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Nanotechnology has significant promise in treating microbial diseases by providing precise therapy that targets a broad spectrum of pathogens. Additionally, it plays a pivotal part in the advancement of microbial detection systems, facilitating expedited and precise microbiological diagnoses. The review covers a variety of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) and different antimicrobial mechanisms that have been explored, with a focus on maintaining scientific rigor in the study. This study also offers significant insights into the synthesis techniques of nanoparticles and the antimicrobial processes investigated, while effectively balancing conciseness and comprehensiveness. Investigated antimicrobial mechanisms include the rupture of bacterial cell membranes, production of reactive oxygen species, and suppression of vital cellular activities. Nanotechnology-produced antimicrobial coatings have shown potential in inhibiting bacterial colonization and decreasing device-associated infections in implanted devices. In addition, nanotechnology-based methods enhance wound healing by enabling the regulated release of medicinal substances and stimulating the regeneration of tissue. This review recognizes the limits and obstacles found in current research while also noting the considerable accomplishments in this subject. These factors include the need for standardized methods of characterizing nanoparticles, enhanced comprehension of nanoparticle toxicity, and comprehensive evaluation of long-term impacts. Examining these constraints enhances the scientific rigor of the analysis.

Recently, the development of skin barrier depend on wound healing, which is one of the most complicated biological processes. As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, nanoparticles (NPs) have become more utilized generally to attack bacteria. Due to their distinct characteristics, potential microbicidal action, and ability to speed up the wound healing process, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have attracted much attention. Biological techniques can solve the restrictions of both physical and chemical approaches for nanoparticles synthesis. Because it does not require expensive chemicals, high temperatures, or a lot of time, biological synthesis is relatively easy, inexpensive, and environmentally benign. The secondary metabolic extract from Escherichia coliwas used in this study to biologically synthesize three distinct quantities of ZnO-NPs, which were then assessed for their effectiveness in wound healing and bacterial infection prevention. The biofabricated ZnO-NPs were fully characterized in terms of particle shape, morphology, and stability against aggregation. Depending on the concentration of the utilized zinc salt, three different samples were fabricated biologically, nominated as ZnO-NPs-1, ZnO-NPs-2, and ZnO-NPs-3. The findings of Uv-vis absorption peaks were obtained at 352 nm, demonstrating the preparation of ZnO-NPs. The results demonstrated the formation of ZnO-NPs with an average particle size of 79.19, 79.83 and 91.57 nm for the three prepared samples (ZnO-NPs-1, ZnO-NPs-2, and ZnO-NPs-3), respectively. Additionally, these samples of ZnO-NPs exhibited zeta potential values around −34.3, −33.7, and −33.4 mV, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray confirmed the successful formation of ZnO-NPs. It was also observed from the obtained results that, ZnO-NP-3 showed superior antimicrobial potential against selected skin infectious microbes. The effective killing dosage of ZnO-NPs-3 was recorded to be 40 mg/L which can eliminate microbial growth. The dysregulation of skin flora significantly influences the etiology of inflammatory skin disorders.

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There is an urgent need to provide a rapid and selective method to analyze food and water samples contaminated with Staphylococcus aureussince it is one of the most potential food and waterborne pathogens. Thus, a portable bio-sensing system and disposable bacterial-sensor chips consisted of anti-S. aureus@MPA/AuNPs-Cu-MOF@SPE were designed, fabricated, and applied for 20-min-based analysis of food and water samples. In this regard, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were functionalized with a new synthesized copper-metal organic framework (Cu-MOF) conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to effectively promote the chemical immobilization of the bio-receptor (anti-S. aureusantibody) onto the sensor matrix using the mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a chemical cross-linker. Subsequently, parameters affecting the bacterial-sensing efficacy were studied and optimized. Accordingly, high sensitivity was obtained with a wide dynamic linear range from 1 × 10 to 1 × 107colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.990, limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.132 CFU/mL, and 0.440 CFU/mL, respectively. High selectivity was provided since no electrochemical signals were obtained from various non-targeting strains of common pathogens, including the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcusmutans,and Enterococcus faecalis. Eventually, the newly developed handheld bacterial-sensing platform was applied for the rapid analysis of S. aureusin food and water samples.

This study examines substances from plant leaves of Azadirachta indicaand Melia azedarachextracted with methanol (80%) and then successively fractionated with increasing gradient polarity solvents. The methanol extract from the two plant leaves was selected to be incorporated with nanocomposites because of their high antimicrobial activities. HPLC analysis was performed for the determination of total phenolics and flavonoids. LC–ESI–MS positive ion acquisition mode revealed the presence of four main chemical classes: limonoids, triterpenes, fatty acids, and phenolics. Sol–gel processes were adapted to prepare CaO/chitosan composite loaded with the methanol extract of the two plant leaves, acting as innovative antibacterial agents. The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and FTIR methods. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were established by agar plating using bacteria treated with MIC and at least 2 concentrations double higher than the MIC. Biofilm was cultivated in the presence of sub-MICs of the extracts and the nanocomposites, followed by quantification with the crystal violet assay. The examined chitosan–CaO-based hybrid nanocomposites loaded with the methanol fractions from the leaves of A. indicaand M. azedarachhad an excellent performance as biofilm inhibitors. This indicates their good potential for biomedical applications.

•Poly-ferric chloride (POFC) was successfully synthesized using pickling waste and blast furnace dust.•POFC exhibited enhanced coagulant-flocculant activity for treatment and microbial decontamination of domestic wastewater.•Poly-ferric chloride (POFC) had a high antibacterial efficiency against different microbes.•POFC is a promising economic polymeric coagulant-flocculant for disinfection and purification.

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The morphological and dielectric properties of bioactive sol-gel alumino-copper silicate nanoporous are characterised. It is characterised by sharp diffraction peaks confirming the high crystallinity. Alumino-copper silicate was utilised as a disinfecting agent for wastewater disinfection. The growth inhibitory effect of alumino-copper silicate sanitiser was investigated against various categories of microbial pathogens. Toxicity assay of fabricated alumino-copper silicate nanoporous was measured. The acquired results disclosed that target pathogenic microbes in the raw wastewater sample were inactivated when subjected to 100 mg/L of fabricated alumino-copper silicate. Likewise, results could not discover any deleterious and poisonous influences for the Vibrio fischeribacterium and HEp-2 cell line of such nanostructures subsequently, it will be safe for use in water treatment. This investigation, therefore, recommends that the prepared alumino-copper silicate could be considered a future substitute marvellous and sustained-active disinfectant for the production of pathogenic free treated wastewater for recycling in many different applications.

In the pursuit of multifunctional applications, researchers face a crucial challenge in creating an efficient and economically viable perovskite-ferrite nanomaterial. In response to this challenge, multifunctional (1−x)BaTi2Fe4O11−(x)NiFe2O4(BTF−xNFO) nanoceramics, where (x = 0.1–0.7), were successfully synthesized using the sol-gel method at a temperature of 550 °C. The XRD and FTIR were used to identify the crystal and chemical structure of the multifunctional nanocomposites. The XRD analysis confirms the emergence of a multiphase structure, with iron barium titanate adopting a hexagonal crystalline structure and nickel ferrite assuming a cubic crystalline arrangement. Moreover, the relative dielectric permittivity showcases frequency-dependent tendencies, showcasing a pronounced decline as the frequency increases. The obtained results highlighted the remarkable antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of BTF-7NF across all tested microbes. The study assessed the minimum inhibitory and biocidal concentrations of a specific nanocomposite. In terms of its antibiofilm properties, it was found that a concentration of 200 µg/ml of this nanocomposite (BTF-7NF) effectively eliminated biofilm formation.These findings strongly suggest BTF-7NF as a promising alternative antibacterial agent, capable of preventing harmful bacterial biofilm formation at exceptionally low concentrations.

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The structural and optical properties of 30 ZnO: 50 SiO2: (20-x) CuO (ZSC) loaded with E102 (tartrazine dye) (where x = 0.02, 0.05, 0.07 wt.%) nanoclusters have been explored. These nanoclusters were synthesized by a sol-gel route followed by a very controlled crystallization process at 500 °C. The phase formation, structural modification, and particle distribution behavior of these nanoclusters have been studied using XRD and TEM analysis to monitor the domestic environment for ZCS-E102. The optical transmission and reflection properties of nanoclusters in the UV–Vis-NIR range were studied for the present nanoclusters from which the optical absorption was calculated. Tauc method is employed to estimate the type and value of energy needed to gap transition from absorption data. The direct and indirect gap shows decreased energy need for its transition by E102 concentration increase. The antimicrobial potentials of four synthesized nanoclusters were performed against some pathogenic microbes. The toxicity performance of all studied nanoclusters is measured. Results revealed that ZSC-0.07E102 is showed an effective antimicrobial action against four tested pathogenic microbes in terms of excellent inhibitory effect and biocompatibility show noticeable potential in the antimicrobial application. Therefore, this proficient nanomaterial is a promising choice for biomedical purposes.

Perovskite zinc titanate/ Fe3＋nanocrystalline were expertly produced through the sol–gel method. The SEM morphology gives the cubic and rhombohedral phases of ZnTiO 3/Fe3＋porous nanostructures calcined at 800 °C, composed of highly connected, uniform, and small nanoparticles. TEM reveals that the ZnTiO3/Fe3＋are nanocrystals with nanoporous structures. The real impedance of nanostructures shows a decrease in the impedance value with increasing Fe3＋ions, and it was a predicted performance because the replacement of Ti4＋by Fe3＋increases the oxygen vacancies that act as a charge carrier and hence decrease the impedance of the samples. Potential examinations of the antibiofilm properties for all tested antibiofilm nanostructures on planktonic and biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosawere performed using agar-diffusion assays growth-inhibition effects. Likewise, environmental and toxicological risks were measured. Results disclose that the conductivity was increased from 0.07 S/cm −1to 2.37 S/cm −1with changing the Fe3＋content from (0.05-0.2 mol. %), which implicates complex conduction mechanisms and loss of oxygen vacancies in Fe2O3-zinc titanate mesostructures in the THz range. The results indicate that tested, prepared magnetic nanoparticles (20MNP) were the most operative nanomaterial than others. Further, the planktonic cells of Ps. aeruginosawere more sensitive to all tested nanomaterials than biofilm cells. Besides, the lowest inactivation effects toward biofilm and planktonic cells were recorded for base zinc titanate nanopervoskite. Likewise, the MIC of 20MNP values for planktonic and biofilm cells were 30ppm/20min, whereas, for planktonic and biofilm cells, only 10MPN MIC values were 30ppm/30min. Results supposed that 20MNP is an excellent antibiofilm agent for control and eradicating the biofilm formation of Ps. aeruginosa.