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Anaplasma marginaleis a prototypical highly antigenically variant bacterial pathogen dependent on the sequential generation of major surface protein 2 (Msp2) outer membrane variants to establish persistent infection. Msp2 is encoded by a single expression site, and diversity is achieved by gene conversion of chromosomally encoded msp2pseudogenes.

Escherichia coliis the most common cause of human and canine urinary tract infection (UTI). Clonal groups, often with high levels of antimicrobial resistance, are a major component of the E. colipopulation that causes human UTI.