) using cementitious replacement of fly ash (FA) and red mud (RM) to offset the adverse effects of SW in concrete. FA was added by replacing from 10% to 40% by weight of cement and RM from 5% to 20% and compressive strength, split tensile strength and electrochemical properties of concrete were evaluated for different mixes for 7, 28 and 90 days of testing. Analysis of variance method was used to identify the influences of FA, RM and concrete testing age on the SMC properties. The best mix was then finalised using the response surface method (RSM). It was observed that RM and especially FA were very effective in improving SW concrete properties, that is, increasing mechanical strength and controlling corrosion of steel in concrete. The results showed that to successfully utilise SW for making concrete, the best results at the testing age of 90 days were obtained on replacing cement with approximately 40% FA. The novel mix showed approximately 23% increase in compressive strength and 12% increase in tensile strength compared to SWM concrete. In addition, the novel mix electrical resistivity is around 60 kΩcm showing it to be in low corrosion zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic and refractory materials are needed in many fields of activity, necessary for the development of human society, such as steel, non–ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, construction. The raw materials for obtaining refractory products are in short supply on the world market. In the activity carried out by leading economic agents, significant quantities of refractory waste are continuously generated, which must be neutralized and efficiently utilized. In this paper, the authors present the results of experimental research aimed at finalizing a technology for recycling mulcorite waste generated by an economic agent producing porcelain products. The physicochemical characteristics of this type of waste were determined and several technological variants of using mulcorite waste were tested, after an initial processing, in the manufacturing recipes of some pieces of refractory material component of the cast iron casting network from a manufacturer of gray iron castings. After testing eight variants of the composition of the manufacturing recipes, the best variant was chosen, which ensures the use of a maximum percentage of waste but also good values of the quality properties of the products obtained. For this, the main qualitative properties of the finished products were determined by measurements in the laboratory for the absorption coefficient, density and porosity, as well as by optical microscopy investigations on the structure of the finished products. The results of the conducted research demonstrated the possibility of efficient utilization of mulcorite waste, with beneficial effects on manufacturing costs and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the activity carried out in the field of production of ceramic and refractory materials, important quantities of silico–aluminous waste with fine granulation are generated. To comply with environmental legislation, recycling of this waste is mandatory. In this paper, the authors present the experimental research carried out in order to recycle these wastes, by using as raw materials for the production of heat–resistant ceramic blocks. In this research, the authors studied different types of waste, likely to be used as raw materials in the manufacture of heat–resistant ceramic blocks. The manufacturing recipes included different proportions of refractory waste collected from two economic agents producing refractory materials. The authors tested several manufacturing recipes that resulted in obtaining ceramic blocks resistant to high temperatures. The authors presented the results of their own laboratory research for the determination the physico–chemical properties of the obtained products. Comparative analyses of the manufacturing recipes and characteristics of the heat–resistant ceramic blocks obtained; we established the optimal recipe for their production. Based on this optimal recipe, a pilot batch of ceramic blocks was obtained, whose behavior in operation will be followed in the beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cement sector is the second largest contributor to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and several efforts have been made to reduce its environmental impact. One alternative that has gained interest in recent years involves the use of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) as clinker/cement replacement. This paper studies the application of MSWI BA in three different ways: (i) aggregate (0 to 100 v/v %), (ii) partial binder substitute (0 to 30 v/v %), and (iii) filler (5 v/v %). It stands out for its approach in characterizing seven distinct BA particle sizes and for the development and analysis of eco-cement mortars with only mechanically pre-treated BA. Hardened state properties showed that the use of BA as aggregate leads to deterioration and efflorescence formation on the surface of the mortars, making this application unfeasible. The replacement of 15 v/v % of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) by BA and the use of finer (<63 μm) BA as filler caused a decrease in the compressive strength of the mortar, from 15.8 to 9.3 and 11.0, respectively. However, these materials are suitable for use in walls where the minimum required mechanical resistance is 5 MPa. Furthermore, these mortars demonstrated resilience against freeze–thaw cycles and even exhibited increased compressive strength after 25 cycles. Thus, this work showed that MSWI BA can be used as an OPC substitute (up to 15 v/v %) and as a filler, promoting circular economy principles and reducing CO2 emissions related to the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the properties of low-fines self-consolidating concrete (LF-SCC) incorporating industrial by-products such as fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash as cement replacing materials at 20, 30, 40 and 50%; and 10, 20, 30 and 40%, respectively. The suitability of the LF-SCC so produced as a pavement quality concrete is assessed by testing for its strength and durability. The fresh properties such as slump-flow, V-funnel, T50 and L-box ratio are determined. The mechanical properties such as compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength are evaluated. The durability of mixes is assessed by water absorption, water penetration, and rapid chloride penetration tests (RCPT). The results show that the workability of the LF-SCC is well satisfying the EFNARC guidelines. The mixes showing compressive and flexural strengths not less than 30 and 3.8 MPa can be used for rural roads and those showing these values above 40 and 4.5 MPa, can be effectively used for the construction of urban roads as per Indian Road Congress specifications. The maximum water absorption among all the mixes is 3.56% and the maximum water penetration is 35 mm. The RCPT values at 90 days curing are found to be in the range of 788–1393 coulombs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial revitalization is an important foundation for the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy, but the increasing amount of rural industrial waste significantly restricts the sustainable development of rural systems. There is an urgent need to pay attention to the resource utilization of waste in rural industrial revitalization. Based on a summary of national rural waste resource utilization policies, the types and generation mechanisms of rural industrial waste and typical models of resource utilization are systematically discussed. The results showed that national rural waste resource utilization policies could be divided into three stages：exploration of utilization methods, research on key technologies, and development of green recycle models. The types of rural industrial waste mainly include crop stalks, scrap waste, agricultural films, and packages from the planting industry; livestock manure and sick and dead animals from the breeding industry; waste residues and wastewater from the processing industry; and plastic products, food residues, and sewage from the tourism industry. The waste generation process can be divided into four stages：separation of planting and breeding; partial combination of planting and breeding; separation of planting, breeding, processing, and tourism; and a combination of planting, breeding, processing, and tourism. The waste resource utilization models in rural industrial development mainly include family primary planting and breeding cycles, enterprise upgrade planting, breeding and processing cycles, multi-village industrial consortium cycles, and county industrial integrationcycles. In the future, to continuously promote the resource utilization of rural industrial waste, the role of policy guidance, research on resource utilization technologies and recycling models, and farmers′ participation awareness should be given full attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel is a crucial industrial product with applications in various sectors, such as construction, engineering, and industry. However, the steel industry generates significant waste, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental challenges. To address this issue, incorporating solid waste, especially sludge with high moisture content, into the steel industry's operations is essential. This study aimed to construct and test an active indirect solar dryer for reducing the moisture content of sludge from a steel drawing industry. By employing principles of the circular economy and the environmental, social, and governance concept, the drying process showed promising results, achieving approximately 42% moisture reduction. This study involved collection and characterization of industrial sludge, design and assembly of a hybrid active indirect solar dryer, fluid dynamic analysis of the behavior of the air inside the device through CFD Ansys software 2012, tests with a thermographic camera to validate the simulation, and optimization of the sludge drying by calculating the thermal efficiency and drying efficiency of the equipment. The adoption of such drying processes can lead to substantial cost reductions in the transportation, handling, and landfilling of steel-drawing sludge, promoting innovation and aiding global steel industries in achieving their solid waste disposal targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) attract considerable interests in various fields while relatively high cost limits their industrial-level use. Herein, we proposed a total-waste preparation route for Fe/Cr-MIL-88B (MIL, Matérial Institut Lavoisier), in which stainless steel pickling wastewater (PW) and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) act the total raw materials. Interestingly, PET is easily decomposed to terephthalic acid (H 2 BDC) under the strong acid environment of PW. Benefited from that, the formation of MOFs from PET and PW can be achieved via one-pot hydrothermal reaction, superior to the traditional two-step method. The obtained MIL-88B exhibits long-term acid/base stability and high removal efficiency for zirconium (IV) ion. Besides, the structure and adsorption performance of the products are not controlled by the discharge batch of the pickling wastewater, indicating the feasibility for continuous production in industry. Thus, our work provides a feasible route for preparing low-cost MOFs and recycling industrial wastes. [Display omitted] • MIL-88B was yielded from stainless-steel pickling wastewater and used PET plastic. • The total-waste synthesis of MOFs is successfully achieved. • PET is easily hydrolyzed in the strong acid system of the pickling wastewater. • The as-prepared MIL-88B shows excellent long-term stability. • The as-prepared MIL-88B displays high removal efficiency toward Zr(IV) ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Accumulated industrial waste, including from phosphorus production in Kazakhstan, in the form of slag, ferro-phosphorus, phosphorus sludge and cottrel dust, creates serious environmental problems in the regions. Their recycling is important. Purpose. Study of the thermodynamic laws of the process of formation of kottrel dust. Methodology. Thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of kottrel dust formation were studied using the Chemistry HSC-6 programs. Originality. The thermodynamic regularities of the processes of formation of kotrel dust from the electric smelting of phosphorite raw materials have been studied. Findings. The chemical reactions responsible for the formation of kottrel dust, the values of their entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs energy are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the natural resources of the countries, the evaluation of wastes has had a significant impact on the competitiveness of the economy in recent years. Especially the recycling of wastes generated because of industrial production and their use in different sectors both provide economic benefits by reducing the need for primary raw material use and contribute to the prevention of the negative environmental effects of these wastes. In this study, the potential of use of steel slag, which is produced as a by-product in steel production facilities, in different areas, which will contribute to the national economy through recycling, has been evaluated. When the characteristics of the slag formed during the production of steel, which is an important resource of the Turkish economy, are examined, it has been observed that it is suitable for use in many areas. Studies have shown that the slag formed because of steel production can generally be used instead of natural aggregate. It has been evaluated that this material can be used at an acceptable level in many areas such as road construction, cement and concrete production, coastal and port structures, railway construction, fertilizer, and grit production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, environmental problems arising from the gradual depletion of natural resources and the rapid increase in waste generation have brought recycling and waste management into focus. Since wollastonite (CaSiO3) as a calcium silicate ceramic is a bioactive material used in various fields, its synthetic production attracts attention. Therefore, the present study aims to produce bioactive wollastonite from marble and quartz wastes as industrial wastes with a 3-step technique from the green perspective. In addition, the effects of production parameters including sintering temperature (900 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300°C), sintering time (2, 6, and 12 h), and milling time (0.5 and 12 h) on the phase and morphological structure, biocompatibility and bioactivity of the obtained synthetic wollastonite were investigated comparatively in the study. Accordingly, raw waste materials were first characterized with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. TG/DTG results were used to optimize sintering temperatures of the CaO:SiO2 (with 1:1 molar ratio) aqueous mixtures. The resulting powders were also analyzed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Structural characterization revealed that the formation of wollastonite (CS) phases and the polymorphic transformation reaction (from β-wollastonite to α-wollastonite) are affected by sintering and milling time as well as sintering temperature. By adjusting the milling and sintering time, a high-temperature phase α-wollastonite can be synthesized at a relatively low temperature of 1000°C, when β-wollastonite begins to transform. The biocompatibility of the wollastonite powder extracts was evaluated on mouse fibroblast, L929 cell lines by MTT assay and the changing in the phase of quartz by temperature, sintering and milling resulted with increased biocompatibility of the wollastonite powders. The obtained in vitro mineralization results after soaking of the wollastonite powders for 1, 3, and 7 days in SBF proved that SW exhibited good bioactivity due to the formation of spherical-shaped carbonated hydroxyapatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An earthquake-resistant M125-M150 brick based on substandard interlayer clay was obtained using ferrous metallurgy waste, i.e., aspiration dust, as a repellant that was involved in the formation of the framework structure due to the content in it of phases (chromite, forsterite, anorthite, and diopside) bound by a glassy phase. The seismic brick was based on industrial waste without the use of traditional natural materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new adsorbent based on an immobilized waste-derived LTA zeolite in agarose (AG) has proven to be an innovative and efficient alternative for removing metallic contaminants from water impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD) because the immobilization prevents the solubilization of the zeolite in acidic media and eases its separation from the adsorbed solution. A pilot device was developed containing slices of the sorbent material [AG (1.5%)–LTA (8%)] to be used in a treatment system under an upward continuous flow. High removals of Fe2+ (93.45%), Mn2+ (91.62%), and Al3+ (96.56%) were achieved, thus transforming river water heavily contaminated by metallic ions into water suitable for non-potable use for these parameters, according to Brazilian and/or FAO standards. Breakthrough curves were constructed and the corresponding maximum adsorption capacities (mg/g) (Fe2+, 17.42; Mn2+, 1.38; Al3+, 15.20) calculated from them. Thomas mathematical model was well fitted to the experimental data, indicating the participation of an ion-exchange mechanism in the removal of the metallic ions. The pilot-scale process studied, in addition to being highly efficient in removing metal ions at toxic levels in AMD-impacted water, is linked to the sustainability and circular economy concepts, due to the use as an adsorbent of a synthetic zeolite derived from a hazardous aluminum waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recycling and reuse are a micro-level strategy for the circular economy. • Ecoefficiency assessment in the adoption of circular economy at the micro-level. • Sensitivity analysis between economic and environmental gains in circular economy. Industrial and economic growth activities induce an increase in the generation and emission of large amounts of polluting waste to the environment. However, the scarcity of natural resources in ecosystems denotes the importance of the practical application of Circular Economy (CE) at the micro level. This research aims to evaluate the environmental and economic advantages of adopting waste recycling and reuse processes based on the CE in four industrial companies in the metal-mechanical sector. Multiple cases studies were conducted, supported by direct observations of the production processes, in addition to document examination and interviews. In the data analysis, the companies' environmental and economic gains were calculated and compared. It was concluded that the implementation of closed-loop recycling by companies in the metal-mechanic sector is an important strategy to promote CE at the micro-enterprise level. In addition to generating a consistent financial return, it resulted in the reduction of environmental impacts in the abiotic compartment (contributing to the control of global warming and flora contamination); in biotic compartment (correct disposal of wastes does not affect terrestrial living beings); in water, (the disposal of industrial waste in water bodies); and elimination of emission of any nature into the air. Despite the evidence of economic gains and the reduction of the environmental impact, environmental gains were more significant at global levels. It is expected that these findings can encourage industry managers and researchers to implement closed-loop recycling at the micro level, in addition to making its CE actions transparent to the market and government, contributing to their competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the method of obtaining phosphorus-containing components from cottrel dust from the industrial wastes of the New-Jambul phosphorus plant. Accumulated industrial waste heavily pollutes the environment and has a direct impact on all living things. Therefore, their processing is of special interest for the state and grant programs have been allocated in order to obtain new valuable substances. In order to solve these problems, a number of experimental works have been carried out to study the chemical and mineralogical composition and chemical structures during the heat treatment of cottrel dust—the waste of phosphorus production. The optimal parameters of the process of obtaining mono-calcium phosphate from cottrel dust were determined and the process of crystallization of mono-calcium phosphate was studied. A method has been developed for obtaining a phosphorus-containing fertilizer based on cottrel dust from the industrial waste of the New-Jambul phosphorus plant by means of sulfuric acid solutions. The advantage of the resulting phosphorus-containing fertilizer is that it has a high solubility and digestibility of phosphorus plants. They are also high in phosphorus-containing substances that ensure the growth and yield of agricultural plants. The developed method for obtaining phosphorus-containing fertilizers is aimed at reducing the accumulated industrial waste, which in turn allows you to regulate and improve the environmental situation in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are regarded as an economically feasible way to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, various aspects of CCUS are reviewed and discussed, including the use of geological sequestration, ocean sequestration and various mineral carbon mineralization with its accelerated carbonization methods. By chemically reacting CO2 with calcium or magnesium-containing minerals, mineral carbonation technology creates stable carbonate compounds that do not require ongoing liability or monitoring. In addition, using industrial waste residues as a source of carbonate minerals appears as an option because they are less expensive and easily accessible close to CO2 emitters and have higher reactivity than natural minerals. Among those geological formations for CO2 storage, carbon microbubbles sequestration provides the economic leak-free option of carbon capture and storage. This paper first presents the advantages and disadvantages of various ways of storing carbon dioxide; then, it proposes a new method of injecting carbon dioxide and industrial waste into underground cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of temperature and duration on the formation of cuspidine during hydrothermal synthesis was investigated in the CaO–SiO2·nH2O and CaO–silica gel waste–CaF2–H2O systems. The reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 95–200 °C for 4–48 h. In the system with amorphous silica, cuspidine was determined to form at 130 °C within 12 h. At higher temperatures (150–200 °C) its formation started earlier (within 4 h). Portlandite reacted completely in the temperature range of ~ 170–200 °C; meanwhile, a part of fluorite remained unreacted up to 200 °C. The surface area of the obtained synthetic cuspidine sample (200 °C, 12 h) was 56.9 m2 g–1. In the CaO–silica gel waste–CaF2–H2O system, cuspidine formed within 4 h and it was the main compound in the synthesis products with an admixture of katoite, which formed due to the presence of aluminium ions in the waste material. The SEM images showed that synthetic cuspidine samples from both systems exhibited a scaffold-like structure. The mineralogical composition of the synthesised products remained stable up to 48 h. The synthetic products were investigated by XRD, STA, FT-IR, BET and SEM analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problems of biodivesity of the Caspian Sea. The envoroumental factors that influence on these problems are analysed. Proctical steps necessary to stop the pollution of the sea, develop the measures to improve the ecological situation and biodiversity are suggested [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quest to develop nanometrically defined catalytic systems for applications in the catalytic valorization of agri-food wastes, small Ni-based nanoparticles supported on inorganic solid supports have been prepared by decomposition of organometallic precursors in refluxing ethanol under H2 atmosphere, in the presence of supports exhibiting insulating or semi-conductor properties, such as MgAl2O4 and TiO2, respectively. The efficiency of the as-prepared Ni-based nanocomposites has been evaluated towards the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids under solvent-free conditions, with high selectivity regarding the hydrogenation of C=C bonds. The influence of the support on the catalytic performance of the prepared Ni-based nanocomposites is particularly highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are non-essential harmful substanees that are transferred from environment to human body via food ehain. The present study, therefore, investigated the uptake eoneentration of heavy metals ineluding Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Mn by spinaeh, lettuee and eoriander irrigated with Steel Mill and Khwar (stream) effluents. The eoneentration of heavy metals was within the safe limits in Tap water but it was high in Khwar effluent followed by Steel Mill effluents. The results indieated that Cd and Cu eontents were within permissible limit in the tested vegetables. The eoneentration of Cr, Fe and Mn in the three vegetables irrigated with Steel Mill and Khwar effluents were above the FAO/WHO permissible limits. The order of eoneentration of heavy metals in vegetables and effluents was Khwar effluent > Steel Mill effluent > Tap water. The aeerual order of heavy metals was spinaeh > lettuee > eoriander. The relative order of heavy metals eoneentration in 3 vegetables irrigated with Khwar effluents was Mn> Fe > Cr > Cu > Cd. It was eoneluded that neither the untreated industrial waste water be used for irrigating erops nor vegetables and erops raised on sueh polluted water be eonsumed by humans and their domestie animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current background of excessive usage of plastic and rubber materials, hardly degradable, when the pollution level and global warming problems due to industrialization are rising, the world turns to new materials, especially composites, with a low impact on the environment, and to using waste formed from other fabrication processes and which after the termination of their life cycle to be easily recycled and reused in the manufacturing of new products with very good qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the results of the processing of silicon and zinc industrial waste by spark plasma sintering method. Experiments on grinding and separation by size class of fractions of microsilica and zinc ashes were carried out. Industrial waste separated into different fractions was subjected to spark plasma sintering. Chemical composition and hardness of the obtained materials were determined. The microstructure of the obtained samples was studied. Obtained samples can be used in accordance with their complex of properties, namely, samples of zinc ash as conductive elements can be used in instrumentation, and samples of microsilica as dielectrics in aircraft construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the unconfined compressive strength tests, permeability tests and the scanning electron microscopy tests, the compressive strength, permeability and mechanisms of industrial waste-magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) solidified slurry pretreated with flocculation-suction and filtration were studied, and the influencing process and inherent mechanism of various factors including flocculant types, curing agent proportioning and curing age upon the mechanical properties of solidified slurry were explored. The results show that the compressive strength and stiffness of solidified slurry tends to increase with an increasing relative proportion of industrial residue to MOC with extended curing age. Under the same conditions, the strength of flocculation-filtration treated slurry with calcium hydroxide is higher than that of flocculation-filtration treated slurry with anionic polyacrylamide. The permeability coefficient of solidified slurry is greatly reduced after solidification, and then decreases with an increase in industrial waste content. The physical filling of industrial waste and the cohesion of calcium silicate hydrate(C -S-H) and magnesium silicate hydrate(M-S -H) are proved as the crucial mechanisms for the strength improvement and permeability reduction of solidified slurry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the magnetic nanocomposite material was synthesized with Fe3O4 impregnated to sugar beet pulp using chemical precipitation technique. Ni(II) removal performance of magnetic nanocomposite was investigated under different environmental conditions such as contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, initial heavy metal concentration, etc. The experimental studies have shown that, 81.2% Ni(II) removal efficiency was achieved at optimal conditions (25 mg/L initial Ni(II) concentration at 40 minute contact time, 200 rpm shaking speed, 5 g/L nanocomposite dose and pH 6.6). Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm experiments were performed and correlation coefficients were determined as 94.5% and 99.4%, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of material was achieved as 9.36 mg/g. These findings indicate that the adsorption that takes place is a monolayer process. The results of the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9947) indicate the chemisorptions process is used for Ni(II) removal using the electrostatic interaction. Thermodynamic studies illustrated that Ni(II) adsorption onto nanocomposite are exothermic and causes a decrease in the entropy. The adsorption of Ni(II) ions is non-spontaneous except for at low temperature and low initial concentrations. Nanocomposite characterization was illuminated with XRD, FT-IR, BET, TGA, TEM, SEM/EDX analysis. In this study, it was aimed to synthesis new adsorbent using sugar beet pulp together with Fe3O4 under suitable conditions, obtain a magnetic nanocomposite, and examine the reusability and recovery properties of the produced material. The use of industrial wastes as an adsorbent material provides both a solution to the problem of the removal of wastes and a reuse method for the use of wastes as a low cost adsorbent for a useful purpose. Therefore, it has two advantages: There is a need to investigate the feasibility of investigating all possible industry-based cheap adsorbent sources as well as the removal of heavy metals for the production of a reliable and harmless adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for mullite whisker-reinforced, toughened ceramic materials and mullite raw materials that meet industrial requirements has prompted the search for new and alternative sources, as well as effective technologies to obtain the target products. In this work, mullite whiskers of high purity were synthesized by a vapor-liquid–solid (V-L-S) process using industrial waste silica-alumina gel and Al 2 (SO 4) 3 ·18H 2 O as raw materials, with AlF 3 ·3H 2 O and Na 2 SO 4 as additives. The effects of sintering temperatures on the mullitization reactions and mullite morphology were investigated by XRD, TG-DTA, SEM and so forth. The results suggest that the introduction of AlF 3 ·3H 2 O and Na 2 SO 4 alters the mullitization reaction path, which leads to an initial mullitization reaction temperature of 720 °C. The SEM results demonstrate that mullite whiskers transformed from secondary growth to anisotropic growth when the sintering temperature was increased from 720 °C to 825 °C. By analyzing the experimental results, the mechanism of AlF 3 ·3H 2 O-assisted growth of mullite whiskers with Na 2 SO 4 as the liquid phase template is proposed based on the "dissolution-precipitation" process. Herein, a novel and feasible solution for the recycling of silica-rich industrial waste is proposed, which offers new and simple insights into the high value-added recycling of industrial waste, which provides new ideas for the actual mass production of mullite whiskers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focused on the causes, effects and the solutions to the problem of industrial waste in Ile -Oluji local Government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The water samples were collected from five (5) different locations and analysed. Olorungbohunmi street (dumpsite) water sample had the highest colour value (2.3) and below the NIS standard for drinking water. The pH was low in Cocoa Industry (tap water) (5.6) and high in Ejamikemo (6.5). Conductivity was low in Olorungbohumi (2.45x102) and high in Ayeyemi Street (4.13x102). Gboluji cassava industry has the lowest total hardness (72.0) and high in Ayeyemi Street with the value of 134. The water quality parameter varies significantly in each sample. From the analysis, water from the dumpsite (Olorungbohunmi well) is not suitable for human consumption due to seepages from domestic wastes, cassava effluent from the industry and wastewater from cocoa industry in the area into well. The water from other locations should be chlorinated due to corrosion and contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the bearing capacity of two footings having the aspect ratio L/B (where L and B are the length and width of the footing, respectively) equal to 1, 2 resting on one-layer and two-layer soil. Soil profile contains two soil types including sand and clay. The soil strip is 500mm × 500mm × 350mm; however, only a quarter of the model (250mm × 250mm × 350mm) is examined in the study. Two primary situations are investigated in this study. In the first situation, the one-layer system is supposed to be sandy soil with footing overlays on medium-dense sand. The soft clay/stabilized clayey layer is supposed to be on top of the sandy soil in the second condition, with the footing resting on top of the soft clay/stabilized clay. The influence of layer thickness, aspect ratio, and material property on the bearing capacity value and footing failure mechanism is studied for eight different combinations of layered soil. The bearing capacity for a one-layer case is also estimated, and it agrees well with Vesic (1973), Hansen (1970), and Terzaghi's (1943) equations. The bearing capacity of footings is observed to decline when the height of unstabilized clayey soil increases, and it increases when clayey soil is stabilized with molasses, waste foundry sand, and lime alone and in combination with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility is demonstrated of preparing high-quality porous material based upon local clay raw materials and man-made waste exhibiting good physical and mechanical properties. The effect of chemical industry waste composition, i.e., phosphogypsum and alkaline waste of soda production, on the mechanism of mineral formation and pore formation during synthesis of lightweight material is studied. It is established that the waste used during preparation of strong porous material accelerates swelling during firing, reducing the swelling temperature by 30 – 50°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of biochar from biomass and industrial wastes provides both environmental and economic sustainability. An effective way to ensure the sustainability of biochar is to produce high value-added activated carbon. The desirable characteristic of activated carbon is its high surface area for efficient adsorption of contaminants. Feedstocks can include a number of locally available materials with little or negative value, such as orchard slash and crop residue. In this context, it is necessary to determine and know the conversion effects of the feedstocks to be used in the production of activated carbon. In the study conducted for this purpose; several samples (piñon wood, pecan wood, hardwood, dried grass, Wyoming coal dust, Illinois coal dust, Missouri coal dust, and tire residue) of biomass and industrial waste products were investigated for their conversion into activated carbon. Small samples (approximately 0.02 g) of the feedstocks were pyrolyzed under inert or mildly oxidizing conditions in a thermal analyzer to determine their mass loss as a function of temperature and atmosphere. Once suitable conditions were established, larger quantities (up to 0.6 g) were pyrolyzed in a tube furnace and harvested for characterization of their surface area and porosity via gas sorption analysis. Among the samples used, piñon wood gave the best results, and pyrolysis temperatures between 600 and 650 °C gave the highest yield. Slow pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization have come to the fore as recommended production methods for the conversion of biochar, which can be produced from biomass and industrial wastes, into activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable resource utilization of tailings is a long-term challenge. Therefore, a novel waste-based binder is proposed in this study to stabilize/solidify gold mine tailings (GMTs). This binder is composed of fly ash (FA), ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), and metakaolin (MK) activated with mixed calcium carbide residue (CCR) as well as pure reagent grade chemical, sodium hydroxide (SH, NaOH), and plaster gypsum (PG, CaSO4·2H2O). The mechanical properties and hydration of stabilized tailings with curing period were investigated. Tests included triaxial compression test and nitrogen adsorption to evaluate the strength of the stabilized tailings and microstructure. The results show that the addition of the waste-based binder yields significant improvement in shear strength. Strain softening occurred for all cured samples, and a local shear band can be observed in all failed stabilized samples. Based on the relationship between strength and curing period, it can be speculated that the hydration reaction of the sample ends after around 40 days of curing. A bimodal pore-size distribution was observed in all solidified/stabilized samples. FTIR and 27Al MAS-NMR were used to analyze hydration products. The strength improvement of stabilized tailings was mainly attributed to the formation of ettringite and C–S–H gels after various polymerization reactions. These new hydrates bind tailings particles and fill the pores to form a more stable structure, which supplied superior mechanical properties. This paper can provide a theoretical basis for exploring the application of the industrial waste-based binder to modify the mechanical properties of gold tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of managing organic waste such as animal waste and industrial waste has emerged as a result of the fast development in urbanization around the world. It can be hazardous to the environment and public health if these are not properly stored, collected, and disposed of. These biological wastes can be turned into nutrient-rich biofertilizers using the vermicomposting process. The bio-oxidative method includes the combined activity of earthworms and microbes. The pH, organic carbon, organic matter, and the C:N ratio of the various organic waste mixtures showed a declining tendency during this process but the content of nitrogen, available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium showed a rising trend as the vermicomposting time progressed. Maximum earthworm growth and reproduction were reported better in different feed materials prepared from industrial wastes. Therefore, the present review article is based on the knowledge of using earthworms to stabilize waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents the latest research works detailing granulation processes and granulates, including and based on waste (bio and industrial) as a biofuel/energy source and the possible usage of granulates from and/or based on biochar. The innovative aspect is that the article focuses on the broadest possible environmental aspect understood in minimizing the burden related to the amount and composition of waste generated by various industries. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the processes as an effective method of waste management and also as energy sources. Based on various sources, a brief summary of why granulation is an important area of both scientific research and industrial applications is provided. The review also presents a summary of basic concepts and definitions in the topic of granulation—types of processes, apparatuses used, and examples of research results in the literature. The main part of the review is the analysis of the literature providing numerous examples on the usage of granules based on bio and industrial waste and various biochar granulates. The conclusions present the aspect of economical sustainability of granulation processes and the use of granulates as effective solutions for energy sources (fuel, biofuel), waste management, and applications in agriculture (soil additives, fertilizers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]